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Principles of Microeconomics, 11e -TB1 (Case/Fair/Oster)
Chapter 12 General Equilibrium and the Efficiency of Perfect Competition
12.1 Market Adjustment to Changes in Demand
1) Examining the equilibrium conditions of individual markets and for households and firms
separately is referred to as
A) partial equilibrium analysis.
B) general equilibrium analysis.
C) comparative statics.
D) efficiency analysis.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: Market Adjustment to Changes in Demand
Skill: Definition
Learning Outcome: Micro-4
2) Which of the following questions is NOT answered by general equilibrium analysis?

A) Are equilibria in different markets compatible with one another?
B) Can all markets simultaneously be in equilibrium?
C) How will a change in one market affect another market?
D) What outcome is most desirable for the whole society?
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
3) It is essential to establish specific criteria to judge the performance of any economic system.
Two such criteria are
A) efficiency and equity.
B) profit opportunities and technological progress.
C) efficiency and profit opportunities.
D) technological progress and achieving general equilibrium.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
1
Copyright © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
4) Efficiency occurs when
A) the economy is producing what people want at least possible cost.
B) the economy has a fair and just distribution of income.
C) all markets are in equilibrium.
D) unemployment is low and prices are stable.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
5) Resources are allocated efficiently when

A) the market produces what people want.
B) economic profits are zero.
C) output is distributed in an equitable fashion.
D) output is produced in a sustainable fashion.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
6) Firms stop producing tapes and start producing compact discs because people prefer compact
discs to tapes. This will
A) make the distribution of outcome more equitable.
B) make the economy more stable.
C) improve efficiency.
D) make the economy less stable.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Topic: General Equilibrium Analysis
Skill: Conceptual
2
7) A new technology is developed for producing microwave ovens that reduces production costs
by 10%. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of this technological change?
A) Firms will continue to operate efficiently as long as no firm adopts this new technology.
B) Firms must adopt this new technology to remain efficient.
C) This new technology will not affect efficiency, but it will change the equilibrium price and
quantity for this industry.
D) If firms do not adopt this new technology, then the economy will remain in general
equilibrium, because firms will not change their price and output decisions.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Topic: General Equilibrium Analysis
Skill: Conceptual
Refer to the information provided in Figure 12.1 below to answer the questions that follow.
Figure 12.1
8) Refer to Figure 12.1. This firm is currently at Point A on the ATC curve. If this firm moves
toward Point B, this will make the
A) distribution of outcome more equitable.
B) economy more stable.
C) economy more efficient.
D) economy less stable.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Analytical
AACSB: Analytic Skills
3
9) Refer to Figure 12.1. The firm is
A) equally efficient when it produces at points A and B.
B) more efficient when it produces at point A than at point B.
C) more efficient when it produces at point B than at point A.
D) producing at least possible cost anywhere along the given ATC curve.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
Figure 12.2
10) Refer to Figure 12.2. A technological advance causes the supply of personal computers to
increase. The graph of this situation represents a
A) general equilibrium analysis because it identifies what happens to both equilibrium price and
quantity of personal computers.
B) partial equilibrium analysis because it considers only this one industry.
C) firm-specific analysis because only one firm would be affected by the technological advance.
D) technological analysis because the change resulted from a technological advance.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
4
11) To conduct a general equilibrium analysis of a change in consumer preferences away from
beef and toward chicken, you must consider
A) changes in the equilibrium prices and quantities of beef and chicken.
B) changes in the amount of resources allocated to the production of beef and chicken.
C) changes in the price of resources allocated to the production of beef and chicken.
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
12) A technological change in the production of cars will

A) affect only the markets for inputs used to produce cars.
B) affect only the way cars are produced.
C) have no effect on consumers.
D) affect input and output markets in the automobile industry and other related industries.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
13) A gas tax holiday would

A) affect the market for gasoline.
B) affect the market for air travel.
C) affect the level of congestion on roads.
D) All of the above are correct.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
5
14) Assume that an economy producing two products, skateboards and in‐line skates, is initially
in equilibrium, and that skateboards and in‐line skates are substitutes. If consumer preferences
shift away from skateboards and toward in‐line skates, which of the following will NOT occur?
A) In the short run, firms producing skateboards will incur losses.
B) In the short run, firms producing in‐line skates will earn a profit.
C) Additional capital will begin to flow into in‐line skates production in the long run.
D) Additional capital will begin to flow into skateboard production in the long run.
Answer: D
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
15) Preferences have just shifted away from beef and into mutton. If you are a sheep rancher, the
best profit-maximizing strategy is to
A) shut down.
B) produce as much as possible to earn profits in the short run.
C) shift some of your ranching capacity into cattle raising.
D) cut prices to increase market share.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
16) Initially the beef and mutton markets are in equilibrium, then preferences shift away from
beef and into mutton. If you are a cattle rancher, the best profit-maximizing strategy is to
A) shut down.
B) increase output so as to increase your market share.
C) shift some of your ranching capacity into cattle raising.
D) decrease output so as to minimize short run losses.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
6
17) Suppose there is a permanent shift of consumer preferences away from pretzels and toward
potato chips. The most likely result would be
A) in the short run, economic losses in the potato chip market.
B) in the long run, a fall in the supply of potato chips.
C) in the short run, a rise in the price of pretzels.
D) short-run profits in the potato chip market increase.
Answer: D
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
18) Scientists find that eating corn three times a day will prolong life. This leads to a shift in
preferences away from wheat and toward corn. As we move from one equilibrium to another, we
can predict that
A) all input markets are affected.
B) all input markets except land are affected because both products use land as an input.
C) labor markets are not affected because the wheat industry and the corn industry use laborers
to drive tractors.
D) even if they use different technologies, no input markets are affected because they use the
same inputs.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
7
Figure 12.3
19) Refer to Figure 12.3. The DVD industry is a constant-cost industry. As the demand for DVD
players shifts from D to , which of the following is LEAST likely to result?
A) More resources will be allocated to produce DVD players.
B) The demand for DVDs will increase.
C) If the market for DVD players is competitive, the price will increase to $5.00 in the short and
long run.
D) If the market for DVD players is perfectly competitive, economic profits in this industry will
increase in the short run, but will fall back to zero in the long run.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
20) Suppose that a town has two major hospitals. One of these hospitals is unionized and the
union has just negotiated a 10% wage increase each year for the next three years. Which of the
following is most likely to occur?
A) The price of labor in the unionized hospital will increase, but there will be no changes in the
price of labor in the nonunionized hospital.
B) The price of labor will change in both the union and nonunion hospitals, but no other input
markets will be affected.
C) The price of labor will change in both the unionized and nonunionized hospitals. Employment
of labor and other inputs is also likely to change in both hospitals.
D) The only effect will be that the price charged by the unionized hospital will increase to cover
the additional costs of labor.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
8
21) Efficiency is the condition in which the economy is producing what people want at the least
possible cost.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
22) When one market reaches a new equilibrium, the general equilibrium condition has been
satisfied.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
23) Partial equilibrium analysis is the process of examining the equilibrium conditions for
households and firms combined for more than one but not all individual markets.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
24) Both economists and mathematicians have shown there exists at least one set of prices that
will clear all markets in a system simultaneously, known as equilibrium price.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Fact
25) Input and output markets operate independently and thus should be analyzed as separate
entities.
Answer: FALSE
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
9
26) General equilibrium exists when all markets in an economy are simultaneously in
equilibrium.
Answer: TRUE
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
12.2 Allocative Efficiency and Competitive Equilibrium
1) A condition in which no change is possible that will make some members of society better off
without making some other members of society worse off is called
A) Pareto optimality.
B) partial equilibrium.
C) general equilibrium.
D) market failure.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Topic: Allocative Efficiency and Competitive Equilibrium
Skill: Definition
2) Pareto optimality is the condition in which

A) the distribution of income is equal.
B) no change is possible that will make some members of society better off without making at
least one other member of society worse off.
C) firms are forced to internalize the effects of all externalities.
D) it is possible to make one person better off without making someone else worse off.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
10
3) An economist has estimated that the maintenance of a public park costs $25,000 a year and
that the public park generates $30,000 a year in revenue for merchants near the park. From
society's point of view, the maintenance of this park is
A) inefficient because everyone in the community pays taxes to support the park, but only the
merchants near the park benefit.
B) inefficient because the additional revenues generated by the park are so low.
C) potentially efficient because the value of the gains exceed the value of the costs.
D) potentially efficient because no one would be made worse off as a result of maintaining the
park.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Analytical
4) Suppose a new government policy will generate $5,000 of benefits for local businesses and
$3,000 of costs. This policy can best be described as
A) Pareto efficient.
B) inefficient.
C) potentially efficient.
D) equitable.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
5) Suppose a policy change will generate $100,000 of benefits for low-income families and
$120,000 of costs for high-income families. This change can best be described as
A) Pareto efficient.
B) inefficient.
D) equitable.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
11
6) Suppose a policy change will generate $180,000 of benefits for low-income families and
$150,000 of costs for high-income and middle-class families. This change can best be described
as
A) inefficient.
B) Pareto efficient.
D) equitable.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
7) An activity that makes some people better off and nobody worse off is a
A) government transfer program such as Social Security.
B) reduction in interest rates.
C) price floor that increases income to suppliers.
D) voluntary exchange.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
8) If some gain and some lose as the result of a change, and it can be demonstrated that the value
of the gains exceeds the value of the losses, then the change is said to be
A) potentially efficient.
B) inefficient.
C) unequivocally Pareto optimal.
D) technically efficient.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
12
9) A voluntary exchange between Mike (the purchaser) and Wayne (the seller) occurs because
A) Mike stands to gain and Wayne to lose.
B) Mike stands to lose and Wayne to gain.
C) they both gain from the transaction.
D) they had no choice.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
10) A household will buy a good as long as the

A) good's price is greater than the maximum a consumer would be willing to pay for it.
B) marginal utility from its consumption is greater than or equal to its market price.
C) good still provides the consumer with average utility.
D) good's use value is less than the price being charged for the good.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
11) If a restaurant runs a special and sells a lobster dinner for $4.50, Amy buys one lobster
dinner a week. If lobster dinners are not on special and the price is $16.00, Amy buys zero
lobster dinners per week. Which of the following is true?
A) Amy's demand for lobster is inelastic.
B) Amy's marginal utility from a lobster dinner is less than $4.50.
C) The value of Amy's marginal utility from a lobster dinner is at least $4.50 and less than
$16.00.
D) Amy's marginal utility from a lobster dinner is greater than $16.00.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
13
Figure 12.4
12) Refer to Figure 12.4. Hula hoops are produced in a perfectly competitive market. This hula
hoop firm is currently producing and selling 100 hula hoops per week. Which of the following is
true?
A) Society would be better off if more hula hoops were produced because at the current level of
production price is greater than marginal cost.
B) Society would be better off if fewer hula hoops were produced because if this firm reduced its
production, its profits would increase.
C) Hula hoop production is at the efficient level because ATC is minimized.
D) Fewer resources should be devoted to hula hoop production because ATC is less than price.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
13) The opportunity cost of using resources to produce more of one good instead of more of
another good is its
A) marginal revenue.
B) marginal cost.
C) price.
D) total cost.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
14
14) A person who chooses not to be in the labor force reveals that
A) his potential product in the market is zero.
B) either leisure or the value of nonpaid labor is worth more to him than the value that society
places on his potential product in the market.
C) either leisure or the value of nonpaid labor is worth less to him than the value that society
places on his potential product in the market.
D) either leisure or the value of nonpaid labor is worth zero to him.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
15) In making labor supply decisions, households weigh

A) the market wage against the value of market produced goods.
B) the market wage against the value of their marginal product of labor.
C) the market wage against the value of leisure and time spent in unpaid household production.
D) child care costs.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
16) Marginal cost is a good measure of

A) the social value of a marginal unit of a good.
B) the least costly way to produce all units of a good.
C) what society gives up by using resources to produce more of a good or service.
D) what society gains by using resources to produce more of a good or service.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
15
17) In perfect competition, when firms are maximizing profits and households are maximizing
utility,
A) Pareto optimality has been obtained.
B) voluntary exchange can be used to make both firms and households better off.
C) the outcome is inefficient.
D) individual welfare is maximized, but social welfare is not.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
18) A ________ system is one in which all possible trades that make some societal members
better off without making others worse off have been exhausted.
A) Pareto maximized
B) Pareto optimal
C) market
D) general equilibrium
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Definition
19) You value your economics textbook at $10. Someone else values it at $25, and that person is
willing to pay you $20 for your textbook. Would selling your textbook to this person for $20 be
Pareto efficient?
A) No, because you did not receive the maximum amount the other person would have been
willing to pay for the textbook.
B) No, the person paid you $20 for the book so his net benefit was only $5, whereas your net
benefit was $10. For this change to be Pareto efficient, each of you should have the same net
benefit.
C) Yes, because both of you are better off as a result of the trade.
D) Yes, because even though you gain from the trade and he loses, there is the potential for you
to compensate him for his loss.
Answer: C
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
16
20) You value your favorite shirt at $110. Someone else values it at $150, and that person is
willing to pay you $120 for your shirt. Would selling your shirt to this person for $120 be Pareto
efficient?
A) No, because you did not receive the maximum amount the other person would have been
willing to pay for the shirt.
B) No, the person paid you $120 for the shirt so his net benefit was $30, while your net benefit
was $10. For this change to be Pareto efficient, each of you should have the same net benefit.
C) Yes, because even though you gain from the trade and he loses, there is the potential for you
to compensate him for his loss.
D) Yes, because both of you are better off as a result of the trade.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
21) When all the conditions for perfect competition are met,
A) resources are allocated among firms efficiently.
B) final products are distributed among households efficiently.
C) the system produces the goods and services consumers want.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
22) Which assumption(s) is (are) necessary for an efficient allocation of resources among firms?
A) Factor markets are open and competitive.
B) All firms pay the same prices for inputs.
C) Firms behave so as to maximize their profits.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
17
23) In order to have an efficient distribution of final products to households,
A) free and open markets are essential.
B) households must maximize their income.
C) the equity criterion must be satisfied.
D) there can be no unemployment.
Answer: A
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
24) The condition P = MC implies that

A) there is no consumer surplus for any consumer.
B) an individual who values the product at more than P will receive consumer surplus.
C) an individual who values the product at less than P will receive consumer surplus.
D) the amount of consumer surplus is infinite.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
25) Under perfect competition, the efficient level of output is produced because
A) government regulates the output level that must be produced.
B) firms earn only a normal profit in the long run.
C) firms can earn an economic profit in the long run.
D) price equals marginal cost.
Answer: D
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
26) In perfect competition, the condition that ensures that the right things are produced is
A) MUX = PX.
B) P = MC.
C) P = ATC.
D) MRPL = ATC.
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Definition
18
27) Under perfect competition, the person that ends up with the marginal unit is the person that
values it
A) at an amount above its price.
B) at an amount lower than its price.
C) exactly at its price.
D) above its marginal cost.
Answer: C
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
28) If at the current output of X the PX > MCX, then society gains by
A) producing more X.
B) producing less X.
C) raising the price of X.
D) increasing the cost of producing X.
Answer: A
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
29) If at the current output of X the PX < MCX, then society gains by
A) producing more X.
B) producing less X.
C) lowering the price of X.
D) increasing the cost of producing X.
Answer: B
Diff: 3
Skill: Conceptual
19
30) If society will gain by producing more X, then it must be the case that currently
A) PX = MCX.
B) PX > MCX.
C) PX < MCX.
D) either PX > MCX or PX < MCX.
Answer: B
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
31) ________ reflects household willingness to pay, and ________ reflects the opportunity cost
of the resources needed to produce a good.
A) Marginal utility; price
B) Price; marginal cost
C) Price; average total cost
D) Demand; price
Answer: B
Diff: 2
Skill: Conceptual
32) Society will produce the efficient mix of output if all firms equate
A) price and marginal cost.
B) price and average total cost.
C) marginal cost and average total cost.
D) price and marginal revenue.
Answer: A
Diff: 1
Skill: Conceptual
20
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12.1 Market Adjustment to Changes in Demand

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