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Contents vii
Classification and Definitions of Major Crimes 86

Violent Crime 86
Crimes against Property 88
Crimes Excluded from the Uniform Crime Reports 90
Theories of Criminality and Causes of Crime 99
Classical versus Positivist Theory of Crime 99
Nature versus Nurture 100
Other Theories to Explain Criminality 101
Offenders 104
Career Criminals or Recidivists 104
Juvenile Offenders 105
Victims of Crime and Violence 106
Types of Victims 106
Victimization Factors—Who Is at Risk? 107
Other Factors in Victimization 107
Effects of Victimization 108
Fear of Victimization 108
The “Second Wound”: Further Victimization by the Criminal Justice System 109
Support Groups to Assist Victims 110
The Movement toward Crime Victims’ Rights—A Brief Historical Overview 110
Programs and Services for Crime Victims 112
A Parallel Justice System for Victims? 112
The Police Role 113
Police Officers as Victims 114
SECTION II:
CONTEMPORARY LAW ENFORCEMENT 119
Chapter 4: Today’s Police and Police Agency:
An Overview 121
Introduction 122
Policing and the People 124
The Police Role 125
Traditional Functions of Policing 126
Contemporary Goals Resulting from Community Policing 132
Organization of the Police Department 132
Administrative Services 134
Field Services 143
Rural Policing 145
The Police Organizational Culture 146
Styles of Policing: A Call For Change 148
The Police Image 151
Factors Influencing Police Image 152
Stereotypes 153
Satisfaction with and Confidence in the Police 155
viii Contents
Chapter 5: Policing in a Post-9/11 Society 159

Introduction 160
Contemporary Community Policing 161
The Importance of Community 165
Serving and Protecting Our Increasingly Diverse Population 169
Involving and Educating Citizens 171
Partnerships 173
Changes in Management Style and Organization 181
Potential Benefits of Community Policing 182
Resistance to and Pitfalls in Implementing Community Policing 182
Evaluating Progress 185
Problem-Solving Policing 186
The Key Elements of Problem-Solving Policing 188
The SARA Model of Problem Solving 189
Common Barriers to and Mistakes in Problem Solving 190
Data-Driven Strategies to Policing 190
CompStat Policing 191
Intelligence-Led Policing 193
Evidence-Based Policing 197
Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety 201
Predictive Policing 201
Putting it all Together: the Safe City Program 203
Chapter 6: Patrol: The Backbone of Policing 209
Introduction 210
Patrol Officer Responsibilities and Functions 211
Management of Patrol Operations 213
Patrol Techniques and Strategies 214
General Patrol 214
Directed Patrol 216
Activities While on Patrol 219
Responding to Calls for Service 219
Self-Initiated Tasks 221
Administrative Duties 223
Methods of Patrol 223
Foot Patrol 224
Automobile Patrol 225
Motorcycle Patrol 228
Bicycle Patrol 228
Segways 229
Mounted Patrol 230
Air Patrol 230
Water Patrol 231
Special-Terrain Patrol 231
Contents ix
Combination Patrol 232

High Visibility versus Low Visibility 232
The Traffic Division: An Overview 233
Directing and Controlling Traffic 234
Enforcing Traffic Laws 234
Educating the Public 245
Assisting at and Investigating Traffic Crashes 245
Responsibilities of the Officer Called to a Crash Scene 246
Crash Reconstruction 247
Chapter 7: Specialized Roles of Police 252
Introduction 253
The Advantages and Disadvantages of Specialization 254
Investigators 254
The Preliminary Investigation 255
The Follow-Up Investigation 257
General Investigative Responsibilities 257
Identifying Missing Persons and Human Remains 266
Crime Scene Investigators 266
Forensic Scientists 268
Fingerprints 269
DNA 270
Firearms 274
Criminal Investigative Analysts (AKA Profilers) 275
Intelligence Officers 277
Undercover Officers 278
Internal Affairs 279
Juvenile Officers 280
Vice Officers 281
Gambling and Bookmaking 283
Prostitution and Pornography 283
Swat Officers 284
K-9 Units 286
Reserve Officers 289
Other Specialized Police 290
SECTION III:
CHALLENGES TO THE PROFESSION 295
Chapter 8: Policing within the Law 297
Introduction 298
Police Discretion and the Law 299
The Fourth Amendment 301
Reasonable 302
Probable Cause 302
x Contents
The Police–Citizen Contact Continuum 303

Voluntary Contact 304
Investigative Detention:The Terry Stop 305
Road Blocks and Checkpoints 311
Lawful Searches 312
Searches Conducted with a Warrant 313
Searches Conducted without a Warrant 315
Lawful Arrests 327
Arrest Warrants 328
Arrests without a Warrant 328
Right to Resist Arrest 329
De Facto Arrests 329
Protecting a Suspect’s Rights—The Miranda Warning 330
Related Cases 332
Waiving the Right 333
Beachheading or “Question First” 334
The Public Safety Exception 334
How Long Do Miranda Warnings Last? 335
Protecting the Rights of Foreign Nationals 335
Involuntary Confessions 336
Entrapment 336
A Recap of the Landmark Cases 337
Chapter 9: Issues Concerning Police Conduct 346
Introduction 347
Discretion 348
Discrimination or Disparity in Policing: Gender, Class, and Race Issues 348
Gender Issues 350
Class Issues 350
Racial Issues 351
Use of Force 358
Gender and Use of Force 358
Use-of-Force Continuums 359
Sudden In-Custody Death 359
Reasonable Force 361
Excessive Force 362
Less-Lethal Force 363
Deadly Force 366
Use of Force and Race 368
Avoiding Use-of-Force-Related Problems 369
Officers’ Rights in Use-of-Force Lawsuits 371
Police Pursuits 371
To Pursue or Not to Pursue 372
Pursuit Policies 373
Liability in Police Pursuits 374
Contents xi
Civil Liability 375

Lawsuits and SWAT 376
Reducing Civil Liability 377
Corruption, Ethics, and Integrity 378
What Constitutes Corruption? 379
How Corruption Arises and Perpetuates 381
How Police Learn about Ethics 382
The Importance of Police Integrity and Core Virtues 383
Building an Ethical Department 384
Chapter 10: Gangs and Drugs: Threats to Our National Security 390
Introduction 391
The Threat of Gangs: Current Trends 391
Defining and Classifying Gangs 394
Street Gangs 395
Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs 397
Prison Gangs 400
Characteristics of Gangs 401
Criminal Activities 401
Organization 402
Leadership 403
Domain Identification 403
Symbols 403
Names 404
The Gang Subculture 404
Why People Join Gangs 405
Risk Factors 405
Responding to a Gang Problem 407
Gang Intelligence 407
Gang Control Strategies 408
Prosecuting Gang Members 415
Gangs, Drugs, Crime, and Violence 415
Drug Cartels 417
The Mexican Drug War 417
Other U.S. Borders 419
The History of Drug Use in the United States 419
National Drug Threat Assessment 420
Monitoring the Future 420
National Survey on Drug Use and Health 422
Controlled Substances: An Overview 422
Controlled Prescription Drugs 423
Heroin 424
Methamphetamine 425
Cocaine 427
Marijuana 427
xii Contents
Synthetic Designer Drugs 428

Other Controlled Substances 428
Over-the-Counter Drugs 429
The “War on Drugs” and the National Drug Control Strategy 430
Prevention: Stopping Drug Use before It Starts 430
Treatment: Healing America’s Drug Users 432
Crime Control: Disrupting the Market 432
Punishment 436
Legalization 437
The Nexus Between Illicit-Drug Abuse and Crime 438
Chapter 11: Terrorism and Homeland Security 444
Introduction 445
What is Terrorism? 446
Asymmetric Warfare 447
The Evolution of Terrorist Ideology 448
Classification of Terrorist Acts 449
International Terrorism 449
Homegrown Violent Extremists 450
Domestic Terrorism 452
The “Lone Wolf” Offender 453
Motivations for Terrorism 453
Methods Used by Terrorists 454
Arson, Explosives, and Bombs 454
Weapons of Mass Destruction 457
Technological Terrorism 459
Kidnappings and Hostage-Takings 460
Active Shooters 460
The U.S. Response to 9/11—Detect, Prepare, Prevent, Protect,
Respond, and Recover 460
The Department of Homeland Security 461
The USA Freedom Act 462
Increased Border Security 463
The National Incident Management System 463
The National Response Framework 464
The National Response Plan 465
Intelligence Gathering and Sharing:The Need for Interoperability 465
Addressing Obstacles to Intelligence Sharing 467
The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security 467
Knowing the Enemy and Being Vigilant—Prevention 468
Completing Suspicious Activity Reports and Sharing Information 468
Preparing—The Agency and the Community 470
Practicing the Response 470
Assessing Risks and Identifying Potential Terrorist Targets 471
Being Proactive and Forming Partnerships 472
Contents xiii
Responding to Terrorist Attacks 473

Investigating Terrorist Acts 473
Funding Terrorism 473
Terrorists as Criminals 474
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism 474
Concern for Civil Rights 476
Retaliation or Discrimination against People of Middle Eastern Descent 476
A Final Consideration 477
Chapter 12: Becoming a Law Enforcement Professional 483
Introduction 484
Evaluating and Selecting an Agency for Employment 485
Desired Qualities of Law Enforcement Officers 486
Finding Qualified Applicants 487
Other Recruiting Challenges 489
Recruiting Strategies 490
The Law Enforcement Recruitment Toolkit 490
Recruiting for Diversity 491
The Importance of Hiring Well 493
The Selection Process 494
The Formal Application—Basic Requirements to Become a Police Officer 494
The Written Examination 499
Physical Fitness Tests 499
Psychological Testing 501
The Interview 501
The Background Investigation 502
Testing or Assessment Centers 503
The Medical Examination 504
The Final Result 504
Federal Guidelines and Regulations 504
Equal Employment Opportunity Act 505
Affirmative Action 505
Americans with Disabilities Act 507
Probation and Training 508
Training and Civil Liability 509
Retention 511
Why Officers Leave 511
Salary and Benefits 512
Elimination of Sexual Harassment 513
Stress and Burnout 514
Retention Strategies 516
Unions 516
Moonlighting 518
Accreditation 519
xiv Contents
Police Professionalism 521

Specialized Knowledge 521
Autonomy 521
A Service Ideal 522
SECTION IV:
COURTS AND CORRECTIONS: LAW ENFORCEMENT’S
PARTNERS IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM 527
Chapter 13: U.S. Courts 529
Introduction 530
The Court System: An Overview 531
The State Court System 532
Juvenile Courts 532
The Federal Court System 534
The United States Supreme Court 535
Specialized Courts 535
Tribal Courts 536
Community Courts 536
Problem-Solving Courts 536
The Adversary System 540
Key Players in the Judicial Process 542
The Defendant 542
The Prosecutor 543
The Defense Attorney 545
The Judge 545
The Jury 545
Critical Stages in the Criminal Justice Process 546
Bail and Writ of Habeas Corpus 549
The Preliminary Hearing 549
The Arraignment 550
Omnibus Hearing 550
Alternatives to a Trial 551
Diversion 551
Plea and Charge Bargaining 552
The Trial 553
Jury Selection 553
Testimony 554
Closing Statements and Jury Deliberation 554
Sentencing 554
Case Review and Appeal 556
The Police Officer in Court 556
Preparing a Case for Prosecution 557
Appearing as a Witness 558
Contents xv
Testifying under Direct Examination 560

Testifying under Cross-Examination 561
Expert Testimony 562
After Testifying 563
Courtroom Security 564
Chapter 14: Corrections 569
Introduction 570
An Overview of U.S. Corrections: Philosophy and Principles 571
Purposes and Goals of Corrections 571
Two Conflicting Views of Corrections 574
Correctional Ideologies and Models 575
Pretrial Services, Detention, and Diversion 576
Alternatives to Incarceration 577
Financial Sanctions: Fines, Forfeiture, and Restitution 578
Intensive Supervision Probation 578
House Arrest and Electronic Monitoring 579
Day Reporting Centers 579
Residential Community Corrections 579
Probation 579
Incarceration 581
Jails 581
Prisons 583
Parole 585
Who Gets Parole 586
Conditions of Parole 586
Pros and Cons of Parole 586
Police, Probation, and Parole 587
Reentry and Reintegration 588
Community-Based Reintegration Programs 588
Elements of Successful Reentry Programs 589
Death Row Versus Life Without Parole 590
Juvenile Corrections 592
Intermediate Sanctions for Juveniles 593
Residential Placement 594
Aftercare 595
APPENDIX A: State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions 601

GLOSSARY 604
AUTHOR INDEX 617
SUBJECT INDEX 621
PrEfaCE
L
aw enforcement and criminal justice in the United States have evolved
tremendously since the country was founded more than 200 years ago.
Actually, the changes that have occurred in the past three decades alone
are impressive.
Most of you were not yet born when the first edition of this text was published
in 1979. Students studying law enforcement at that time were not exposed to the
breadth and depth of topics you are about to explore. The inaugural edition of
this book had no mention of the Internet, cybercrime, phishing, or identity theft.
Coverage of drugs did not include methamphetamine, spice, synthetic designer
drugs, or prescription drug abuse. There were no sections devoted to terrorism and
homeland security, school shootings, or hate crimes. Students did not learn about
use-of-force continuums, how to interact with the media, or how to communicate
with immigrant populations and increasingly diverse communities. Acronyms such
as BAC, DUI, CAD, GIS, MIS, IEDs, WMDs, HIV, and AIDS were meaningless.
Concepts such as racial profiling, accreditation, and community policing had not
yet taken shape. Clearly, the issues facing students of law enforcement and criminal
justice have changed substantially during the past 30 years.
Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice was written to present
an overview of the field and the numerous complexities within it. It also seeks
to instill an appreciation for those who “serve and protect” our society and an
understanding of this exciting, challenging profession. The future of our lawful,
democratic society depends largely on those currently in the field of criminal
justice and those preparing to enter it. Law enforcement officers have awesome
power and tremendous responsibilities that must be met under constantly changing
circumstances and in a way that protects individual rights and society’s rights
simultaneously—a tremendous challenge.
When we wrote the first edition of this text more than 35 years ago, law
enforcement seemed more predictable and faced different challenges than it does
now. In the 1970s, law enforcement was focused on restoring its image after the
disturbances and civil unrest of the 1960s. It saw organized crime as a major
national threat. Crime fighting was its most obvious mission. Victims were seen
primarily as sources of information. AIDS, crack cocaine, drive-by shootings and
children shooting children, domestic violence, and terrorism were not perceived as
problems. The first edition contained no chapters on community policing, prob-
lem solving, juveniles, or victims because these were not priorities. The beginnings
of community policing could be seen, however, in the discussions of team policing
and community service—helping citizens help themselves. The first edition also
xvi
Preface xvii
had no chapters on courts or corrections, focusing solely on the law enforcement

component of the criminal justice system.
This current edition recognizes the interrelationships of the components of
the criminal justice system and the need for coordination among them. As you
learn about law enforcement, you will find three recurring themes in this text. The
first theme is that of community or service orientation to law enforcement and
the critical importance of partnerships, viewing citizens as co-producers of justice.
A second theme is that of police officers as peace officers as well as crime fighters
and a concern for not only criminal justice but social justice as well—the need to
identify as guardians of their communities, not warriors. The third theme is that of
police officers’ discretion in their role as gatekeepers to the criminal justice system.
Each chapter in the text serves as an overview of an area that could be expanded
into an entire course.
MAJor FEATurES—ConTEXT THEMES

Not unexpectedly, the text begins with chapters that provide needed background
(Section I). Our present system of law enforcement did not just magically appear.
It has evolved slowly, shaped by numerous factors, including social and political
influences. Chapter 1 describes the evolution of law enforcement and the criminal
justice system from its ancient roots to the present system. Chapter 2 describes the
laws all U.S. citizens are expected to obey and how they came to be. Chapter 3
explores crime in the United States: what types of crimes are occurring and theo-
ries about why, who commits crime, and the effect it has on victims. This section
provides the context within which to understand contemporary policing in the
United States: its history and traditions and the laws under which it operates and
which it enforces, as well as the individuals who choose to disobey the laws and
their victims. Policing is, at its heart, about people.
Section II helps you understand the traditional organization and functions
of law enforcement, most of which can still be found within our law enforce-
ment agencies. First, an overview of the organization, goals, characteristics, and
culture is presented (Chapter 4). This is followed by a discussion of the current
approaches to policing being used in our post-9/11 society—community policing,
problem-solving policing, intelligence-led policing, and evidence-based policing
(Chapter 5). Next is a look at the vital function of patrol, considered the backbone
of policing, as well as the role of traffic duty (Chapter 6). The section ends with
an examination of the specialized assignments frequently found in larger agencies,
such as investigators, SWAT teams, school resource officers, and reserve officers
(Chapter 7).
Section III explores important challenges to the profession in the 21st
century. It begins with a discussion of the challenge of policing within the law,
apprehending criminals without violating their constitutional rights (Chapter
8). Next, significant issues involved in policing are described, including discre-
tion, discrimination, racial profiling, use of force, pursuit, liability, corruption,
and ethics (Chapter 9). Then the challenges posed by gangs and drugs, prob-
lems that have overshadowed the previous concern with organized crime, are
xviii Preface
presented (Chapter 10). This is followed by an examination of the latest threat to

our country—terrorism—and the role of local police in securing our homeland
(Chapter 11). The section concludes with a discussion of departmental issues,
including recruiting and retaining officers, civilian review boards, sexual harass-
ment, unions, moonlighting, privatization of law enforcement, accreditation, and
professionalism (Chapter 12).
The final section places law enforcement into the context of the criminal
justice system, examining its role with the other two components of the criminal
justice system: the courts and corrections. The need for collaboration and coop-
eration among the three components has become an important focus during the
past several decades. Chapter 13 describes the U.S. court system, its structure, key
players, critical stages, the trial itself, and the role of the law enforcement officer
in the court system. Chapter 14 explains the U.S. corrections system, its purposes,
components, alternatives, and issues, including that of capital punishment. Both
Chapters 13 and 14 also explain these two components within the juvenile justice
system.
nEW To THiS EdiTion

This 12th edition has been completely updated, with many sources cited being
published after 2012, including the Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing (2015). Included are 19 new terms, nine new Supreme Court case
rulings, and more than 50 new references. Specific changes within each chapter
include the following:
■ Chapter 1—The Evolution of Law Enforcement:
● We reorganized the Federal Law Enforcement Agencies section slightly
to bring discussion of agencies into alignment with new Department of

Justice and Department of Homeland Security (DHS) structures, moved
the DHS organizational chart from the terrorism chapter to this chapter,
added the Tribal Law and Order Act of 2010 to section on Tribal Law
Enforcement, and added content related to President’s Task Force on
21st Century Policing.
■ Chapter 2—The American Quest for Freedom and Justice: Our Laws:
● In this chapter, we added a new section called “What is Law?” to introduce
the concept of social control (formal and informal) and Black’s sociological
theory that law varies inversely with other forms of social control. Addi-
tionally, the actual text of the Bill of Rights is now included with each
amendment section. There is a brief discussion about religious diversity
added to the section on Freedom of Religion and an added section on
McDonald v. City of Chicago (2010) in the discussion of the Second Amend-
ment. We expanded the discussion about zones of privacy, per reviewer
suggestion, with an example of drones, reorganized the sections on crimi-
nal and civil law, and added key terms: penumbra, social contract, unenumerated
rights, zones of privacy.
Preface xix
■ Chapter 3—Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders,Victims:

● We have made many updates to this chapter, including the Crime Clock
statistics, National Incident-Based Reporting System offenses (to include new

crimes and categories), and the definition of rape, per the new Federal Bureau
of Investigation (FBI) definition (revised and legacy definitions provided).The
section on victims has been revised to include the Crime Victims’ Rights Act
of 2004 and an added discussion on police as victims, per reviewer suggestion.
The distinction between murder and homicide has also been clarified.
■ Chapter 4—Today’s Police and Police Agency: An Overview:
● This chapter has an added discussion of and content from the Final Report
of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and a significantly

expanded discussion on styles of policing to emphasize the requisite shift
in law enforcement culture from warrior to guardian mindset. We have
introduced the concept of procedural justice; scaled back the discussion
on span of control; and updated the discussion of communication
and technology, adding information on police use of social media to
disseminate and receive information from the public, and the growing use
of tablets in field operations. The section on the public’s confidence in the
police has been updated to reflect recent survey results, and we’ve added
to the discussion of police image to address the influence of the media and
trends in public opinion polls. The section on 10-codes has been modified
to explain their phase out, and new key terms have been added, including
Ferguson effect, guardian, procedural justice, and warrior.
■ Chapter 5—Policing in a Post-9/11 Society:
● Most significantly, this chapter now comes earlier in the text; it was
Chapter 7 in the previous edition. It has been updated to include more
current examples of policing in action, new content on implicit bias and
how it factors into delivering procedural justice, and a new section on
asset mapping under evidence-based policing. We have clarified the role of
the community policing philosophy and the emphasis of its relevance to
today’s police mission, as supported by the President’s Task Force on 21st
Century Policing and post-Ferguson assessments of policing, including
an example of the Salinas (California) Police Department (2016), and
elaborated on how a sense of community benefits the policing mission and
provided links to stories where police departments acknowledge the
importance of sense of community. We have expanded the discussion to
support how the SARA (scanning, analyzing, responding, and assessing)
model and the idea of “broken windows” are still relevant to post-9/11
policing, added content related to predictive policing (PredPol), and added
a new figure on the four stages of the PredPol cycle. Additionally, we
replaced content related to National Law Enforcement Research Agenda
with discussion of the National Police Research Platform, as the preceding
has been discontinued, and updated the list of current research priorities.
Other notable additions include a new figure showing the primary
elements of community policing, with focus placed on the organizational
xx Preface
transformation of a police agency, an example of a school-based program

to build positive relationships between youth and the police, and two new
key terms: asset mapping, implicit bias.
■ Chapter 6—Patrol: The Backbone of Policing:
● There have been some minor reorganization and scaling back on some
of the content in this chapter because of the shuffling of chapters in this
edition. We have added to the discussion on CompStat, speed cameras,
and updated statistics throughout. We included information on Missouri v.
McNeely (2013), a case that impacted police taking warrantless blood draws
from DWI (driving while intoxicated) suspects, and included using drug
recognition experts to detect impairment in drivers. We also deleted the
term road rage and added aggressive driving to reflect change in terminology
used by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
■ Chapter 7—Specialized Roles of Police:
● Within this chapter, we reorganized and placed all forensic science and
crime scene investigation content together to avoid disjointedness and

changed the title of the section on “Profilers” to “Criminal Investigative
Analysts” to follow change in terminology used by the FBI. We added the
requirements specified by the International Crime Scene Investigators
Association to become certified as a forensic crime scene investigator,
content about the National Commission on Forensic Science and
its purpose, information about biometric analysis and the FBI’s new
Biometric Center of Excellence, a note about the Supreme Court
ruling allowing the preconviction collection of DNA, a paragraph on
mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and its usefulness to investigators, and
detail on the requirements to becoming a criminal profiler or investigative
analyst. There is additional discussion on school resource officers,
specifically about the National Association of School Resource Officers’
mission and training programs, new examples of how various police
agencies approach vice problems, and more information on bookmaking
in the section on gambling. We have expanded the discussion on K-9 units
to include more on training and certification requirements and factors to
consider when applying to become a K-9 handler and added more about
the requirements to become a reserve officer. There is one new key term
(biometrics) and a new case, Florida v. Jardines (2013), which discusses the
legality of dog sniffs at houses.
■ Chapter 8—Policing within the Law:
● We have added discussion of several new cases to this chapter: Horton v.
California (1990) to the section on plain view evidence, to better clarify
how plain view does not always invoke the plain view doctrine; Riley v.
California (2014) and U.S. v.Wurie (2014), which deal with warrantless
searches of digital data on cell phones; U.S. v. Davis (2014), which ruled
that police do not need a warrant to retrieve cell phone location records in
the course of an investigation; and State v. Brossart (2015), which addresses
Preface xxi
the emerging law regarding drones. Table 8.2 has been expanded to include
the new cases presented in the chapter. There is also clarified discussion of
“beachheading” or questioning first tactics under Miranda section.
■ Chapter 9—Issues Concerning Police Conduct:
● This chapter was moved to follow Chapter 8 (it was Chapter 11 in the
previous edition). There is new content regarding officer interaction
with the LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or questioning)
community, the criminalization of immigration in the United States, the
use of body cameras and their pros and cons, Brady-Giglio impaired officers,
credibility issues, and the negative repercussions of unethical behavior by
officers. We deleted the use-of-force continuum figure and discussed the
national trend of moving away from the use of such continuums. We added
mention of the Deaths in Custody Reporting Act of 2000 and data from
the Bureau of Justice Statistics’ Arrest-Related Deaths Program and noted
the replacement of the Secure Communities immigration enforcement
program by the Priority Enforcement Program (PEP) in July 2015. There
are new data on excited delirium syndrome deaths, two new key terms
(Brady rule, impeach), and one new case (Giglio v. United States, 1972).
■ Chapter 10—Gangs and Drugs: Threats to Our National Security:
● This chapter contains thoroughly updated statistics regarding gang
membership and the prevalence of gangs, including results from the

2015 National Gang Report, a new discussion on Changing Course, a gang
prevention publication co-produced by the National Institute of Justice
and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and a brief addition of
reasons why police and city officials may fear admitting a gang presence
in their community. There is updated content related to the drug problem
and how street gangs are teaming up with Mexican transnational criminal
organizations and other transnational criminal organizations to expand
drug trade and increase revenue, an added section on the National Survey
on Drug Use and Health as a source of information about trends in
national drug use and abuse, and an expanded discussion of heroin to
cover the increasing number of heroin overdoses and the use of Naloxone
(Narcan) by first responders, including police officers. We also note two
documents related to cleanup of drug labs—the Drug Enforcement
Agency’s Redbook and the Environmental Protection Agency’s Voluntary
Guidelines—and added content about legalized marijuana and the
increasing threat posed by synthetic marijuana (Spice, K2, and so on) and
other designer drugs (“bath salts”).
■ Chapter 11—Terrorism and Homeland Security:
● Given the timeliness of this particular topic, this chapter has been expanded
and revised greatly. We added new content about the threat of ISIL (ISIS),
more recent examples of and statistics regarding terrorism in the U.S.
post-9/11, a paragraph about the State and Local Anti-Terrorism Training
Program, and discussion of resources available to help law enforcement
xxii Preface
agencies develop a terrorism response (e.g., training, equipment).

We modified the Homegrown Terrorist section to become homegrown
violent extremists (HVEs), per current terminology, and discussed the
formation of the Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) Task Force by
the DHS. We have greatly expanded the discussion of domestic terrorist
groups (per reviewer request) to include hate groups identified and tracked
by the Southern Poverty Law Center: the Ku Klux Klan, neo-Nazis,
white nationalists, racist skinheads, Christian identity, neo-Confederates,
black separatist, and general hate groups. We revised the section on the
USA PATRIOT Act to reflect its expiration and replacement by the USA
Freedom Act, with discussion of modified provisions related to surveillance
and bulk data collection (per reviewer feedback), updated discussion on
DHS vision and core missions, and added mention of the Homeland
Security Digital Library (HSDL.org) for students to peruse, per reviewer
suggestion. There are new examples and links to terrorist plots thwarted in
New York since 9/11 and several new key terms: crowdsourcing, Islamic State
of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), and “lone wolf” offender.
■ Chapter 12—Becoming a Law Enforcement Professional:
● This chapter has new findings and recommendations of the President’s Task
Force on 21st Century Policing related to hiring and training and more
information on the increasing popularity of right-to-work laws, which is also
included as a new key term.
■ Chapter 13—U.S. Courts:
● Along with updated statistics, this chapter includes a brief addition of
juveniles’ rights in court; more information on the consequences of

Brady-Giglio violations; per reviewer suggestion; and a new key term, charge
bargaining.
■ Chapter 14—Corrections:
● This chapter has been reorganized slightly, with updated statistics
throughout. There is added content on the “pay-to-stay” concept for jails
and reasons for wrongful convictions, as well as new data on victimization
of juvenile offenders while in custody.
HoW To uSE THiS TEXT

Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice is more than a text. It is a learn-
ing experience requiring your active participation to obtain the best results.
You will get the most out of the book if you first familiarize yourself with the
total scope of law enforcement: Read and think about the subjects listed in the
table of contents. Then follow five steps for each chapter to achieve triple-strength
learning:
Preface xxiii
1. Read the learning objectives at the beginning of each chapter. This is your first
exposure to the key concepts of the text. Also review the key terms and think
about their meaning in the context of law enforcement.
2. Read the chapter, underlining or taking notes if that is your preferred study
style. Pay special attention to all information set apart in the text with a graphic
symbol. This is your second exposure to the chapter’s key concepts. Also pay at-
tention to all words in bold print. All key terms will be in bold print when
they are first used and defined.
3. Read the summary carefully. This will be your third exposure to the key con-
cepts. By this point, you should have internalized the information.
4. To make sure you have learned the information, when you have finished read-
ing a chapter, reread the list of learning objectives given at the beginning of
that chapter to make certain you can address each one. If you find yourself
stumped, find the appropriate material in the chapter and review it. Often
these main topics will be used for essay questions during testing.
5. Review the key terms to be certain you can define each. These also are fre-
quently used as test items.
Note: The material selected as learning objectives, to be highlighted using the tri-
ple-strength learning instructional design, includes only the chapter’s key concepts.
Although this information is certainly important because it provides a structural
foundation for understanding the topic(s) discussed, you cannot simply glance over
the learning objective boxes and summaries and expect to have mastered the chap-
ter. You are also responsible for reading and understanding the material that sur-
rounds these basics—the “meat” around the bones, so to speak.
Good reading and learning!
AnCiLLAriES
For the instructor
online instructor’s Manual The manual includes learning objectives, key terms, a
detailed chapter outline, student activities, and media tools. The learning objectives
are correlated with the discussion topics, student activities, and media tools. The
manual is available for download on the password-protected website and can also
be obtained by e-mailing your local Cengage Learning representative.
online Test Bank Each chapter of the test bank contains questions in multi-
ple-choice, true/false, completion, and essay formats, with a full answer key. The
test bank is coded to the learning objectives that appear in the main text, refer-
ences to the section in the main text where the answers can be found, and Bloom’s
taxonomy. Finally, each question in the test bank has been carefully reviewed by
experienced criminal justice instructors for quality, accuracy, and content coverage.
The Test Bank is available for download on the password-protected website and
can also be obtained by e-mailing your local Cengage Learning representative.
xxiv Preface
Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero This assessment software is a flex-

ible, online system that allows you to import, edit, and manipulate test bank con-
tent from the Criminal Investigation test bank or elsewhere, including your own
favorite test questions; create multiple test versions in an instant; and deliver tests
from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want.
online Powerpoint Lectures Helping you make your lectures more engaging while
effectively reaching your visually oriented students, these handy Microsoft Power-
Point slides outline the chapters of the main text in a classroom-ready presenta-
tion. The PowerPoint slides are updated to reflect the content and organization of
the new edition of the text and feature some additional examples and real-world
cases for application and discussion. Available for download on the password-pro-
tected instructor companion website, the presentations and can also be obtained by
e-mailing your local Cengage Learning representative.
For the Student

Mindtap for Criminal investigation
With MindTap™ Criminal Justice for Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal
Justice, you have the tools you need to better manage your limited time, with the ability
to complete assignments whenever and wherever you are ready to learn. Course
material that is specially customized for you by your instructor in a proven, easy-
to-use interface, keeps you engaged and active in the course. MindTap helps you
achieve better grades today by cultivating a true understanding of course concepts
and with a mobile app to keep you on track. With a wide array of course specific
tools and apps—from note taking to flashcards—you can feel confident that Mind-
Tap is a worthwhile and valuable investment in your education.
You will stay engaged with MindTap’s video cases and career scenarios and
remain motivated by information that shows where you stand at all times—both
individually and compared with the highest performers in class. MindTap elim-
inates the guesswork, focusing on what’s most important with a learning path
designed specifically by your instructor and for your Law Enforcement course.
Master the most important information with built-in study tools such as visual
chapter summaries and integrated learning objectives that will help you stay orga-
nized and use your time efficiently.
aCkNOwlEdgmENTS
First, we must acknowledge Henry M. Wrobleski (1922–2007), the original lead

author for the first six editions of this text. Henry was the former coordinator of the
Law Enforcement Program at Normandale Community College, Bloomington,
Minnesota. He was a respected author, lecturer, consultant, and expert witness with
30 years of experience in law enforcement. He was also the dean of instruction for
the Institute for Professional Development and a graduate of the FBI Academy.
Other Cengage texts Mr. Wrobleski coauthored are Introduction to Private Security,
4th edition, and Police Operations, 3rd edition. He is truly missed.
We would like to thank the reviewers for the 12th edition:
John C. Gregory, Tidewater Community College
Don Haley, Tidewater Community College
Rick James, Tidewater Community College
Aaron Pomeranz, Tidewater Community College
David L. White, Tidewater Community College
For their valuable suggestions for the previous editions of Introduction to Law
Enforcement and Criminal Justice, thank you to Constance M. Bennett, Seminole
Community College; Kenneth Bowser, Westfield State College; Robert Brode,
College of the Canyons; Roger Brown, Golden Valley Lutheran College; Steven
Brown, East Tennessee State University; William Castleberry, University of
Tennessee–Martin; Megan Cole, Brown College; Lisa Kay Decker, Indiana State
University; Vincent Del Castillo, John Jay College of Criminal Justice; Elizabeth
DeValve, Fayetteville State University; Rita Dorsey, Shelby Community College;
David G. Epstein, Brunswick Junior College; Chris W. Eskridge, University of
Nebraska; Mary Beth Finn, Herzing University; Judith Fitzgerald, Bowie State
University; Larry Gaines, Eastern Kentucky University; James N. Gilbert, University
of Nebraska; Larry A. Gould, Northern Arizona University; George Green, Mankato
State University; Martin A. Greenberg, Ulster County Community College;
Edmund Grosskopf, Indiana State University; Daniel Gunderson, Chippewa
Valley Technical College; Burt C. Hagerman, Oakland Community College;
Hill Harper, Valdosta State University; Larry W. Hensel, Tallahassee Community
College; Thomas Hinze, Riverland Community College; Robert G. Huckabee,
Indiana State University; Robert Ingram, Florida International University; Robert
R. Ives, Rock Valley College; Paul H. Johnson, Murray State University; William
Kelly, Auburn University; William R. King, Bowling Green State University;
Leonard Luzky, Ocean City College; Sidney A. Lyle, Odessa College; Michael
Moberly, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale; Glen Morgan, Lincoln Land
xxv
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While he had struggled on the floor of the Exchange, he was
suddenly smitten with a fear that his patroness had abruptly
abandoned him.
He sent a confidential lad over to watch Judge Endicott’s office, and
he was soon rewarded with the reliable news that the serene
goddess of Pactolus had calmly driven away after an hour’s stay at
her trustee’s office.
“What is she up to?” he fretted. “I’ll find out if she really goes home!”
he then decided, with a growing uneasiness, as he marked the
surging tide of Sugar speculation.
He was fortunate enough to attract the personal attention of Harold
Vreeland, of Montana, for that new member of the jeunesse dorée
was held socially in eclipse, until Bell’s minions should purvey the
“robes of price” suited to the swelling port assumed by the bold
social gambler.
The hearty assent of the fancied dupe to the evening call, enabled
Hathorn to call his patroness by the private wire at the Circassia.
“By Jove! She is lucky to be out of this flurry!” he decided, when
Mrs. Willoughby’s voice closed the telephonic interview without even
a passing reference to “the market.” “She did go home after all!”
And, so lulled to security, he remembered all the vastness of her
varied moneyed interests. He knew only the magnitude of her
transactions in the past.
The hidden reasons of her Napoleonic moves he had never
penetrated, and he had vainly shadowed her visits to Washington
and sifted the guests at her summer palace. But now, his future
control was endangered.
The crowd of guests, would-be suitors, financial and political friends
hovering around her, embraced judges, generals, senators,
governors, national statesmen, and party leaders.
Every social door was open to the mistress of Lakemere—and her
smile, like the sunshine, beamed impartially upon all. So, the veiled
espionage of the past had been fruitless.
The paid revelations of Justine had so far only rewarded him with the
recurring details of the suing of many sighing gallants kneeling
before her guarded golden shrine.
In the first months of the cementing of their past friendship, he had
even dared to dream of a personal conquest, but the high-minded
frankness of her kindness had soon killed that youthful conceit.
And now, to-day, he felt that the golden chain had snapped beyond
him, and that he really had never fathomed the inner nature of the
queenly woman.
But one unreserved intimacy characterized her guarded life. The
union of interest between herself and Hiram Endicott.
Hard-hearted and mean-spirited, Hathorn clung for a year to the idea
that the wealthy lawyer was perhaps the Numa Pompilius of this
blooming woman whose roses of life were yet fragrant with
summer’s incense.
But the vastness of her transactions, and even the results of his
mean spying, left him, at last, absolutely persuaded that they were
not tied by any personal bond.
The “man who had arrived” lacked the delicacy of soul to know that
the prize might have been his, had he been true to the ideal which
Elaine Willoughby had formed of him. For, he had never been frank-
hearted enough to risk her refusal.
He had never forgotten the night, years ago, when he had boldly
avowed to her that he had not a real friend in the world. It had been
with only a coarse joy in his coming good fortune, that he had
listened to her answer, “You must come to me again.”
That night, five years before, Elaine Willoughby had whispered to her
own blushing face in her mirror, “I can make a social power of him. I
can build up his fortunes. Men shall know and honor him—and
then—”
She had never completed that sentence, framing a wish that she
dared not name in words.
But he had at last coldly passed her by, and knelt before the feet of a
mere girl, who valued him only for what the silent benefactress had
made him. It was a cruel stroke.
“She is different from all the other women I have ever met!” ruefully
sighed Hathorn, who now saw that the great Sugar intrigues were
sealed from his future ken. He had watched the artful juggling of
government bonds finally make a daring and aspiring New York
banker rise to be a rival of the Rothschilds. He knew, by gossipy
chatter, of the American Sugar Company’s alleged veiled
participation in the great New York campaign of 1892.
He saw the Sugar Trust moving on to a reported influence in national
affairs, and, keenly watching every lucky stroke of the Queen of the
Street, he was persuaded that the finest threads of the vast intrigue
in some hidden way ran through her slender jeweled hands. He saw
his fault too late.
“I might have known all—if I had married her!” he decided, as he hid
his disturbed countenance in a coupé on his way uptown.
He was conscious of that slight chill of change which is an unerring
indication of a woman’s secret resolve.
But a last brilliant thought came to the puzzled trickster. It seemed a
golden inspiration.
“Here is Vreeland, heart-free and foot-loose. I can exploit him and
get him into the best houses in a month. He is not a marrying man.
“If I can work him into our stock business, I may regain her—through
him—and I’ll keep Alida out of her sight. She may fancy him. I’ll post
Vreeland, and, perhaps, he may find the key to her hold on the
Sugar deals.
“With Justine in my pay, and Vreeland well coached, I may yet
fathom the inner arcanum of the great impending deal.
“A union of the Sugar Trust and the Standard Oil interests would
make the heaviest financial battery of modern times—and—by Jove
—they would be able to swing Uncle Sam’s policy at will. Yes! I will
push Vreeland to the front.”
With a hopeful glance at a sober banking structure, not far from the
corner of Wall and Broad, the day-dreamer murmured, “I might even
rise like him,” as he caught sight of a gray-mustached man, now
supposed to be comfortably staggering along under the weight of a
hundred brilliantly won millions.
“I have Alida VanSittart’s money—as an anchor. I will use this
Vreeland as my tool. He’s an open-hearted fellow.”
Hiram Endicott, at the corner, watched the young banker dash by.
The old lawyer’s thin form was still erect at sixty-five. His stern
cameo face, and steady frosty eye, comported with his silken white
hair.
He strode on, with the composed manner of an old French marquis.
His heart was wrung with the passionate appeal of Elaine Willoughby
to reopen an unavailing search of years. For she bore, in silence, a
secret burden.
The morning had been given to the calm discussion of new means to
unlock a mystery of the past, “to pluck out a rooted sorrow.”
Endicott’s nephew was now in sole charge of the giant battle with
loaded dice, in the ring of Sugar speculation. The lawyer alone knew
that Hathorn’s sceptre had departed from him. He cursed the
retreating gallant.
“Can it be that the marriage of this cold-hearted young trickster has
opened her eyes to the folly of educating a husband, in posse?
“Or—is it the shadow of the old sorrow, Banquo-like, returning? God
bless her. I fear it is a hopeless quest.”
And yet, with all the fond dissimulation of Eve’s family, Elaine
Willoughby was serenely radiant that night as the cautious Hathorn
led the “open-hearted fellow” into the splendors of the Circassia.
“This plan of mine will work,” mused Hathorn, who did not see the
gleam of triumph in Vreeland’s eyes when the hostess asked him to
visit her dreamy domain of Lakemere.
CHAPTER III.
A FRANK DISCLOSURE.
Hathorn returned, thoroughly hoodwinked, from the introductory

evening spent at the Circassia. It had seemed strange to him that a
leading general of the regular army, and a dapper French author,
then in the brief blaze of his “lionship,” with a grave senator and a
returned Polar explorer should have been called to meet together at
the dinner table. “It’s Elaine’s incomparable way of making a
delightful olla podrida of the social menu,” he mused, as he watched
the hostess narrowly. “Caviare to the General!”
When he had found time to whisper a confidential word as to the
enormous Sugar sales of the day, the Lady of Lakemere only
laughed merrily. “I have now a soul above Sugar! I shall put my
‘Trust’ elsewhere!” And then, in her serious way, she slowly said:
“Wait here with your Western friend, till all these other people go!”
And he, with a budding hope, eagerly awaited her pleasure as of old.
Elaine’s unruffled brow bore no business shades when she drew
Hathorn aside for a moment into her boudoir, leaving the luxury-
loving Vreeland wandering around spell-bound in a frank admiration
of the queen’s jewel-box. For so, the spacious apartment was
termed in the circle of “le Petit Trianon.”
“This is only my catch-all, Mr. Vreeland,” cried Elaine, as she swept
past him. “You must see Lakemere. There you can linger—and—
admire.”
Harold Vreeland’s silent oath of obedience followed the woman, who
fixed her sweetly serious eyes on the agitated Hathorn, in the well-
remembered room where their hearts had so often throbbed with
quickened beats. “Was it to be a rapprochement?”
“It is only fair to tell you, Fred,” she simply said, “that I shall have to
avoid all excitements this summer. Doctor Hugo Alberg is not at all
satisfied with my heart action. And, a tranquil rest at Lakemere is his
sole prescription. Now, as I shall probably stay there till October first,
I shall leave my speculative stock account to be handled by Judge
Endicott, who has my sole power of attorney.”
The mystified broker stood aghast at losing his pet account for such
a long period. Was she leaving the Street forever? He faltered, “And
this means—”
“That you must hasten your marriage. There are other things in life
beside making money. Of course, I have confided only in you. Potter
can not trust himself—and so, I can not trust him with the secrets of
any of my financial movements. You are the one young Napoleon of
your firm.
“So, if you really wish to go abroad, then make Alida a June bride. I
shall avoid touching the Street till late in October—and then, when
your European tour is over, I shall be able to take up the game of
pitch and toss again.”
He was conscious that she was keenly watching him. “Of course,” he
slowly said, “it gives me all the time I want. I was really concerned
about your interests. It is a good plan, and I may be able to get
Vreeland to play amateur banker in my place for a few months.
Potter and he seem to fancy each other. I’ll talk to Alida. This will
probably suit her wishes.” It all looked fair enough, and yet—his
bosom was filled with a vague alarm.
“I have already selected my present, Fred,” merrily said the Queen of
the Street. “Take time by the forelock, and give up these lovely
summer months to young love.” The broker’s eyes were gleaming as
he said, “Can it be possible that you have gone out of Sugar on the
eve of a ten per cent surplus dividend? I heard that inside rumor to-
day. You know how dear to me all your interests are.”
He now felt that there was that behind the arras which was skillfully
veiled from him. For her eyes were shining coldly over the smiling
lips.
The dark-eyed woman simply said, “Tempt me not. I have promised
Doctor Alberg to refrain.
“So, go and make yourself Benedick, the married man. It is the time
of roses—you must pluck them as you pass. Come to me—when
you have settled this matter. I will give you a social send-off at
Lakemere worthy of ‘the high contracting parties.’”
Her voice was thrilling him now as of old, and yet, with all her
kindness, he instinctively felt that something was going out of his life
forever.
“It will be always the same between us, Elaine,” the young Napoleon
murmured. She had risen and turned toward the door.
“Did you ever know me to change?” she softly said, as she glided out
to begin a cordial tête-à-tête with Vreeland. There was no further
intimate exchange of thoughts possible between the secretly
estranged couple, and, now keenly on guard, in a disturbed state of
mind, Mr. Frederick Hathorn lingered in converse late that night at
the Old York Club, with his quondam friend.
Harold Vreeland’s conduct at his debut had been perfectly adapted
to Elaine Willoughby’s changeful mood. The deep courtesy of a
perfect self-effacement, and his coldly-designed waiting policy
soothed her strangely restless heart.
The woman who once could have married Hathorn was now
feverishly eager to see him haled to the bar of matrimony.
“Once that he is rangé—I am then sure of myself again,” she
murmured, as she saw her perfectly composed face for the last time
that night in the silver-framed mirror. And yet, she knew that it was
but a social mask. There was an anticipatory revenge, however, in
the fact that Hiram Endicott had reported the private pooling of her
enormous Sugar holdings with those of the great chief of the vast
Syndicate.
The ten per cent bonus dividend, long artfully held back, was her
assured profit now, and Hugh Conyers’ watchful loyalty had made
“assurance doubly sure.”
Endicott had already sent out a dozen agents to take up once more
the secret quest which had so often failed them—and these “legal
affairs” naturally gave him the excuse for a tri-weekly visit to
Lakemere.
“So, Mr. Frederick Hathorn, as you have locked the door of my heart
on the outside, you may now throw away the useless key!” she
mused “I will find my best defense against any weakness in the
keen-witted young wife who will surely show you yet the thorns on
the rosebud.”
Dreams of the past mingled with the shapes of the present, as the
lady of Lakemere laid her shapely head to rest.
“He has irreproachable manners, at least,” was her last thought, as
the unconscious psychology of mighty Nature brought the graceful
Vreeland back to her mind. “I wonder if he is at heart like—the
other?”
And so, all ignorant of the power of this self-confessed womanly
yearning toward the handsome young stranger, Elaine Willoughby
fell asleep, to dream of the crafty man who had not yet forgotten how
her liquid eyes had dropped under his ardent gaze.
The laws of nature are the only inviolable code of life, and blindly the
lady of Lakemere had passed on, all unwittingly, toward a turning
point in her lonely life. Her barrier of pride only fenced out the
ungrateful Hathorn, condemned for ingratitude.
Vreeland, following carefully upon Fred Hathorn’s curvilinear
conversational path, easily divined the uncertainty of the greedy
young broker’s mind.
“He wants Miss Millions, and yet, he would not lose his fairy
godmother,” thought the crafty adventurer. “I shall go slow and let
them make the game.
“But wait till I am the guiding spirit of Lakemere. She shall come
forward inch by inch, and he shall unfold to me every weak spot in
his armor.”
They had finished a grilled bone and a “bottle” before Hathorn foxily
sought to draw out his friend as to the details of the Montana
bonanza. The plan of an amateur four-months’ Wall Street
experience was quietly and deftly brought in.
“You see, Hod,” frankly said Hathorn, “Jimmy Potter drinks
occasionally. He has that pretty devil, Dickie Doubleday, on the
string, and he plays high. Now, my lawyer alone has my Power of
Attorney. I can post our confidential man.
“But, if you would open a special account of, say, a hundred
thousand dollars, why, there is Sugar! There will soon be a ten per
cent bonus dividend. You could see the Street, on the inside! I know
that you would get along with Potter.
“You always were a cool chap. What do you say? I shall marry Alida
VanSittart, and take the run over the water while I can. I don’t care,
however, to lose Mrs. Willoughby. She is the heaviest woman
operator in America. Her account is a young fortune to us. Think this
over.”
The fine “poker nerve” of Mr. Harold Vreeland was now manifest in
his quick perception of Hathorn’s trembling fingers. The smoke
curled lazily from Vreeland’s Henry Clay as he said: “I will open my
heart to you, Fred. All my money is already well invested. And I do
not care to move a small block of my funds. Besides—
“I have been cut off from all phases of womanhood save the
‘Calamity Jane’ type, or some one’s runaway wife, for long years. I
shall hurry slowly. You know the Arabic proverb: ‘Hurry is the devil’s.’
Now, by October the first, I will have had my summer fling. I will
perhaps join you then, if you can make the showing that I would like.
But, just now, I am going in for the ‘roses and raptures.’”
“You are not a marrying man, Hod?” cried Hathorn, in a sudden
alarm.
“Heavens, no!” laughed the Western man. “Omar Khayyam’s vision
of the ‘Flower Garden’ pales before the ‘embarras de richesse’ of the
New York ‘Beauty Show.’ I am as yet a free lance, and also, an old
campaigner. I will solemnly promise not to marry till I see you again.
But I’ll stand up with you and see you spliced.”
The compact was sealed over ’tother bottle, and then Hathorn
departed in high hopes. “He will drift easily into our circle,” mused
the sly broker, who, watching only his own loosening hold on Elaine
Willoughby, jumped to the conclusion that Vreeland really controlled
a vast fortune.
His friend had “called the turn” correctly.
“Bluff goes, it seems, even in cold-hearted New York,” gaily
concluded Vreeland, as he sauntered back alone to the Waldorf.
“This strangely hastened wedding will bring me at once into the best
circles. Mr. Fred Hathorn’s groomsman is a social somebody. The
Lakemere divinity will soon do the rest, and by the time you return,
my sly friend, I will be ready to kick the ladder down on your side.”
He roared with a secret glee over his own “inability to disturb his
invested funds.”
With a vulpine watchfulness, he noted all Mr. Jimmy Potter’s weak
points. “I must get up my poker practice,” he smilingly said, as he
laid his comely head down to rest.
“‘Mr. Potter of New York’ shall reinforce that slender seven thousand
dollars, or else I’m a duffer. He will never squeal, at least, not to his
partner. And so I’ll go in as a wedge between this ass and this fine
woman who has unconsciously loved him. Yes, it’s a good opening
for a young man! A mean and easy betrayal!”
The preoccupations of the splendid wedding of Miss Alida VanSittart
gave Vreeland, now “the observed of all observers,” an ample
opportunity to begin that “silent slavery” of a respectful devotion
upon which he had decided as his safest rôle at Lakemere.
His days were pleasantly passed in gaining a growing intimacy with
the club circles to which two powerful influences had now gained him
an easy access. For, Elaine Willoughby was drifting under the charm
of his apparent self-surrender to her generous leadership—another
handsome protégé.
His rising social star was fixed in its orbit by the honors of
groomsman, and in the visites de cérémonie, the rehearsals, and all
the petty elegancies of the “great social event,” Mr. Harold Vreeland
showed a perfectly good form. There was a gentle gravity in his
Waldorf life which impressed even the flâneurs of that gilded
hostelry. “There, sir,” remarked an old habitué, “is a man who holds
himself at his proper value.”
Measured and fastidious in all his ways, Mr. Vreeland neglected no
trifling detail, and he calmly went onward and upward. He well knew
that, for some as yet hidden reason, the bridegroom was assiduously
forcing his old chum forward into the glittering ring of America’s
Vanity Fair. And it exactly suited his own quiet game.
He fully appreciated the extensive influence of the Lady of
Lakemere, for her friends, moved on deftly by her, now came forward
to open the golden gates for him on every side.
Even before the wedding, Vreeland had made himself familiar with
all the glories of Lakemere. Side by side with its beautiful mistress,
he had threaded its leafy alleys, climbed its sculptured heights “when
jocund morn sat on the misty mountain tops,” and gloated secretly
upon the splendid treasures of that perfect establishment. “This shall
be mine yet,” he swore in his delighted heart.
Out upon the moonlit lake, speeding along in a fairy launch,
Mr. Harold Vreeland followed up his policy of self-abnegation. “Do
you not know that I can trace your noble kindness everywhere?” he
murmured.
“I am all alone in the world. Your veiled influence is making cold-
hearted New York smile as a blossoming paradise for me. No; do not
deny it. You are the very loveliest Queen of Friendship.” The
beautiful brown eyes dropped before his eager gaze. She was a
woman still.
Elaine Willoughby marked him as he went away with a growing
interest. “Graceful, grateful, manly, and sincere!” was her verdict,
easily reached, but one, however, not so enthusiastically adopted by
either Judge Hiram Endicott or the Conyers couple, whom the Lady
of Lakemere had captured for a visit before sending them away to
the delightful summer exile of her Adirondack cottage.
“I don’t know what that fellow is after, Hugh?” growled the old Judge
one day, as they were returning to town together; “but, he looks to
me like a fellow who would finally get it.”
Conyers uneasily said: “He is the ‘head panjandrum’ of this Hathorn
wedding—old college chum and all that.”
“Arcades ambo!” shortly said the silver-haired lawyer.
“Mrs. Willoughby has a foolish fondness for picking up these
Admirable Crichtons, and then forcing them along the road to
fortune. It is only a generous woman’s weakness, a sort of self-
flattery.”
“Vreeland is immensely rich—a man of leisure. Has jumped into one
or two of the best clubs by mysterious backing, and seems to be all
right,” slowly answered Hugh, mentally contrasting his own plain
tweeds with Vreeland’s raiment of great price.
“I don’t believe a word of it,” sharply said Endicott. “Oblige me and
just keep an eye on him—about her, I mean,” and the journalist was
fain to give the required promise.
Their hands met in a silent pledge of loyalty to the lonely-hearted
mistress of Lakemere.
The elder man alone knew the silent sorrows of her anxious soul. He
alone knew of the quest of long years—a labor of love, so far
fruitless.
The younger guarded his own heart secret in his honest breast, and
yet, while hiding it from the world, he wondered why some man
worthy of her royal nature had not taken her to wife.
As the train swept along, watching a “bright, particular star” mirrored
in the flowing Hudson, Conyers sighed, “God bless her! She’s as far
above me as that star, and yet, she makes my life bright.”
It was Mr. Harold Vreeland who later carried off all the honors of the
sumptuous wedding as a proper “man-at-arms” in Cupid’s army. He
was secretly approved by even the raffinée bridesmaids. He was
also the diplomatic messenger who delivered to Mrs. Alida Hathorn
that superb diamond necklace which was Elaine Willoughby’s bridal
offering. Hathorn remembered after the ceremony how strangely
stately were his lovely patroness’ congratulations to the radiant
bride.
Vreeland’s speech at the Lakemere dinner was classic in its diction,
and when the festivities slowly crystallized into iridescent memories,
and the “happy pair” were half over to that “bourne” from whence
many American travelers do not return—gay, glittering Paris—
Mr. Harold Vreeland was soon besieged with many sweetly insidious
invitations to Lenox, Bar Harbor, Narragansett Pier, Newport, the
Hudson colony, and many other Capuan bowers of dalliance.
Larchmont, Lakewood, Irvington, and other summer mazes opened
their hospitable golden gates to him, and a swarm of biddings to
polo, golf, lawn tennis, and other youthful circles, were gladly offered
by man and maid. In other words, Vreeland was launched “in the
swim.”
In the hurried moments of the steamer parting, Vreeland would only
vouchsafe a cool but diplomatic answer to Hathorn’s final pleadings.
“I will meet and answer you on October 1st, but I’ll look in on Potter a
bit.”
He did cordially agree to give the bridegroom a friendly report of all
the doings at Lakemere, and he had fallen heir to Hathorn’s intimacy
with Justine—that spirited French maid, whose many life episodes
had only deprived her of a shadowy candidacy for the honors of “la
Rosière.” “I trust to you to look after my interests, Hod, in a general
way,” eagerly said the bridegroom.
“So I will,” heartily replied the young Lochinvar à la mode, and then
he mentally added: “After my own are safe.” And, so bride and
groom sailed away on the ocean of a newer life.
He so far kept his promise, mindful of the gap already made by a
dash into high life in his seven thousand dollars, as to closely
cement an intimacy with Potter, begun over the “painted beauties.”
Mrs. Hathorn’s bridal wreath had hardly withered before the astute
Vreeland, a good listener, had become the chief adviser of Potter in
his doubtful warfare with that bright-eyed Cossack of Love, Miss
Dickie Doubleday.
“Mr. Jimmy” now seriously contemplated a two years’ visit to Europe
on the return of the successfully married Hathorn. “The little rift within
the lute” was widening. Miss Doubleday was as exacting as she was
charming, and even “rosy fetters of ethereal lightness” were galling
to the spoiled child of fortune. Potter had secretly purchased a
Gazetteer and had made some furtive studies as to Askabad,
Astrachan, Khiva, Timbuctoo, Khartoum, and several other places
where his golden-haired tyrant could not follow him without due
premonition. He contemplated a “change of base.”
“I hope you will come in with us, Vreeland,” cordially remarked
Potter. “Hathorn tells me that you are well up in stocks and as quick
as lightning. I wouldn’t mind helping you to an interest. I must escape
this—this—”
The puzzled little millionaire paused, for the first word was a misfit,
and he was a good devil at heart. He could not abuse the tantalizing
Miss Dickie Doubleday.
With a fine discrimination, the rising social star was touched with one
pang of regret at the little man’s agony, now impaled on the hook of
Miss Dickie Doubleday’s angle. He visited that bright-eyed young
Ithuriel, and soon effected a “modus vivendi” which enabled Potter to
cruise around on his yacht for one month of blessed and unhoped for
peace.
In several sittings upon the “Nixie,” Mr. Harold Vreeland relieved his
grateful host of some fourteen thousand dollars, by the application of
the neat little Western device known as “the traveling aces.”
But, James Potter, grateful to the core, and lulled by the insidious
Pommery, never “caught on,” and cheerfully “cashed up” without a
murmur.
From this victorious encounter, Mr. Harold Vreeland gaily returned to
Lakemere, after a brief tour of inspection of the seaside resorts
sacred to the gente fina. He found everything “grist to his mill.” The
gates were widely ajar.
With the patient assiduity of a well-conceived purpose, he now
began to make the most of this “one summer.”
He was well aware, from the reports of the complacent Justine, that
the Conyers were both out of the way, and his heart bounded with
delight as he realized that Elaine Willoughby gracefully called him to
her side on those four days of the week when Hiram Endicott was
not in commune with her, in the splendid gray stone mansion
bowered in its nodding trees.
He always paid her the delicate compliment of an implicit obedience,
and in all the days of absence found the way made smooth for him
elsewhere.
The circle at Lakemere was a large one, and Mr. Harold Vreeland,
“with an equal splendor” and a touch “impartially tender,” became the
favorite ami de maison. He failed not, however, to spread the balm of
his cordial suavity on every side.
Day after day drifted happily by, the unspoken pact between the new
friends becoming a stronger bond with every week, and the watchful
vigilance of the young adventurer was never relaxed.
He was now grounded on society’s shores as a fixture, and
apparently serenely unconscious, soon became the vogue without
effort. The useless accomplishments of his college days now all
came back to vastly aid the agreeable parvenu.
He had early mastered the secret of womanhood—the vague dislike
possessed by all of Eve’s charming daughters for the strong-souled
and unyielding superior man. For, be they never so wary, “trifles light
as air” happily fill up the days of those women to whom American
luxury is both enfeebling and jading. The strong man is not needed
in the feather-ball game of high life.
That one rare art of the woman-catcher, “never to bring up, in the
faintest degree, the affairs of another woman,” victoriously carried
Vreeland on into the vacant halls of the filles de marbre. And so,
“Mr. Harold Vreeland” was universally voted “a charming man of vast
culture and rare accomplishments.”
Fortunately, Mr. Fred Hathorn had widely trumpeted abroad the
Montana bonanza, and the vulgar slavering over an easily assumed
wealth carried him on both fast and far.
In his own heart, one carefully crystallized plan had already matured.
To reach the innermost holy of holies of Elaine Willoughby’s heart,
and then, to rule at Lakemere—to secretly lord it later in the
Circassia. With a fine acumen, he refrained from making a single
enemy among her sighing swains or her fawning women parasites.
“They must not suspect my game here,” he sleekly smiled.
But one brooding shadow hung over the sunshine of these days. He
was always aware of the frequent visits of Judge Endicott. And
Justine’s recitals proved to him that a hidden sorrow had its seat in
her mistress’ soul.
There were dark days when Elaine Willoughby’s heart failed under
the burden of a past which Vreeland had never tried to penetrate.
She was inaccessible then. Guarding a perfect silence as to his own
antecedents, he trusted to her in time to unfold to him the secrets of
the heart which he had secretly sworn to dominate.
“I can be patient. I can afford to wait,” he mused, as with a faithful
assiduity he came and went, and marked no shadows on the happy
dial of those summer days.
“She is worth serving seven years for,” he mused; “and, for her
fortune—with Lakemere—seventeen.”
“When I am master here,” he secretly exulted, “I can say: ‘Soul! thou
hast much goods!’”
And so he bided his time, and yet, with keen analysis, decided to
make his coup before the fretful and intriguing Hathorn returned.
“It is the one chance of a lifetime,” he mused, as he paced the lawns
of Lakemere. “Once that her social support would be withdrawn,
once that this suspicious devil, Hathorn, would ‘drop on’ the
dangerous game I am playing, I would be soon ground between the
millstones of fate.”
And his soul was uneasy as the October days approached and the
blue haze of the golden Indian summer began to drift down the
Hudson.
He came to the conclusion at last to put his fate to the test. For
certain letters received from Hathorn at the Isle of Wight had
prepared him for the explosion of a social bomb which wrecked
forever Frederick Hathorn’s dreams of regaining the alienated heart
of the woman who had led him up the ladder of life.
And that part of the situation which was seen “as through a glass
darkly” was quickly made clear by the confidence of a fond woman
who had begun to invest Mr. Harold Vreeland with all the virtues and
many of the graces. Caught on the rebound, her heart was opening
to her artful admirer.
The thorns upon Hathorn’s rosebud were sharp enough. He already
felt the keenness of the petted Mme. Alida’s egoistic and unruly
nature. And, in a clouded present, he looked back regretfully to a
golden past, with every fear of a stormy future. It was the old story of
two women and one man, with the poisoned-tongued society
intermeddler.
There had been a little happening at the Isle of Wight which was the
direct result of the young millionaire matron displaying at a yachting
ball the diamond necklace which had been Elaine Willoughby’s
wedding gift. Then, the tongue of envy found its ready venom.
One of those sleek devils in woman form who are the social
scavengers of the world, had glowered upon those secretly coveted
gems as they rose and fell upon the bosom of the young moonlight
beauty.
She uttered lying words which sent Alida Hathorn back to her
summer cottage with pallid lips and heart aflame.
The story was soon wafted across the sea by a sister spider, who
had easily followed on the first bitter quarrel between the two parties
to the “marriage of the year.” And Harold Vreeland, now on post, a
watchful sentinel at Elaine Willoughby’s side, was the first one to
whom her own outraged heart was poured out, as Mrs. Volney
McMorris drove back to her own lair at Larchmont.
Out in the dreamy gardens, in a summer house, to the
accompaniment of falling leaves and sighing pines, the indignant
lady of Lakemere told her ardent listener the story of a shameful
jealousy and the outpouring of a maddened woman’s wrath.
It gave to Harold Vreeland the needed cue. The decisive moment
had come, and he hazarded his future upon the chance of meeting
her confidence with a fine burst of manly sympathy.
To range himself forever under her colors, and to craftily lie to her,
and not in vain.
His audacious devil sprite once more urged him to be both bold and
wise.
Elaine Willoughby’s eyes were flashing as she repeated the relation
of Mrs. Volney McMorris, who, “so anxious that her dear friend
should know all and not be exposed to the ignominy of a ‘dead cut’
from Hathorn’s headstrong wife.” “And, as he is a lâche, I would use
the ‘baby stare’ first, my dear Elaine,” was the parting shot of the
departing McMorris. The lady of Lakemere was a roused tigress
now.
Harold Vreeland listened breathlessly to the story of the bitter taunt
that the diamond necklace and parting dinner had been Elaine
Willoughby’s crafty “sop to the social Cerberus” in giving her
handsome secret lover, Hathorn, only a furlough for the honeymoon.
The insinuation that the young husband would carry on a ménage à
trois had crazed the suspicious heiress, whose new wedding bonds
burned like molten gold.
“I shall soon know if Frederick Hathorn is an unutterable craven,”
proudly said Elaine to her serpent listener.
“She has publicly boasted that he shall cease all semblance of
friendship with me, and Mrs. McMorris told me that Alida had forced
every detail of our past intimacy out of her husband, who admitted
only a confidential business relation.
“‘Break it off!’ was Alida’s ultimatum, and she has publicly declared
‘war to the knife.’
“When Hathorn referred to our business connection, so profitable to
the firm, Alida had cried: ‘I have money enough for both of us. I
married a gentleman, not a counter jumper! You shall drop all this
humbug business which has been the cloak to your amourette.’”
Elaine Willoughby saw the wonderment of Vreeland’s eyes. With a
blush reddening her pale cheek, she faltered: “The maid overheard
the quarrel, and she told Mrs. McMorris all. She was once her own
attendant.”

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MindTap Introduction to Law

Enforcement and Criminal Justice, 12th

(eTextbook PDF) for America’s Courts and the Criminal

eBook Online Access for Criminal Law for the Criminal

Criminal Investigation 12th Edition, (Ebook PDF)

Introduction to Criminal Justice 16th Edition, (Ebook

Introduction to Management Science 12th Edition, (Ebook

Introduction to Criminal Justice: Practice and Process

Introduction to Criminal Justice: A Balanced Approach

Constitutional Law for Criminal Justice 15th Edition,

Classification and Definitions of Major Crimes 86

Chapter 5: Policing in a Post-9/11 Society 159

Combination Patrol 232

The Police–Citizen Contact Continuum 303

Civil Liability 375

Synthetic Designer Drugs 428

Responding to Terrorist Attacks 473

Police Professionalism 521

Testifying under Direct Examination 560

APPENDIX A: State Hate Crime Statutory Provisions 601

had no chapters on courts or corrections, focusing solely on the law enforcement

MAJor FEATurES—ConTEXT THEMES

presented (Chapter 10). This is followed by an examination of the latest threat to

nEW To THiS EdiTion

to bring discussion of agencies into alignment with new Department of

■ Chapter 3—Crime in the United States: Offenses, Offenders,Victims:

statistics, National Incident-Based Reporting System offenses (to include new

of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing and a significantly

transformation of a police agency, an example of a school-based program

crime scene investigation content together to avoid disjointedness and

membership and the prevalence of gangs, including results from the

agencies develop a terrorism response (e.g., training, equipment).

juveniles’ rights in court; more information on the consequences of

HoW To uSE THiS TEXT

Cengage Learning Testing, Powered by Cognero This assessment software is a flex-

For the Student

First, we must acknowledge Henry M. Wrobleski (1922–2007), the original lead

Hathorn returned, thoroughly hoodwinked, from the introductory

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