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c7

Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. According to group dynamics expert Marvin Shaw, one thing that all groups have in common is that their
members
A. share a common goal.
B. have well-defined roles.
C. enjoy free and open communication.
D. interact.

2. Two or more people who interact and influence one another are known as _____________.
A. a team.
B. co-conspirators.
C. a group.
D. colleagues.

3. Coactors are, for example,

A. four people doing push-ups in an exercise class.
B. two people playing bridge.
C. eight competitors running a 5-kilometre race.
D. all of these choices.

4. Which of the following is a defining characteristic of a group?

A. Two or more people belong to it
B. Its members influence one another
C. Its members perceive one another as "us"
D. All of these choices

5. Which of the following is probably not a group as that term is defined in your text?
A. A doctor with her patient
B. Three people who share the same taxi and decide who gets dropped off first
C. Four people working together on a class project
D. Five people riding the city bus
6. Which of the following can occur in a minimal group situation?
A. social facilitation
B. minority influence
C. group polarization
D. group think

7. On exam day, a student you don't know sits near you. This person is best described as
A. a confederate.
B. a coactor.
C. an ingroup member.
D. a comrade.

8. You are working on a project with three of your classmates at a large table in the cafeteria and are distracted
by five other students sitting at the table, who are laughing and joking together. According to your text, which
of the following statements is most accurate?
A. You and your classmates are a group; the other students are coactors.
B. You and your classmates are a group; the other students are a group.
C. You and your classmates are coactors; the other students are a group.
D. You and your classmates and the other students are all coactors.

9. A coactor is someone who

A. does the same task as you at the same time.
B. helps and cooperates with you.
C. competes with you on a single task.
D. imitates you.

10. Who among the following would be considered coactors?

A. Twenty people doing sit-ups in an exercise class
B. Two people playing chess against each other
C. Twelve competitors running in a cross-country race
D. Three friends chatting pleasantly before class starts

11. In one of social psychology's earliest experiments, Norman Triplett found that children told to wind string
on a fishing reel as quickly as possible did their task much faster when
A. competing with other children.
B. each worked alone.
C. they worked in the presence of coactors.
D. they had first practised with their teammates.
12. When the mere presence of others strengthens the dominant response, ________________ has occurred.
A. coaction
B. competition
C. social facilitation
D. group polarization

13. Which of the following situations is more likely to result in better performance?
A. Circling all the vowels on a page filled with text
B. Memorizing nonsense syllables
C. Performing complex multiplication problems
D. Completing a complex maze

14. The social facilitation effect has been found to apply to

A. people performing simple motor tasks.
B. chickens eating grain.
C. ants excavating sand.
D. all of these choices.

15. In which of the following situations would the social facilitation effect most likely occur?
A. A weak batter hitting a home run in front of a large crowd of fans
B. An inexperienced babysitter getting a young child to behave in a busy shopping mall
C. A new graduate being interviewed for a job by eight high-level executives
D. A top student excelling in a public spelling bee

16. The presence of others would be most likely to improve performance on

A. counting money.
B. solving crossword puzzles.
C. learning foreign language words.
D. solving complex mathematical puzzles.

17. The presence of others would be least likely to improve performance in

A. playing chess.
B. weight lifting.
C. running.
D. the broad jump.
18. Zajonc resolved the conflicting findings on how the presence of others influences performance with the help
of the well-established principle in experimental psychology that arousal
A. enhances whatever response tendency is dominant.
B. interferes with the performance of simple tasks.
C. inhibits coordination of efforts.
D. weakens competing motives.

19. The presence of others is likely to lead to better performance in _____________ and to worse performance
in ______________.
A. solving a crossword puzzle; sweeping a sidewalk
B. raking leaves; solving complex mathematical problems
C. playing golf; raking leaves
D. solving complex mathematical problems; solving a crossword puzzle

20. Nearly 300 studies confirm that social arousal ___________ performance on easy tasks and __________
performance on difficult tasks.
A. hurts; boosts
B. facilitates; boosts
C. boosts; hurts
D. hurts; facilitates

21. Lee scored in the 99th percentile on the verbal portion of the SAT. She loves to put her verbal skills to use in
solving anagrams. Lee would most likely perform at her best
A. alone.
B. in the mere presence of others also solving anagrams.
C. after receiving positive feedback.
D. after receiving negative feedback.

22. Sharmila hasn't done well on her earlier social psychology exams, and she doesn't feel confident about this
one, either. Is she likely to perform better if given the opportunity to answer the questions orally in front of her
professor or in a written exam in a room by herself?
A. A written exam completed in a room by herself
B. An oral exam in front of her professor
C. Neither situation will improve her performance
D. Either situation would improve her performance
23. Studies of athletes have found an advantage for home teams in that they win about 6 in 10 games.
According to the research in your text, which statement is the best explanation as to why this might this be so?
A. Athletes feel more comfortable on their "home turf" and are more relaxed.
B. Athletes perform well-practiced skills, which explains why they perform best when energized by a
supportive crowd.
C. Athletes are not performing their dominant response when they are playing another team who has the home
advantage.
D. Athletes are overly stressed by performing in front of their own fans, and this pressure causes their
performance to only be slightly above chance.

24. Being in a crowd intensifies

A. positive emotions.
B. negative emotions.
C. both A and B.
D. none of these choices.

25. According to Butler and Baumeister, how does a supportive audience affect a person's performance?
A. It may elicit poorer performance on challenging tasks.
B. It may elicit better performance on challenging tasks.
C. It may elicit poorer performance on easy tasks.
D. It does not have any effect on the performance of the people.

26. Being in a large crowd intensifies _____________.

A. negative reactions.
B. positive reactions.
C. positive or negative reactions.
D. None of these choices.

27. How might having your mother and father at your first piano recital affect your performance?
A. Their presence will likely not impair it.
B. Their presence will improve it a lot.
C. Their presence does not affect it.
D. Their presence will improve it a little.
28. Barbara is a professor and gives lectures to groups of students ranging from 40 to 100. She is never anxious,
enjoys giving these lectures, and doesn't have many problems speaking in front of the students. However, at a
conference, Barbara has been asked to speak in front of a group of approximately 1000 of her academic peers.
Based on the principles in your text, Barbara is most likely to
A. experience enhanced performance because she is engaging in a well-learned behaviour.
B. present her speech without much difference between the way she lectures to her students.
C. experience some difficulty during her speech due to anxiety that interferes with her speaking abilities.
D. experience excessive anxiety and be unable to perform her speech.

29. Freedman and his colleagues had an accomplice listen to a humorous tape or watch a movie with other
participants. When all sat close together, the accomplice
A. was liked less by males and liked more by females.
B. could more readily induce the group to express hostility toward the experimenter.
C. could more readily induce the group to laugh and clap.
D. could more readily distract the group from attending to the tape or movie.

30. Evans tested 10-person groups in either a small, crowded room or a larger, more spacious room. Those in
the crowded room were found to
A. make more errors on both simple and complex tasks.
B. make more errors on complex tasks but not on simple tasks.
C. complete both simple and complex tasks more quickly.
D. complete simple tasks more quickly and complex tasks more slowly.

31. The primary effect of a crowd is that it

A. enhances performance.
B. enhances arousal.
C. hurts performance.
D. enhances social responsibility.

32. Evidence that contradicts Zajonc's mere presence theory of social facilitation is that when observers are
blindfolded, their presence
A. does not boost performance on a simple task.
B. hinders performance on a complex task.
C. boosts performance on a simple task.
D. is a distraction that leads to poorer performance on both simple and complex tasks.
33. Social psychologists refer to our concern for how others are evaluating us as
A. social fear.
B. evaluation apprehension.
C. evaluation phobia.
D. coactor anxiety.

34. In one experiment, joggers on a jogging path sped up as they came upon a woman seated on the grass, but
only if she was
A. facing them.
B. facing away from them.
C. someone they knew.
D. a stranger.

35. What is it about others that causes arousal?

A. They facilitate concentration
B. They are attractive
C. They create evaluation apprehension
D. All of these choices

36. Gabriel is planning an experiment on the effects of evaluation apprehension on children's ability to solve
puzzles. He arranges for two children to solve puzzles in two different rooms equipped with one-way mirrors.
What should he tell the children?
A. Tell both children that they will be watched as they solve the puzzle.
B. Don't tell either of the children that they will be watched as they solve the puzzle.
C. Tell only one child that s/he will be watched as s/he solves the puzzle.
D. None of these choices

37. Sanders and his colleagues have suggested that we are aroused in the presence of others, not only because of
evaluation apprehension, but because we
A. engage in social comparison.
B. become deindividuated.
C. get distracted.
D. need to belong.
38. According to the "distraction hypothesis," the mere presence of others can cause arousal because one
experiences a conflict between
A. paying attention to the task and paying attention to the other people.
B. wanting to perform well and wanting to complete the task.
C. one's social role and one's personal self-image.
D. following instructions and making one's own decisions.

39. According to research,

A. the presence of others can be arousing even when we are not evaluated.
B. the presence of others can be arousing even if we are not distracted.
C. both A and B.
D. none of these choices.

40. According to the text, the idea that the mere presence of others produces some arousal even without
evaluation apprehension or distraction is supported by the finding that
A. some people publicly violate social norms.
B. social facilitation effects occur among strangers.
C. social facilitation effects occur among children.
D. joggers feel energized jogging with someone else, even if they aren't competing or being evaluated.

41. Which of the following group process theories should be considered by a corporate planning committee
looking into developing the layout for their new office space?
A. groupthink
B. social facilitation
C. social loafing
D. deindividuation

42. Research on social facilitation suggests that the design of new office buildings in which private offices are
replaced with large, open areas may
A. invade privacy and disrupt worker morale.
B. improve communication and build employee morale.
C. disrupt creative thinking on complex tasks.
D. disrupt performance of routine clerical tasks.

43. Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

A. perform an unfamiliar task more poorly when others are present.
B. violate social norms when no one is watching.
C. be insensitive to the needs of others.
D. exert less effort when they pool their efforts toward a common goal.
44. Social loafing occurs in situations in which people
A. pool their efforts toward a common goal.
B. are not accountable as individuals.
C. feel little evaluation apprehension.
D. all of these choices.

45. In a study by Latané and his colleagues, participants were asked to shout and clap as loud as possible.
Participants produced the most noise when they
A. thought they were shouting alone.
B. thought there was one other person shouting with them.
C. thought there were five other people shouting with them.
D. were not feeling any evaluation apprehension.

46. Juanita has been assigned an easy group project with three classmates, where the group will get one grade
for the presentation they make at the end. According to the principles of social loafing, Juanita will most likely
A. slack off and not work as hard as she would have if she did the project herself.
B. work harder than other group members to compensate for them slacking off.
C. contribute equally to the group to produce the best group output possible.
D. work just as hard as others but her quality will suffer due to evaluation apprehension.

47. In a study by Sweeney (1973), students pumped exercise bicycles more energetically when they
A. were part of a five-person team.
B. were part of a three-person team.
C. were part of a two-person team.
D. knew they were pulling alone.

48. Giving one-hundred-and-ten percent" is to "they'll pick up the slack" as ____________ is to

_____________.
A. "be all that you can be"; "I knew it all along"
B. arousal; distraction
C. inhibition; distraction
D. social facilitation; social loafing

49. Social loafing would be most likely to occur in

A. students working on a group project for which they will all receive the same grade.
B. factory workers who are each paid according to how many lamps they assemble.
C. a group of golfers competing for first place in a tournament.
D. political candidates who hope to win a seat on the city council.
50. People who benefit from the group but give little in return are referred to as
A. social facilitators.
B. free-riders.
C. groupthinkers.
D. social leaders.

51. If a teacher does not want social loafing to influence his students' group projects, how might he choose to
evaluate the projects?
A. By grading the group component as well as each student's individual component
B. By allowing the students to give each other individual grades
C. Neither A nor B
D. Either A or B

52. When individual efforts are pooled and not evaluated, evaluation apprehension is __________ and the
probability of social loafing is __________.
A. high; low
B. low; high
C. high; high
D. low; low

53. Buck works in a meat packing plant. Normally, the output of each individual on the assembly line is
collectively evaluated. However, the plant managers are looking at effectiveness and productivity and decide to
identify each individual worker's output. When being evaluated on an individual basis, Buck's productivity is
likely to
A. increase.
B. decrease.
C. stay the same.
D. be the same as that of the other assembly-line workers.

54. Making group members' performance individually identifiable seems to be one effective strategy for
reducing
A. social facilitation.
B. social loafing.
C. minority influence.
D. group polarization.
55. Social loafing would be least likely to occur
A. in a boys' club trying to raise money by holding a Saturday car wash.
B. in a relay race in which each team member's performance is timed.
C. in a community garden where each family is expected to contribute whatever free time they have.
D. in a work crew building a new highway.

56. When being observed __________ evaluation concerns, social facilitation occurs; when being lost in a
crowd __________ evaluation concerns, social loafing occurs.
A. increases; decreases
B. decreases; increases
C. increases; increases
D. decreases; decreases

57. For simple tasks, ______________ occurs when observation increases evaluation apprehension, whereas
______________ occurs when the pooling of effort lowers evaluation apprehension.
A. social facilitation; social loafing
B. social loafing; group polarization
C. deindividuation; social loafing
D. social loafing; deindividuation

58. People in groups will loaf less when

A. the task is challenging.
B. the task is important and involving.
C. the group is cohesive.
D. all of these choices.

59. When a group believes that if it works hard, its efforts will potentially be rewarded,
A. its members will work hard.
B. its members will be more relaxed and easy going.
C. it does not affect the members' efforts.
D. the members will ask for more time to accomplish the task successfully.
60. You have been assigned two group projects in different classes. For your Sociology project, you are in a
group with three other classmates that you don't know very well. For your Psychology project, the professor let
you choose your own group so you are going to be working with your friends. Which group project will be
associated with less social loafing?
A. Sociology project
B. Psychology project
C. Both projects will involve people slacking off.
D. Both projects will have lower levels of loafing due to the accountability of the group.

61. People in groups loaf less when

A. all group members have comparable levels of self-esteem.
B. the group is made up of a small number of friends.
C. they work on a simple task with strangers.
D. the task is aversive.

62. Research suggests that social loafing does not occur in

A. Israel's kibbutz farms.
B. China's collective factories.
C. Cuba's collective farms.
D. Japan.

63. It is likely that people will feel their group contributions are indispensable when
A. working with a small group of people that are equally competent.
B. all members are working collectively and without individual accountability.
C. the rest of the group is not as smart and needs help in getting an acceptable grade.
D. other group members are slacking off and someone has to get the work done.

64. When arousal and diffused responsibility combine and normal inhibitions diminish, this may result in which
of the following behaviours?
A. mild lessening of restraint
B. impulsive self-gratification
C. destructive social explosions
D. all of these choices

65. Which of the following is likely to occur under conditions of deindividuation?

A. police brutality
B. screaming at a referee during a Stanley Cup game
C. stealing
D. all of these choices
66. According to the text, what group process may have contributed to Airborne officers' participation in the
1993 beating death of a Somali boy?
A. social facilitation
B. the free-rider effect
C. deindividuation
D. social loafing

67. It was such an exciting game," your friend insists. "We were all shouting and clapping together, everyone
was in sync. When our team won, I realized I was jumping up and down, screaming, right along with everyone
else. I don't know what got into me!" Your friend's reactions best illustrate the process of
A. social facilitation.
B. risky shift.
C. deindividuation.
D. groupthink.

68. Research on deindividuation suggests that if concert organizers want to limit "mob behaviour" by fans, they
should
A. choose smaller halls rather than large stadiums for the concert.
B. arrange for the concert venue to be well-lit.
C. give fans nametags to wear.
D. all of these choices.

69. People are more likely to bait a person to jump off a bridge when it is dark and
A. the crowd is small.
B. the crowd is large.
C. the crowd is made up of people with authoritarian personalities.
D. the crowd is frustrated.

70. A loss of both self-awareness and evaluation apprehension can lead to

A. social facilitation.
B. powerful minority influence effects.
C. coactor effects.
D. deindividuation.
71. Riots and violence that have been known to accompany championship sports games (both wins and losses)
provide an example of how being in a crowd can lead to _____________________.
A. deindividuation.
B. social loafing.
C. groupthink.
D. group polarization.

72. Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated?

A. They are immersed in a large group
B. They are physically anonymous
C. They are involved in arousing, distracting activities
D. All of these choices

73. According to research by Mann (1981), when the crowd was _____________ and exposed by daylight,
people _____________ try to bait a suicidal individual.
A. large; did
B. large; did not
C. small; did
D. small; did not

74. Based on research cited in the text, who is most likely to honk aggressively at someone stopped at a green
light?
A. The male driver of a sport utility vehicle
B. The male driver of a convertible
C. The female drive of a convertible
D. Any driver of a car with the top up

75. Zimbardo reported that women who were masked and hooded in KKK-style hoods and robes tended to
___________________ than women who were visible and wore name tags.
A. administer longer shocks to a victim
B. engage in greater social loafing
C. make riskier decisions
D. make more contact and reveal more personal information
76. On Halloween night, Diener and colleagues conducted a study of trick-or-treat theft. Given a chance to steal
candy, the children who were __________ were most likely to commit transgressions.
A. anonymous and alone
B. anonymous and in a group
C. frustrated and alone
D. frustrated and in a group

77. According to the text, one contributing factor to the Canadian Airborne officers' participation in the beating
death of a Somali boy may have been that
A. The officers were distracted by their separation from their families
B. The officers' wearing similar uniforms allowed them to feel anonymous
C. The officers felt an overwhelming sense of responsibility
D. The offence took place in the dark

78. In one study, women who donned white nurses' uniforms and were made anonymous became __________
than when their names and personal identities were emphasized.
A. less sympathetic to patients' needs
B. more sympathetic to patients' needs
C. less aggressive in administering shock
D. more aggressive in administering shock

79. The example in your text of the "choo-choo" chant given by a cult observer demonstrates how
A. chanting is relaxing and lulls individuals into a state of enlightened self-control.
B. group activities enhance individual's sense of self-awareness.
C. engaging in a unifying group activity enhances group cohesion.
D. arousing and distracting activities can help in deindividuation.

80. Compared to self-aware people, deindividuated people are

A. less responsive to the situation.
B. less likely to act without thinking about their own values.
C. less self-regulated.
D. more restrained.

81. In which of the following groups is deindividuation least likely to occur?

A. In a jury where a guilty verdict requires unanimous agreement
B. At a Ku Klux Klan rally where new members are being inducted
C. In a high school pep rally attended by almost all students
D. In the audience at a Canada Day parade
82. Which of the following pairs are most clearly opposites?
A. group polarization and group consensus
B. groupthink and the accentuation phenomenon
C. minority influence and leadership
D. deindividuation and self-awareness

83. People who are made self-aware—by acting in front of a mirror or TV camera, for example—have been
found to
A. exhibit increased self-confidence.
B. behave more consistently with their attitudes.
C. be less thoughtful in analyzing complex social issues.
D. be more vulnerable to persuasive appeals that run counter to social norms.

84. A social psychology professor who is trying to diminish the incidence of cheating behaviour during exams
would be most successful if she
A. wore a large name tag while monitoring the exam.
B. alerted her students before the exam that they were being videotaped.
C. gave the students a stern lecture before the exam on the consequences of cheating.
D. either A or B.

85. In recognizing the dangers of becoming deindividuated, a parent's parting advice to a teenager setting off for
a party may well be, "Have fun, and ________."
A. remember who you are
B. stay with the group
C. remember, you are only young once
D. don't worry about being popular

86. Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to
A. a risky shift.
B. groupthink.
C. pluralistic ignorance.
D. group moderation.

87. Group polarization occurs when group discussion _________ group members' initial inclinations.
A. challenges
B. reverses
C. neutralizes
D. strengthens
88. The term "risky shift" was used to refer to the finding of
A. groups being riskier than individuals.
B. individuals being riskier than groups.
C. males being riskier than females.
D. people becoming less risky as they grow older.

89. Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicide should be legalized meet to discuss the issue.
Research on group interaction suggests that after discussion the individuals will be
A. more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicide.
B. even more convinced that physician-assisted suicide should be legalized.
C. sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicide should be legalized.
D. opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicide.

90. Your family is considering buying a new family car. Although it will be expensive, you really want the new
car. Your parents like the idea, but they have doubts about the cost. What might you do to strengthen their
attitudes toward buying a new car?
A. Suggest holding a family discussion
B. Present strong counterarguments
C. Try to convince each of your parents separately
D. None of these choices

91. The fact that people associate mostly with others whose attitudes are similar to their own suggests the
prevalence of naturally occurring
A. social facilitation.
B. group think.
C. minority influence.
D. group polarization.

92. Investigations of the risky shift eventually led to the conclusion that this group phenomenon was really a
tendency for group discussion to
A. reverse the group's original leanings.
B. accentuate group members' initial leanings.
C. arouse and distract members so their self-awareness is reduced.
D. favour illusory thinking in supporting the group's leader.
93. Bishop and Myers found that the discussion among like-minded students
A. decreased the gap between the two groups.
B. increased the gap between the two groups.
C. both A and B.
D. none of these choices.

94. Which of the following describes the accentuation phenomenon?

A. Initial differences among student groups become less marked over time in university as a result of exposure
to new information.
B. Initial differences among student groups become sharper and greater with more time in university.
C. Discussions with like-minded others stimulate creative thought and reduce the extremism of opinions.
D. The benefits of group membership become more apparent the longer one is part of the group.

95. Which of the following is an example of group polarization in one's community?

A. Gang delinquency
B. Cheering wildly at a football game
C. An isolated, troubled teenager shooting his classmates
D. All of these choices

96. In a neighborhood dispute over a new zoning law, some of your neighbors think the change will be positive,
but others are against it. After discussing the issue with your next-door neighbors, you feel much more strongly
against the law than you did before. This can best be explained by
A. propinquity.
B. group polarization.
C. deindividuation.
D. pluralistic ignorance.

97. John favours the death penalty. In discussing this issue with some like-minded classmates, he hears
arguments for this position that he'd never considered before. After discussion, his opinion is more extreme. In
this example, this outcome is best explained by
A. informational influence processes.
B. normative influence processes.
C. reactance theory.
D. social comparison theory.
98. The phenomenon whereby initial differences among student groups become sharper and greater with more
time in university is known as
A. group think.
B. restriction of range.
C. accentuation phenomenon.
D. social facilitation.

99. A gang is __________ dangerous __________ the sum of its individual parts.
A. as; as
B. more; than
C. less; than
D. some times less and some times more; than

100. Email, search engines, and chat rooms make it easier for groups
A. to rally like-minded people, crystallize diffuse hatreds, and mobilize lethal force.
B. to communicate and express both like-and different-minded views.
C. to avoid the "risky shift" through discussion while not feeling singled out for views.
D. to communicate while maintaining a sense of self-awareness.

101. What underlying processes help to explain the occurrence of group polarization?
A. Informational influence and normative influence
B. Minority influence and social facilitation
C. Psychological reactance and deindividuation
D. Social comparison and self-censorship

102. Evaluating one's opinion and abilities by comparing oneself to others is called
A. social influence.
B. informational influence.
C. social comparison.
D. the accentuation phenomenon.

103. According to Festinger, it is human nature to want to evaluate our opinions by

A. comparing ourselves with others.
B. designing everyday tests of their validity.
C. engaging in frequent introspection.
D. actively studying the results of scientific research.
104. Keisha, who usually votes for the NDP, is approached by a co-worker who tells her that he wants to talk to
her about the upcoming election. Thinking that her co-worker may be campaigning for the Alliance Party,
Keisha prepares to
A. offer a weak statement of support for the NDP.
B. consider the merits of the Alliance Party.
C. offer a strong statement of support for the NDP.
D. discuss the merits and weaknesses of both political parties.

105. Pluralistic ignorance is

A. a false impression of how other people are thinking.
B. a wrong impression of how people respond.
C. an erroneous impression of how people feel.
D. all of these choices.

106. Research by Baron and colleagues (1996) demonstrated that merely hearing one's opinion about the
comforts of a dental chair corroborated by another led to
A. more extreme ratings of the chair.
B. a moderation of opinion about the chair.
C. informational influence among dental students.
D. more positive ratings of both the dental chair and the dentist.

107. Research by Vorauer and Ratner (1996) demonstrated that people wanting to begin a relationship often
wait for a positive cue from the other person. Because of ___________, sometimes this cue never comes and a
relationship is not formed.
A. social desirability
B. impression management
C. informational social influence
D. pluralistic ignorance

108. Failing to ask questions in class because you assume everyone else understands best exemplifies
A. groupthink.
B. pluralistic ignorance.
C. social loafing.
D. self-handicapping.
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