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File: Chapter 014 Economic Growth, Productivity, and Living Standards
Multiple Choice
1. The key indicator of a country's living standard and economic well-being is:
A. the interest rate.
B. nominal GDP per person.
C. real GDP.
D. real GDP per person.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Real GDP per capita indicates how much the average person produces and thus, how
much goods and services are available to the typical person.
2. Compared to the level of real GDP per person in 1870, by 2010, real GDP in the U.S was
______ times larger, while real GDP per person in Japan was _______.
A. 12; smaller
B. 12; 12 times larger
C. 12; 30 times larger
D. 30; 12 times larger
Answer: C
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: U.S. real GDP per person went up enormously from 1870 to 2010, and especially fast
in the years 1950 to 2010. In Japan, real GDP per person started out much lower than the U.S. in
1870 and grew 30 times over the same interval.
3. Over the period from 1870 to 2010, the growth of real GDP per capita tended to be more rapid
between _____, particularly for _____.
A. 1870-1950; Japan
B. 1870-1950; the United States
C. 1870-1950; Canada
D. 1950-2010; Japan
Answer: D
1
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: U.S. real GDP per person went up enormously from 1870 to 2010, and especially fast
in the years 1950 to 2010. In Japan, real GDP per person started out much lower than the U.S. in
1870 and grew 30 times over the same interval.
4. Over the period from 1950 to 2010, which country experienced the fastest average annual
growth rate of real GDP per person?
A. United States
B. Japan
C. China
D. Canada
Answer: C
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: China, partially due to expanded use of markets since the 1990s, showed the fastest
rate of growth of the countries listed over the period 1950-2010.
2
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: In the post-WWII period, standards of living have growth quickly in most
industrialized countries.
7. The long-run average annual growth of real GDP per person is the United States is
approximately ______ percent.
A. one
B. two
C. five
D. seven
Answer: B
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Real GDP per person has grown at an average annual rate of about two percent, which
means that standard of living doubles every 36 years.
3
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
9. Bank C promises to pay a compound annual interest rate of 6 percent, while Bank S pays a 10
percent simple annual interest rate on deposits. If you deposit $1,000 in each bank, after 10
years, your deposit in Bank C equals _____, while your deposit in Bank S equals ______.
A. $1,060; $1,100
B. $1,600; $2,000
C. $1,600; $2,594
D. $1,791; $2,000
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Bank C uses the formula: FV = PV (1 + i)n, where i is the interest rate and n the
number of years, so that your deposit after 10 years = $1,000 × (1.06)10 = $1,791. Bank S uses
the formula: FV = P + I, where I is the sum of all the interest payments (here 10 times $100), so
that our deposit after 10 years = $1,000 + $1,000 = $2,000.
10. Bank C promises to pay a compound annual interest rate of 6 percent, while Bank S pays an
8 percent simple annual interest rate on deposits. If you deposit $1,000 in each bank, after 10
years, your deposit in Bank C equals _____, while your deposit in Bank S equals ______.
A. $1,060; $1,800
B. $1,600; $1,800
C. $1,600; $2,159
D. $1,791; $1,800
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Bank C uses the formula: FV = PV (1 + i)n, where i is the interest rate and n the
number of years, so that your deposit after 10 years = $1,000 × (1.06)10 = $1,791. Bank S uses
the formula: FV = P + I, where I is the sum of all the interest payments (here 10 times $100), so
that our deposit after 10 years = $1,000 + $800 = $1,800.
11. If you left $2,500 on deposit with a bank promising to pay you a 6 percent compound annual
rate of interest, then after 50 years your deposit would be worth approximately:
A. $2,800
B. $18,420
C. $46,050
D. $250,750
Answer: C
Difficulty: 03 Hard
4
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Use the formula FV = PV (1 + i)n, where i is the interest rate and n the number of
years, so that your deposit after 50 years = and $2,500 × (1.06)50 = $46,050.
12. If you left $2,500 on deposit with a bank promising to pay you a 5 percent compound annual
rate of interest, then after 50 years your deposit would be worth approximately:
A. $2,625
B. $250,750
C. $11,467
D. $28,668
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Use the formula FV = PV (1 + i)n, where i is the interest rate and n the number of
years, so that your deposit after 50 years = and $2,500 × (1.05)50 = $28,668.
13. The payment of interest not only on the original deposit, but on all previously accumulated
interest is called::
A. the nominal interest rate.
B. simple interest.
C. compound interest.
D. conflict of interest.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Compound interest is the payment of interest on both the original deposit and all
accumulated interest.
5
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
14. Suppose when you are 21 years old, you deposit $1,000 into a bank account that pays annual
compound interest, and you do not withdraw from the account until your retirement at the age of
65, 44 years later. How much more will be in your account if the interest rate is 6 percent rather
than 5 percent?
A. $440
B. $1,549
C. $4,428
D. $8,557
Answer: C
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Use the formula FV = PV (1 + i)n, where i is the interest rate and n the number of
years. At the interest rate of 6 percent, your deposit after 44 years = $1,000 × (1.06)44 = $12,985.
At the interest rate of 5 percent, your deposit after 44 years = $1,000 × (1.05)44 = $8,557. The
difference is $4,428.
15. Suppose when you are 21 years old, you deposit $1,000 into a bank account that pays annual
compound interest, and you do not withdraw from the account until your retirement at the age of
65, 44 years later. How much more will be in your account if the interest rate is 6 percent rather
than 4 percent?
A. $880
B. $2,390
C. $5,617
D. $7,369
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Use the formula FV = PV (1 + i)n, where i is the interest rate and n the number of
years. At 6 percent interest, your deposit after 44 years = $1,000 × (1.06)44 = $12,985.48. At 4
percent interest, your deposit after 44 years = $1,000 × (1.04)44 = $5,616,52. The difference is
$7,369.
16. Small differences in annual growth rates of real GDP generate large differences in real GDP
over time because of the:
A. importance of average labor productivity.
B. power of compound interest.
C. diminishing returns to capital.
D. limits of economic growth.
Answer: B
6
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Compound interest pays interest on previously earned interest, so small differences in
growth rates expand into big differences over time.
17. If an economy maintains a small rate of growth for a long period of time, then the size of the
economy:
A. can only increase by a small amount.
B. can increase by a large amount.
C. can never double.
D. will stay nearly constant.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Based on compound growth, even small rates of growth have large effects over time.
18. If real GDP per person were equal to $2,000 in 1900 and grew at a one percent annual rate,
what would be the value of real GDP per person 100 years later?
A. $2,210
B. $4,000
C. $5,410
D. $20,000
Answer: C
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: At one percent growth, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $2,000 × (1.01)100
= $5,410.
19. Real GDP per person in both Alpha and Omega is equal to $2,000. Over the next 100 years,
real GDP per person grows at a 1.5 percent annual rate in Alpha and at a 2.5 percent annual rate
in Omega. After 100 years, real GDP per person in Alpha is ______ smaller than real GDP per
person in Omega.
A. $2,000
B. $5,410
C. $8,864
7
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
D. $14,763
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: For Alpha, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $2,000 × (1.015)100 = $8,864.
For Omega, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $2,000 × (1.025)100 = $23,627. The
difference is $14,763.
20. Real GDP per person in both Alpha and Omega is equal to $2,000. Over the next 100 years,
real GDP per person grows at a 1 percent annual rate in Alpha and at a 2 percent annual rate in
Omega. After 100 years, real GDP per person in Alpha is ______ smaller than real GDP per
person in Omega.
A. $2,000
B. $5,410
C. $9,080
D. $11,080
Answer: C
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: For Alpha, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $2,000 × (1.01)100 = $5,409.6.
For Omega, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $2,000 × (1.02)100 = $14,489.3. The
difference is $9,079.7 or $9,080.
21. Government policies that increase the long-term economic growth rate by a small amount
result in ______ in average living standards.
A. large increases
B. small increases
C. small decreases
D. no change
Answer: A
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Due to compound growth even changes that increase economic growth by a small
amount create large changes over time.
8
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
22. Real GDP per person in Richland is $20,000, while real GDP per person in Poorland is
$10,000. However, Richland's real GDP per person is growing at 1 percent per year, and
Poorland's real GDP per person is growing at 3 percent per year. After 50 years, real GDP per
person in Richland minus real GDP in Poorland is:
A. positive and greater than $10,000.
B. positive but less than $10,000.
C. zero.
D. negative.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: For Richland, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $20,000 × (1.01)50 =
$32,893. For Poorland, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $10,000 × (1.03)50 = $43,839.
Real GDP per person in Richland minus real GDP in Poorland is $-10,946, which means
Poorland has surpassed Richland.
23. Real GDP per person in Richland is $20,000, while real GDP per person in Poorland is
$10,000. However, Richland's real GDP per person is growing at 1 percent per year, and
Poorland's real GDP per person is growing at 2 percent per year. After 50 years, real GDP per
person in Richland minus real GDP in Poorland is:
A. positive and greater than $10,000.
B. positive but less than $10,000.
C. zero.
D. negative.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: For Richland, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $20,000 × (1.01)50 =
$32,893. For Poorland, the future value equation is: Future GDP = $10,000 × (1.02)50 = $26,916.
Real GDP per person in Richland minus real GDP in Poorland is $5,977.
24. Real GDP per person in Northland is $30,000, while real GDP in Southland is $10,000,
However, Northland's real GDP per person is growing at 1 percent per year, and Southland's real
GDP per person is growing at 3 percent per year. If these growth rates persist indefinitely, then:
A. Northland's real GDP per person will decline until it equals Southland's.
B. Northland's real GDP per person will always be between 1 and 2 percent greater than
Southland's.
C. Southland's real GDP per person will always be exactly 2 percent less than Northland's.
9
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
D. Southland's real GDP per person will eventually be greater than Northland's.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Southland, due to the power of compound growth, will eventually overtake Northland.
25. Real GDP per person in Westland is $30,000, while real GDP in Eastland is $10,000,
Westland's real GDP per person is growing at 3 percent per year and Eastland's real GDP per
person is growing at 3 percent per year. If these growth rates persist indefinitely, then:
A. Eastland's real GDP per person will rise until it equals Westland's real GDP per person.
B. Westland's real GDP per person will always be at least $20,000 greater than Eastland's.
C. Eastland's real GDP per person will always be exactly $20,000 less than Westland's.
D. Eastland's real GDP per person will eventually be greater than Westland's.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: Westland, due to the equality of growth rates, will never gain ground on Eastland, but
rather fall further behind as the compounded growth is larger in Westland. .
26. Real GDP per person in the United States was $9,864 in 1950. Over the next 48 years, it
grew at a compound annual rate of 2.0%. If, instead, real GDP per person had grown at an
average compound annual rate 2.5%, then real GDP per capita in the United States in 1998
would have been approximately ______ larger.
A. $2,370
B. $6,751
C. $12,530
D. $25,520
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: 1998 U.S. real GDP = $9,864 × (1.02)48 = $25,519. If the growth rate would have
been 2.5% per year, the 1998 U.S. real GDP = $9,864 × (1.025)48 = $32,270. The difference is
$6,751.
10
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
27. Real GDP per person in the Canada was $7,377 in 1950. Over the next 48 years it grew at a
compound annual rate of 2.0%. If instead real GDP per person had grown at an average
compound annual rate 2.5%, then real GDP per capita in the Canada in 1998 would have been
approximately ______ larger.
A. $1,770
B. $5,049
C. $9,370
D. $24,130
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: 1950 Canadian real GDP = $7,377 × (1.02)48 = $19,085. If the growth rate would
have been 2.5% per year, 1998 Canadian real GDP = $7,377 × (1.025)48 = $24,134. The
difference is $5,049.
28. The key variable in determining changes in a country's standard of living is the:
A. interest rate.
B. inflation rate.
C. unemployment rate.
D. long-run rate of economic growth.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: The Remarkable Rise in Living Standards: The Record
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-01
Feedback: The long-run rate of economic growth best explains changes in standards of living in
countries around the world.
11
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed.
30. Average labor productivity times the proportion of the population employed equals:
A. real GDP.
B. real GDP per person.
C. real GDP per worker.
D. output per worker.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed.
31. Growth of real GDP per person is totally determined by the growth of average:
A. labor productivity and the proportion of the population employed.
B. labor productivity and the proportion of the population in the labor force.
C. labor force participation and the share of income going to capital.
D. labor force participation and the share of the population employed.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed.
32. In symbolic terms where Y equals real GDP, POP equals total population, and N equals the
number of employed workers, Y/POP must equal:
A. Y/N × N/POP.
B. N/Y × POP/N.
C. Y/POP × N/POP
D. N/Y × N/POP
Answer: A
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-02
12
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed.
34. A nation's standard of living, as measured by real GDP per person, increases:
A. only if average labor productivity increases.
B. only if the share of population employed increases.
C. only if both average labor productivity and the share of population employed increase.
D. if either average labor productivity and/or the share of population employed increase.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed. Real GDP per person can only grow if one of these
factors increases.
35. If the share of population employed in two countries is the same, average living standards
will be higher in the country with:
A. the smaller population.
B. the larger population.
C. higher average labor productivity.
D. lower average labor productivity.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
13
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, which gives the standard of living, multiply the average
output each worker produces times the percentage of population employed.
36. If average labor productivity in two countries is the same, average living standards will be
lower in the country with:
A. the smaller population.
B. the larger population.
C. the higher share of population employed
D. the lower share of population employed.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, which gives the standard of living, multiply the average
output each worker produces times the percentage of population employed.
37. If average labor productivity in two countries is the same, average living standards will be
higher in the country with:
A. the smaller population.
B. the larger population.
C. the higher share of population employed
D. the lower share of population employed.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, which gives the standard of living, multiply the average
output each worker produces times the percentage of population employed.
38. If 50 percent of the population in a country is employed and average labor productivity
equals $30,000, then real GDP per person equals:
A. $15,000.
B. $30,000.
C. $50,000.
D. $60,000.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
14
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, which gives the standard of living, multiply the average
output each worker produces times the percentage of population employed. In this case, real
GDP per person equals: ($30,000 × 0.5) = $15,000.
39. If real GDP per person in a country equals $40,000 and 60 percent of the population is
employed, then average labor productivity equals:
A. $24,000.
B. $40,000.
C. $60,000.
D. $66,667.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: If real GDP per person is obtained by multiplying the average output each worker
produces times the percentage of population employed. Then average output per worker or
average labor productivity is = real GDP divided by the percentage of population employed =:
$40,000 / 0.60 = $66.667.
40. If real GDP per person in a country equals $20,000 and 40 percent of the population is
employed, then average labor productivity equals:
A. $8,000.
B. $20,000.
C. $40,000.
D. $50,000.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: If real GDP per person is obtained by multiplying the average output each worker
produces times the percentage of population employed. Then average output per worker or
average labor productivity is = real GDP divided by the percentage of population employed =
$20,000 / 0.40 = $50,000.
41. The population of Alpha totals one million people, 40 percent of whom are employed.
Average output per worker in Alpha is $20,000. Real GDP per person in Alpha totals:
15
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manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
A. $8,000.
B. $12,000.
C. $20,000.
D. $50,000.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person for Alpha, multiply the average output each worker
produces times the percentage of population employed. In this case, real GDP per person is:
($20,000 × 0.40) = $8,000.
42. The population of Omega totals one million people, 30 percent of whom are employed.
Average output per worker in Alpha is $30,000. Real GDP per person in Alpha totals:
A. $9,000.
B. $21,000.
C. $30,000.
D. $100,000.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person for Omega, multiply the average output each worker
produces times the percentage of population employed. In this case, real GDP per person is:
($30,000 × 0.30) = $9,000.
43. In Econland, 500,000 of the 2 million people in the country are employed. Average labor
productivity in Econland is $15,000 per worker. Real GDP per person in Econland totals:
A. $1,250.
B. $3,750.
C. $11,250.
D. $60,000.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
16
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
Feedback: To find real GDP per person for Econland, multiply the average amount of output
each worker produces times the percentage of population employed. In this case, real GDP per
person is: ($15,000) × (500,000/2,000,000) = $3,750.
44. In Macroland, 500,000 of the 1 million people in the country are employed. Average labor
productivity in Macroland is $20,000 per worker. Real GDP per person in Macroland totals:
A. $1,000.
B. $10,000.
C. $15,000.
D. $40,000.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person for Macroland, multiply the average output each worker
produces times the percentage of population employed. In this case, real GDP per person is:
($20,000) × (500,000/1,000,000) = $10,000.
45. The growth of real GDP per person in the United States between 1960 and 2013 was the
result of:
A. growth in average labor productivity only.
B. growth in the share of population employed only.
C. growth in both average labor productivity and the share of population employed.
D. neither the growth in average labor productivity nor the share of population employed.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Remember
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, which gives the standard of living, multiply the average
output each worker produces times the percentage of population employed. In this case, both
factors increased.
46. Assume that the share of population employed in all countries is 50 percent. Based on the
information in the table, which country has the highest real GDP per capita?
17
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
A. Country A
B. Country B
C. Country D
D. Country E
Answer: D
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed. Note that all countries have the same share of population
working, 50 percent, so the real GDP in each country is half of the average labor productivity. So
real GDP per person in Country E is: ($60,000 × 0.50) = $30,000.
47. Assume that the share of population employed in all countries is 50 percent. Based on the
information in the table, which country has the smallest real GDP per capita?
A. Country A
B. Country B
C. Country D
D. Country E
Answer: A
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed. Note that all countries have the same share of population
working, 50 percent, so the real GDP in each country is half of the average labor productivity. So
real GDP per person in Country A is: ($2,000 × 0.50) = $1,000.
18
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
48. Suppose that the share of population employed in Country C is 50 percent, and that Countries
C and D have the same real GDP per capita. Based on the information in the table, what share of
Country D’s population must be employed?
A. 12.5 percent
B. 25.0 percent
C. 75.0 percent
D. 100.0 percent
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed. In this case, average labor productivity in Country C is
$25,000 and share of population employed is 0.50, so real GDP per person is $12,500. For
Country D to also have real GDP per person of $12,500, then the share of population working ×
the average labor productivity of $50,000 must be $12,500. Solving for the share of population
working, by dividing each side by the real GDP, we get $12,500 / $50,000 = .25 or 25 percent.
49. Suppose that the share of population employed in Country B is 50 percent, and that Countries
B and C have the same real GDP per capita. Based on the information in the table, what share of
Country C’s population must be employed?
A. 5.0 percent
B. 20.0 percent
C. 40.0 percent
D. 50.0 percent
Answer: B
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
19
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Learning Objective: 14-02
Feedback: To find real GDP per person, multiply the average output each worker produces times
the percentage of population employed. In this case, average labor productivity in Country B is
$10,000 and share of population employed is 0.50, so real GDP per person is $5,000. For
Country C to also have real GDP per person of $5,000, then the share of population working ×
the average labor productivity of $25,000 must be $5,000. Solving for the share of population
working, by dividing each side by the real GDP, we get $5,000 / $25,000 = .20 or 20 percent.
51. Assume that average labor productivity is the same in each country. Based on the
information in the table, which country has the highest real GDP per capita?
A. Country A
B. Country B
C. Country C
D. Country D
Answer: A
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Topic: Why Nations Become Rich: The Crucial Role of Average Labor Productivity
AACSB: Reflective Thinking
Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 14-02
20
© 2017 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any
manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.
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was undertaken, thus bringing the capacity of the bakery up to eight
ovens. The building which was purchased was in use as an
engineering workshop, rented at £67, 10s. per annum, and the
purchase price included an engine and boiler.
At the quarterly meeting which was held in December, the first
mention was made of a subject which was to engage the attention of
many quarterly meetings before being finally disposed of. This was a
suggestion by Johnstone Society that the Baking Society should
consider seriously the possibility of opening branch bakeries as their
business extended. Meantime, Vale of Leven Society had approached
the Baking Society with the view of having bread delivered to them
by rail, and a van had been fitted up for this purpose, so the Board
came to the decision to hold over the consideration of branch
bakeries until they saw what the results of conveyance by rail were
going to be. The delivery difficulty was getting more acute every week
at this time, and it was found that two societies which had ceased to
take their bread from the Society, and whose action had been
described by the committee as “utterly subversive of true Co-
operation and detrimental to the interests of the Baking Society,” had
done so because of the irregularity of delivery, and declared
themselves “willing to begin again as soon as they could see an
assurance of a regular and steady supply.”
In order to suit the convenience of Glasgow societies an
arrangement came into force in the beginning of 1872 whereby the
Baking Society undertook to deliver bread at the houses of the
members of these societies for an additional charge of 9d. per hour
for the time spent in this work. About the same time the question of
baking biscuits on days when the general work was easy was
considered, and this new branch of business was finally entered on.
The turnover for the third year was larger than that of the first two
combined, being 6,341 sacks; an average of 122 per week. Owing to
the rise in the price of flour, however, and in some degree also to the
heavy costs of delivery, the surpluses on the year’s trading showed
considerable fluctuations; for while the dividend earned during the
first quarter was one shilling, those for the succeeding quarters were
fivepence, sixpence, and threepence respectively. The Society was
now quite a large property owner, the value of the buildings as shown
in the balance-sheet being £2,421, while the value of live and other
stock was £870. Several new vans of a four-wheeled design had been
built during the year in order to facilitate delivery, and several new
horses had also been purchased. The cash value of the sales for the
year was over £16,000, and the combined share and loan capital was
£1,411. Reserves had been increased to £54, and buildings and stocks
written down by £368 during the year.
In March 1872 Mr Cameron resigned from the presidency of the
Society as he had become an employee, and Mr Andrew Brown
(Paisley Provident) was elected president until the quarterly meeting,
when his appointment was confirmed. Meantime the Society was
having some trouble with the last pair of ovens erected. The
gentleman appointed as inspector reported that they were not
according to specification, and were of less value than had been
contracted for. At the same time he suggested that an endeavour
should be made to settle the matter amicably, “as a lawsuit would
result in a loss to both parties”; which sensible advice was taken by
the committee, who, however, decided “to retain the money lying in
their hands until satisfied with the finish and durability of the work.”
They also decided to deduct £10 from the estimate price for
departure from the terms of specification. At a later meeting,
however, it was decided to meet the oven-builder half way and be
content with a deduction of £5.
For some time negotiations had been going on between the
Society’s tenant of the engineering shop and the committee on the
question of whether the boiler in that shop, which was the property
of the Society, should be kept in repair by the tenant or by the
owners. The committee contended that, according to the terms of the
lease, the duty of keeping the boiler and other machinery in repair
devolved on the tenant, but as a way out of the difficulty offered to
sell the boiler and engine to him. The matter was finally adjusted by
the tenant taking over the engine and boiler, and paying for them by
an increase in rent amounting to £5 per annum. At the quarterly
meeting which was held on 2nd June 1872 the balance-sheet was
submitted to severe criticism, the ground of complaint being the
smallness of the profit shown in view of the increasing sales of the
Society. For the first time in the history of the Society the turnover
had exceeded £2,000 for the quarter, but the surplus was only £119,
and the dividend sixpence, while nothing was added to the reserve
fund. The delegates to the quarterly meeting also combined to
express considerable dissatisfaction with the quality, shape, and
general appearance of the bread, and the committee were urged to
take energetic measures to place the Society in a better position in
this respect as well as in that of profit. At almost every meeting of the
committee complaints were being made about the quality of the
bread and lateness of delivery, and they were at their wits end to find
a remedy. Discussions took place meeting after meeting about
difficulties of delivery, varied every now and again by a discussion on
the subject of the high rate of expense. Investigations into the cost of
baking were set on foot, but with no results. A suggestion was made
by Paisley Provident Society that the discount allowed to the societies
be reduced from 10 per cent. to 7½ per cent. in order to cover losses
in working, but no action seems to have been taken in this direction
at the moment. In order to find remedies for the continuous
complaints about the quality of the bread and its delivery, a
rearrangement of duties took place; the stable foreman being made
responsible for the delivery, and the foreman baker for the quality of
the bread, while the manager continued to act as cashier and
bookkeeper. These alterations did not seem to make much
difference, however, as complaints continued to come in with as
great frequency as before.
The arrangement which had been made to supply Vale of Leven
Society with bread had evidently not been working satisfactorily, for
that society intimated its intention of withdrawing from the
Federation. The adjustment of the terms of this withdrawal took
many months of negotiation. It was on 4th May 1872 that the
committee received the intimation that the society intended to
withdraw from the Federation, but it was not until 19th April 1873
that the final adjustments were made and the matter settled. In this
case there was dispute as to the amount which the withdrawing
society should pay for the delivery of their bread by rail, this being
finally adjusted by computing the cost of delivery per 100 dozens to
Barrhead and to Vale of Leven, and charging the latter society with
the difference. Another peculiar practice of the Federation at this
time was that of retaining for the reserve and depreciation funds a
proportion of the capital of retiring societies. This was done even
when the societies withdrew at the request of the committee and
against their own wishes, although in the three or four cases where
this occurred the percentage deducted was less than that usually
retained. In the case of Vale of Leven Society 7½ per cent. was
charged, while Dalziel and Motherwell societies were only charged 5
per cent.
By the end of the third quarter in 1872 a further extension had
become necessary in order that more storage room might be had,
and it was decided that the only way to get the necessary space was
to build another storey to the present flour store. The great difficulty
was lack of the necessary money, but it was thought that if the
extension became imperative a bond might be obtained to cover the
cost. A short time later a letter was received from the Anderston
Society, in which a protest was entered against any further
extensions being made in the bakery meantime. At this time the
Society was in somewhat grave difficulties for want of money, as, in
addition to other debts which were owing, their account with the
Wholesale Society amounted to £4,000, equivalent to nine weeks
turnover. Inside the next fortnight, however, the manager was able to
report that he had paid £1,000 to the Wholesale Society.
At this time the committee had under discussion the method of
supplying flour to the Society. It was alleged by some members of the
committee that the manager had not a free in ordering flour, as
“another party” had taken it upon himself to send in flour without
the knowledge of the manager. Mr Sturrock stated that he was aware
of all contracts entered into, but that on a recent occasion he had to
cancel an order because he found after his order had been given that
flour was being sent to the bakery without his knowledge. At the
following meeting this question was again taken up, and it appears
from what transpired at that meeting that Mr Borrowman was the
“other party” referred to above. That gentleman explained that the
contracts were made through the Wholesale Society, and no
irregularity could occur if the manager sent his orders to the
Wholesale Society instead of sending them to the millers, as he had
been in the habit of doing. In the course of the conversation the
chairman pointed out that although, because of the fluctuations in
the price of flour which were taking place, they had for some time
delegated their power to make contracts to the manager and Mr
Borrowman jointly—not separately as some people had supposed—
they still retained in their own hands such powers, to be used as soon
as they might think it right so to do.
Early in the third quarter of this year Mr Smith (St Rollox) was
appointed assistant secretary, as Mr Borrowman was sometimes
unable to attend. At the quarterly meeting, which was held on 1st
March 1873, Mr Smith was appointed secretary, and Mr Borrowman
retired from the committee, after having taken a large share in the
conduct of its affairs from the inception of the Society. At the
December quarterly meeting the manager resigned, as already stated
in the beginning of this chapter, and Mr Robert Craig was appointed.
The fourth year was not to end without more trouble however. A
special meeting was called on 28th December 1872, at the request of
Barrhead and Thornliebank societies, and Mr Ferguson (Barrhead),
who had been one of the first directors of the Federation, placed his
society’s case before the meeting. He stated that his society was of
opinion that the Baking Society was in an unsatisfactory state, and
on behalf of Barrhead and Thornliebank societies placed eight
propositions before the meeting with the object of putting the
Federation on a more stable basis.
PROPOSALS FOR BETTER WORKING.
The first proposition was that a manager be employed; but this
was defeated by an amendment that the management be left in the
hands of the committee. The second proposal was that the foreman
baker should be the party who should judge the quality of the flour
before purchasing, the quantity to be decided by the committee, and
it was accepted, as was the third—that no person be a member of
committee who has anything to do with the making or selling of flour
to the bakery (but not to the exclusion of operatives) so that the
committee be left perfectly untrammelled in their actions.
Another proposition was to the effect that the members of the
Baking Society’s committee should be elected for that committee
only, and not be simply delegates from the committee of their
society; but as this affected one of the rules of the Society it was not
discussed. It was also proposed that the committee should watch the
purchases of societies with a view to dealing with those who were not
purchasing enough to earn their fair share of profit, and considering
whether they should be allowed to continue as members of the
Society. The committee pointed out that they were already doing
this, and the meeting agreed to the proposal. Another proposal was
to the effect that when the additional shares had been called up the
committee should purchase flour where it could be had best. This
proposal sounds as if there was some suspicion in the minds of the
proposers that the Society was being hampered in obtaining the best
flour for its purpose by lack of money, and as the delegates gave a
general acquiescence to the proposal it would seem that the
suspicion was fairly general. It certainly could be said for the
proposal that it gave the committee full power to do the best they
could for their Society.
Just before the end of the fourth year Motherwell and Dalziel
societies dropped out of the Federation at the request of the
committee, as although both societies were loyal purchasers, the cost
of delivery was so great that the Society was losing money on their
trade. The Federation still consisted of fifteen societies, however—
viz., Anderston, Barrhead, Busby, Cathcart, Johnstone, Lennoxtown,
Cadder, Parkhead, Elderslie, Howwood, Eastern, Paisley Provident,
Thornliebank, St Rollox, and Avonbank—and other societies were
being supplied with bread. About this time, also, a new departure
was made. The committee had found that their biscuit trade was not
a profitable one, and the cashier was instructed to make inquiries as
to the terms on which some of the Glasgow biscuit manufacturing
firms would supply them with biscuits. It was finally arranged that
Gray, Dunn & Co. supply them with biscuits through the Wholesale
Society, and this arrangement continued for some time until a fire at
the biscuit factory put an end to the connection, when the trade went
to Herberts Ltd.
During the fourth year the Society had made considerable
progress, and the trade for the year showed a substantial increase,
but it had not been very profitable. Indeed in the fourth quarter, after
provision had been made for interest and depreciation, there was
nothing left to divide, while nothing had been added to the reserve
fund during the year. The aggregate output for the year was 7,955
sacks, equal to an average of 153 sacks a week, which was an average
increase of 31 sacks per week over the turnover of the previous year.
The Society was still much hampered in its operations from lack of
capital; the total share and loan capital being only £1,618. During the
latter half of the year the price of flour had been very high, reaching
in the later months of the year 45/6 per sack for the average quality
used.
Yet, although there were still many anxious days ahead for the
committee and not a few lean years, with the close of the fourth year
the Society had been established on a firm foundation. Henceforth
there were not the same defects of management to contend with, and
what difficulties did arise were due to weakness in the societies
which were customers of the Bakery rather than to causes operating
within the Federation itself. In a later chapter mention will be made
of some of the difficulties which arose owing to the weakness of some
of the societies which were members of the Federation.
CHAPTER V.
THE BRANCH CONTROVERSY.
We have had an interview with a practical managing baker, and his estimate
of the cost of production is much below your present expense; he considers
that the quantity required (eight or nine sacks a day) could be baked into
loaves at a cost of three shillings per sack (he laid stress on the fact that the job
was loaf baking alone, and said that men were able and really did do more of
this kind of work). Buying the flour at the then price of fifty shillings per sack,
and adding three shillings for baking, rent, etc., we have a gross cost of fifty-
three shillings per sack. The outcome from this quantity of flour should be
sixteen dozen small loaves; retailing them at the then price of 4¼d. each, you
have the sum of sixty-eight shillings; 10 per cent. less would be sixty-one
shillings and twopence, or a profit of eight shillings and twopence on each
sack baked and sold; this eight times (a daily output) would give sixty-five
shillings and fourpence per day, or £19, 12s. a week, £254, 16s. a quarter. But
allowing half this quantity has to be delivered to societies, and say this will
cost three shillings per sack, which would give a total cost of about £48, 15s.,
which sum deducted from the £254, 16s. would still leave the sum of £206 a
quarter of a clear profit realised from the business done by the seven societies
comprising the proposed district.
Regarding the practical part of the scheme we have nothing to offer in way
of a ready-made bakehouse or other suitable premises, and we are afraid that
should the business be gone into, as proposed, new premises would require to
be got; on this, however, we ask your consideration to the fact that your
present premises have not the necessary storage for flour which your large
turnover requires. This is attested by the proposal which was made six months
ago for alterations, and if it is true, as we believe it is, that properly stored
flour is from one to two shillings a bag better in outcome than when used as
has hitherto been done at the Bakery, one shilling on each sack baked for a
quarter, say 1,800 sacks, and you have a sum of £90.
The alterations which were proposed and were estimated to cost about
£200 have never been carried into effect, consequently the Bakery labours
under the disadvantage of want of storage at a loss equal to something like
£90 a quarter.
We know full well the high cost of distribution, and some are sanguine the
productive cost could also be lessened; could not this sum, then, of £200, or
say £300, required for storage purposes be laid out on a branch bakery in the
Johnstone district, and take away a third of the trade from the centre; you
would then have storage to suit your requirements for some time to come,
very probably you would be less for productive expenses, and most certainly
your cost of distribution would be so much curtailed as to release the
Federation from the incubus which at present keeps her down.
Gentlemen, our aim and earnest desire is the prosperity of the Federation
and its component parts; we lay these considerations before you and leave the
matter in your hands, being confident your united wisdom will be well able to
direct the path which will earliest and best lead to better and happier times for
the United Co-operative Baking Society.