UNIVERSTY OF

AGRICULTURE FAISALABAD
(PARS CMPUS)

NAME:

MUHAMMAD TALHA FAHAD

REGESTRATION NO:-

2023-AG-8172

SEMESTER:

2ND

SUBMITTED TO:-

Ms. MANMONA JABBAR

1.Combinational logic circuit:-

Combinational Logic Circuits are made from a series of logic gates. A logic gate is an
electronic component that performs an operation using one or more binary inputs to produce a
single binary output. When these logic gates are combined, however, they can be used to
perform much more advanced functions.

Simplicity:

Combinational circuits are relatively simple and easy to design, making them cost-effective
and efficient for certain applications. Speed: Combinational circuits operate at high speeds since
the output depends only on the current input.

(i)Basic Logic Circuit:

Basic Logic Gates. All digital systems can be constructed by only three basic logic gates. These
basic gates are called the AND gate, the OR gate, and the NOT gate.

2023-AG-8172

(ii) Derived Logic gates:

The logic gates which are derived from the basic gates such as AND, OR, NOT gates are
called derived gates. These derived gates have their own unique Symbols, Truth Tables
and Boolean Expressions. Here we will explore the most common derived gates such as
NAND Gate, NOR Gate, EX-OR Gate, and EX-NOR Gate.

2. Sequential Logic circuit :-

A sequential circuit refers to a special type of circuit. It consists of a series of various inputs and
outputs. Here, the outputs depend on a combination of both the present inputs as well as the
previous outputs. This previous output gets treated in the form of the present state.

In automata theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends on the
present value of its input signals and on the sequence of past inputs, the input history. This is in
contrast to combinational logic, whose output is a function of only the present input.

3.Frequency divider :-
The Frequency Divider component produces an output that is the clock input divided by the
specified value. Use the Frequency Divider as a simple clock divider for UDB components, or
to divide the frequency of another signal.

A frequency divider is a module that reduces the frequency of a signal. There are three main
types of frequency dividers: those that work with square waves and those that work with
sinusoidal signals.

4. BCD Counter
BCD stands for Binary Coded Decimal. Binary coded decimal (BCD) is a system of writing
numerals that assigns a four-digit binary code to each digit 0 through 9 in a decimal (base-10)
numeral.

A BCD counter is a unique type of counter that counts to ten on the binary scale and then
resets. Each digit becomes a four-bit binary number in this system. It operates based on binary
logic and Boolean algebra.

5.Decoder
A decoder is a multiple-input, multiple-output logic circuit that converts coded inputs into
coded outputs, where the input and output codes are different. The input code generally has
fewer bits than the output code, and there is one-to-one mapping from input code words
into output code words. Decoders are used to convert an analogue signal into digital data,
which can then be processed by a computer.

6.ENCODER
An Encoder is a combinational circuit that performs the reverse operation of a Decoder. It has
a maximum of 2^n input lines and 'n' output lines, hence it encodes the information from 2^n
inputs into an n-bit code. An encoder is a sensing device that provides feedback.

Encoders convert motion to an electrical signal that can be read by some type of control
device in a motion control system, such as a counter or PLC. The encoder sends a feedback
signal that can be used to determine position, count, speed, or direction.

7.ADDERS
 An adder, or summer, is a digital circuit that performs addition of numbers. In many
computers and other kinds of processors, adders are used in the arithmetic logic units (ALUs).
They are also used in other parts of the processor, where they are used to calculate
addresses, table indices, increment and decrement operators and similar operations.

(i)Half Adder:

The half adder adds two single binary digits and 𝐵. It has two outputs, sum 𝑆 and carry . The
carry signal represents an overflow into the next digit of a multi-digit addition. The value of
the sum is 2𝐶+𝑆

(ii)Full Adder:
A full adder is a circuit that has two AND gates, two EX-OR gates, and one OR gate. The full
adder adds three binary digits. Among all the three, one is the carry that we obtain from the
previous addition as C-IN, and the two are inputs A and B.

The primary function of a full adder in computer science is to calculate the sum of three binary
digits, which includes the input carry as well. It is a crucial component in electronic devices
that perform arithmetic operations.

(III)4-Bit full Adder:

"A 4-bit Full Adder is designed to generate a 4-bit Sum and is designed by combining four 2-bit
Full Adders and as a result shows the Four bits output along with the Carry Bit."

4-bit adder performs the function of 4-bit addition that gives a sum and two bits of carry as
output. Its block diagram is given in Figure 3. Here, A, B,C,D are four inputs; C 0 and C 1 are LSB
and MSB of carry outputs respectively and Sum is the sum of four inputs.

8.Subtractor
Subtractor circuits use two binary numbers as input and subtract one binary number input
from the other binary number input. Like adders, it Delivers out two outputs, difference and
borrows. The 4-bit adder-subtractor is a digital circuit capable of performing arithmetic
operations on binary numbers of four bits in length.

9.Multipliers
A binary multiplier is a combinational logic circuit used in digital systems to perform the
multiplication of two binary numbers. These are most commonly used in various applications
especially in the field of digital signal processing to perform the various algorithms.

The 2-bit binary multiplier is implemented by using 2 XOR gates and 6 AND gates in total or it
can be implemented using 4 AND gates and 2 half adders.

10.Multiplexer
A multiplexer is a combinational circuit that has many data inputs and a single output,
depending on control or select inputs. The basic function of a multiplexer:Combining
multiple inputs into a single data stream. On the receiving side, a demultiplexer splits the
single data stream into the original multiple signals.

11.Demultiplexers
Demultiplexer: A combinational circuit that receives information from one input line and
dispatches it to one of many output lines. The selection of a particular output line is directed
by a set of selection lines.

They are used to transmit several data through a single transmission line. Multiplexers and
Demultiplexers are often worked in sync. With the help of Demultiplexer, the output of the
Arithmetic Logic Unit is stored in several registers. These outputs are inserted into the
Demultiplexers as inputs.

12. Shift Register

A shift register is a type of digital circuit using a cascade of flip-flops where the output of one
flip-flop is connected to the input of the next. They share a single clock signal, which causes
the data stored in the system to shift from one location to the next.

The shift registers are used for temporary data storage. The shift registers are also used for
data transfer and data manipulation. The serial-in serial-out and parallel-in parallel-out shift
registers are used to produce time delay to digital circuits

SS
THE END