EXPERIMENT–1

Aim: To determine resistivity of two/three wire by plotting a graph of potential

difference versus current

Apparatus: A resistance wire (of different material such as copper, iron, constantan, etc.,)
a voltmeter (0-3)V and an ammeter(0-3)A of appropriate range, a battery(battery
eliminator), a rheostat, a meter scale, one-way key, connecting wires and a piece of sand
paper

Formula: The resistivity (𝜌) of the given wire is given by

𝜋𝐷2 𝑅
𝜌= ohm − meter
4𝐿
Where, π = 3.14
D = Diameter of the wire (meter)
R = Resistance of the conductor (ohm)
L = Length of the wire (meter)
Circuit Diagram:

Observations:
1. Length
Length of the resistance wire l =
2. Range
Range of the given ammeter =
Range of the given voltmeter =
3. Least count
Least count of ammeter =
Least count of voltmeter =
4. Zero error
Zero error in ammeter, e1 =
Zero error in voltmeter, e2 =
5. Zero correction
Zero correction for ammeter, C1 = -e1 =
Zero correction for ammeter, C2 = -e2 =

Procedure:
1. Arrange the apparatus in the same manner as given in the arrangement diagram.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wire with sand paper to remove the insulations,
if any.
3. Make neat, clean and tight connection according to the circuit diagram. While
making connections ensure that +ve marked terminals of voltmeter and ammeter
are joined towards the +ve terminal of the battery.
4. Determine the least count of voltmeter and ammeter, and also note the zero error,
if any.
5. Insert the key K, slide the rheostat contact and see the ammeter and voltmeter are
working properly.
6. Adjust the sliding contact of the rheostat such that a measurable current passes
through the resistance coil or the resistance wire.
7. Note down the value of potential difference V from voltmeter and current I from
ammeter.
8. Shift the rheostat contact slightly so that both ammeter and voltmeter show full
divisions readings and not in fraction.
9. Record the readings of the voltmeter and ammeter.
10. Take a least three sets of independent observations.
11. Cut the resistance wire at the points where it leaves the terminals stretch it and
find its length by the meter scale.
12. Record your observations.
13. Next repeat the above steps by taking other wires.
Table for Ammeter and Voltmeter Readings:

S.No Ammeter Reading I(m A) Voltmeter Reading, V (v) 𝑽

Observed Corrected Observed Corrected 𝑹= 𝑰
𝑰𝟎 𝑰 = 𝑰𝟎 + 𝑪𝟏 𝑽𝟎 𝑽 = 𝑽𝟎 + 𝑪𝟏 (ohm)

Mean(R) = (ohms)

Model Graph:

𝐴𝐵 ∆𝐼
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = =
𝐶𝐵 ∆𝑉
𝐶𝐵 ∆𝑉
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = =
𝐴𝐵 ∆𝐼

𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃 = 𝑅 = Ω
Calculation:
𝜋𝐷2 𝑅
𝜌= =
4𝐿
π = 3.14
D= (meter)
R= (ohm)
L= (meter)

Result:
(i) Resistivity of the wire is _____________________ ohm meter
(ii) The graph between V and I is a straight line.
 EXPERIMENT–2

Aim: To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using meter bridge

Apparatus: A meter bridge, leclanche cell, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey, two
resistances wires, set square, sand paper and connecting wires.

Formula:
(i) The resistance (r) of a resistance wire or coil is given by
(100 − 𝑙 )𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙
Where, R – resistance from the resistance box in the left gap
L – Length of the meter bridge wire from zero end up to balance point.

(ii) When two resistances r1 and r2 are connected in series, then their combined
resistance,
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑜ℎ𝑚

Where, R – known resistance (ohm)

r1 &r2 – unknown resistance of the coils in series (ohm)
l – length of the meter bridge wire from zero end up to balance point (cm)
Observations:

Table for length (l) and unknown resistance (r)

Resistance from Length Resistance Mean

Length AB (100 − 𝑙)𝑅
Resistance resistance box, BC=100–l Resistance
= l(cm) 𝑟=
Coil S.No. R (ohm) (cm) 𝑙 (ohm)
(ohm)
Procedure:
For Resistance
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined I the right gap
between C and B. Take care that no parts of the forms a loop.
3. Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand ga between A and B.
4. Make all the other connections a shown in the circuit diagram.
5. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohms) from the resistance box, plug the key K.
6. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire.
7. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. F the galvanometer shows deflections
in the opposite directions, the connections are correct. If the deflection is one side
only, then there is some fault in the circuit. Check or take help of your teacher
and rectify the fault.
8. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till galvanometer
gives zero deflection. The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null
point D.
9. Choose an appropriate value of R from the resistance box such that there is no
deflection in the galvanometer =when the jockey is nearly in the middle fo the
wire (i.e between 45 to 55 cm)
10. Note position of point D (with the help of a set square) to know balancing length,
AD = l.
11. Take at least four sets of observations in the same by changing the value of R in
steps.
12. Record your observations.
Calculations:
(100−𝑙)𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑜ℎ𝑚

Result:
Experimental and theoretical vales of R s are same. Hence law of resistances in series is
verified.

.
 EXPERIMENT–3

Aim: To find resistance of a given wire using meter bridge.

Apparatus: A meter bridge, leclanche cell, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a jockey, two
resistances wires, set square, sand paper and connecting wires.

Formula:
The unknown resistance (r) of a resistance wire or coil is given by
(100 − 𝑙 )𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙
Where, R –known resistance from the resistance box in the left gap (𝑜ℎ𝑚)
L – Length of the meter bridge wire from zero ends up to balance point. (Meter)
Observations:

Table for length (l) and unknown resistance (r)

Resistance from Length Resistance Mean

Length AB (100 − 𝑙)𝑅
Resistance resistance box, BC=100–l Resistance
= l(cm) 𝑟=
Coil S.No. R (ohm) (cm) 𝑙 (ohm)
(ohm)

r only

Mean r = (ohm)

Calculations:
(100−𝑙)𝑅
𝑟= 𝑙
𝑜ℎ𝑚
Procedure:
1. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined I the right gap
between C and B. Take care that no parts of the forms a loop.
3. Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and B.
4. Make all the other connections a shown in the circuit diagram.
5. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohms) from the resistance box, plug the key K.
6. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire.
7. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows deflections
in the opposite directions, the connections are correct. If the deflection is one side
only, then there is some fault in the circuit. Check or take help of your teacher
and rectify the fault.
8. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till galvanometer
gives zero deflection. The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null
point D.
9. Choose an appropriate value of R from the resistance box such that there is no
deflection in the galvanometer =when the jockey is nearly in the middle fo the
wire (i.e between 45 to 55 cm)
10. Note position of point D (with the help of a set square) to know balancing length,
AD = l.
11. Take at least four sets of observations in the same by changing the value of R in
steps.
12. Record your observations.
Result:
The value of unknown resistance r = ___________________________(ohm)
 EXPERIMENT–4

Aim: To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using meter bridge

Apparatus: A meter bridge, leclanche cell, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a

jockey, two resistances wires, set square, sand paper and connecting wires.

Formula:
(i) The resistance (r) of a resistance wire or coil is given by
(100 − 𝑙 )𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙
Where, R – resistance from the resistance box in the left gap
L – Length of the meter bridge wire from zero end up to balance point.

(ii) When two resistances r1 and r2 are connected in series, then their combined
resistance
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 (𝑜ℎ𝑚)

Where, R – known resistance (ohm)

r1 &r2 – unknown resistance of the coils in series (ohm)
l – length of the meter bridge wire from zero end up to balance point (cm)
Observations:

Table for length (l) and unknown resistance (r)

Resistance from Length Resistance Mean

Length AB (100 − 𝑙)𝑅
Resistance resistance box, BC=100–l Resistance
= l(cm) 𝑟=
Coil S.No. R (ohm) (cm) 𝑙 (ohm)
(ohm)

r1 only

r2 only

r1 and r2
(series)

Mean (r1 and r2 series) r = (ohm)

Calculations:
(100−𝑙)𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙

𝑅𝑠 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 𝑜ℎ𝑚
Procedure:
1. Mark the two resistance coils as r1 and r2
2. To find r1 and r2. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
3. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined I the right gap
between C and B. Take care that no parts of the forms a loop.
4. Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and B.
5. Connect the two coils r1 and r2 in series as shown in figure in the right gap of
Meter Bridge and find the resistance of this combination.
6. Make all the other connections a shown in the circuit diagram.
7. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohms) from the resistance box, plug the key K.
8. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire.
9. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows deflections
in the opposite directions, the connections are correct. If the deflection is one side
only, then there is some fault in the circuit. Check or take help of your teacher
and rectify the fault.
10. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till galvanometer
gives zero deflection. The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null
point D.
11. Choose an appropriate value of R from the resistance box such that there is no
deflection in the galvanometer =when the jockey is nearly in the middle fo the
wire (i.e between 45 to 55 cm)
12. Note position of point D (with the help of a set square) to know balancing length,
AD = l.
13. Take at least four sets of observations in the same by changing the value of R in
steps.
14. Record your observations.
Result:
Experimental and theoretical vales of R s are same. Hence law of resistances in series is
verified.
 EXPERIMENT–5

Aim: To verify the laws of combination (Parallel) of resistances using meter

bridge

Apparatus: A meter bridge, leclanche cell, a galvanometer, a resistance box, a

jockey, two resistances wires, set square, sand paper and connecting wires.

Formula:
(i) The resistance (r) of a resistance wire or coil is given by
(100 − 𝑙 )𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙
Where, R – resistance from the resistance box in the left gap
L – Length of the meter bridge wire from zero ends up to balance point.

(ii) When two resistances r1 and r2 are connected in parallel, then their combined
resistance
1 1
𝑅𝑝 = + 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑟1 𝑟2

Where, R – known resistance (ohm)

r1 &r2 – unknown resistance of the coils in Parallel (ohm)
l – length of the meter bridge wire from zero end up to balance point (cm)
 Observations:

Table for length (l) and unknown resistance (r)

Resistance from Length Resistance Mean

Length AB (100 − 𝑙)𝑅
Resistance resistance box, BC=100–l Resistance
= l(cm) 𝑟=
Coil S.No. R (ohm) (cm) 𝑙 (ohm)
(ohm)

r1 only

r2 only

r1 and r2
(parallel)
Calculations:
(100−𝑙)𝑅
𝑟= 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑙

1 1
𝑅𝑝 = + 𝑜ℎ𝑚
𝑟1 𝑟2
Procedure:
1. Mark the two resistance coils as r1 and r2
2. To find r1 and r2. Arrange the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
3. Connect the resistance wire whose resistance is to be determined I the right gap
between C and B. Take care that no parts of the forms a loop.
4. Connect resistance box of low range in the left hand gap between A and B.
5. Connect the two coils r1 and r2 in parallel as shown in figure in the right gap of
meter Bridge and find the resistance of this combination.
6. Make all the other connections a shown in the circuit diagram.
7. Take out some resistance (say 2 ohms) from the resistance box, plug the key K.
8. Touch the jockey gently first at left end and then at right end of the bridge wire.
9. Note the deflections in the galvanometer. If the galvanometer shows deflections
in the opposite directions, the connections are correct. If the deflection is one side
only, then there is some fault in the circuit. Check or take help of your teacher
and rectify the fault.
10. Move (slide) the jockey gently along the wire from left to right till galvanometer
gives zero deflection. The point where the jockey is touching the wire is null
point D.
11. Choose an appropriate value of R from the resistance box such that there is no
deflection in the galvanometer =when the jockey is nearly in the middle fo the
wire (i.e between 45 to 55 cm)
12. Note position of point D (with the help of a set square) to know balancing length,
AD = l.
13. Take at least four sets of observations in the same by changing the value of R in
steps.
14. Record your observations.

Result:
Experimental and theoretical vales of Rp are same. Hence law of resistances in parallel is
verified.