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Download Sustainable Energy Edition 1st Edition Dunlap Solutions Manual all chapters
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Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy
Chapter 8
Direct Use of Solar Energy
Problem 8.1 Calculate the power radiated by a woodstove of dimensions 65 cm high by
55 cm deep by 85 cm wide with a surface temperature of 120°C. Assume that heat is
radiated from all surfaces of the stove and that the stove has an emissivity of 1. Note that
woodstoves are painted black because black surfaces have high absorptance, and objects
with high absorptance also have high emissivity.
The surface temperature in K is 120°C + 273 = 393 K. The surface radiation is given by
the Stefan-Boltzmann law as
P = AεσT4
Problem 8.2 Locate information about the current cost of home heating oil or natural gas
in your area (whichever is in common use) and the cost of residential electricity.
Assuming an efficiency of 85% for an oil furnace and 100% for electric heat, calculate
the relative cost of electric heat compared with oil heat or natural gas if both heating
systems require the same net energy to heat a house.
Solution In Halifax, Nova Scotia on 15 Sept 2011, the cost of oil is $1.08 CDN per liter
and the cost of electricity is $0.139 per kWh [both including taxes]. The energy content
of oil (from Appendix IV) is 38.5 MJ/L; this is for crude oil but home heating oil
(basically the same as diesel fuel) is similar. Thus the cost of oil per MJ is
($0.028/MJ)/(0.85) = $0.033/MJ
45
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy
Problem 8.3 Consider a vertical south facing window in a house at 40ºN latitude. For an
interior temperature of 20ºC make a plot of the minimum R-value as a function of outside
temperature from -30ºC to 10ºC for which the passive solar heating exceeds the heat loss
though the window.
Solution The heat loss through the window due to conduction per unit area per hour will
be (equation (8.5))
Q T
A R
where the value of R is in units of (s∙m2∙ºC)/J. The insolation per unit area per day in the
winter is estimated to be (from Table 8.2)
Equating this to the heat loss and solving for the necessary R-value gives
R = ΔT/I
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10
outside temperature (Celsius)
46
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy
Problem 8.4 Compare the total solar energy received at the surface of the earth in one
year to the total annual global energy requirements.
Solution An average of 50% of the power given in equation (8.2) arrives at the surface of
the earth. This is
(0.5)×(1.73×1017 W) = 8.65×1016 W
From the Preface, the total annual energy used by humans at present is 5.7×1020 J. Thus
the energy of sunlight incident on the earth's surface is (2.7×1024J)/(5.7×1020J) = 4700
times as much as we use.
W cm
Solution The thermal conductivity of glass is given as 59 and for air it is
m 2 C
W cm W cm
2.3 2 . Since R is defined as R = l/k where l is in cm and k is in 2 , then a
m C m C
0.3
3 mm (0.3 cm) piece of glass will have an R-value of R 0.005 and a 1-cm layer
59
0.435 . Since Rtotal R then
1.0
of air will have an R-value of R
2.3
Problem 8.6 Approximate a house as a cube with an edge length of 7 m. The house loses
heat from the four walls and the roof (but not the floor). The average R-value for the
walls and roof is R = 1.2 (this takes into account walls/windows/doors/etc.). Calculate the
heat loss in MJ/m3 per degree day (°C) and compare this to the estimated residential
heating needs as discussed in this chapter.
47
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy
(7 m)3 = 343 m3
P A (245 m 2 )
204 J/s per degree (°C)
T R 1.2
(17.6 MJ per degree day (°C))/(343 m3) = 51.4 kJ/m3 per degree day (°C)
compared to the estimated value of 67 kJ/m3 per degree day (°C) given in the chapter.
Problem 8.7 A 300 liter electric hot water heater has provides 9000 W of power to heat
water. If the heater is filled with water at an initial temperature is 10 °C, how long will it
take for the water to reach 60 °C? Assume there are no heat losses.
Solution 300 L of water corresponds to a mass of 300 kg. The specific heat of water is
4186 J/(kg °C) and the temperature difference in °C will be
(60 °C – 10 °C) = 50 °C
The heat is
Q = CmΔT
and since the power input is constant then Q = Pt and solving for time gives
or about 1h56m
Problem 8.8 Compare the masses and volumes of water, concrete, sand and wood needed
to store 1 GJ of heat if the operating temperatures are Tc=30 ºC and Th=80 ºC. In each
case calculate the edge length of a square storage unit with a height of 2.5 m.
Solution The amount of heat (thermal energy) stored is given by equation (8.12) as
Q = mCΔT
48
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy
m = Q/(CΔT)
Using Q = 109 J, ΔT = (80°C – 30°C) = 50°C and C from Table 8.6 for the various
materials of interest, the mass may be calculated. From the masses and the known
densities as given in the table, the volumes are found. The length of the edge in meters is
given by L = (V/2.5)1/2. The table below summarizes these results.
material C m ρ V L
(J/(kg°C)) (kg) (kg/m3) (m3) (m)
water 4186 4.78×103 1000 4.78 1.38
concrete 653 3.06×104 2300 13.3 2.31
sand 816 2.45×104 1600 15.3 2.47
wood 2800 7.14×103 500 14.3 2.39
49
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Sustainable Energy - Chapter 8: Direct Use of Solar Energy
50
©2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
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which it is impossible to peruse without deep interest, when we
consider that, unlike a common declaration written by those who are
themselves in safety or at ease, it was penned by men in jeopardy
every hour, and proclaimed by them at the peril of their lives:[145]—
145. Indeed this ought never to be lost sight of in reading any of the productions
of the persecuted, and should lead us to make every allowance for any warm
expressions which they suffered to escape them, when contending not only
for their own rights, but the rights of their posterity—for those privileges
which we now enjoy but too lightly prize, because we seldom think of the
price at which they were purchased. For some expressions in this, such as
calling themselves “a meeting of the estates,” &c. they afterwards apologized
in the informatory vindication.
Ever on the alert, the curates were more united in their exertions
to hinder or to punish all meetings of the wanderers; nor did they
hesitate about the means they employed. The curate of Tweedsmuir
immediately transmitted to the council an exaggerated account of
this convention, and they, July 8th, issued a proclamation, stating
that “some traitors, runagates, and fugitives, having convocate
towards the number of eighty, (although the real number was not
above twenty,) and with forbidden weapons, and in an unlawful
manner, near Tala-linn; and that the people in that county had been
so defective in the duties of loyal subjects or good countrymen, as to
neglect giving timeous notice either to the council or the sheriff of the
shire;—they therefore commanded whoever heard of such meetings
to give information to the chancellor, the secret council, or the
nearest commander of the forces, repairing thither at the rate of at
least three Scottish, about six English, miles an hour, under pain of
being themselves held equally guilty with the offenders and liable to
the same punishment. All magistrates, upon receiving such
information, were required to raise the country and pursue the
miscreants from shire to shire until they be apprehended or expelled
forth of this realm; and in case any hurt or skaith fall out in the
pursuit or apprehending those so unlawfully convocate, the actors
thereof are to be free and unpunished in any manner of way; but
whosoever should fail, magistrates or others, in the forementioned
duties, were to be held as disaffected to the government, and to
undergo the punishment of the law due to the crimes of the foresaid
traitors and fugitives!”
As the meetings of the persecuted were necessarily secret
assemblies, whose times and places were known only to themselves
and their friends, the magistrates, who had other duties to attend to,
could not possibly detect and disperse every little band when met for
devotional purposes, and could not therefore vie with or satisfy the
prelatical sleugh-hounds, who were more keen in the scent and less
frequently at fault. They were accused of being remiss, and the
council, August 9th, gave roving commissions to their stanch military
beagles, Major White and the Laird of Meldrum, along with
instructions to confer with the magistrates, and to call before them
and fine all suspected persons, only, while in cases of blood they
had a previous remission, in cases of money they were to render a
strict account to their masters. Both were men of the most brutal
manners, of which White gave a disgusting specimen with regard to
James Robertson, a respectable merchant, who, according to the
times, travelled the country with a pack. Having rather imprudently
gone to visit a friend confined in Kilmarnock jail, he was himself
stripped of his goods and detained a prisoner in the guard-house
about ten days; during that time, being brought before the major, and
refusing to give his oath super inquirendis, his judge pulled him by
the nose, and wrung it till the blood gushed out, and sent him to
prison. While there, he and a fellow-prisoner sang praises to God,
and their keeper, the captain of the guard, heard them; but, unlike
the jailer at Philippi, he rushed in, tore the Bible out of his hand, and
swore he would burn it if they again offered thus to be engaged. A
few weeks after, he was being carried to Edinburgh; and at
Linlithgow, because he refused to drink the king’s health, the soldiers
tied him literally neck and heel, and left him all night in that posture.
On the morrow he was taken to the capital, with his feet bound under
the horse’s belly, where, after the usual mock trial, he was sent to
suffer on the 15th December, and, as if to complete the baseness of
their cruelty, when he complained of not being suffered to speak to
the people on the scaffold, the town-major, Johnstoun, who
superintended the execution, beat him with his cane at the foot of the
ladder.[150]
150. Wodrow remarks—“This abominable rudeness to a dying man, and the
patience and cheerfulness of this good man in suffering all this, I know was
the occasion of a deep conviction to some who were present of the evil of
persecution and prelacy; and there are severals yet alive who can date their
first serious impressions of religion from their seeing some of the persecuted
party suffer, as they themselves have informed me.”—Vol. ii. p. 266.
A.D. 1682-1683.