Cambridge International Examinations

Cambridge International General Certificate of Secondary Education

* 7 7 6 2 5 4 7 1 2 0 *

GEOGRAPHY 0460/11
Paper 1 May/June 2016
1 hour 45 minutes
Candidates answer on the Question Paper.
Additional Materials: Ruler
Calculator

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your Centre number, candidate number and name in the spaces provided.
Write in dark blue or black pen.
You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid.
DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES.

Write your answer to each question in the space provided.

If additional space is required, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question number(s)
must be clearly shown.

Answer three questions, one from each section.

The Insert contains Photographs A and B for Question 5 and Fig. 11 for Question 6.
The Insert is not required by the Examiner.
Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate an answer.

At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question.

Definitions
MEDCs – More Economically Developed Countries
LEDCs – Less Economically Developed Countries

The syllabus is approved for use in England, Wales and Northern Ireland as a Cambridge International Level 1/Level 2 Certificate.

This document consists of 35 printed pages, 1 blank page and 1 Insert.

DC (KN/CGW) 114940/5
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Section A

Answer one question from this section.

QUESTION 1

1 (a) Study Fig. 1, which shows information about the number of immigrants to Mexico (an LEDC)
in 2011.

USA Can
a
68 351 13 5 da
79

pe
u ro 0
E 84
61
ean
MEXICO Caribb 3
Asia 17 04
35 280

Africa
1796
O
Ce ther
ntr pa
al rt
31 Ame s of
So er 6

11
0 rica
Am 78
ut ica
71

Fig. 1

(i) Put the following continents in rank order according to their number of migrants into
Mexico.

Asia Europe South America

1st .................................. highest

2nd ..................................

3rd .................................. lowest [1]

(ii) Identify the following:

• a country in North America with over 60 000 migrants to Mexico in 2011;

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• the number of migrants to Mexico from other parts of Central America in 2011.

.................................................................................. [2]

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(iii) Give three difficulties which international migrants may experience when settling in a
new country.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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3 ........................................................................................................................................

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[3]

(iv) Suggest ways in which Mexico will have benefitted from receiving international migrants.

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(b) Study Fig. 2, which shows information about migration between Mexico (an LEDC) and the
USA (an MEDC).

4 4

3 3

number of number of
migrants migrants
(millions) 2 2 (millions)

1 1

0 0
Mexico to USA USA to Mexico Mexico to USA USA to Mexico
1995 to 2000 2005 to 2010

Fig. 2

(i) Using Fig. 2, compare the pattern of migration between Mexico and the USA during the
periods 1995 – 2000 and 2005 – 2010. Include statistics in your answer.

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(ii) Describe the pull factors of an MEDC, such as the USA, for migrants from LEDCs.

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(c) For a named country you have studied, describe and explain the problems caused by under-
population.

Name of country ......................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 1
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 2

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QUESTION 2

2 (a) Study Fig. 3, which shows a coastal area in an MEDC.

Key
urban areas
10 contours at 100 metre
0 intervals
village
10 water depth (metres)
main roads
mud at low water
rivers
secondary roads
cliffs
railways
sand 20
10

sea
N S

100

R 10
0

20
20 10 0
100 100
100

P
100
100

Q
20
10
ferry

0
200 10
sea
300
10
0

0 5
km

Fig. 3

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(i) Give one reason why ports developed at P and Q.

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(ii) Suggest why the port at P has declined in importance in the last fifty years, whilst the
port at Q has increased in importance.

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(iii) Settlements R and S were both villages one hundred years ago. Using Fig. 3, suggest
reasons why R remained a village whilst S grew into a tourist resort.

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(iv) Settlement P is now an industrial town. Explain two different reasons for the growth of
this function at settlement P.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[4]

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(b) Study Fig. 4, which shows information about two rural settlements in Malta (an MEDC in
Europe).

Ghajn Tuffieha

Fomm ir-Rih

Key
building
field boundaries
roads

0 200 400
metres

Fig. 4

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(i) Compare the shape and size of the two rural settlements, Ghajn Tuffieha and
Fomm ir-Rih.

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(ii) Explain the factors which influence the sites of rural settlements.

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(c) For a named settlement you have studied, describe and explain the service provision.

Name of settlement .............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 2
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 3

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Section B

Answer one question from this section.

QUESTION 3

3 (a) Study Fig. 5, which shows the location of earthquakes in central and southern Asia between
1900 and 2012.

80 E 90 E 100 E 110 E 120 E

60 N
N
Russia 0 1000 2000
km

50 N 50 N
Kazakhstan
Mongolia

40 N 40 N

China

30 N
Nepal Key
Bhutan
Earthquake
Bangladesh magnitude
India (Richter scale)
Myanmar
20 N 6.0–6.4
Laos
6.5–7.4
Area Thailand 7.5–8.4
X Cambodia 8.5 and over
Vietnam subduction zone
10 N (destructive
Sri Lanka plate boundary)
Maldives Malaysia Laos country
80 E 90 E 100 E 110 E 120 E
Fig. 5

(i) What does the Richter scale measure?

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(ii) On Fig. 5, label the following:

– an earthquake with a magnitude 8.5 or higher (label with A);

– an earthquake of a magnitude less than 6.5 in India (label with B). [2]
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(iii) Describe the distribution of earthquakes in Mongolia between 1900 and 2012.

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(iv) Explain why the area labelled X on Fig. 5 has experienced many earthquakes.

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(b) Study Fig. 6, which shows information about an earthquake.

epicentre
seismic
waves

focus

fault

Fig. 6

(i) Define the following terms:

– focus; ..............................................................................................................................

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– epicentre; ........................................................................................................................

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– seismic waves. ................................................................................................................

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[3]

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(ii) Describe the effects on people of a powerful earthquake.

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(c) Many people live in areas where there are likely to be earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.

For a named area you have studied, describe the opportunities provided by volcanoes.

Name of area ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 3
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 4

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QUESTION 4

4 (a) Study Fig. 7, which shows the location of areas of Equatorial climate.

Tropic of Cancer

Equator

Tropic of Capricorn

Key
Equatorial climate

Fig. 7

(i) Name an area of Equatorial climate.

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(ii) Using Fig. 7, describe the global distribution of the Equatorial climate.

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(iii) Describe and explain the main characteristics of the Equatorial climate.

A Description

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B Explanation

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(b) Study Fig. 8, which shows information about deforestation of tropical rainforests.

DEFORESTATION

sun-baked soil loss of shade burning less

evapotranspiration

flooding leaching leaf litter less

and erosion destroyed precipitation

topsoil lost micro-organisms increased drought

lost

reduced plant
growth

degraded
vegetation

Fig. 8

(i) Using Fig. 8 only, explain how deforestation damages local ecosystems.

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(ii) Explain how deforestation of tropical rainforests can have global effects on the natural
environment.

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(c) Another climatic zone is the hot desert.

For a named area of hot desert you have studied, explain why the climate is hot and dry.

Name of hot desert ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]
END OF QUESTION 4
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TURN PAGE FOR QUESTION 5

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Section C

Answer one question from this section.

QUESTION 5

5 (a) Study Fig. 9, which shows information about GNP per capita and access to clean water in ten
LEDCs.

100

Guatemala Sri Lanka

Jamaica
90 El Salvador

Indonesia
Algeria
population 80
with
access
to clean Senegal
water Laos
(percentage) 70

Afghanistan

60

Ethiopia
50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
GNP per capita
(US$ 000)

Fig. 9

(i) Identify the country with a GNP per capita of US$7500 and 90% of the population with
access to clean water.

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(ii) Describe the general relationship between GNP per capita and the percentage of the
population with access to clean water. Use statistics in your answer.

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(iii) State three ways in which people obtain water in LEDCs.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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[3]

(iv) Explain why providing a reliable supply of clean water may increase life expectancy.

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(b) Study Photographs A and B (Insert), which show the Maguga Dam in Swaziland (an LEDC in
Africa).

(i) Describe three features of the Maguga Dam.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

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2 ........................................................................................................................................

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[3]

(ii) Explain why dam building schemes are important to the economies of LEDCs.

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(c) For a named area you have studied, state an economic activity which takes place which
threatens the natural environment and explain how these threats are being managed.

Name of area ...............................................

Economic activity ..............................................................................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 5
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QUESTION 6

6 (a) Study Fig. 10, which shows information about an agricultural system.

INPUTS PROCESSES OUTPUTS

Natural Crops

soil ploughing wheat

rain planting VXJDUEHHW

warmth spraying potatoes

land harvesting

Economic Animal products

labour feeding meat MARKET

machinery milking milk

seeds breeding wool

DQLPDOIHHG

fertiliser

buildings SODQWZDVWH

Human IRGGHUFURSV

IDUPHUV·GHFLVLRQV DQLPDOPDQXUH

PROFIT

Fig. 10

(i) What is meant by processes in an agricultural system?

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(ii) Identify from Fig. 10:

– an output of an arable farm; ..........................................................

– an output of a pastoral farm. .......................................................... [2]

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(iii) Suggest the likely advantages to a farmer of mixed farming.

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(iv) Using examples of different land uses, explain how relief influences farmers’ decisions.

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(b) Study Fig. 11 (Insert), which shows information about land use in Pakistan (an LEDC in Asia).

(i) Compare the land use to the east and west of the Indus river.

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(ii) Suggest reasons why some rice farmers in countries such as Pakistan are commercial
farmers while others are subsistence farmers.

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(c) For a named country or region you have studied, describe the effects of food shortages on
the people who live there.

Name of country or region ...............................................

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[Total: 25 marks]

END OF QUESTION 6
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Additional Pages

If you use the following lined pages to complete the answer(s) to any question(s), the question
number(s) must be clearly shown.

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BLANK PAGE

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every reasonable
effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the publisher will
be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge International
Examinations Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download at www.cie.org.uk after
the live examination series.

Cambridge International Examinations is part of the Cambridge Assessment Group. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of University of Cambridge Local
Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is itself a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2016 0460/11/M/J/16