The University of Sydney

School of Mathematics and Statistics

Solutions to Calculus Tutorial 2

MATH1062: Mathematics 1B (Calculus) Semester 1, 2024

Questions marked with * are harder questions.

Material covered
(1) Separable differential equations

Summary of essential material

Here is a table of standard integrals.
∫ ∫
𝑥 𝑛+1
• 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 (𝑛 ≠ −1) • sec2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑥) + 𝐶
𝑛+1
∫
𝑑𝑥
• = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶
∫
𝑥 • cosec2 (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − cot(𝑥) + 𝐶
∫
• 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶 ∫
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ • √ = sin−1 +𝐶
• sin(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = − cos(𝑥) + 𝐶 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑎

∫ ∫
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥
• cos(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥) + 𝐶 • = tan−1 + 𝐶
𝑎2 +𝑥 2 𝑎 𝑎
We consider ln(𝑥) ≡ log𝑒 (𝑥), where 𝑒 = 2.71828 . . . and make use of hte exponential and log laws.

• 𝑒 𝑎+𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑒 𝑏 • ln(𝑎𝑏) = ln 𝑎 + ln 𝑏 • ln 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑒 = 𝑥
𝑒𝑎
• 𝑒 𝑎−𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑏 = • ln 𝑎 𝑏 = 𝑏 ln 𝑎 • 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥
𝑒𝑏

Questions to complete during the tutorial

𝑑𝑦
1. Consider the differential equation = 2𝑥𝑦.
𝑑𝑥
(a) Calculate the general solution of the equation.
2
Solution: The family of curves is 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑒 𝑥 .
(b) Calculate and sketch the particular solution that passes through (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0, 2).
2
Solution: 𝑦 = 2𝑒 𝑥

2. Which of the following differential equations are separable? For those that are not, justify your
answer. Write those that are in separated form and solve them.
𝑑𝑦
(a) =5
𝑑𝑥
Solution: This equation is separable and the solution is found through direct integration
𝑦(𝑥) = 5𝑥 + 𝐶

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 𝑑𝑦
(b) = 𝑥𝑦 + 5
𝑑𝑥
Solution: This equation is not separable.
𝑑𝑦
(c) =𝑥+𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution: This equation is not separable.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 1
(d) =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 1
Solution: This equation is separable: 2𝑦= . So we can solve
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫ ∫ ∫
𝑥+1 1
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑑𝑥,
𝑥 𝑥

giving solution 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 + ln |𝑥| + 𝐶.

𝑑𝑦 √︁
(e) = 𝑥 4 − 𝑦2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
Solution: This equation is separable: √︁ = 𝑥𝑑𝑥. Looking at the table of integrals
22 − 𝑦 2
  𝑥2  2 
−1 𝑦 𝑥
we obtain sin = + 𝐶 giving solution 𝑦 = 2 sin +𝐶
2 2 2
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + cos 𝑦
(f) = √
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 3 𝑥 2 − 16
Solution: Not separable.
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑦
(g) = + 3𝑒 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
𝑑𝑦 1
Solution: This equation is separable: 𝑒 −𝑦
= (3 + )𝑑𝑥. So we want to solve
𝑑𝑥 (𝑎 − 𝑥)
∫ ∫ ∫
−𝑦 1
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
(𝑎 − 𝑥)
and therefore the general solution is

𝑦(𝑥) = − ln (−3𝑥 + ln |𝑎 − 𝑥| − 𝐶)
𝑑𝑦
(h) 𝑦 = (𝑥 − 𝑦 2 ) sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution: This equation is not separable.
𝑑𝑦 sin 2𝑥
(i) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒𝑦
Solution: This equation is separable: 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = sin(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥.
∫ ∫
𝑦
𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = sin(2𝑥)𝑑𝑥

1
𝑒 𝑦 = − cos(2𝑥) + 𝐶
2
 
1
𝑦(𝑥) = ln − cos(2𝑥) + 𝐶
2

2
 𝑑𝑦 (9 + 𝑦 4 ) sin(𝑥)
(j) =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
2𝑦
Solution: This equation is separable: 𝑑𝑦 = 2 sin(𝑥)𝑑𝑥. Using the substitution
32 + 𝑦4
𝑢 = 𝑦 2 , 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 we obtain
∫ ∫
1
𝑑𝑢 = 2 sin(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
3 + 𝑢2
2

1 −1 𝑢
tan ( ) = −2 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶 ′
3 3
𝑦 2
= tan(−6 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶)
3
√︁
𝑦 = ± 3 tan(−6 cos(𝑥) + 𝐶)

*3. The velocity 𝑣 of objects falling in viscous fluids varies in 𝑡 according to

𝑑𝑣
= 𝑔 − 𝑘𝑣. (1)
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑔 ≃ 9.81𝑚/𝑠2 is the gravitational aceleration and 𝑘 is the friction constant.
(a) Calculate the particular solution with initial condition 𝑣(0) = 0.
Solution: This is explained in detail in the lecture notes, pages 28 and 29 with
𝜇𝜌 𝑠 𝑔
𝑘 = 18 2 . General solution is 𝑣(𝑡) = − 𝐴𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 . Initial condition yields
𝑞 (𝜌0 − 𝜌 𝑠 ) 𝑘
𝑔
𝐴 = 𝑔/𝑘 and thus particular solution 𝑣(𝑡) = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 ).
𝑘
(b) What is the terminal velocity of the falling object and when is it obtained? When does
the falling object attain 99% of its terminal velocity?
Solution: Since 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 is monotonically decreasing, and converges to 0, 𝑣(𝑡) is monotoni-
cally increasing with 𝑡 and approaches 𝑔/𝑘 meters per second as 𝑡 → ∞.
The object attains 99% of its terminal velocity at 1 − 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 0.99, hence 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡 = 0.01 and
ln(100)
thus for 𝑡 = (note that ln(1/100) = − ln(100)) .
𝑘
(c) Calculate the terminal velocities of a glass marble with diameter 1𝑐𝑚 sinking in: (i)
𝜇𝜌 𝑠
honey and (ii) olive oil. In viscous fluids 𝑘 = 18 2 , where 𝜌 𝑠 and 𝜇 are,
𝑞 (𝜌0 − 𝜌 𝑠 )
respectively, the density and kinematic viscosity of the surrounding medium and 𝜌0
and 𝑞 are, respectively, the density and diameter of the falling object. The densities
of honey, olive oil and glass are roughly 𝜌 ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 = 1450𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 , 𝜌 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 910𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 and
𝜌𝑔𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 = 3000𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 respectively. The kinematic viscosities of honey and oil are
𝜇 ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑦 = 73.6 × 10−6 𝑚 2 /𝑠 and 𝜇 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 43.2 × 10−6 𝑚 2 /𝑠.
Solution: Terminal velocity is 𝑔/𝑘. For a marble in honey this gives us roughly 0.79𝑚/𝑠,
for a marble in oil roughly 2.89𝑚/𝑠.
(d) What are the terminal velocities for a marble with diameter 10𝑐𝑚?
Solution: The terminal velocity grows with the square of the diameter (𝑞 2 ) and thus an
increase of diameter by factor 10 leads to an increase in the terminal velocity by a factor
100. For marbles of diameter 10cm the velocities obtained in the previous question have
to be multiplied by 100, i.e., 79𝑚/𝑠 for honey and 289𝑚/𝑠 for olive oil.

3
 𝑑𝑦
*4. (a) Describe all solutions to the differential equation = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑦 2 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 1.
𝑑𝑥
Hint: Use partial fractions.
Solution: First, notice that 𝑦 = 1 and 𝑦 = −1 are both explicit solutions.
For all other solutions, rewrite as 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥 = (𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)(𝑦 2 − 1). This gives us
∫ ∫
1
𝑑𝑦 = (𝑒 −𝑥 + 1)𝑑𝑥.
𝑦2 − 1
1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐴(𝑦 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑦 + 1)
For the LHS we have = + and and thus 1 =
𝑦2
−1 𝑦+1 𝑦−1 𝑦2 − 1
𝑦( 𝐴 + 𝐵) + (𝐵 − 𝐴). Comparing coefficients yields 𝐴 = −𝐵 and 𝐵 − 𝐴 = 1. Hence,
𝐵 = 1/2 and 𝐴 = −1/2. Altogether we have
∫ ∫ ∫
1 −1/2 1/2 1
2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 = (ln |𝑦 − 1| − ln |𝑦 + 1|).
𝑦 −1 𝑦+1 𝑦−1 2

After integrating the RHS we obtain

𝑦−1 −𝑥
= 𝑒 2(𝑥−𝑒 +𝐶) .
𝑦+1
This can then resolved for 𝑦 yielding

1 + 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑦=
1 − 𝑔(𝑥)
− 𝑥 +𝐶)
Where 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 2(𝑥−𝑒 .
1+𝑒
(b) Determine particular solutions satisfying initial conditions 𝑦(𝑒) = 1 and 𝑦(0) = .
1−𝑒
Solution: First initial condition 𝑦(𝑒) = 1 yields particular solution 𝑦 = 1 (notice that we
cannot have ln(0)). Same would happen for initial conditions 𝑦(𝑎) = 1, 𝑎 ∈ R arbitrary.
1+𝑒
second initial condition 𝑦(0) = yields particular solution implicitly given by
1−𝑒
𝐶 = 3/2.