Algebraic Expression & Formulas:

Expression: It is made up of variables and constants along with mathematical operators.

Eg. 3x+7, 7y - 2x

Terms: It is individual building blocks.

In the expression 2xy + 5, there are two terms, 2xy and 5.

Factors: Factors are the combination of variables or constants.

In 2xy , 2,x and y are factors .

Coefficients: The numerical value of a term is known as coefficient of term.

In 3y and 4xy, 3 and 4 are coefficients.

Like Terms: Like terms have same type of variables.

For example, 6x2y and 3x2y are like terms.

Monomial: An expression with only one term is called a monomial.

Eg. 3x

Binomial: An expression which contains two different terms.

Eg. 3y−8z

Polynomial: Expressions have more than two terms in the combination of variables and
constants.
Eg. 7xy−5x+2+3y

Addition and Subtraction:

In addition and subtraction, like terms are added or subtracted.
Eg. (4x2y + y + z) + (6x2y + 6a + 5z) =
10x2y + y + 6a + 6z

Multiplication of Algebraic Expressions:

Multiplication of Monomials:
The numerical coefficient of the terms is equal to the product of the numerical coefficient of
both the terms.
The exponent or power of each algebraic factor is equal to the sum of the exponents of that
algebraic factor in both the monomials.
x × y = xy
2x × 3y × 5z = 30xyz
Distributive Property of Multiplication:
6 × (2+4x)
= (6×2) + (6×4x)
= 12 + 24x
Multiplication of any Polynomial:
When we multiply any two polynomials, we multiply all the terms or monomials of one
polynomial with all the terms of another polynomial.
(a + 4) × (a2 + 2a + 3)
= a × (a2 + 2a + 3) + 4 × (a2 + 2a + 3)
= (a3 + 2a2 + 3a) + (4a2 + 8a + 12)
= a3 + 6a2 + 11a + 12

Some Standard Formulas:

• a2 – b2 = (a – b)(a + b)
• (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2
• a2 + b2 = (a + b)2 – 2ab
• (a – b)2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
• a2 + b2 = (a - b)2 + 2ab
• (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
 • (a – b – c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
• (a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3
• = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b)
• (a – b)3 = a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 – b3
• = a3 – b3 – 3ab(a – b)
• a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
• a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
• (a + b)4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4
• (a – b)4 = a4 – 4a3b + 6a2b2 – 4ab3 + b4
• a4 – b4 = (a – b)(a + b)(a2 + b2)
• a5 – b5 = (a – b)(a4 + a3b + a2b2 + ab3 + b4)
• a3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a + b + c)( a2 + b2 + c2 - ab -bc - ca)

If a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

• (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)

Examples

( x − 1) + ( y − 2 ) + ( z − 4 )
3 3 3

1. If x + y + z = 7 then what is the value of

A.
B.
C.
D.
Ans. C
Sol.

It is given that

Let

Now we will use property explained below:

 If

then

So,

1 1
2. If p = x + and q = x − , then the value of is
x x
A. 12
B. 13
C. 14
D. 16
Ans. D
Sol.

We know that

…………(1)

1 1
Here, p = x + and q = x −
x x

Hence,

and

From (1)