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CHAPTER 6: Political Parties, Campaigns, and Elections

SHORT ANSWER

Please define the following term.

1. political party

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 190

2. nomination

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 190

3. political system

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 190

4. critical election

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 193

5. electoral realignment

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 193

6. electoral dealignment

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 194

7. two-party system

ANS:
Answers will vary.
 REF: 195

8. majority representation

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 197

9. proportional representation

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 198

10. party identification

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 199

11. party platform

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 205

12. national convention

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 206

13. national committee

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 207

14. party conference

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 207

15. congressional campaign committee

 ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 207

16. party machine

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 209

17. responsible party government

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 210

18. election campaign

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 211

19. primary election

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 212

20. closed primary

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 213

21. open primary

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 213

22. modified closed primary

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 213
23. modified open primary

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 213

24. presidential primary

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 214

25. caucus/convention

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 214

26. front-loading

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 214

27. general election

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 217

28. straight ticket

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 221

29. split ticket

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 221

30. first-past-the-post elections

ANS:
Answers will vary.
 REF: 221

31. Federal Election Commission (FEC)

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 223

32. open election

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 222

33. Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA)

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 223

34. 527 committees

ANS:
Answers will vary.

REF: 224

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Activists identified with the tea party movement are associated with which of the following demands?
a. Reduced government spending
b. A constitutional amendment to ban gay marriage
c. A constitutional amendment to outlaw abortion
d. Higher taxes on the wealthy
e. Higher tariffs and quotas to protect American industries
ANS: A REF: 187 NOT: F

2. Studies of the 2010 midterm elections found that

a. Republicans endorsed by the tea party won by higher percentage margins than those
not endorsed.
b. more voters actually preferred Democratic over Republican candidates.
c. tea party endorsements counted more in primary elections than in general elections.
d. Republicans endorsed by the tea party won by lower margins than those not endorsed.
e. Options A and C are true.
ANS: C REF: 188 NOT: F

3. Which of the following statements best describes the attitude of the American people toward
political parties?
a. Americans feel strong personal loyalties to their parties.
 b. Americans see parties as inherently undemocratic.
c. Americans would like to see many more than two parties.
d. Americans recognize the value of parties but distrust the existing ones.
e. Americans are ideologically divided, as are parties.
ANS: D REF: 189 NOT: C

4. Most democratic theorists agree that a modern nation-state cannot practice democracy without
a. negative campaigning.
b. unlimited campaign contributions.
c. one dominant party consistently winning national elections.
d. at least two political parties regularly contesting elections.
e. a parliamentary system.
ANS: D REF: 190 NOT: C

5. The __________ is not a national political party because it does not nominate its own candidates.
a. Libertarian Party
b. Green Party
c. Democratic Party
d. Tea Party
e. Republican Party
ANS: D REF: 190 NOT: F

6. What most distinguishes political parties from interest groups like the AFL-CIO and the National
Association of Manufacturers is that
a. political parties focus on multiple issues, while each interest group only focuses on one.
b. political parties have more money than interest groups.
c. interest groups do not nominate candidates to run as their avowed representatives.
d. interest groups have no clear political ideology.
e. pluralists do not think interest groups are necessary for democracy to function.
ANS: C REF: 190 NOT: C

7. Suppose the United States abolished political parties. Voters would then
a. not face candidates vetted by political parties for their quality.
b. probably confront more candidates from which to choose.
c. be more unpredictable in their voting choices.
d. face more pressure to vote on the basis of personal friendships, celebrity status or
name recognition.
e. All of the above are true.
ANS: E REF: 190 |191 NOT: A

8. Where in the Constitution are political parties discussed?

a. Article I : The Legislative Branch
b. Article II : The Executive Branch
c. The Preamble
d. Throughout the Constitution
e. Nowhere in the Constitution
ANS: E REF: 192 NOT: F

9. Those that supported the new Constitution were called __________, and those who opposed it were
called __________.
 a. Federalists; Antifederalists
b. Tories; Whigs
c. Democrats; Republicans
d. loyalists; revolutionaries
e. liberals; conservatives
ANS: A REF: 192 NOT: F

10. Who was the leader of the Federalists?

a. Aaron Burr
b. George Washington
c. James Madison
d. Thomas Jefferson
e. Alexander Hamilton
ANS: E REF: 193 NOT: F

11. The early Republicans (also known as the Democratic Republicans) were led by
a. George Washington.
b. John Adams.
c. Alexander Hamilton.
d. Thomas Jefferson.
e. James Madison.
ANS: D REF: 193 NOT: F

12. George Washington, generally considered sympathetic to the Federalist Party, felt that
political factions
a. had negative effects on democracy.
b. should increase and multiply.
c. should be outlawed by government action.
d. were vital to a strong democracy.
e. were necessary consequences of separation of powers.
ANS: A REF: 193 NOT: F

13. The origins of today’s Democratic Party is generally traced to the election of Andrew Jackson in
a. 1796
b. 1800.
c. 1812.
d. 1828.
e. 1836.
ANS: D REF: 193 NOT: F

14. The Republican Party was established in response to the issue of

a. taxes.
b. slavery.
c. school prayer.
d. free trade.
e. silver.
ANS: B REF: 193 NOT: F

15. The presidential elections of 1860, 1896, and 1932 are considered __________ because those
elections marked a sharp change in the existing patterns of party loyalty among groups of voters.
 a. critical elections
b. progressive elections
c. split elections
d. reform elections
e. third party elections
ANS: A REF: 193 |194 NOT: A

16. Which event helped to shape the partisan patterns of the North and South for nearly a century?
a. The Revolutionary War
b. The Great Depression
c. The Civil War
d. The civil rights movement
e. Adoption of the new Constitution
ANS: C REF: 194 NOT: C

17. From 1880 to 1920, no Republican presidential candidate

a. won election.
b. failed to be elected.
c. carried any state from the former Confederacy.
d. presided over unified government.
e. Options B and C are true.
ANS: C REF: 194 NOT: F

18. All of the following were considered part of the “Roosevelt coalition” except
a. middle-class liberals.
b. white ethnic minorities.
c. Catholics.
d. Jews.
e. African Americans.
ANS: E REF: 194 NOT: F

19. Since the present two-party system was established, how many minor-party candidates have been
elected to the presidency?
a. Zero
b. One
c. Two
d. Three
e. Four
ANS: A REF: 195 NOT: F

20. George Wallace’s American Independence Party in 1968 could be considered an example of the
formation of a
a. bolter party.
b. farmer-labor party.
c. single-issue party.
d. party of ideological protest.
e. progressive party.
ANS: A REF: 195 NOT: F

21. The People’s Party (or Populist Party) could at least brag that it was the first third party since 1860 to
 a. win the presidency.
b. collect over 20 percent of the popular vote.
c. collect over 30 percent of the popular vote.
d. win any electoral votes.
e. control the Senate.
ANS: D REF: 196 NOT: F

22. The best the Socialist Party has ever done in America was to capture 6 percent of the vote in the
election of
a. 1896.
b. 1912.
c. 1932.
d. 1968.
e. 2004.
ANS: B REF: 196 NOT: F

23. Third parties were the original policy advocates for

a. female suffrage.
b. the graduated income tax.
c. direct election of senators.
d. All of the above are true.
e. None of the above is true.
ANS: D REF: 197 NOT: F

24. Surveys show today that approximately __________ of the American population today think that the
United States needs a third party.
a. one-fourth
b. one-third.
c. over half
d. two-thirds
e. three-fourths
ANS: C REF: 197 NOT: F

25. One of the most convincing explanations for the two-party system in the United States lies in its use of
a. single winners chosen by an absolute majority of votes.
b. multiple winners chosen by a proportional representation of votes.
c. multiple winners chosen by a simple plurality of votes.
d. single winners chosen by a proportional representation of votes.
e. single winners chosen by a simple plurality of votes.
ANS: E REF: 197 NOT: C

26. Which of the following have not encouraged the dominance of Democrats and Republicans as the
nation’s two major parties?
a. The United States’ voting system of majority representation
b. The electoral college
c. Over a hundred years of Democrat-Republican political socialization
d. Signature requirements for third parties to get onto the ballot
e. The use of proportional representation to distribute electoral college votes
ANS: E REF: 197–199 NOT: C
27. The presidency supports the two-party system because
a. the Constitution requires all electors to vote for candidates under the same party label.
b. the presidency is a big enough political prize to induce parties to harbor uncomfortable
coalitions of voters just to win the electoral vote and the presidential election.
c. presidential candidates cannot run as independents.
d. no one could hope to win the presidency without the backing of a political party.
e. competition from multiple parties would simply prove too costly.
ANS: B REF: 198 NOT: C

28. In the discipline of political science, party identification refers to

a. a sense of psychological attachment to a party.
b. one’s voting record.
c. formal membership.
d. the number of political parties that one admires the policy issues of.
e. Options B and C are true.
ANS: A REF: 199 NOT: C

29. Which of the following statements about American political parties is false?
a. A person’s party identification, once developed, tends to endure.
b. The number of Democrats in the electorate consistently exceeded the number of
Republicans until the mid-1990s.
c. Independents outnumber Democratic Party and Republican Party identifiers, combined, in
the U.S. electorate.
d. The proportion of Democrats in the electorate has shrunk over time, to the benefit of both
Republicans and Independents.
e. Fifty percent of children adopt the same party affiliation as their parents.
ANS: C REF: 199–204 NOT: F

30. According to a 2012 survey in your text, which of the following individuals is most likely to identify
as a Republican?
a. Earning under $30,000, no high school degree, female, and Hispanic
b. Living in the South, age between 18–29, Catholic, and an advanced degree
c. Earning between $75,000 to $99,999, college degree, male, age between 42–53
d. Earning over $100,000, advanced degree, black, unaffiliated with any religion
e. High school degree only, Protestant, female, living in the Northeast
ANS: C REF: 201 NOT: F

31. The South still casts many votes for Democrats because of the high proportion of
a. middle-class voters.
b. labor union members.
c. members of the military.
d. Protestants.
e. African Americans.
ANS: E REF: 202 NOT: F

32. Who said, “I am not a member of any organized political party —I am a Democrat”?
a. Richard Nixon
b. George Wallace
c. Mark Twain
d. Will Rogers
 e. Franklin Delano Roosevelt
ANS: D REF: 204 NOT: F

33. Content analysis of the 2012 party convention platforms found that Republicans were more likely to
mention the words _________ whereas Democrats were more likely to mention the word __________.
a. “freedom” ; “equality”
b. “order” ; “freedom”
c. “freedom”; “order”
d. “equality” ; “freedom”
e. “equality” ; “order”
ANS: A REF: 205 NOT: C

34. During the 1970s, the Republican Party undertook

a. no significant reforms at all.
b. extensive procedural reforms to democratize its presidential nomination process.
c. extensive organizational reforms to make it more effective in raising money and providing
better support to its candidates.
d. extensive reforms designed to decentralize its structure.
e. an extensive review of its issue positions, especially in economic matters.
ANS: C REF: 208 NOT: F

35. Party machines—centralized party organizations at the local level that dominated politics by
controlling local elections—declined because
a. they could not provide needed services to the urban community.
b. many of their activities were illegal.
c. they were never effective at controlling local elections.
d. they became increasingly corrupt and unable to deliver on promises.
e. government began to provide the social services that had been the basis of popular loyalty
and support for the machines.
ANS: E REF: 209 NOT: C

36. The most distinguishing feature of American political parties has always been the absence of
a. a wide base of support.
b. centralized power.
c. charismatic leaders.
d. distinctive positions on issues.
e. clearly defined goals.
ANS: B REF: 210 NOT: F

37. Which of the following principles is not part of the responsible party government model?
a. The winning party should carry out its program once in office.
b. Parties should present clear and coherent programs to voters.
c. Voters should hold the governing party responsible at the next election for executing its
program.
d. Legislators should be responsive to their constituencies, even if doing so means voting
against their party’s program.
e. Voters should choose candidates on the basis of party programs.
ANS: D REF: 210 NOT: F

38. Today, American political parties

 a. exercise less control over their delegate selection processes.
b. run less candidate-centered campaigns.
c. have shrunk in their fundraising capacity.
d. now exist mainly to provide services or funds to their candidates.
e. Options B and D are true.
ANS: D REF: 211 |212 NOT: C

39. Primary elections in which voters need not declare their party affiliation and can choose either party’s
primary ballot are known as
a. open primaries.
b. caucus primaries.
c. presidential primaries.
d. congressional primaries.
e. closed primaries.
ANS: A REF: 213 NOT: C

40. A primary election in which voters must declare their party affiliation before they are given the
primary ballot is a(n) __________ primary.
a. blanket
b. open
c. closed
d. challenge
e. presidential preference
ANS: C REF: 213 NOT: F

41. A state moves its primary to an earlier date to encourage presidential candidates who would otherwise
have skipped that state to campaign there. This is known as
a. a horse race.
b. a silent primary.
c. front-loading.
d. first-past-the-post.
e. early entry.
ANS: C REF: 214 NOT: C

42. A method of delegate selection that begins with local meetings and culminates in a state convention is
also known as the
a. open primary.
b. frontloading method.
c. caucus method.
d. closed primary.
e. deliberation.
ANS: C REF: 214 NOT: F

43. The New Hampshire presidential primary gathers the lion’s share of political and media attention
because
a. the New Hampshire primary is the last one to occur each election year.
b. New Hampshire’s population is a good cross-section of the entire nation.
c. New Hampshire has more restrictive campaign laws than other states.
d. New Hampshire is a large, populous state.
e. the New Hampshire primary is the first one to occur each election year.
 ANS: E REF: 215 NOT: C

44. Which of the following statements is not true concerning the 2012 Republican presidential
nomination?
a. While Mitt Romney received more delegates, Rick Santorum actually captured a greater
number of popular votes.
b. Three different candidates won the first three contests.
c. After the first two contests, only four major candidates remained.
d. It was the longest presidential primary season in history.
e. The initial outcome in the Iowa caucus was overturned after a recount.
ANS: A REF: 215 NOT: F

45. There are a total of __________ votes in the electoral college.

a. 270
b. 428
c. 435
d. 538
e. 720
ANS: D REF: 218 NOT: F

46. Each state has one vote in the electoral college for
a. the number of senators and representatives on the federal election nomination committee.
b. each of its representatives in the U.S. House.
c. every 10,000 registered voters.
d. each of its citizens.
e. each of its representatives and senators.
ANS: E REF: 218 NOT: F

47. The amendment awarding three electoral votes to Washington, D.C. is the
a. Fourteenth Amendment.
b. Seventeenth Amendment.
c. Twentieth Amendment.
d. Twenty-third Amendment.
e. Twenty-eighth Amendment.
ANS: D REF: 218 NOT: F

48. The number of electoral votes needed to win the presidency

a. is 135.
b. is 270.
c. is 535.
d. varies based on whether it is an even or odd-numbered year.
e. goes up every election.
ANS: B REF: 218 NOT: F

49. If no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral college votes, the election is decided by
a. the U.S. Congress.
b. the House of Representatives.
c. the Senate.
d. votes in the fifty state legislatures.
e. the U.S. Supreme Court.
 ANS: B REF: 218 NOT: F

50. In 2000, Republican George W. Bush won the presidency despite

a. his failure to win his party’s nomination.
b. winning fewer electoral college votes than Democrat Al Gore.
c. not being on the ballot in five states.
d. receiving fewer popular votes than Al Gore.
e. his losing more states than Al Gore.
ANS: D REF: 219 NOT: F

51. Which of the following arguments has not been raised as a defense of the electoral college?
a. It upholds federalism by giving smaller states more voting weight.
b. It encourages candidates to campaign on foot and in rural areas.
c. It reduces the risk of requiring a nationwide recount of votes.
d. Historically, polls show public opinion in favor of keeping it.
e. None of the above is true.
ANS: D REF: 220 NOT: C

52. A voter who voted for a Republican for Senator and Barack Obama for president in 2012
a. voted a split ticket.
b. voted a straight ticket.
c. exhibited the first-past-the-post phenomenon.
d. voted in an open election.
e. caused Congress and the president to be unable to reach compromise.
ANS: A REF: 221 NOT: C

53. The current limit for individual contributions to a candidate in an election, as of 2011–2012, is
a. $1,000.
b. $2,500.
c. $5,000.
d. $10,000.
e. not set by law.
ANS: B REF: 223 NOT: F

54. The current limit for PAC contributions to candidates in an election is

a. $1,000.
b. $2,000.
c. $5,000.
d. $10,000.
e. not set by law.
ANS: C REF: 223 NOT: F

55. “Independent expenditures only political committees” are a legal term by the Federal Elections
Committee more commonly referred to as
a. political action committees (PACs)
b. 501(c)4 social welfare organizations.
c. 527 committees.
d. independent advocacy organizations (IAOs)
e. Super PACs.
ANS: E REF: 224 NOT: F
56. Beginning in 2010, corporations were free to fund ads directly advocating a candidate’s election, due
to the U.S. Supreme Court decision
a. Federal Election Commission v. McCain
b. Feingold v. McConnell
c. Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission
d. BCRA v. Fox News
e. None of the above is true.
ANS: C REF: 224 NOT: F

57. Nonparty groups that engaged in campaign advertising after 2007, but do not have to disclose their
donors, are known as
a. political action committees (PACs).
b. 501(c)4 social welfare organizations.
c. 527 committees.
d. independent advocacy organizations (IAOs).
e. Super PACs.
ANS: B REF: 224 NOT: F

58. Which of the following statements is not true concerning Super PACs?
a. They were legalized by the Supreme Court decisions Citizens United and Speechnow.org
v. FEC.
b. There is no limit on contributions to Super PACs.
c. The major Republican presidential candidates in 2012 each had aligned Super PACs
spending on their behalf.
d. After initial opposition, President Obama reversed his opposition to Super PACs and
endorsed his own.
e. They do not have to disclose their individual donors.
ANS: E REF: 224 |225 NOT: F

59. In the 2008 presidential election

a. neither Barack Obama nor John McCain agreed to accept public funds for the
general election.
b. Barack Obama accepted public funds, but John McCain did not.
c. John McCain accepted public funds, but Barack Obama did not.
d. both Barack Obama and John McCain accepted public funds for the general election, but
not in the primary.
e. neither Barack Obama nor John McCain accepted public funds for the general election,
but they did accept public funding during their primaries.
ANS: C REF: 226 NOT: F

60. Early studies of Super PAC ads during the 2012 Republican nomination found that they
a. spent over 80 percent of their money on positive ads supporting their most aligned
Republican candidates.
b. spent over 70 percent of their money on negative ads attacking other candidates.
c. split about 50-50 between ads supporting candidates and negative advertising.
d. were highly idiosyncratic and showed no consistent pattern of positive or negative
spending.
e. began by spending heavily on positive ads in favor of candidates, but then moved to
overwhelmingly negative attack ads by the middle of February.
 ANS: B REF: 227 NOT: C

61. The first objective of campaign advertising is to

a. raise the social consciousness of voters.
b. give voters a detailed biography of a candidate.
c. ensure that a candidate has a high level of name recognition among voters.
d. get across to voters some basic issue stands.
e. define the challenger.
ANS: C REF: 227 NOT: F

62. A national survey in January 2012 found that people were most likely to say they “learned something”
about the presidential campaign or candidates from
a. cable news.
b. local TV news.
c. network news.
d. the Internet.
e. newspapers.
ANS: A REF: 228 NOT: F

63. A voter who determines which candidate he or she will vote for very early in the campaign most likely
has based that decision on
a. the media’s perception of the front-runner.
b. the candidate’s stand on a particular issue of importance.
c. party identification.
d. the candidate’s foreign policy experience.
e. the candidate’s projected image.
ANS: C REF: 228 NOT: F

64. Studies of the party identification and ideological orientation of voters show that
a. voters often align with parties that contradict their ideological leanings.
b. voters tend to identify with the party that most reflects their ideological orientation.
c. there appears to be no consistent relationship between party identification and ideology.
d. parties have no consistent ideological positions.
e. most voters do not have a solid party identification.
ANS: B REF: 230 NOT: C

65. Which of the following would be most consistent with the pluralist model of government?
a. Political parties become better at selecting their favorite party nominees.
b. Political parties play a more important role coordinating government policies after
elections.
c. Different parties control different branches of government.
d. Organized groups outside the parties diminish in their power to influence elections.
e. Options C and D are true.
ANS: C REF: 232 NOT: C

ESSAY

1. Explain some of the tea party movement’s demands, its impact in the 2010 midterm, and one of the
challenges it faced in the 2012 presidential election.
 ANS:
Answers will vary.

2. Explain the primary difference between a political party and an interest group.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

3. Explain what political scientists mean when they use the term critical election. Give an example.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

4. Identify and describe the minor parties in American politics known as Bolter Parties, Farmer-Labor
Parties, Parties of Ideological Protest, and Single-Issue Parties.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

5. Summarize the major explanations for why the United States features a two-party system.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

6. What do scholars think party identification signifies, and how has it been measured in America?

ANS:
Answers will vary.

7. Explain how the party reforms of the Republicans and Democrats have differed since the 1970s.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

8. Identify the four principles of responsible party government.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

9. Explain the difference between a party-centered campaign and a candidate-centered campaign, and
why the United States has moved from the former to the latter.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

10. Explain the difference between a presidential primary and a caucus.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

11. Summarize how the early 2012 Republican primary contests quickly narrowed the field of candidates
down to Mitt Romney and Rick Santorum.

ANS:
 Answers will vary.

12. Explain why states have different number of electoral votes and what it is based on.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

13. Present three arguments for selecting a president by electoral votes rather than by popular vote.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

14. Explain what Super PACs are and how recent Supreme Court decisions legalized their formation.

ANS:
Answers will vary.

15. Discuss two changes that the 2002 Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) made to federal
campaign finance law.

ANS:
Answers will vary.
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