Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Professional Education.2
Professional Education.2
SARDUA, LPT
School Forms(SF)
School Form 1 - School Register
School Form 2 - Daily Attendance
School Form 3 - Books Issued and Returned
School Form 4 - Monthly Learner and Movement and Attendance
School Form 5 - Report on Promotion and Learning Progress & Achievement
Owned by: ROCHEL B. SARDUA, LPT
School Form 6 - Summarized Report on Promotion and Learning Progress & Achievement
School Form 7 - School Personnel Assignment List and Basic Profile
School Form 8: Learner's Basic Health and Nutrition Report
School Form 9: Learner's Progress Report Card
School Form 10: Learner's Permanent Academic Record for Elementary School (SF10)
📌DOMAINS OF LEARNING
1.Cognitive: mental skills(knowledge)
2. Affective: growth in feelings or emotional areas (Attitude)
3. Psychomotor: manual or physical skills (skills)
📌𝗣𝗥𝗜𝗡𝗖𝗜𝗣𝗟𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗧𝗘𝗔𝗖𝗛𝗜𝗡𝗚
A. create an active learning
B. Focus Attention
C. Connect Knowledge
D. Help students organize their knowledge
E. Provide timely feedback
F. Demand quality
G. Balance high expectations with student support
H. Enhance motivation to learn
I. Communicate your message in variety of ways.
J. Help students to productively manage their time
📌𝗦𝗧𝗔𝗚𝗘𝗦 𝗢𝗙 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚
1. Acquisition - learning new skill
2. Fluency - practice for mastery of skill
3. Generalization - across time & situation / variety of setting
4. Adaptation - Use for problem solving
5. Maintenance - performance over time
Analyze - Draw connection among ideas, differentiate, organize, relate, compare, contrast, distinguish, examine,
experiment, question, test
Evaluate - Justify a stand or decision, appraise, argue, defend, judge, select, support, value, critique, weigh
Create - Produce new or original work, Design, assemble, construct, conjecture, develop, formulate, author, investigate
📌𝗔𝗡𝗗𝗘𝗥𝗦𝗢𝗡 𝗧𝗔𝗫𝗢𝗡𝗢𝗠𝗬
Remembering - recalling
Understanding - making sense of the material you have learned
Applying - Use knowledge gained in new ways
Analyzing - Breaking the concept into parts
Evaluating- Making judgement
Creating - Putting information together in an innovative way.
𝗔𝗙𝗙𝗘𝗖𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗘 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡:
✓Receiving - is being aware of or sensitive to the existence of a certain ideas, material, or phenomena and being willing
to tolerate them.
Ex. To differentiate, to accept, to listen (for), to respond to.
✓Responding - is committed in some small measure to the ideas l, materials, or phenomena involved by actively
responding to them.
Example: to comply with, to follow, to command, to volunteer, to spend leisure time in, to acclaim.
✓Valuing - is willing to be perceived by others as valuing certain ideas, materials, or phenomena. Examples include: to
increase measured proficiency in, or relinquish, to subsidize, to support, to debate.
✓Organization - is to relate the value to those already held and bring it into a harmonious and internally consistent
philosophy. Examples: to discuss, to theorize, to formulate, to balance, to examine.
✓Characterization- by value or value set is to act consistently in accordance with the values he or she has internalized.
Examples: include: to revise, to require, to be rated high in the value, to avoid, to resist, to manage, to resolve.
📌𝗣𝗦𝗬𝗖𝗛𝗢𝗠𝗢𝗧𝗢𝗥 𝗗𝗢𝗠𝗔𝗜𝗡:
✓Perception - Sensory cues to guide motor.
✓Set - mental, physical, and emotional dispositions that make one respond in a certain way to a situation.
✓Guided response - first attempts at a physical skill. trial and error coupled lead to better performance.
✓Mechanism - responses are habitual with a medium level of assurance and proficiency.
✓Complex Overt Response - complex movements are possible with a minimum of wasted effort and a high level of
assurance they will be successful.
✓Adaptation - Movements can modified for special situations.
✓Origination - New movements can be created for special situations.
📌Learning theories
A. Behaviourist (classical, operant, Connectionism, Social Learning and purposive)
PCSO
Pavlov - Classical
Skinner - Operant
📌𝗕𝗘𝗛𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗢𝗨𝗥𝗜𝗦𝗠
📌A. Classical Conditioning (Ivan Pavlov)
Two stimuli are linked together one Neutral + one Natural Response.
Adhesive Principle
- response attached to stimulus to evoke new response.
Experimentation: 🐕
(Salivation of Dog and Ring of the bell)
Unconditioned Stimulus:
- automatically produces an emotional or psychological response.
Unconditioned Response:
- Naturally occurring emotional or physiological response.
Neutral Stimulus:
- a stimulus that does not elicit a response.
Conditioned Stimulus:
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Other law:
Law of association by Aristotle
Law of similarity - recall similar object
Law of contrast - recall of opposite object
Law of Contiguity - recall of an activity which is frequently related with the previous one.
According to Tolman, in all learning some intelligence is atwork. It is the learner who actively participates on the act of
getting new experience. He organises his perceptions and observations and gives meaning to them. He explains the theory
of rats in teaching the goal through many trials as a result of insight or making cognitive map of the maze.
📌𝗖𝗢𝗚𝗡𝗜𝗧𝗜𝗩𝗜𝗦𝗧
📌𝗔. 𝗠𝗘𝗔𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚𝗙𝗨𝗟 𝗟𝗘𝗔𝗥𝗡𝗜𝗡𝗚 𝗧𝗛𝗘𝗢𝗥𝗬 𝗕𝗬 𝗗𝗔𝗩𝗜𝗗 𝗔𝗨𝗦𝗨𝗕𝗘𝗟
"Reception not discovery"
- advance organizer
- use of graphic organizer
Irreversibly- Pre-operational children still have the inability to reverse their thinking. They can understand
that 2+3 is 5, but cannot understand that 5-3 is 2.
Animism - This is the tendency of children to attribute human like traits or characteristics to inanimate
objects.
Example: When at night, the child is asked, where the sun is, she will reply, "Mr. Sun is asleep."
Transductive reasoning - This refers to the pre-operational child's type of reasoning that is neither inductive
nor deductive.
Example: since her mommy comes home every day around six o'clock in the evening, when asked why it is already night,
the child will say, "because my mom is home".
Reversibility - The child can now follow that certain operations can be done in reverse. For example, they can
already comprehend the commutative property of addition, and that subtraction is the reverse of addition.
Conversation-This is the ability to know that certain properties if objects like number. Mass, Volume, or area
do not change even if there is a change in appearance. Because of the development of the child's ability of
decentering and also reversibility, the concrete operational chikd can now judge rightly that the same as when
the water was shorter but wider glass.
Seriation - This refers to the ability to order or arrange things in a series based on one dimension such as
weight, volume or size.
📌d). Formal operational - 13 to onwards years old - Thinking becomes more logical, can solve abstract problems and can
hypothesis.
Hypothetical reasoning -The ability to come up with different hypothesis about a problem and to gather and
weight data in order to make final decisions or judgement. (What if questions)
Analogical reasoning -This is the ability to perceive the relationship in one instance and then use that
relationship to narrow down possible answers in another similar situation or problem.
Deductive reasoning -This is the ability to think logically by applying a general rule to a particular instance or
situation.
For example, all countries near the north pole. therefore, Greenland has cold temperatures
Law of pragma or Law of Good Figure - Symmetry order- brain will perceive ambiguous shapes in as simple a
manner as possible for example, a monochrome of the Olympic logo is seen as a series of overlapping circles
rather than a collection of a curved lines.
Law of proximity - refers to how close elements are to one another. The strongest proximity relationship are those
between overlapping subjects, but just grouping objects into a single area can have a strong proximity effect.
Law of Continuity - posits that the human eye will follow the smoothest path when viewing lines, regardless of
how the lines were actually drawn
Law of Closure - "fill the gap" is one of the coolest gestalt principles and one I already touched on at the
beginning of this piece. It's the idea that your brain will fill in the missing parts of a design or image to create a
whole
• The results of this assessment are communicated clearty and promptly to the students for them to know their strengths
and weaknesses and the progress of their learning.
2. Assessment OF Learning - this is done after instruction. This is usually referred to as the summative assessment.
• it is used to certify what students know and can do and the level of their proficiency or competency.
• Its results reveal whether or not instructions have successfully achieved, the curriculum outcomes.
• The information from assessment of learning is usually expressed as marks or letter grades.
• The results of which are communicated to the students, parents, and other stakeholders for decision making.
•It is also a powerful factor that could pave the way for educational Reforms.
3. Assessment AS learning -this is done for teachers to understand and perform well their role of assessing FOR and
OF learning. It requires teachers to undergo
training on how to assess learning and be equipped with the following competencies needed in performing their work as
assessors.
✓Grassroots approach-teachers who teach or implement the curriculum should participate in developing it
35. RALPH TYLERS MODEL of CURRICULUM
✓Purpose of the school
✓Educational experience related to the purpose
✓Organization of the experience
✓Evaluatiom of the experience
36. PLANNING PHASE in curriculum development
✓The needs of the learners
✓The achievable goals and objectives to meet the needs
✓The selection of the content to be taught
✓The motivation to carry out the goals
✓The strategies most fit to carry out the goals
✓The evaluation process to measure learning outcomes
37. IMPLEMENTATION PHASE in curriculum develoment
✓Requires the teacher to implement what has been planned
38. EVALUATION PHASE in curriculum development
✓A match of the objectives with the learning outcomes will be made
39. CHILD CENTERED DESIGN
✓Design model in developing curriculuk is attributed to Dewey, Rousseau, Pestalozzi, and Froebel
✓Curriculum is ancored on the needs and interest of child
40. HUMANISTIC DESIGN
✓Abraham Mashlow and Carl Rogers
✓who said the development of the self is the ultimate objective of learning
41. EXPERIENCE CENTERED DESIGN
✓Experiemces of the learners become the starting point of the curriculum
42. PROBLEM CENTERED DESIGN
✓Draws on social problems, needs, interest and abilities of the learners
43. MANAGERIAL APPROACH
✓School principal is the curriculum leader and at the same time instructional leader
44. SYSTEM APPROACH
✓Influenced by system theory, where the parts of total school district or school are determined in terms of how they
related to each other
45. BEHAVIORAL APPROACH
✓Chagce of behavior indicates the measure of the accomplishment
46. HUMANISTIC APPROACH
✓Consider the whole child
✓believes that in a curriculum the total developmemt of the individual is the prime consideration
✓The learner is the center of the curriculum
47. SYSTEMS APPROACH
✓The organizational chart of the school shows the line staff relationships of personnel and how decision are made
48. PROCESS OF FEEDBACK AND REFLECTION
✓To give information as to whether the three phases were appropriately done and gave good results
49. EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY'S ROLE
✓Upgrading the quality of teaching and learning in school
✓Increasing the capability of the teacher to effectively inculcate learning and for students to gain mastery of lessons and
courses
✓Broadening the delivery of education outside school through non traditional approaches to normal and informal learning
such as open universities and lifelong learning to adult learners
50. CURRICULUM ASSESSMENT
✓Teacher gathers information about his students know and can do.
51. PILOT TESTING
✓A process of gathering empirical data to support wheter tje material or the curriculum is useful, relevant, reliable and
valid
52. MONITORING
✓A periodic assessment and adjusment during the try out period
53. CURRICULUM EVALUATION
✓Systematic process of judging the value effectiveness and adequacy of a curriculum
✓process of obtaining informationfor judging the worth of educational program, product, procedure, educational
objectives or the potential utility orlf alternative approaches design to attain specified objects
54. CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT
✓The process of selecting organizing executing and evaluating the learning experience on the basis of the needs abilities
and interest of the learners and on the basis of the nature of the society or community for the possibilities of improving the
teaching learning situation
55. CURRICULUM DESIGN
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ETHICS BULLETS
A set of rules of human behavior, which has been influenced by the standards set by the society or by himself in
relation to his society is called ethics.
Standards of Etiquette are non-moral standards by which we judge manners as good or bad.
Standards of Law are non-moral standards by which we judge an action to be legally right or wrong.
Standards of Language are non-moral standards by which we judge what is grammatically right and wrong.
Standards of Aesthetics are non-moral standards by which we judge good and bad art.
Standards of Athletics are non-moral standards by which we judge how well a game is being played.
Ethics comes from the Greek word "ethos" which means customs, usage, or character.
Meta-ethics deals with the nature of moral judgment.
Meta-ethics prescribes moral principles or maxims for us to follow if we are to live moral lives.
Normative ethics is concerned with the content of moral judgments and the criteria for what is right or wrong.
Normative ethics attempts to answer our questions regarding the practical ends of human action.
Applied ethics involves examining specific controversial issues, such as abortion, infanticide, animal rights,
environmental concerns, homosexuality.
A human act is a conscious, voluntary and free act. It does not force nor coerced a person to perform an act.
Freedom is the foundation of morality and depends on truth and makes you responsible for your actions.
We experience hedonistic lifestyle when we begin to look at things as moral in their capacity to provide pleasure
and prevent pain. The set of rules or customs that determine the accepted and proper behaviors particular social
group is called etiquette.
Etiquette is concerned with proper behavior that makes us show respect and courtesy to others.
Owned by: ROCHEL B. SARDUA, LPT
Law is an ordinance of reason, promulgated by legitimate authority for the purpose of the common good.
NOTES
ENCULTURATION - process of handling down of culture from one generation to tje succeeding one
ACCULTURATION - process of passing culture from one who knows to somebody who does not know.
CULTURE - the shared products of human learning
(Elements of Culture)
1. LANGUAGE - an abstract system of words, meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture
2. NORMS - standard of behaviors maintained by a society
3. SANCTIONS - penalties or rewards for conducting concerning social norms
4. VALUES - used to evaluate the behavior of others
(Characteristics of Culture)
1. Transferable
2. Shared
3. Adaptive
4. Continuous
5. Learned
6. Universal
7. Dynamic
8. Symbolic
9. Borrowed
CHANGE - adjustment of persons or group to achieve relative harmony
(Forms of Change)
1. Cultural Change - refers to all alteration affection new trait or trait complexes to change
2. Technological Change - revision that occurs in man's application of his technical knowledge and skills as he adopts
himself to environment
3. Social Change - refers to the variation or modification in the patterns of social organizations, of such groups within a
society or the entire society
SOCIOLOGY - study of patterns of human behavior
SOCIETY- group of organized individuals
GROUPS- unit of interacting personalities
SOCIALIZATION- refers to the adapting or conforming to the common needs and interests of a social group
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SOCIAL PROCESS - patterned and recurrent form of competition, conflict, cooperation, accommodation,
assimilation and acculturation
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION -classification of people based on their socio-economic strata
SOCIAL STABILITY -refers to movement of individuals/groups from one position of a society's stratification to
another
Types of Social Mobility
1. Horizontal - movement of a person from one social position to another of the same rank
2. Vertical - movement of a person from one social to another of different rank
3. Intergenerational - involves changes in the social position of children relative to their parents
4. Intra-generational - involves change in person's social position within her/his adult life
SOCIAL INEQUALITY - a condition in which members of the society have different amounts of wealth, prestige
and power
STATUS - positioned assigned by a person in a group
Essential Bullets
Which type of visual shows the actual object under study?
– Realistic
Which perspective views the learner as actively creating meaning?
–Constructivism
Why is it important for teachers to understand learning theory?
-Theory informs practice
The evaluation activity in a lesson plan should answer the following question:
-How will you determine if students have achieved the learning objectives?
What is the main principle of the discovery method?
- Students learn best by doing
The purpose of a motivation activity in a lesson plan is to:
-gain and maintain students' attention
Which perspective says that learning should take place in an environment that resembles the real world with all its
complexities?
–Constructivism
ISTE standards are
-technology standards for students and teachers
Which of the following is an acceptable verb to use in objectives?
–describe
This theory believes that learning is largely determined by the external environment
–behaviorism
According to Marianne Torbet, which of the following is not a game inclusion factor?
–Competition
Which of the following are the procedures and actions used to help students meet stated objectives?
-Methods
What type of lesson evaluation takes place during the planning of the lesson?
-Formative
Visuals that convey a concept by comparing one idea to another and implying a similarity are called
-analogic visuals
Which is the physiological process in which sound waves enter the ear and are converted into electrical impulses
that travel to the brain?
–Hearing
Which of the following is NOT a fair use guideline?
-The cost of the item in question
The information activity in a lesson plan should answer the following question:
-How will you help students see relationships among ideas?
According to the authors of Children's Ministry that Works, in choosing games for children, which of the
following is not an important factor?
-The games should be competitive
Which of the following are evidence of "the digital divide": i.e., the gap in equitable use of computer technology
among student groups?
- Computers used for drill and skill only in low income districts
Which of the following experience is most closely associated with the constructivist perspective of learning?
-Student teaching
Sam brought his rock collection to class for his students to classify. Which type of media is being used? –Exhibit
Which of the following is a three dimensional representation of a real object?
-Model
Which of the following is true regarding the shift in education in recent years?
-There has been a shift toward learner-centered instruction.
Copyright law protects
- the legal rights to original works
The ability to accurately interpret and create visual messages is known as
Owned by: ROCHEL B. SARDUA, LPT
-visual literacy
Which of the following is a problem exacerbated by the prevalence of social media sites such as Facebook?
- Cyber-bullying
The purpose of an application activity or conclusion section in a lesson plan is to
- provide opportunity for practice and feedback.
Which of the following is true regarding field trips?
-They are a form of enactive learning.
The PIE model of classroom instruction stands for
-plan, implement, evaluate
Which of the following objectives contains acceptable criteria?
-Students will compose a paragraph with no more than two errors.
This theory uses the computer as a model for the way humans think
-informational processing
Persistence of vision is a phenomenon whereby
-the brain continues to see the image for a fraction of a second after the image is cut off
Interpreting a visual is also known as
- decoding
What is the difference between informational processing theory and constructivism?
-The first says that knowledge is objective and represents experience; the second that knowledge is subjective and
depends on the learner's interpretation of experience.
An enduring change in human behavior or performance resulting from practice or experience is the
- definition of learning
Which of the following is NOT a step in the scientific process, often used in the problem solving method?
-explore the question
The rule of thirds tells us that elements should be arranged
-along imaginary lines dividing your visual in three
Sam borrowed ½ of an engine with the inners workings exposed from a local tech school. Which type of media is
this?
–Cutaway
Which of the following is NOT a criteria for selecting and/or creating instructional materials?
-Are all materials original?
Applying technological processes and tools to solve problems of teaching and learning is the definition of
-educational technology
Charts and graphs are what type of visuals?
–Organizational
In general, which gender seems to be more concerned with social relationships?
– Girls
The conclusion section of the lesson plan serves to provide opportunity for
-practice and feedback
Which of the following is not one of the three categories of criteria in written objectives?
– Conditions
Which learning theory uses the ABC model to explain the learning process?
–Behaviorism
According to the Pew Research Center, what category of internet users have increased the most from 2000 to
2011?
-High school grads
An organized set of principles meant to explain events is the definition of the word
- theory
Creating a visual is also known as
-encoding
The systematic application of scientific or other organized knowledge to practical tasks is the definition of
-technology
Which of the following is the channel of communication within the lesson?
–Media
Adaptive Learning - uses computers as interactive instructional devices; adapts the difficulty or material to the
needs of the - students
Asynchronous Learning - students can learn different things at different times and at different places due to the
internet
Blended Learning - a teaching method that combines traditional classroom instruction with online or mobile
learning activities
Cloud - metaphor for on-demand storage space or computing power managed by a third party
Digital Citizenship - making good use of the Internet and having knowledge of how to operate web-connected
devices safely while online; interacting respectfully with others. Navigating the digital world safely, responsibly,
and ethically
Digital Divide - the large gap in technology use between two groups due to economic, racial, age, or gender lines
Flipped Classroom - traditional face-to-face lecture is recorded and watched and posted online for students to
watch online; teachers use class time to solve problems and interact with students
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M-Learning - Mobile Learning; any learning that takes place on a mobile device
MOOC - Massively Open Online Course
Podcast - similar to a radio show but distributed via the internet rather than radio waves
QR Code - like a barcode with a link, when scanned by mobile device it takes you to that link
Learning Management System (LMS) - Digital resource for class discussion, document management, homework
submission, and course scheduling.
Differentiated Learning - Presenting learning materials in ways that match students' varying learning styles or
levels.
Digital Storytelling - Using web-based tools to create and tell stories; with some mixture of digital images, text,
recorded audio narration, video clips and/or music
E-Books - Books that are completely digital and are usually read on computers or e-readers.
Flipped Classroom - Students access the directed teaching at home, through videos, and spend in-class time
applying skills through guided practice and activities.
Gamification - Using game design and mechanics to drive motivation and increase engagement in learning.
Individualized Learning - When a group of students all receive the same content but work through it at their own
pace.
Lifelong Learning - Lifelong learning continues education informally for personal enrichment, usually after
finishing formal education.
Open Educational Resources (OER) - Digital materials available for reuse and repurposing in teaching,
researching, and learning.
Personalized Learning - its learning entirely geared toward the individual student.
Digital Cloud - On-demand storage space, applications or services offered over the internet, managed off-site.
Professional Learning Community (PLC) - Community focused around a particular topic, interest, or subject in
order to share best practices and resources.
Trouble Ticket - An online form used to report problems.
Kinder to Grade 3- Anong grade tinuturo ang mother tongue.
Chat Room- Science Subject.
Learning is an active process- What is violated when Teacher Ivan just lectures while students listen.
Multi-grade class – Combining 2-3 grade level
K-12 – Kindergarten is compulsory before proceed to grade 1.
Developmental Portfolio – Penmanship skills of the students in the beginning, middle, and after the school year.
Operant Conditioning- Skinner
Authentic Assessment – Real-life.
Developmental Portfolio – Display the drawings of the children.
Below 75 – Did not meet expectation.
Brigada Eskwela – Bayanihan in School.
Drive- Motivation March 2018
Pre-conventional (Mutual Benefit)- reward, star, stamp.
Post-conventional (Common Good) – A taxi driver returned the baggage left by the passenger.
Socialization- Participating and functioning members of the society by fighting into organize way of living.
Drawing – Visual/Spatial.
Hierarchy of Biology Taxonomy – Has 8 levels.
Spiral Curriculum – K-12
Essentialism – Basic/Essential.
“Ganyan lang talaga” – Teacher Mediocrity.
Punishment – A quiz NOT as.
Criterion reference - Should match with the objectives.
Professional Licensed - Signed by the PRC.
Resource Provider- Role of the teachers play when they help their colleagues by sharing instructional resources.
Deductive - From Generalization to Specific.
Motivation- Part of lesson development is concerned with mood setting.
Field Trip - Stimulate more senses.
Visual Imagery- Graphic Organizer.
Spreadsheet - Performs computation.
Philippine Qualifications Framework - What does PQF means.
Long and Dictated - NOT a characteristic in giving assignments.
Bread Provider - NOT a role of a Mother during Pre-Hispanic Era.
Acronyms
PPST- Philippine Professional Standards for Teachers
NCBTS- National Competency Based Teacher Standards
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Answer key
1. D 5. A 9. C
2. B 6. D 10. A
3. C 7. B
4. D 8. A