Lesson 1

What Is Art: Introduction and Assumptions

Art is something that is perennially around us. Some people may deny having to do
with the arts but it is indisputable that life presents us with many forms of and opportunities
for communion with the arts. A bank manager choosing what tie to wear together with his
shirt and shoes, a politician shuffling her music track while comfortably seated on her car
looking for her favorite song, a student marveling at the intricate designs of a medieval
cathedral during his field trip, a market vendor cheering for her bet in a dance competition on
a noontime TV program all manifest concern for values that are undeniably, despite
tangentially, artistic.

Despite the seemingly overflowing

instances of arts around people, one still finds the
need to see more and experience more, whether
consciously or unconsciously. One whose
exposure to music is only limited to one genre
finds it lacking not to have been exposed to more;
one whose idea of a cathedral is limited to the
locally available ones finds enormous joy in
Figure 1. A Medieval Cathedral
seeing other prototypes in Europe. Plato had the sharpest
foresight when he discussed in the Symposium that beauty, the object of love of any love,
truly progresses. As one moves through life, one locates better, more beautiful objects desire
(Scott 200, 26). One can never be totally content with what is just before him. Human beings
are drawn toward what is good and ultimately, beautiful.

This lesson is about this yearning for the beautiful, the appreciation of the all-
consuming beauty around us, and some preliminary clarifications on assumptions that people
normally hold about art
Let’s Get Down to Business
Why Study the Humanities?

For as long as man existed in this planet, he has cultivated the land, altered the
conditions of the fauna and the flora, all in order to survive. Alongside these necessities, man
also marked his place in the world through his works. Through his bare hands, man
constructed infrastructures that will tend to his needs, like his house. He sharpened swords
and spears. He employed fire in order to melt gold. The initial meaning of the word art has
something to do with all these craft.

The word <art= comes from the ancient Latin ars which means <craft= or specialized
form of skill, like carpentry or smithying or surgery= (Collingwood 1938, 5). Art the
suggested the capacity to produce an intended result for carefully plans step or method. When
a man wants to build a house, plans meticulously to get to what the prototype promises,
executes the steps to produce the said structure, he is engaged in art. The Ancient World did
not have any conceived notion of art in the same way that we do now. To them, art only
meant using bare hands to produce something that will be useful to one9s day-to-day life.

Arts in Medieval Latin came to mean something different. It meant 8any special form
of book-learning, such as grammar or logic, magic or astrology= (Collingwood 1938, 6). It
was only during renaissance that the word reacquired a meaning that was inherent in its
ancient form-craft. Early renaissance artists saw their activities merely as craftsmanship,
devoid of a whole lot of intonations that are attached to the word now. It was seventeenth
century when the problem and idea of aesthetics, the study of beauty, began to unfold
distinctly from the notion of technical workmanship that
is the original conception of the word
<art=. It was finally in the eighteenth
century when the word has evolved to
distinguish between the fine arts and
useful arts. The fine arts would come
to mean <not delicate or highly
skilled arts, but 8beautiful9 arts=
(Collingwood 1938). This is
something that is more akin to what is
Figure 1. Cave Paintings
now considered art.
 The humanities constitute one of the oldest and most important means of expression
developed by man (Dudley, Faricy, and Company 1960, 3). Human history has witnessed
how man evolved not just physically but also culturally, from cave painters to men of
exquisite paintbrush users of the present. Even if one goes back to the time before written
records of man9s civilization has appeared, one can find cases of man9s attempts of not just
crafting tools to live and survive but also expressing his feelings and thoughts. The Galloping
Wild Boar fond in the cave of Altamira, Spain is one such example. In 1879, a Spaniard and
his daughter were exploring a cave when they saw pictures of a wild boar, hind and bison.
According to experts, these paintings were purported to belong to Upper Paleolithic Age,
several thousands of years before the current era. Pre-historic men, with their crude
instruments, already showcase and manifested earliest attempts at recording man9s innermost
interests, preoccupations, and thoughts. The humanities, then, ironically, has started even
before the term has been coined. Human persons have long been exercising what it means to
be a human long before he was even aware of his being one. The humanities stand tall in
bearing witness to this magnificent phenomenon. Any human person, then, is asked to
participate, if not totally partake in this long tradition of humanizing himself.

Assumptions of Art
I. Art is universal.
Literature has provided key works of art. Among the most popular ones being
taught in school are the two Greek epics, the lliad and the Odyssey. The Sanskrit
pieces Mahabharata and Ramayana are also staples in this field. These works,
purportedly written before the beginning of recorded history, are believed to be
man9s attempt at recording stories and tales that have been passed on, known, and
sung throughout the years. Art has always been timeless and universal, spanning
generations and continents through and through.

In every country and in every generation, there is always art. Oftentimes,

people feel that what is considered artistic are only those which have been made
long time ago. This is a misconception. Age is not a factor in determining art. An
<…art is not good because it is old, but old because it is good= (Dudley, Faricy,
and Company 1960, 4). In this Philippines, the works of Rizal and Francisco
Balagtas are not being read because they are old. Otherwise, works of other
Filipinos who have long died would have been required in Junior High School
too. The pieces mentioned are read in school and have remained to be with us
because they are
 good. They are liked and adored because they meet our needs and desires.
Florante and Laura never fails to teach high school students the beauty of love,
one that is universal and pure. Ibong Adarna, another Filipino masterpiece, has
always captured the imagination of the young with its timeless lessons. When we
recite the Psalms, we feel in communion with King David as we feel one with him
in his conversation with God. When we listen to a kundiman or perform folk
dances, we still enjoy the way our Filipino ancestors whiled away their time in the
past. We do not necessarily like kundiman for its original meaning. We just like it.
We enjoy it. Or just as one of the characters in the movie <Bar Boys= thought,
kundiman makes one concentrate better.

The first assumption the about the humanities is the art has been crafted by all
people regardless of origin, time, and place, and that it stayed on because it is like
and enjoyed by people continuously. A great piece of work will never be obsolete.
Some people say that art is art for its intrinsic worth. In John Stuart Mill9s
Utilitarianism, enjoyment in the arts belongs to a higher good, one that lies at the
opposite end of base pleasures. Art will always be present because human beings
will always express themselves and delight in these expressions. Men will
continue to use art while art persists and never gets depleted.

II. Art is not nature.

In the Philippines, it is not entirely novel to hear some consumers of local
movies remark that these movies produced locally are unrealistic. They contend
that local movies work around certain formula to the detriment of substance and
faithfulness to reality of the movies. These critical minds argue that a good movie
must reflect reality as closely as possible. Is that so?

Paul Cezanne, a French painter, painted a scene from reality entitled <Well
and Grinding Wheel in the Forest of the Chateau Noir. = The said scene from the
forest is inspired by a real scene in the forest which photograph is available to us.
Comparing the two, one can see that Cezanne9s landscape is quite different from
the original scene. Cezanne has changed some patterns and details from the way
they were actually in the photograph. What he did is not nature. It is art.

One important characteristic of art is that it is not nature. Art is man9s

expression of his reception of nature. Art is man9s way of interpreting nature. Art
is not nature.
Art is made by man whereas nature is given around us. It is in this juncture that
they can be considered opposites. What we find in nature should not be expected
to be present in art too. Movies are not meant to be direct representation of reality.
They may, according to the moviemaker9s perception of reality, be a
reinterpretation, or even distortion, or even distortion of nature.

This distinction assumes that all of us see nature, perceive its elements in
myriad, different, yet ultimately valid ways. One can only imagine the story of the
five blind men who one day argue against each other on what an elephant looks
like. Each of the five blind men was holding a different part of the elephant. The
first was touching the body and thus, thought that an elephant is like a wall.
Another was touching the beast9s ear and was convinced that an elephant is like a
fan. The rest were touching other different parts of the elephant and concluded
differently based on their perception. Art is like each of these men9s view of the
elephant. It is based on an individual9s subjective experience of nature. Artists are
not expected to duplicate nature just as even scientists with their elaborate
laboratories cannot make nature.

Once this point has been made, a student of humanities can then ask further
questions such as: What reasons might the artist have in creating something? Why
did Andres Bonifacio write <Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa=? What motivation did
Juan Luna have in creating his masterpiece, the Spolarium? In whatever work of
art, one should always ask why the artist made it. What is it that he wants to
show?
III. Art involves experience.
Getting this far without a satisfactory definition of art can be quite weird for
some. For most people, art does not require a full definition. Art is just experience.
By experience, we mean the <actual doing of something= (Dudley, Faricy, and
Company 1960, 6). When one says that he has an experience of something, he
often means that he knows what that something is about. When one claims that he
has experienced falling in love, getting hurt, and bouncing back, he in effect
claims that he knows the (sometimes) endless cycle of loving. When one asserts
having experienced preparing a particular recipe, he in fact asserts knowing how
the recipe is made. Knowing a thing is different from hearing from others what the
said thing is. A radio DJ dispensing advice on love when he is talking about. A
choreographer who cannot execute a dance step himself is a bogus. Art is always
art an experience. Unlike fields of knowledge that involve data, art is known by
experiencing. A painter cannot claim to know how to paint if he has not tried
holding a brush. A sculptor cannot produce a work of art if one is to know art, he
must know it not as fact or information but as experience.=

A work of art then cannot be abstracted from actual doing. In order to know
what an artwork is, we have to sense it, see it, or hear it, see AND hear it. To fully
know the Rizal monument in Luneta, one must go to Luneta and see actual
sculpture. In order to know Beyonce9s music, one must listen to it. One must have
heard her songs and to actually experience them. A famous story about someone
who adores Picasso goes something like this, 8Years ago, Gertrude Stein was
asked why she bought the pictures of the then unknown artist Picasso. 8I like look
at them,9 said Miss Stein= (Dudley, Faricy, and Company 1960). At the end of the
day, one fully gets acquainted with art if one immerses himself into it. In the case
of Picasso, one only learns about Picasso9s work by looking at it. That is precisely
what Miss Stein did.

In matters of art, the subject9s perception is of primacy. One can read

hundreds of reviews about a particular movie, but at the end of the day, until he
sees the movie himself, he will be in no position to actually talk about the movie.
He does not know the movie until he experiences it. An important aspect of
experiencing art is its being highly personal, individual, and subjective. In
philosophical terms, perception of art is always a value judgment. It depends on
who the perceiver is, his tastes, his
 biases, and what he has inside him. Degustibus non disputandum est (Matters of
taste are not matters of dispute). One cannot argue with another person9s
evaluation of art because one9s experience can never be known by another.

Finally, one should also underscore that every experience with art is
accompanied by some emotion. One either likes or dislikes, agree or disagrees that
the work of art is beautiful. A stage play or motion pictures is particularly one of
those art forms that evokes strong emotions from its audience. With experience
comes emotions and feelings, after all. Feelings and emotions are concrete proofs
that the artworks has been experiences.

Let’s Wrap It Up
Humanities and the art have always been part of man9s growth and civilization. Since
the dawn of time, man has always tried to express his innermost thoughts and feelings about
reality through creating art. Three assumptions on art its universality, its not being nature, and
its need for experience. Art is present in every part of the globe and in every period of time.
This is what is meant by its universality. Art not being nature, not even attempting to simply
mirror nature, is the second assumption about art. Art is always a creation of the artist, not
nature. Finally, without experience there is no art. The artsis has to be foremost, a perceiver
who is directly on touch with art.
 Lesson 2
Art Appreciation: Creativity, Imagination, and Expression

It takes an artist to make art. One may perceive beauty on daily basis. However, not
every beautiful thing can be seen or experienced may truly be called a work of art. Art is a
product of man9s creativity, imagination, and expression. No matter how perfectly blended
the colors of a sunset are and no matter how extraordinarily formed mountains are, nature is
not considered art simply because it is not made by man. Not even photographs or sketches of
nature, though captured or drawn by man, are works of art, but mere recordings of the beauty
in nature (Collins & Riley 1931, 3). An artwork may be inspired by nature or other works of
art, but an artist invents his own forms and patterns due to what he perceives as beautiful and
incorporates them in creating his masterpiece.

Perhaps not everyone can be considered an artist, but surely all are spectators of art. In
deciding what pair of shoes to buy, we carefully examine all possible choices within our
budget and purchase the one that satisfies our beauty and practical standards. We are able to
distinguish what is fine and beautiful from what is not, what has good quality from poor, and
that gives us a role in the field of art appreciation.

Let’s Get Started

In one of your encounters with art through museum visits, musicals, plays, etc., have
you ever felt disconnected with an artwork? Was there a pint in time when you did not
understand what message the art was trying to convey? If yes, write the name of the artwork
in the box and attach the image of the artwork, if possible. Explain why you think you did or
did not understand the art.
Let’s Get Down to Business
Art Appreciation as a Way of Life
Jean-Paul Sartre, a famous French Philosopher of the twentieth century, described the
role of art as a creative work that depicts the world in a completely different light and
perspective, and the source is due to human freedom (Greene 1995, 382). Each artworks
beholds beauty of its own kind that the artist sees and wants the viewers to perceive. More
often than not, people are blind to this beauty and only those who have developed a fine sense
of appreciation can experience and see the art the same way the artist did. Because of this,
numerous artworks go unnoticed, artists are not given enough credit, and they miss
opportunities that are supposed to be meant for them. It sometimes takes a lifetime before
their contribution to the development of art is recognized. Hence, refining one9s ability to
appreciate art allows her to deeply understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the
beauty it possesses (Collins & Riley 1931, 6).
 In cultivating an appreciation of art, one should also exercise and develop her taste for
things that are line and beautiful. This allows individuals to make intelligent choices and
decisions in acquiring necessities and luxuries, knowing what gives better value for time or
money while taking into consideration the aesthetic and practical value (Collins & Riley
1931, 7). This continuous demand for aesthetically valuable things influences the
development and evolution of art and its forms.

Frequently museums, art galleries, performing art theaters, concert halls, or even
malls that display art exhibitions which are free in admission during leisure time will not only
develop an understanding of the art, but will also serve as a rewarding experience. Learning
to appreciate art, no matter what vocation or profession you have, will lead to a fuller and
more meaningful life (Collins & Riley 1931, 7).

The Role of Creativity in Art Making

Creativity requires thinking outside the box. It is often used to solve problems that
have never occurred before, conflate function and style, and simply make life a more unique
and enjoyable experience. In art, creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another. We
say something is done creatively when we have not yet seen anything like it or when it is out
of the ordinary. A creative artist does not simply copy or imitate another artist9s work. He
does not imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and patterns in recreating nature. He embraces
originality, puts his own flavor into his work, and calls it his own creative piece.

Yet, being creative nowadays

can be quite challenging. What you
thought was your own unique and
creative idea may not what it seems
to be after extensive research and
knowing that the idea has been
coincidentally devised before by
someone else in another part of the
world. For instance, the campaign ad
<It9s More Fun in the Philippines= Figure 1. <It9s More Fun in the
Philippines=
used by the Department of Tourism (DOT) By The Misadventures of Maja

boomed popularity in 2011, but later on it was found out that it was allegedly plagiarized from
Switzerland9s tourism slogan <It More Fun in Switzerland,= back in 1951. In DOT9s defense,
former DOT Secretary Ramon Jimenez Jr. claimed that it was <purely coincidental.= Thus,
creativity should be backed with careful research on related art to avoid such conflicts.

Art as a Product of Imagination, Imagination as a Product of Art

Where do you think famous writers, painters, and
musicians get their ideas from? Where do ideas in making
creative solutions begin? It all starts in the human mind. It all
begins with imagination.
German physicist Albert Einstein who had made
significant and major contributions in science and humanity
demonstrates that knowledge is actually derived from
imagination. He emphasizes this idea through his words.
<Imagination is more important than knowledge. For
knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while
Figure 5. <Imagination= by Bob Wierdsma imagination embraces the entire world, and all world, and all
there ever will be to know and understand.=
Imagination is not constrained by the walls of the norm, but goes beyond that. That is
why people rely on curiosity and imagination for advancement. Through imagination, one is
able to craft something bold, something new, and something better allows endless
possibilities.
In an artist9s mind sits a vast gallery of artworks. An artworks does not need to be a
real thing, but can be something that is imaginary (Collingwood 1938, 130). Take for
example a musician who thinks of a tune in his head. The making of this tune in his head
makes it an imaginary tune, an imaginative creation, an imaginary art (Collingwood 1938,
134). It remains imaginary until he hums, sings, or writes down the notes of the tune on
paper. However, something imaginary does not necessarily mean it cannot be called art.
Artist use their imagination that gives birth to reality through creation.

Figure 6. <Cave Paintings= by Thomas Quine

 In the same way that imagination produces art, art also inspires imagination. Imagine
being an empty room surrounded by blank, while walls and floor. Would you be inspired to
work in such a place? Often times you will find coffee shops, restaurants, libraries with
paintings hung or sculptures and other pieces of art placed around the room to add beauty to
the surroundings. This craving and desire to be surrounded by beautiful things dates back to
our early ancestors (Collins and Riley 1931, 5). Cave walls are surrounded by drawings and
paintings of animals they hunted: wild boars, reindeers, and bison (Figure 3). Clays were
molded and stones were carved into forms that resemble men and women; burial jars were
created with intricate designs on them, but also because beauty gave them joy (Collins and
Riley 1931, 4).

Art as Expression
There may have been times when you left something is going on within you, you try
to explain it but do not to know how. You may only be conscious about feeling this sort of
excitement, fear, or agitation, but you know that just one word is not enough to describe the
nature of what you truly feel. Finally, you try to release yourself from this tormenting and
disabling start by doing something which is called expressing oneself (Collingwood 1938,
109). Supposed this feeling is excitement. It is frustrating to contain such feelings, so you
relieve it by expressing through shouting or leaping in excitement. An emotion will remain
unknown to a man until he expresses them.

Robin George Collingwood, an English philosopher who is best known for his work
in aesthetics, explicated in his publication The Principles of Art (1938) that what an artist
does to an emotion is not to induce them, but express them (109). Through expressions, he is
able to explore his own emotions and at the same time, create something beautiful out of it.
Collingwood further illustrated that expressing emotions is something different from
describing emotions. In his example, explicitly saying <I am angry= is not an expression of
an emotion, but a mere description (111). There is no need in relating or referring to a
specific emotion, such as anger, in expressing one9s emotion. Description actually destroys
the idea of expression, as it classifies the emotion, making it ordinary and predictable.
Expression on the other hand, individualizes (112). An artist has the freedom to express
herself the way she wants to. Hence, there is no specific technique in expression. This makes
people9s art not a reflection of what is outside or external to them, but a reflection of their
inner selves.
 There are countless ways of expressing oneself through art and below is a list of
popular art expressions including, but is not limited to the following:

Visual Arts
Creations that fall under this category are those that appeal to the sense of sight and
are mainly visual in nature. Artist produce visual arts driven by their desire to reproduce
things that they have seen in the way that they perceived the (Collins
and Riley 1931, 149). We will not be too strict on the
definition since there are other artistic disciplines that also
involve a visual aspect, such as performance arts, theater,
applied arts, which will be discussed in detail later on.
Visual Arts is the kind of art form that the population is
most likely more exposed to, but its variations are so diverse
they range from sculptures that you see in art galleries to the
movie you saw last night.
Figure 7. Camellia in Old Chinese Vase on
Some mediums of visual arts include paintings, Black Lacquer Table by John La Farge

drawings, letterings, printing, sculptures, digital imaging, and more.

Film
Film refers to the art of putting together successions of still images in order to create an
illusion of movement. Filmmaking focuses on its aesthetic, cultural, and social value and is
considered both as an art and an industry. Films can be created by using one or a combination
of some or all of these techniques: motion-picture camera, also known as movie camera,
animation techniques, computer-generated imagery (CGI), and more. Filmmaking simulates
experiences or creates one that is beyond the scope of our imagination as it aims to deliver
ideas, feelings, or beauty to its viewers.

The art of filmmaking is so complex it has to take into account many important
elements such as lighting, musical score, visual effects, direction, and more. This is why in
famous film festivals and awards such as the Metro Manila Film Festival and Oscars, a long
list categories is considered to recognize excellence in the art of filmmaking.

Performance Art
Performance art is live art and the artist9s medium is mainly the human body which
he or she uses to perform, but also employs other kinds of art such as visual art, props, or
sound.
It usually consists of four important
elements: time, where the performance took
place, the performer9s or performers9 body,
and a relationship between the audience and
the performer/performers (MoMa
Conceptual Art). The fact that performance
art is live makes it intangible, which means
it cannot be bought or traded as a
Figure 8. Performance Art
commodity, unlike the previously discussed art
expressions.
Poetry Performance
Poetry is an art form where the artist expresses his emotions not by using paint,
charcoal, or camera, but expresses them through words. These words are carefully selected to
exhibit clarity and beauty and to simulate strong emotions of joy, anger, love, sorrow, and the
list goes on. It uses a word9s emotional, musical, and spatial values that goes beyond its
literal meaning to narrate, emphasize, argue, or convince. These words, combined with
movements, tone, volume, and intensity of the delivery, add to the artistic value of the poem.
Some poets even make poems out of their emotions picked up from other works of art, which
in turn produces another work of art through poetry.

Architecture

As discussed, art is the pursuit

and creation of beautiful things whilst
architecture is the making of beautiful
buildings. However, not all buildings
are beautiful. Some building only
embody the functionality it needs, but
the structure, lines, forms, and colors
are not beautifully expressed. Thus,
not all buildings can be
Figure 9. The Grand Thẻậtre de Bordeaux
considered
architecture. Take, for example, the Grand
Theatre de Bordeaux (Figure 11) where the functionality of the theater remains, but the striking
balance of the lines, colors, and shapes completes the masterpiece. Buildings should embody
these three important elements-plan, construction, and design-if they wish to merit the title
architecture (Collins and Riley 1931, 107).

Dance
Dance is series of movements that follows the rhythm
of the music accompaniment. It has been an age-old debate
whether dance can really be considered an art form, but here
we primarily describe dance as a form of expression. Dancing
is a creative form which allows people to freely express
themselves. It has no rules. You may say that choreography
does not allow this, but in art expression, dancers are not
confined to set steps and rules but are free to create and invent
their own movements as long as they deem it graceful and
beautiful. Figure 10. Olga Spessiva in Swan Lake
Costume
Literary Art
Artists who practice literary arts use words-not
paint, musical instruments, chisels-to express
themselves and communicate emotions to the readers.
However, simply becoming a writer does not make
one a literary artist. Simply constructing a succession
of sentences in a meaningful manner is not literary art.
Literary art goes beyond the usual professional,
academic, journalistic and other technical forms of
writing. It focuses on writing using a unique style, not

Figure 11. <William Shakespeare= by

following a specific format or norm. It may include
tonynetone
both fiction and non-fiction such as novels,
biographers, and
poems. Examples of famous literary artists and their works include The Little Prince by
Antoine de Saint-Exupery and Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare.

Theater
Theater uses live performers to present accounts or imaginary events before a live
audience. Theater art performances usually follow a script, though it should not be confused
with literary arts. Much like in filmmaking, theater also consider several elements such as
acting, gesture, lighting, sound effects, musical score,
scenery, and props. The combination of these elements is
what gives the strongest impression on the audience and
the script thus becomes a minor element. Similar to
performance art, since theater is also a live performance,
the participation of the viewer is an important element in
theater arts. Some genre of theater include drama,
musical, tragedy, comedy, and improvisation.
Figure 12. Macbeth
Applied Arts is incorporating elements of style
and
design to everyday items with the aim of increasing their aesthetical value. Artists in this field
bring beauty, charm, and comfort into many things that are useful in everyday life (Collins
and Riley 1931, 95). Industrial design, interior design, fashion, and graphic design are
considered applied arts. Applied is often compared to fine arts, where the latter is chiefly
concerned on aesthetic value. Through exploration and expression of ideas, consideration of
the needs, and careful choice and techniques, artists are able to combine functionality and
style.

Let’s Wrap It Up
Art is a product of a man9s creativity, imagination, and expression. An artwork may
be inspired by nature or other works of art, but an artist invents his own forms and patterns
due to what he perceives as beautiful, and incorporates them in creating his masterpiece.
Perhaps not everyone can be considered an artist, but surely all are spectators of art, which
gives us all a role in the field of art appreciation. Refining one9s ability to appreciate art
allows him to deeply understand the purpose of an artwork and recognize the beauty it
possesses.

Creativity is what sets apart one artwork from another. A creative artist does not
simply copy or imitate another artist9s work. He does not imitate the lines, flaws, colors, and
patterns in recreating nature. While through imagination, an artist is able to craft something
bold, something new, and something better in the hopes of creating something that will
stimulate change. In the same way that imagination produces art, art also inspires
imagination. Lastly, through expression, an artist able to explore his own emotions, at the
same time, create something beautiful out of it. Expressing emotions is something different
from describing emotions, description actually destroys the idea of expression, as it classifies
the emotion, making it ordinary and predictable. Expression on the other hand, individualizes.
Some forms of art expression include visual arts, film, performance art, poetry performance,
architecture, dance, literary arts, theater arts, and applied arts.
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7aBrWQ-YXv=bzAS-nDa4Ja-pJSc4B-K8XThq-nvErUP-bwitWH-hP9kYg-AEmfj-AEmf7-
FnJL7-AEmfo-nicLf-ctajMN-AEmfb-bq6UK-AEmf1-AEmff7SGN6t-vsxC5G-63H6Cs-
BNJSwY-bnQsxx-MGfyps-MGfy5Q
Fig. 5. https://www.flickr.com/photos/molasses/2518941430/in/photoslist-3L78v-X5XNN1-
UQeB1n-W6evQi-Vv5K4E-UKFedU-RTQFHM-V7J7Ph-4QAewE-Va7NmD-VzPACC-
UpRPQk-RTQC6g-VS2deD-UdqCwp-Sk8QnM-V5xXwf-VSZgHZ-VJn3T8-TwL2bW-
UJCLRY-VReXKj-VReYkN-U89EbZ-SZ3F2b--Shufo1-U23SNk-TkeAtd-U5eKYE-
UDmXud-U89Cmr-WmRHVf-WCRPJG-XcxpWe
Fig. 6. https://www..flickt.com/photos/131830853@N05/3187622494/in/photoslist-
QyMYW3-VaRg59-5UNVyA-nVEVSx-5Tn6yC-FnKHNf-5MbTpf-RMPhRQ-XQZyos-
dUyBgY-dUYbWq-sr8yEP-rDjYkC-ou9Tyr-CKvMhJ-qXxAh9-Gv7gKs-Z2YANz-
FKprMY-74CucE-U1JXv3-rVegdB-Uww7GK-oAcgWo-Ucbqq2-RSLuAx-5U7V7X-
9PyqR7-TaH352-CKCqJe-5MbUeN-5WcTe4-VJWCgt-Gz1Yus-SUS848-8Jc91w-Xm9o1U-
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Fig. 7. https://www.flickr.com/photos/statelibraryofnsw/5714449933/in/photolist-9GY3SR-
7Ss1Wy-dtLdrc-kgcsag-huNUAE-a4DhqQ-7q1EqA-axzg1B-TdNfAB-apxabt-dn3m9S-
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odn15X-gmqyJH-je58ZF-ezFFCq-7HgC9H-bm6HRu-dyLgah-rmT1gL-mPfuvn-r7ySPo-
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Fig. 8. https://www.flickr.com/photos/tonynetone/2688212829/in/photolist-56xN24-uJovD-
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Let’s Make It Happen

Write an essay answering this question: To what extent can art help in the formation
of a society9s culture?

Sources and References:

Fichner-Rathus. Understanding Art. Wadsworth CengageL Learning, 2015.
CCP Encyclopedia of Philippines Visual Arts. Volume IV. Cultural Center of the Philippines,
1994.
http://opinion.inquirer.net/71820/tales-of-the-sarimanok (Retrieved 09 November 2017)
Images from Creative Commons
Anonymous (China) 3 Walters Art Museum: Home page info about artwork, Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid-18843950
Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=102257
Kitagawa Utamaro 3 Library of Congress[2], Public Domain,
https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5794884
By Juan Luna 3 Own work, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?
curid=220131998By Ryan khadaffy 3 Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,
httpd://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=17137932