Electricity

1.
Electrical Charges & Fields

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ELECTRIC FORCE
▷ The force acts without physical contact between the two
objects.
▷ The force can be either attractive or repulsive: If two
interacting objects carry the same sign of charge, the force
is repulsive; if the charges are of opposite sign, the force is
attractive. These interactions are referred to as electrostatic
repulsion and electrostatic attraction, respectively.

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ELECTRIC FORCE
▷ Not all objects are affected by this force.
▷ The magnitude of the force decreases (rapidly) with
increasing separation distance between the objects.

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Properties of Electric Charge
▷ Charge is quantized.
▷ The magnitude of the charge is independent of the type
▷ Charge is conserved
▷ Charge is conserved in closed systems

Law of Conservation of Charge

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 2.
Conductors, Insulators, and
Charging by Induction

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Conductors and Insulators
▷ Most metals are conductors
▷ Insulators, in contrast, are made from materials that lack conduction
electrons; charge flows only with great difficulty, if at all. Even if
excess charge is added to an insulating material, it cannot move,
remaining indefinitely in place.
▷ Charge cannot flow along or through an insulator, so its electric forces
remain for long periods of time.
▷ As it happens, amber, fur, and most semi-precious gems are insulators,
as are materials like wood, glass, and plastic.
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Charging by Induction
▷ The resulting separation of positive and negative charge is
called polarization, and a material, or even a molecule,
that exhibits polarization is said to be polarized. A similar
situation occurs with a negatively charged insulator, but the
resulting polarization is in the opposite
▷ direction.

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 3.
Coulumb’s Law of
Electrostatics

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Coulumb’s Law
▷ Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two
objects each have electric charge, then they exert an
electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is
linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and
inversely proportional to the square of the distance between
them.

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Coulumb’s Law
▷

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Coulumb’s Law

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 4.
Electric Field

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Electric Field Strength at any point with in
an Electrical Field
▷

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 6.
Capacitance

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Capacitors
▷ By themselves, capacitors are often used to store electrical
energy and release it when needed; with other circuit
components, capacitors often act as part of a filter that
allows some electrical signals to pass while blocking
others.

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Capacitor
▷ A capacitor is a device used to store electrical charge and
electrical energy. It consists of at least two electrical
conductors separated by a distance.

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Capacitor
▷

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 7.
Current and Resistance

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Current & Ampere
▷ Electrical current is defined to be the rate at which charge
flows. When there is a large current present, such as that
used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves
through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is
small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a
small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a
long period of time.

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Electric Current

▷ I = Q/t

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Resistance & Resistivity
▷ The material can resist the flow of the charges, and the
measure of how much a material resists the flow of charges
is known as the resistivity. This resistivity is crudely
analogous to the friction between two materials that resists
motion.
▷ The resistance is a measure of how difficult it is to pass
current through a wire or component.
▷ The resistor can be used to reduce current flow or provide
a voltage drop. 22
Resistance
▷

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Series and Parallel Resistances

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Formulas for Series and Parallel

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Ohm’s Law

V = IR

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Work, Power & Energy
▷

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Battery
▷ a group of cells that generate electric energy from their
internal chemical reaction.
▷ emf (E) of a battery is the total potential difference
eatablished within the battery between the 2 electrodes
when the battery is not supplying any current.
▷ V = E - Ir

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Sample Problems
▷ A hydrogen atom consists of a single proton and a single
electron. The proton has a charge of +e and the electron has
−e . In the “ground state” of the atom, the electron orbits the
proton at most probable distance of 5.29 × 10−11 m.
Calculate the electric force on the electron due to proton.

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Sample Problems
▷ (a) What is the capacitance of an empty parallel-plate
capacitor with metal plates that each have an area of 1.00
m2 , separated by 1.00 mm? (b) How much charge is stored
in this capacitor if a voltage of 3.00 × 103 V is applied to
it?

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Sample Problems
▷ Suppose you wish to construct a parallel-plate capacitor
with a capacitance of 1.0 F. What area must you use for
each plate if the plates are separated by 1.0 mm?

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Sample Problems
▷ The main purpose of a battery in a car or truck is to run the electric
starter motor, which starts the engine. The operation of starting the
vehicle requires a large current to be supplied by the battery. Once the
engine starts, a device called an alternator takes over supplying the
electric power required for running the vehicle and for charging the
battery.
▷ (a) What is the average current involved when a truck battery sets in
motion 720 C of charge in 4.00 s while starting an engine? (b) How
long does it take 1.00 C of charge to flow from the battery?

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Sample Problems
▷ Calculate the current density, resistance, and electrical field
of a 5-m length of copper wire with a diameter of 2.053
mm (12-gauge) carrying a current of I = 10 mA .

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Sample Problems

Find the RT

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