UBNDBKWFE@ÕK

GBUF__MJJM GB P
DB_EFGMU
Bj prbsbktb gmeudbktm rbh`brb `khmrdfe`õk
smorb jfs vfr`fojbs emks`gbrfgfs bk gbj
prmebsm gb sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgms, jf
bjbee`õk gbj dbrefgm moabt`vm y jf vfjmrfe`õk
gb jms sbndbktms gb prbe`m.

Ejfug`f Lbrrbrf

RK@WB E

96/69/?962
 ÄKG@EB
Wbdf Yæn`kf

5.6 Xfr`fojbs emkguet`stfs 0

5.? Xfr`fojbs ps`emnræh`efs 66

5.5 Xfr`fojbs nbmnræh`efs 65

5.7 Xfr`fojbs gbdmnræh`efs 62

5.2 Bjbee`õk gbj dbrefgm moabt`vm 60

5.8 Xfjmrfe`õk gb jms sbndbktms gb prbe`m ?5

6
 WBDF 5. UBNDBKWFE@ÕK P
GBUF__MJJM GB DB_EFGMU

Rk dbrefgm sb emdpmkb gb pbrsmkfs y mrnfk`zfe`mkbs emk

kbebs`gfgbs, g`kbrm qub nfstfr y bj gbsbm gb nfstfrjm. U`k bdofrnm, gbktrm gb jf
dfymr pfrtb gb jms dbrefgms jfs kbebs`gfgbs y gbsbms gb jms emdprfgmrbs km
smk jfs d`sdfs.

Rkf bdprbsf gbob prmhukg`zfr bk bj emkme`d`bktm gb su dbrefgm emk bj moabtm

gb fgfptfr su mhbrtf y su bstrftbn`f gb dfrcbt`kn f jms rbqubr`d`bktms gb àstb.
½Eõdm pubgb jf bdprbsf fgfptfrsb f tfktf g`vbrs`gfg= Jf sbndbktfe`õk tmdf
emdm puktm gb pfrt`gf bj rbemkme`d`bktm gb qub bj dbrefgm bs lbtbrmnàkbm, y
prbtbkgb g`v`g`rjm bk nrupms m sbndbktms lmdmnàkbms, qub pubgbk sbr bjbn`gms
emdm dbrefgms-dbtf gb jf bdprbsf. Fsä pubs, jf sbndbktfe`õk `dpj`ef
uk prmebsm gb g`hbrbke`fe`õk gb jfs kbebs`gfgbs gbktrm gb uk dbrefgm.

Jf `gbkt`h`efe`õk y bjbee`õk gb jms sbndbktms gb dbrefgm pjfktbf bj prmojbdf

gb gbe`g`r jf pms`e`õk qub gbsbf jf bdprbsf meupfr bk g`elms dbrefgms, bs
gbe`r, bjbn`r uk pms`e`mkfd`bktm pfrf sus prmguetms. Rkm gb jms hfetmrbs
hukgfdbktfjbs bk bj àx`tm gb jms prmguetms qub sb bkhrbktfk f dbrefgms
emdpbt`t`vms sb bkeubktrf bk uk fgbeufgm pms`e`mkfd`bktm. Bk e`brtf hmrdf
pmgräf lfojfrsb gbj pms`e`mkfd`bktm emdm jf dfkbrf bk qub gfrbdms f emkmebr
kubstrm prmguetm m sbrv`e`m y emdm prbtbkgbdms sbf pbre`o`gm pmr kubstrm
dbrefgm dbtf. F emkt`kufe`õk gbsfrrmjjfrbdms bstms gms tbdfs tfk `dpmrtfktbs
pfrf bj dfrcbt`kn.

6. ½Vuà bs jf sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgm=

Jf sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgm bs uk prmebsm qub emks`stb bk g`v`g`r bj dbrefgm
tmtfj gb uk o`bk m sbrv`e`m bk vfr`ms nrupms dæs pbquböms b `ktbrkfdbktb
lmdmnàkbms. Jf bsbke`f gb jf sbndbktfe`õk bs emkmebr rbfjdbktb f jms
emksud`gmrbs. Rkm gb jms bjbdbktms gbe`s`vms gbj àx`tm gb ukf bdprbsf bs su
efpfe`gfg gb sbndbktfr fgbeufgfdbktb su dbrefgm.
Jf sbndbktfe`õk bs tfdo`àk uk bshubrzm pmr dbamrfr jf prbe`s`õk gbj dfrcbt`kn
gb ukf bdprbsf. Bs uk prmebsm gb fnrbnfe`õk1 fnrupfr bk uk sbndbktm gb
dbrefgm f pbrsmkfs emk kbebs`gfgbs sbdbafktbs.

Bj sbndbktm gb dbrefgm bs uk nrupm rbjft`vfdbktb nrfkgb y lmdmnàkbm gb

emksud`gmrbs qub sb pubgbk `gbkt`h`efr gbktrm gb uk dbrefgm, qub t`bkbk

?
 gbsbms, pmgbr gb emdprf, uo`efe`õk nbmnræh`ef, fet`tugbs gb emdprf m læo`tms
gb emdprf s`d`jfrbs y qub rbfee`mkfræk gb dmgm pfrbe`gm fktb ukf dbzejf gb
dfrcbt`kn.

Bj emdpmrtfd`bktm gbj emksud`gmr subjb sbr gbdfs`fgm emdpjbam emdm pfrf

bxpj`efrjm emk ukf m gms efrfetbräst`efs, sb gbobk tmdfr bk eubktf vfr`fs
g`dbks`mkbs, pfrt`bkgm gb jfs kbebs`gfgbs gb jms emksud`gmrbs. Ub rbemd`bkgf
pubs, prbsbktfr
gb gbdfkgf mhbrtfsemks`stb
hjbx`ojb gb dbrefgm hjbx`ojbs
bk1 Rkf fj sbndbktm
smjue`õk gb dbrefgm.
qub emkstb Jf mhbrtf
gb bjbdbktms gbj
prmguetm y sbrv`e`m qub tmgms jms d`bdorms gbj sbndbktm vfjmrfk y mpe`mkbs qub
smjm ukms eufktms vfjmrbk, efgf mpe`õk `dpj`ef uk efrnm fg`e`mkfj.

Rkf oubkf sbndbktfe`õk gbob tbkbr emdm rbsujtfgm suonrupms m sbndbktms gb

dbrefgm emk jfs s`nu`bktbs efrfetbräst`efs1

6. Ubr `kträksbefdbktb lmdmnàkbms (s`d`jfrbs )1 jms emksud`gmrbs gbj sbndbktm

gbobk gb sbr jm dæs sbdbafktbs pms`ojb rbspbetm gb sus prmofojbs rbspubstfs
fktb jfs vfr`fojbs gb jf dbzejf gb dfrcbt`kn y sus g`dbks`mkbs gb
sbndbktfe`õk.
?. Lbtbrmnàkbms bktrb sä1 jms emksud`gmrbs gb vfr`ms sbndbktms gbobk sbr jm dæs
g`st`ktms
dbzejf gb pms`ojb rbspbetm f su rbspubstf prmofojb fktb jfs vfr`fojbs gb jf
dfrcbt`kn
5. Ofstfktb nrfkgbs1 pfrf pmgbr nfrfkt`zfr jf rbktfo`j`gfg gbj sbndbktm
7. Mpbrfe`mkfjbs1 Yfrf `gbkt`h`efr f jms ej`bktbs y bsemnbr jfs vfr`fojbs gb jf
dbzejf gb dfrcbt`kn. Ub gbob gb `keju`r jf g`dbks`õk gbdmnræh`ef pfrf pmgbr
tmdfr gbe`s`mkbs rbhbrbktbs f jf pjfzf y jf prmdme`õk.

Obkbh`e`ms gb jf Ubndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgms.

 Ybrd`tb jf `gbkt`h`efe`õk gb jfs kbebs`gfgbs gb jms ej`bktbs gbktrm gb uk

suodbrefgm y bj g`sböm dæs bh`efz gb jf dbzejf gb dfrcbt`kn pfrf sft`shfebrjfs.
 Jfs bdprbsfs gb tfdföm dbg`fkm pubgbk erbebr dæs ræp`gm s` mot`bkbk ukf
pms`e`õk sõj`gf bk jms sbndbktms bspbe`fj`zfgms gbj dbrefgm.

Jfprbe`m
bj bdprbsf erbf ukf
fprmp`fgm pfrfmhbrtf gb moabt`vm.
bj pñoj`em prmguetm m sbrv`e`m dæs fh`kfgf y pmkb
 Jf sbjbee`õk gb efkfjbs gb g`str`oue`õk y gb emduk`efe`õk sb hfe`j`tf bk duelm.
 Jf bdprbsf bkhrbktf dbkms emdpbt`gmrbs bk uk sbndbktm bspbeäh`em
 Ub nbkbrfk kubvfs mpmrtuk`gfgbs gb erbe`d`bktm y jf bdprbsf mot`bkb ukf
vbktfaf emdpbt`t`vf emks`gbrfojb.

Yrmebsm gb Ubndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgms.

@. BUWRG@M1 Ub bxfd`kf bj dbrefgm pfrf gbtbrd`kfr jfs kbebs`gfgbs bspbeäh`efs
sft`shbelfs pmr jfs mhbrtfs fetufjbs, jfs qub km jm smk y jfs qub pmgräfk sbr
rbemkme`gfs. Ub jjbvfk f efom bktrbv`stfs gb bxpjmrfe`õk y mrnfk`zf sbs`mkbs
gb nrupms pfrf bktbkgbr dbamr jfs dmt`vfe`mkbs, fet`tugbs y emkguetfs gb jms
emksud`gmrbs. _befof gftms smorb jms ftr`outms y jf `dpmrtfke`f qub sb jbs
gf, emke`bke`f gb dfref y efj`h`efe`mkbs gb dfrefs, pftrmkbs gb usm y

5
 fet`tugbs lfe`f jf eftbnmräf gb jms prmguetms3 fsä emdm, gftms gbdmnræh`ems,
ps`emnræh`ems, bte.
@@. FKÆJ@U@U1 Ub `ktbrprbtfk jms gftms pfrf bj`d`kfr jfs vfr`fojbs y fnrupfr m
emkstru`r bj sbndbktm emk jms emksud`gmrbs qub emdpfrtbk uk rbqubr`d`bktm
bk pfrt`eujfr y jm qub jms g`st`knub gb jms gbdæs sbndbktms gbj dbrefgm emk
kbebs`gfgbs g`hbrbktbs.
@@@. Y_BYF_FE@ÕK GB YB_H@JBU1 Ub prbpfrf uk pbrh`j gb efgf nrupm bk tàrd`kms gb
fet`tugbs
sbndbktm emkg`st`kt`vfs,
ofsb f emkguetfs, gbdmnrfhäf,
su efrfetbräst`ef bte. Jf
gmd`kfktb. Ubsbndbktfe`õk
kmdorf f efgfgbob
rbpbt`rsb pbr`õg`efdbktb pmrqub jms sbndbktms efdo`fk. Wfdo`àk sb
`kvbst`nf jf abrfrquäf gb ftr`outms qub jms emksud`gmrbs emks`gbrfk fj bsemnbr
ukf dfref, bstb prmebsm sb gbkmd`kf pfrt`e`õk gb dbrefgms. Bstm pubgb
rbvbjfr sbndbktms kubvms gb dbrefgm.

E_@WB_@MU GB UBNDBKWFE@ÕK UBNDBKWMU WÄY@EMU GBJ DB_EFGM

NBMN_ÆH@EMU

_bn`õk Kubvm Jbõk, rbn`õk kmrtb, rbn`õk sur, rbn`õk

mr`bktb
Wfdföm gb jf e`ugfg m ærbf Dbkms gb ?2999, ?2999-699999, 699996-299999,
bstfgäst`ef bte..
Dbtrmpmj`tfkf
Rrofkf-rurfj Rrofkf, suourofkf, rurfj
Ej`df Efjurmsm, hräm , sbem, jjuv`msm.
GBDMN_ÆH@EMU

@knrbsm Dbkms gb 69,999 , 69,999 - ?2,999

Bgfg 8-69föms, 69-62, 62-?9. ?9- ?2, bte..
Nàkbrm Dfseuj`km - Hbdbk`km
E`ejm gb v`gf hfd`j`fr Amvbk, smjtbrm, efsfgm, emk l`ams , g`vmre`fgm,
v`ugm
Ejfsb sme`fj
Bsemjfr`gfg Fjtf, Dbg`f,
Yr`dfr`f, Ofaf.
Ubeukgfr`f, bte..
Meupfe`õk Yrmhbs`mk`stf, mh`e`k`stf, lmnfr…
Mr`nbk àtk`em Fhr`efkm, fs`æt`em, l`spæk`em…
YU@EMJÕN@EMU

Ybrsmkfj`gfg Fdo`e`msm, sbnurm gb sä d`sdm. . .

Bst`jm gb v`gf Fet`v`gfgbs, mp`k`mkbs b `ktbrbsbs
Xfjmrbs Xfjmrbs y bst`jms gb v`gf (XFJU?)
EMKGREWRFJBU

Obkbh`e`ms Gbsbfgms Gbpbkgb gbj prmguetm

Wfsf gb usm Km usufr`m, pbquböm usufr`m, bte...

7
 Bstms sbndbktms smk nrupms lmdmnàkbms (pmr babdpjm, jfs pbrsmkfs bk uk
sbndbktm smk s`d`jfrbs bk sus fet`tugbs smorb e`brtfs vfr`fojbs). Gbo`gm f bstf
s`d`j`tug gbktrm gb efgf nrupm, bs prmofojb qub rbspmkgfk gb dmgm s`d`jfr f
gbtbrd`kfgfs bstrftbn`fs gb dfrcbt`kn. Bs gbe`r, prmofojbdbktb tbkgræk jfs
d`sdfs rbfee`mkbs febref gbj dfrcbt`kn d`x gb uk gbtbrd`kfgm prmguetm,
vbkg`gm f uk gbtbrd`kfgm prbe`m, g`str`ou`gm bk uk dmgm gbtbrd`kfgm y
prmdme`mkfgm gb ukf hmrdf gfgf.

Jf sbndbktfe`õk s`rvb pfrf gbtbrd`kfr jms rfsnms oæs`ems y nbkbrfjbs qub tbkgræ
bj emksud`gmr gbj prmguetm, tbk`bkgm bk eubktf qub bj d`sdm km vf g`r`n`gm pfrf
tmgm pñoj`em, s`km pfrf bj pñoj`em moabt`vm `gbkt`h`efgm emdm Emksudbr Ymrtrf`t.

W`pms gb sbndbktfe`õk

6. Nbmnræh`ef1 Ub g`v`gb pmr pfäsbs, rbn`mkbs, e`ugfgbs, m ofrr`ms.

?. Gbdmnræh`ef1 Ub g`v`gbk pmr bgfg, btfpf gbj e`ejm gb v`gf y pmr nàkbrm.
5. Ys`emnræh`ef1 Ub g`v`gb sbnñk jf ejfsb sme`fj, bj bst`jm gb jf v`gf, jf
pbrsmkfj`gfg y jms nustms.
7. Emkguetufj1 Ub g`v`gb gb feubrgm f jfs emkguetfs, obkbh`e`ms
prbtbkg`gms, jbfjtfg f jf dfref y fet`tug fktb bj prmguetm.

_bqu`s`tms pfrf ukf oubkf sbndbktfe`õk

Jms rbqu`s`tms pfrf ukf oubkf sbndbktfe`õk smk1

 Lmdmnbkb`gfg bk bj sbndbktm
 Lbtbrmnbkb`gfg bktrb sbndbktms
 Bstfo`j`gfg gb sbndbktms.

Xfr`fojbs pfrf jf sbndbktfe`õk dbrefgmtbek`f

Jfs vfr`fojbs ut`j`zfgfs pfrf sbndbktfe`õk `kejuybk1

Xfr`fojbs nbmnræh`efsSbg`tfrT
 _bn`õk gbj dukgm m gbj pfäs
 Wfdföm gbj pfäs
 Ej`df
 E`ugfg
 _bn`õk
 Yf`s
 -g`str`tm, efjjb, uro, dfkzfkf.

2
Xfr`fojbs gbdmnræh`efs
 Bgfg
 Nàkbrm
 Mr`bktfe`õk sbxufj
 Wfdföm gb jf hfd`j`f
 E`ejm gb v`gf hfd`j`fr
 @knrbsms
 Yrmhbs`õk
 K`vbj bgueft`vm
 Bstftus sme`mbemkõd`em
 _bj`n`õk
 Kfe`mkfj`gfg
 Eujturfs
 _fzfs
 Nbkbrfe`õk
Xfr`fojbs ps`emnræh`efsSbg`tfrT

Ybrsmkfj`gfg
 Bst`jm gb v`gf
 Xfjmrbs
 Fet`tugbs
 @ktbrbsbs
Xfr`fojbs emkguetufjbsSbg`tfrT
 Oñsqubgf gbj obkbh`e`m
 Wfsf gb ut`j`zfe`õk gbj prmguetm
 H`gbj`gfg f jf dfref
 Rt`j`zfe`õk gbj prmguetm h`kfj
 K`vbj gb 'j`stm-pfrf-emksud`r'
 Rk`gfg gb tmdf gb gbe`s`õk

Eufkgm duelfs vfr`fojbs sb emdo`kfk pfrf prmpmre`mkfr uk emkme`d`bktm

prmhukgm gbj sbndbktm, sb jb emkmeb emdmsbndbktfe`
sbndbktfe`õk õk prmhukgf. Eufkgm sb
gf suh`e`bktb `khmrdfe`õk pfrf erbfr ukf `dfnbk ejfrf gbj d`bdorm täp`em gbj
sbndbktm, sb jjfdf pbrh`j gbj emdprfgmr. Rkf tàek`ef bstfgäst`ef ut`j`zfgf
lfo`tufjdbktb bk gbtbrd`kfr uk pbrh`j bs bjejustbr
bjejustbr fkæjys`s (fkæj`s`s gb nrupm)

Obkbh`e`ms gb jf sbndbktfe`õk gb jf dbrefgmtbek`f


@gbkt`h`efr jfs kbebs`gfgbs dæs bspbeäh`efs pfrf jms suodbrefgms.

8
 Hmefj`zfr dbamr jf bstrftbn`f gb dfrcbt`kn
 Mpt`d`zfr bj usm gb jms rbeursms bdprbsfr`fjbs gb
 Dfrcbt`kn
 Yrmguee`õk
 Jmnäst`ef
 Wmdf gb gbe`s`mkbs
 Lfebr puoj`e`gfg dæs bhbet`vf
 @gbkt`h`efr uk k`elm prmp`m gmkgb km tbknf emdpbtbke`f g`rbetf.
 Fudbktfr jfs pms`o`j`gfgbs gb erbebr ræp`gfdbktb bk sbndbktms gbj
dbrefgm s`k emdpbt`gmrbs

Ubndbktms
Bx`stbk vfr`ms t`pms gb sbndbktfe`õk f emkt`kufe`õk sb prbsbktfk fjnukms1

 U`knjbs1 lmnfr uk`pbrsmkfj.

uk`pbrsmkfj. Bstb gftm rbhjbaf bj pfujft`km efdo`m gb ‚tmgf ukf
bstrueturf
bstrueturf sme`fj—1 ‚d`k`ftur`zfe`õk—
‚d`k`ftur`zfe`õk—

_bfj Hfet1 jms emksud`gmrbs gb lmy t`bkbk e`brtf rbs`stbke`f f jm qub km bs
futàkt`em m nbku`km. Fsä, eufkgm bj dbrefgm jbs febref prmpubstfs j`v`fkfs,
s`k emktbk`gm, fpfrbebk hrfsbs emdm ‚bstm bs purm dfrcbt`kn—.
 Yrbd`ud`zft`mk 1 Ub forb pfsm uk kubvm emkebptm febref gb fqubjjm qub bs
bxejus`vm. Bk bstb puktm, sb pjfktbõ jf pfrfgmaf gb qub s` lmy bx`stb uk nrfk
gbsbm pmr bj juam, fj d`sdm t`bdpm lfy ukf `ktbksf oñsqubgf gb mhbrtfs y
gbseubktms.
 J`v`kn tlb bxpbr`bkeb1 `dpj`ef gfr f jms ej`bktbs ‚fjnm dæs qub uk prmguetm—.
prmguetm—.
 L`pbremkbet`v`gfg1 `dpj`ef hbkõdbkms emdm bj ojmnn`kn, jf bxpjms`õk gb
@ktbrkbt y bj hbkmdbkfj fvfkeb gb jf ofkgf fkelf.
 Omef-Mrbaf1 jf nbktb emkhäf efgf vbz dæs bk jm qub jb g`ebk mtrfs pbrsmkfs.
Gb lbelm, uk nrupm `gbkt`h`efgm emk jms ‚`khjubkt`fjs— fgqu`brb uk junfr
pr`v`jbn`fgm bk tàrd`kms gb rbemdbkgfe`õk y erbg`o`j`gfg pfrf bj rbstm gb jf
sme`bgfg. _bprbsbktfk fjrbgbgmr gbj 69% gb jf pmojfe`õk y t`bkbk bhbetms
`kejusm smorb jms bfrjy fgmptbrs.
fgmptbrs.
 Efdo`m gb rmjbs lmdorb-duabr1 bk bj dukgm, fjrbgbgmr gbj 79% gb jfs duabrbs
smk bemkõd`efdbktb fet`vfs. D`bktrfs tfktm, jms lmdorbs lfebk erbebr
bxpmkbke`fjdbktb bj dbrefgm gb jf emsdàt`ef.

>
Ofsbs gb jf sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgms

F jf lmrf gb sbndbktfr bj dbrefgm, jf bdprbsf pubgb mptfr bktrb vfr`ms er`tbr`ms3

f pfrt`r gb g`vbrsms pfrædbtrms, jfs bdprbsfs pubgbk rbfj`zfr jf sbndbktfe`õk gb
su dbrefgm gb feubrgm f su efpfe`gfg y su prmguetm.
Bstm qu`brb gbe`r qub sb pubgbk g`hbrbke`fr, quà vfr`fojbs lfebk qub uk
sbndbktm sbf pmtbke`fjdbktb
sbf gb jf emdpbtbke`f, ej`bktb
m gbktrm gb jmsgbej`bktbs
jf bdprbsf, m jm sbfgbtbrd`kfk
quà vfr`fojbs gbj prmguetm,
qubm sb
jm
emksudf dæs gb kubstrm prmguetm m dbkms, m quà vfr`fojbs gbtbrd`kfk jf
h`gbj`gfg gb uk ej`bktb, bte.

Jms er`tbr`ms gb sbndbktfe`õk usfgms emk bj h`k gb bstfojbebr sbndbktms bk bj

dbrefgm smk duy vfr`fgms. Uu fpj`efe`õk gbpbkgb gbj t`pm gb dbrefgm qub sb
qu`brf sbndbktfr. Bx`stbk oæs`efdbktb gms t`pms gb dbrefgm qub sb pubgbk
sbndbktfr1

6. Bj dbrefgm gb emksudm h`kfj 1 Emks`stb bk jf sbndbktfe`õk gb

emksud`gmrbs h`kfjbs, qu`bkbs emdprfk m usfk prmguetms m kbebs`gfgbs
emkh`kbs km emdbre`fjbs. Jms emksud`gmrbs h`kfjbs bs jm qub sb gf bk jjfdfr
"dbrefgm gb emksudm".
?. Bj dbrefgm `kgustr`fj1 Emks`stb bk jf sbndbktfe`õk gb bdprbsfs,
mrnfk`zfe`mkbs b `kgustr`fs. Bstms usufr`ms emdprfk prmguetms m sbrv`e`ms
(dftbr`fs pr`dfs, dftbr`fjbs, dfqu`kfr`fs, `ksudms bk nbkbrfj) pfrf usfrjms
bk sus prmp`ms kbnme`ms m pfrf hfor`efr mtrms prmguetms.

Er`tbr`ms pfrf sbndbktfr bj dbrefgm gb emksud`gmrbs

Emks`stb bk jf sbndbktfe`õk gb emksud`gmrbs h`kfjbs. Jfs vfr`fojbs gb

sbndbktfe`õk smk jfs efrfetbräst`efs gb jms `kg`v`gums bk uk dbrefgm tmtfj.
Fjnukms `kvbst`nfgmrbs trftfk gb hmrdfr sbndbktms gbj dbrefgm gb emksudm
h`kfj emks`gbrfkgm jfs efrfetbräst`efs gbj emksud`gmr, `kgbpbkg`bktbdbktb gbj
`ktbràs bspbeäh`em gbj prmguetm.

Nbkbrfjdbktb ut`j`zfk efrfetbräst`efs nbmnræh`efs, gbdmnræh`efs y ps`emnræh`efs.

Gbspuàs vbk s` bstms sbndbktms gb ej`bktbs dubstrfk g`hbrbktbs rbspubstfs lfe`f

bj prmguetm. Ymr babdpjm1 pmgräfk bxfd`kfr jfs g`hbrbktbs fet`tugbs gb jms
prmhbs`mkfjbs, jms morbrms y mtrm nrupm lfe`f jms futmdõv`jbs bstfgmuk`gbksbs.
Mtrms `kvbst`nfgmrbs trftfk gb hmrdfr sbndbktms emks`gbrfkgm jfs rbspubstfs gbj
emksud`gmr fj prmguetm, tfjbs emdm obkbh`e`ms ousefgms, mefs`mkbs gb usm,
dfrefs y jbfjtfg.

Jfs bstrftbn`fs gb sbndbktfe`õk usufjdbktb bdpjbfgfs smk1

<
  Ubndbktfe`õk nbmnræh`ef, rbqu`brb g`v`g`r bj dbrefgm bk g`hbrbktbs
Ubndbktfe`õk
uk`gfgbs nbmnræh`efs. Emdm pfäsbs, bstfgms, rbn`mkbs, prmv`ke`fs,
emdukbs, pmojfe`mkbs, bte.
 Ubndbktfe`õk gbdmnræh`ef, emks`stb bk g`v`g`r bj dbrefgm bk nrupms, f
Ubndbktfe`õk
pfrt`r gb vfr`fojbs emdm jf bgfg, bj sbxm, bj tfdföm gb jf hfd`j`f, bj e`ejm
gb v`gf gb jf hfd`j`f, jms `knrbsms, jf meupfe`õk, bj nrfgm gb bstug`m, jf


rbj`n`õk, jf rfzf,
Ubndbktfe`õ
Ubndbktfe`õk y jf kfe`mkfj`gfg.
k ps`emnræh`ef , g`v`gb f jms emdprfgmrbs bk g`hbrbktbs nrupms
emk ofsb bk jfs efrfetbräst`efs gb su ejfsb sme`fj, bst`jm gb v`gf y
pbrsmkfj`gfg.
 Ubndbktfe`õk emkguetufj, g`v`gb f jms emdprfgmrbs bk nrupms, emk ofsb
Ubndbktfe`õk
f su emkme`d`bktm bk uk prmguetm, su fet`tug fktb bj d`sdm, bj usm qub jb
gfk m jf hmrdf bk qub rbspmkgbk f uk prmguetm. Bktrb jms nrupms sb
gbstfefk1 obkbh`e`ms bspbrfgms, mefs`õk gb emdprf, tfsf gb usm, nrfgm
gb jbfjtfg, nrfgm gb emkme`d`bktm, y fet`tug fktb bj prmguetm.
 Ubndbktfe`õk sme`mbemkõd`ef, emks`stb bk fnrupfr f jf pmojfe`õk gb uk
Ubndbktfe`õk
dbrefgm gb feubrgm f bstrftms sme`fjbs.

5.6 Xfr`fojbs emkguet`stfs

Ubndbktfe`õk emkguetufj (pmr fet`tugbs m emdpmrtfd`bktm)

Umk vfr`fojbs gb t`pm ps`emjõn`em pfrf `gbkt`h`efr emkguetfs gb emdpmrtfd`bktm

gbj `kg`v`gum rbjfe`mkfgfs emk bj prmguetm. Gbser`obk bjbdbktms gb bstftus, usm,
mefs`õk, emkg`e`õk y hmrdf. Duelms dbrefgõjmnms bstæk emkvbke`gms gb qub jfs
vfr`fojbs emkguetufjbs emkst`tuybk bj dbamr puktm gb pfrt`gf pfrf jf bjfomrfe`õk
gb jms sbndbktms gb dbrefgm.
Ub g`v`gb f jms emdprfgmrbs bk nrupms, emk ofsb f su emkme`d`bktm bk uk
prmguetm, su fet`tug fktb bj d`sdm, bj usm qub jb gfk m jf hmrdf bk qub
rbspmkgbk f uk prmguetm.

Fjnukms hfetmrbs qub sb tmdfk bk eubktf smk1

 Ejfsb gb emdprfgmr
 Ubks`o`j`gfg fj prbe`m
 Ubks`o`j`gfg fj sbrv`e`m
 Ubks`o`j`gfg f jf puoj`e`gfg
 Äkg`eb gb usm (tfsf gb usm)

Jms dbrefgms pubgbk sbndbktfrsb bk nrupms gb usufr`ms mefs`mkfjbs, dbg`ms y

emdukbs. Bstms ñjt`dms emkst`tuybk f dbkugm uk pbquböm pmrebktfab gbj

0
dbrefgm, pbrm gb bjjms gbpbkgb uk fjtm pmrebktfab gb jfs vbktfs tmtfjbs. Wfsf gb
usm tbkbdms eftbnmräfs gb km usufr`ms, usufr`ms dbg`ms y nrfkgbs usufr`ms.

Fjnukfs vbebs bj dbrefgm dbtf bs bj km usufr`m m bj nrfk usufr`m, y bktmkebs bj

moabt`vm bs ftrfbr f bsms ej`bktbs f ukf eftbnmräfs gb dfymr ut`j`zfe`õk. Rkf vbz
gbseuo`brtfs jfs eftbnmräfs gb jms usufr`ms j`nbrms, jf nbrbke`f pubgb fomrgfrjms
g`rbetfdbktb
`kerbdbktfr jfrbeurr`bkgm
tfzf gb usmf prmdmv`bkgm
ukf mhbrtf `ktrmguetmr`f gb ofam prbe`m,
f) kubvf fpj`efe`õk m pmgräf
gbj prmguetm, ?)
kubvms dmdbktms gb ut`j`zfe`õk3 5) bdpfqub dñjt`pjb.

 U`tufe`õk gb emdprf

Jf hmrdf bk qub sb gbsfrrmjjf jf emdprf rbhjbafræ s` sb trftf gb uk usm gb

prmguetm bstfe`mkfj m emkt`kum, m s` rbspmkgb f uk `dpujsm m bs ukf gbdfkgf
bstfojb.

Rk babdpjm gb mefs`õk gb emdprf jm prbsbktfk jms dubojbs gb gb lmnfr1 su

emdprf sb prbsbktf pmr jm nbkbrfj eufkgm ukf pfrbaf sb efsf, eufkgm sb bspbrf
uk kubvm d`bdorm bk jf hfd`j`f, eufkgm bj k`öm lf erbe`gm jm suh`e`bktb pfrf
fofkgmkfr su eukf m eufkgm jms usfgms sb gbtbr`mrfk, km bs usufj qub ukf
hfd`j`f efdo`b jfs efdfs gb tmgms fkufjdbktb.

 Rsm h`kfj

Bj fkæj`s`s gbj usm qub sb lfeb gbj prmguetm m sbrv`e`m fgqu`r`gm pbrd`tb emkmebr
s` bs uk prmguetm gb usm `kg`v`gufj m emjbet`vm, pbrsmkfj m hfd`j`fr, b `kejusm, gb
usm mefs`mkfj m rbnujfr.
 Nrfgm gb jbfjtfg

Jms dbrefgms pubgbk sbndbktfrsb sbnñk jf jbfjtfg gb jms emksud`gmrbs. Bstms

pubgbk pbrdfkbebr jbfjbs f e`brtfs dfrefs, t`bkgfs m emdpföäfs. Jms ej`bktbs sb
g`v`gbk bk nrupms sbnñk su nrfgm gb jbfjtfg. Fjnukms smk fosmjutfdbktb jbfjbs y
s`bdprb emdprfk jf d`sdf dfref3 mtrms smk jbfjbs f gms m trbs dfrefs gb uk
prmguetm m prbh`brbk ukf dfref, fukqub f vbebs emdprfk mtrf3 mtrms bk
efdo`m, km dubstrfk jbfjtfg lfe`f k`knukf dfref1 m qu`brbk fjnm g`hbrbktb
efgf vbz m s`bdprb emdprfk jf dfref qub bstæ gb mhbrtf. Jf h`gbj`gfg fj
prmguetm sb d`gb f trfvàs gb jf hrbeubke`f emk qub sb rbp`tb jf emdprf gb uk
d`sdm prmguetm m dfref, jm qub g`hbrbke`f fj emksud`gmr bk huke`õk gb su
jbfjtfg.

 Jbfjtfg gb dfref



Jbfjtfg fj efkfj
Obkbh`e`ms bspbrfgms

69
Jms ej`bktbs m nrupms ousefk g`hbrbktbs emdo`kfe`mkbs gb obkbh`e`ms y smk bstms
jms qub gbh`kbk jms sbndbktms.

Bstb t`pm gb sbndbktfe`õk bs emdpft`ojb emk jf `gbf gb qub ukf emdpföäf

gbobräf vbkgbr jms obkbh`e`ms gbj prmguetm y km s`dpjbdbktb sus efrfetbräst`efs
häs`efs m quäd`efs.
emdprfkgm Gbsgb bjgbj
jms obkbh`e`ms puktm gb v`stf
prmguetm y gb jms emksud`gmrbs,
km s`dpjbdbktb bk rbfj`gfg
bj prmguetm. bstæk
Bj ej`bktb
qubrræ ukf supbrh`e`b sufvb (bj obkbh`e`m) y km jf j`af (bj prmguetm).

XF_@FOJBU GB M_GBK EMKGREWRFJ

Ofsb gb Eftbnmräfs
Ubndbktfe`õk
Äkg`eb gb usm Km usufr`m, j`nbrm usufr`m, usufr`m dbg`m, nrfk usufr`m.
U`tufe`õk gb emdprf Mefs`õk mrg`kfr`f, mefs`õk bspbe`fj.
Rsm h`kfj Xfräf emk bj prmguetm.
Jbfjtfg gb dfref Dfref \, Dfref P, Dfref Q, bte.
Jbfjtfg fj efkfj W`bkgf G, W`bkgf B, W`bkgf H.
Nrfgm gb jbfjtfg K`knukm, j`nbrm, hubrtb.
Ubks`o`j`gfg
Ubks`o`j`gfg fj prbe`m @kg`hbrbktb, ofaf sbks`o`j`gfg, fjtf sbks`o`j`gfg.
Ubks`o`j`gfg fj @kg`hbrbktb, ofaf sbks`o`j`gfg, fjtf sbks`o`j`gfg.
sbrv`e`m
Ubks`o`j`gfg
Ubks`o`j`gfg f jf @kg`hbrbktb, ofaf sbks`o`j`gfg, fjtf sbks`o`j`gfg.
puoj`e`gfg
Obkbh`e`ms bspbrfgms Xfräf emk bj prmguetm.
Ejfsb gb emdprfgmr U`k h`afr, h`aækgmsb, `ktbrbsfgm, ousef bsemnbr, bsemnb,
emdprfgmr pbr`õg`em.

5.? Xfr`fojbs ps`emnræh`efs

Ubndbktfe`õk ps`emnræh`ef

Bj tàrd`km ps`emnrfhäf hub feuöfgm pfrf gbs`nkfr ukf fdpj`f sbr`b gb

gbser`pe`mkbs ps`emjõn`efs y emkguetufjbs gbj dbrefgm. Emks`stb bk bxfd`kfr
ftr`outms rbjfe`mkfgms emk1

Ejfsb sme`fj m bstftus sme`mbemkõd`em

66
@khjuybk hubrtbdbktb bk jfs prbhbrbke`fs rbspbetm f futms, rmpf, dubojbs,
g`vbrs`mkbs, læo`tms gb jbeturf, bte. Duelfs emdpföäfs g`sböfk prmguetms m
sbrv`e`ms pfrf ejfsbs sme`fjbs bspbeäh`efs, prmvbyàkgmjms emk jfs efrfetbräst`efs
qub jfs ftrfbk. W`bkb nrfkgbs rbpbreus`mkbs bk jfs prbhbrbke`fs, bk eufktm f
futms, rmpf, dubojbs, fet`v`gfgbs rberbft`vfs, læo`tms gb jbeturf y emdprfs fj
dbkugbm.

 Ybrsmkfj`gfg

Jfs efrfetbräst`efs gb jf pbrsmkfj`gfg gb uk `kg`v`gum subjbk gbser`o`rsb f pfrt`r

gb jms rfsnms qub `khjuybk bk bj emdpmrtfd`bktm. Jf pbrsmkfj`gfg smk jfs
tbkgbke`fs pbrgurfojbs gb rbfee`õk gb uk `kg`v`gum qub emkg`e`mkfk bj
tbdpbrfdbktm gbj `kg`v`gum y su rbspubstf fj dbg`m. Jms dbrefgõjmnms lfk
ut`j`zfgm jfs vfr`fojbs gb pbrsmkfj`gfg pfrf sbndbktfr dbrefgms, ftr`ouybkgm f
sus prmguetms pbrsmkfj`gfgbs qub emrrbspmkgbk f pbrsmkfj`gfgbs gb jms
emksud`gmrbs. Fsä, duelfs h`rdfs sb g`r`nbk bk su puoj`e`gfg f emksud`gmrbs qub
pmsbbk e`brtms rfsnms gb jf pbrsmkfj`gfg, emdm pmr babdpjm, jms emsdàt`ems,
e`nfrr`jjms y obo`gfs fjemlõj`efs. Jfs efrfetbräst`efs gb jf pbrsmkfj`gfg pjfktbfk
fjnukms prmojbdfs qub rbguebk su ut`j`gfg bk jf sbndbktfe`õk bj dbrefgm,
emdm bj lbelm gb qub bsms rfsnms subjbk sbr præet`efdbktb `dpms`ojbs gb dbg`r
emk bxfet`tug bk hmrdf eufkt`tft`vf.

 Bst`jms gb v`gf

Jms bst`jms gb v`gf sb rbjfe`mkfk emk jfs fet`v`gfgbs, `ktbrbsbs y mp`k`mkbs. _bhjbafk
emdm ukm pfsf bj t`bdpm y jfs emkv`ee`mkbs pbrsmkfjbs bk vfr`fs eubst`mkbs gb
äkgmjb sme`fj, bemkõd`ef y pmjät`ef. Jf pr`ke`pfj vbktfaf gb jf ut`j`zfe`õk gb jms
bst`jms gb v`gf emdm er`tbr`m gb sbndbktfe`õk, rfg`ef bk su fspbetm g`kæd`em,
pubs pbrd`tb pmkbr gb dfk`h`bstm jfs fdbkfzfs y mpmrtuk`gfgbs gb efdo`ms qub
sb bsomzfk bk jf sme`bgfg, pmr jm qub pubgbk sbr ut`j`zfgms emdm `kg`efgmrbs gb
sus tbkgbke`fs gb efdo`m. U`k bdofrnm, jf sbndbktfe`õk pmr bst`jm gb v`gf
prbsbktf fjnukf gb jfs d`sdfs j`d`tfe`mkbs prmp`fs gb jf sbndbktfe`õk lbelf f
pfrt`r gb jfs efrfetbräst`efs gb jf pbrsmkfj`gfg, pubs rbsujtf g`häe`j dbg`r emk
bxfet`tug bj tfdföm gb jms sbndbktms gbj bst`jm gb v`gf bk ukf hmrdf
eufkt`tft`vf.

 Xfjmrbs

Gb feubrgm emk jms ps`eõjmnms, bk jms vfjmrbs sb rbhjbafk kubstrfs kbebs`gfgbs

fgfptfgfs f jfs rbfj`gfgbs gbj dukgm bk qub v`v`dms, jf hubrzf rbjft`vf gb jms
vfjmrbs pubgb sbr jf ofsb pfrf sbndbktfr. Umk sbkt`d`bktms duy `dpmrtfktbs

smorb eufk oubkm m dfjm bs rbfj`zfr ukf fet`v`gfg m fjefkzfr uk moabt`vm.

6?
Rk babdpjm gb sbndbktfe`õk ps`emnræh`ef pubgb sbr bj mhrbe`gm pmr jms futms
_bkfujt. Rk _bkfujt Jfnukf ftfef fj sbndbktm gb pbrsmkfs qub fgbdæs fgbdæs gb
tbkbr fjtms `knrbsms, jjbvfk ukf v`gf babeut`vf3 km smk pbrsmkfs qub tbknfk qub
trfks`tfr pmr efd`kms g`häe`jbs m v`fabk emkt`kufdbktb fj efdpm. (Rk fv`sm
puoj`e`tfr`m bkefrf jf emkebpe`õk gbj futm gbsgb bj puktm frtäst`em.) Rk _bkfujt
Dbnfkb gb jf jäkbf Uebk`e, pmr babdpjm, pubgb `r g`r`n`gm f pbrsmkfs emk uk bst`jm
gb v`gfRk
pfsbm. hfd`j`fr,
_bkfujtqub sfjbkftfef
Ww`knm emk bj
su sbndbktm
pfrbaf b gb
l`amspbrsmkfs
bk bj d`sdm futmukf r`tdm
smjfs, emk gfr uk
gb
v`gf dæs auvbk`j, qub km t`bkbk hfd`j`fs nrfkgbs y f jm sudm smk efsfgms.

XF_@FOJBU GB M_GBK YU@EMN_ÆH@EM

Ofsb gb Eftbnmräfs
Ubndbktfe`õk
Ejfsb sme`fj Ofaf `khbr`mr, ofaf supbr`mr, dbg`f ofaf, dbg`f `ktbrdbg`f,
dbg`f fjtf, fjtf `khbr`mr, fjtf `ktbrdbg`f, fjtf supbr`mr.

Ybrsmkfj`gfg @dpbr`ms`gfg1 @dpbr`ms`gfg,

Nrbnfr`sdm1 Bxtrmvbrt`gm, km @dpbr`ms`gfg
`ktrmvbrt`gm
Futmkmdäf1 Gbpbkg`bktb, `kgbpbkg`bktb
Emksbrvfgur`sdm1 Emksbrvfgmr, j`obrfj, rfg`efj
Futmr`tfr`sdm1 Futmr`tfr`m, gbdõerftf
J`gbrfznm1 Jägbr, sbnu`gmr/`d`tfgmr
Fdo`e`õk1 Nrfk rbfj`zfgmr, pmem rbfj`zfgmr
Bst`jms gb v`gf Bstæk sbndbktfgm pmr kubvb eftbnmräfs gb bst`jm gb v`gf1
- Umorbv`v`bktbs
- Bdujfgmrbs
- Bxpbr`dbktfgmrbs
- Fpmyfgmrbs
- Mr`bktfgms fj jmnrm
- @ktbrbsfgms bk jf sme`bgfg
- Ybrsmkfs emk sbkt`gm
- Bnmeàktr`ems
- @ktbnrfgms gb pbrtbkbke`f

5.5 Xfr`fojbs nbmnræh`efs

Ubndbktfe`õk nbmnræh`ef

Bs ukf suog`v`s`õk
dbksurfojbs gb dbrefgms
y feebs`ojbs3 jms emk ofsb bksbsug`v`gbk
dbrefgms uo`efe`õk.
bk Ymsbb efrfetbräst`efs
g`hbrbktbs uk`gfgbs

65
nbmnræh`efs, emdm pfäsbs, rbn`mkbs, prmv`ke`fs, gbpfrtfdbktms, duk`e`p`ms,
e`ugfgbs, ofrr`ms. Gbob tbkbrsb bk eubktf qub fjnukms prmguetms smk sbks`ojbs f
jf eujturf gb ukf kfe`õk, pubojm m rbn`õk.

Jf sbndbktfe`õk nbmnræh`ef pubgb jjbvfrsb f efom gbktrm gb uk pfäs pmr

rbn`mkbs, pmr bstfgms, pmr e`ugfg y lfstf pmr emjmk`fs.

Jf bdprbsf pubgb gbe`g`r mpbrfr bk ukf m vfr`fs rbn`mkbs nbmnræh`efs, m o`bk,

bk tmgfs, pbrm pmk`bkgm ftbke`õk f jfs vfr`fe`mkbs jmefjbs bk jfs kbebs`gfgbs y
prbhbrbke`fs nbmnræh`efs. Lmy gäf, jf sbndbktfe`õk nbmnræh`ef bs gb pfrt`eujfr
`dpmrtfke`f pfrf jms pjfk`h`efgmrbs gb dbg`ms pfrf gbe`g`r smorb efdpföfs gb
puoj`e`gfg f k`vbj kfe`mkfj, rbn`mkfj m jmefj.

Rk babdpjm gb sbndbktfe`õk pmr ærbf nbmnræh`ef bs bj mhrbe`gm pmr bdprbsfs

emdm FMJ, Pflmm! y Nmmnjb. F pbsfr gb qub emk jf @ktbrkbt pubgfk jjbnfr f
tmgm bj dukgm, bstfs bdprbsfs sbndbktfk jms dbrefgms gb tfj dfkbrf qub
bx`stb, pmr babdpjm, FMJ Frnbkt`kf, Pflmm Bspföf, y Nmmnjb _uss`f, gbo`gm f qub
jfs emstudorbs gb jfs pbrsmkfs efdo`fk gbpbkg`bkgm gb jf rbn`õk, bj pfäs, jf
e`ugfg, bte.

XF_@FOJBU GB M_GBK NBMN_ÆH@EM

Ofsb gb Ubndbktfe`õk Eftbnmräfs

Kfe`mkfj`gfg Yfäs gb mr`nbk m gb dbrefgm gbst`km

_bn`õk, prmv`ke`f, _bn`õk, prmv`ke`f m e`ugfg gb mr`nbk m gb dbrefgm
e`ugfg gbst`km
Wfdföm gbj ærbf Wfdföm gbj pfäs, rbn`õk, prmv`ke`f, bteàtbrf,
nbmnræh`ef emks`gbrfgm (bk cd¿)
Gbks`gfg Dbkms gb 2999 lfo`tfktbs, 2 f ?9 d`j lfo`tfktbs, ?9 f
699 d`j, 299.999 bteàtbrf, pmr cd¿
W`pm gb pmojfe`õk _urfj, Uuourofkf, Rrofkf
W`pm gb ej`df Eæj`gm, hräm
@g`mdf Ubnñk kfe`mkfj`gfg (bspfömj, `knjàs, `tfj`fkm, afpmkàs,
rusm, bteàtbrf)
Jbybs sbnñk rbn`õk -------------------
Emdpmrtfd`bktm Emstudorbs, dfkbrfs bte.
eujturfj

67
5.7 Xfr`fojbs gbdmnræh`efs

Ubndbktfe`õk gbdmnræh`ef

Jf gbdmnrfhäf bs bj bstug`m gb jms hfetmrbs sme`fjbs y bemkõd`ems qub `khjuybk bk

bj emdpmrtfd`bktm ludfkm. Jf sbndbktfe`õk gbdmnræh`ef, pmr jm tfktm, bstug`f
jms hfetmrbs bemkõd`ems y sme`fjbs qub `khjuybk bk bj emdpmrtfd`bktm gb uk
emksud`gmr `kg`v`gufj.

Emks`stb bk g`v`g`r bj dbrefgm bk nrupms, f pfrt`r gb vfr`fojbs emdm jf bgfg, bj

sbxm, bj tfdföm gb jf hfd`j`f, bj e`ejm gb v`gf gb jf hfd`j`f, jms `knrbsms, jf
meupfe`õk, bj nrfgm gb bstug`m, jf rbj`n`õk, jf rfzf m btk`f, y jf kfe`mkfj`gfg.
Ub ut`j`zf emk duelf hrbeubke`f, pubs bstæ duy rbjfe`mkfgf emk jf gbdfkgf y bs
rbjft`vfdbktb hæe`j gb dbg`r. Jm dæs emdñk bs sbndbktfr uk dbrefgm
emdo`kfkgm gms m dæs vfr`fojbs gbdmnræh`efs.

Wmgms jms fetmrbs gbdmnræh`ems pubgb sbrv`r gb ofsb pfrf motbkbr sbndbktms
mpbrfe`mkfjbs yf qub rbñkbk jfs emkg`e`mkbs gb ukf oubkf sbndbktfe`õk1
dbksurfojbs, feebs`ojbs y jm suh`e`bktbdbktb nrfkgbs.

Ub pubgb sbndbktfr bj dbrefgm smorb ofsbs gbdmnræh`efs emdm1

 G`str`oue`õk gb jf pmojfe`õk rbn`mkfj

Bs `dpmrtfktb pfrf bj pbrsmkfj gb dbrefgmtbek`f pmrqub jfs g`hbrbke`fs jmefjbs
rbpbreutbk bk g`hbrbke`fs bk jf gbdfkgf gb duelms prmguetms. Jfs g`hbrbke`fs
pubgbk bstfr rbjfe`mkfgfs emk bj ej`df, jfs emstudorbs sme`fjbs y mtrms hfetmrbs.

 W`pm gb pmojfe`õk

Bstb hfetmr bs gb `dpmrtfke`f pmr su `khjubke`f emks`gbrfojb bk bj

emdpmrtfd`bktm gb emdprf.

Jf g`sd`kue`õk gb jf pmojfe`õk bk bj efdpm lf lbelm qub fjnukms bxpbrtms bk

dbrefgmtbek`f km tmdbk bk eubktf bj dbrefgm rurfj. Bstb dbrefgm, tfktm bj
`kgustr`fj pfrf bj bqu`pm fnräemjf, emdm bj gbj emksud`gmr emk fudbktm gbj
pmgbr gb emdprf, bs tmgfväf duy nrfkgb.

 Ubxm

Bs ukf ofsb mov`f pfrf jf sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgms fj emksud`gmr. Gurfktb

duelms föms jf sbndbktfe`õk gbj dbrefgm pmr nàkbrms lf s`gm ukf mpe`õk

62
jõn`ef trftækgmsb gb prmguetms emdm rmpf, zfpftms y frtäeujms pfrf bj frrbnjm
pbrsmkfs y ukf mpe`õk dbkms bv`gbktb pfrf mtrms prmguetms emdm futmdõv`jbs y
rbv`stfs. Bk bj efsm gb jf rmpf fjnukms prmguetms trfg`e`mkfjdbktb dfseuj`kms
hubrmk rbg`sböfgms y rbpms`e`mkfgms pfrf bj sbndbktm hbdbk`km gbj dbrefgm. U`k
bdofrnm, duelms pftrmkbs trfg`e`mkfjbs gb emdprf sb bstæk rmdp`bkgm. P bj
pbrsmkfj gb dbrefgmtbek`f gbob bstfr ftbktm f jms efdo`ms qub fhbetfk f sus
prmguetms gbob
Fetufjdbktb bstfr ftbktm
jms lmdorbs f jms
emdprfk efdo`ms
fj`dbktms y jfsqub fhbetfk
duabrbs f sus
emdprfk prmguetms.
nfsmj`kf.

 Bgfg

Ubndbktfr bj dbrefgm gb emksud`gmrbs pmr nrupm gb bgfg bs uk bkhmqub ñt`j bk

bj dbrefgm gb duelms prmguetms.

Bj dbrefgm `khfkt`j (emk bgfg bsemjfr gb 2 f 65 föms) rbgukgf gb trbs dfkbrfs

bk jf dbrefgmtbek`f. Yr`dbrm, jms k`öms pubgbk `khju`r bk jfs emdprfs gb jms
pfgrbs. Ubnukgm, tfktm jms pfgrbs emdm jms foubjms nfstfk duelm g`kbrm bk bstb
nrupm. Wbrebrm, jms k`öms lfebk emdprfs gb o`bkbs y sbrv`e`ms pfrf su usm
pbrsmkfj.

Bj dbrefgm gb jms fgmjbsebktbs bs uk dbrefgm `dpmrtfktb y g`häe`j gb emkqu`stfr.

Jms aõvbkbs km smk tmgms `nufjbs3 bj nrupm gb bgfg gb 65 f 68 bs e`brtfdbktb duy
g`hbrbktb gbj nrupm gb 6> f ?9 föms gb bgfg. Bj pbrsmkfj gb dbrefgmtbek`f
gbob bk bktbkgbr f jms emksud`gmrbs aõvbkbs pmr bj tfdföm gbj dbrefgm y
pmrqub sus d`bdorms t`bkbk ukf efkt`gfg efgf vbz dfymr gb g`kbrm pfrf nfstfr.
Umk oubkms emksud`gmrbs gb ebjujfrbs, emsdàt`ems, rmpf, fpfrftms gb bstàrbm,
EGs gb dñs`ef y mtrms prmguetms.

Bj dbrefgm gb fgujtms aõvbkbs (nrupm gb bgfg bktrb ?9 y 50) bs gb bspbe`fj

`dpmrtfke`f pmrqub f bsf bgfg, kmrdfjdbktb, jfs pbrsmkfs emd`bkzfk sus
efrrbrfs, sb efsfk, hukgfk ukf hfd`j`f y nfstfk nrfk efkt`gfg gb g`kbrm.

Bj dbrefgm dfgurm bs nrfkgb y bemkõd`efdbktb prmd`smr`m. Uus d`bdorms bstæk

bk jf eñsp`gb gb su pmgbr gb emdprf y yf km t`bkb rbspmksfo`j`gfg h`kfke`brfs
emk sus l`ams. Ymr bsm, smk oubk dbrefgm dbtf pfrf jfs bdprbsfs qub vbkgbk
o`bkbs y sbrv`e`ms efrms y nrfk efj`gfg. Ymr babdpjm, f bstfs pbrsmkfs jbs `ktbrbsf
duelm jf sfjug y jf fj`dbktfe`õk, pbrm km qu`brbk qub sb jbs emks`gbrb v`bams.

Bj mtrm nrupm gb bgfg emdprbkgb f jfs pbrsmkfs emk dfs gb 82 föms3 `ktbnrfktbs
gb bstb nrupm gb bgfg smk prmspbetms jõn`ems pfrf efsf pbquböf, gb ofam
emstm, eruebrms, v`fabs fj bxtrfkabrm, prmguetms pfrf jf sfjug y emsdàt`ems

prbpfrfgms bspbe`fjdbktb pfrf pbrsmkfs gb bgfg fvfkzfgf.

68
  E`ejm gb v`gf hfd`j`fr

Jms hfetmrbs gbdmnræh`ems gb sbxm y bgfg tmdfgms bk hmrdf f`sjfgf km smk

s`bdprb pfrf jf sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgm. E`ejm gb v`gf hfd`j`fr s`nk`h`ef qub
lfy vfr`fs btfpfs g`hbrbktbs bk jf v`gf hfd`j`fr kmrdfj

Jf sbndbktfe`õk gb uk dbrefgm emk ofsb bk bj e`ejm gb v`gf gbj prmguetm

ft`bkgb fj lbelm gb qub bsb hbkõdbkm emkst`tuyb uk gbtbrd`kfktb gb
`dpmrtfke`f pr`dmrg`fj gb jf emkguetf gb emdprf.

 @knrbsm

@knrbsm gb jms emksud`gmrbs y sus g`str`oue`õk smk hfetmrbs bsbke`fjbs bk eufjqu`br

fkæj`s`s gb dbrefgm y bstrftbn`fs gb sbndbktfe`õk.

Yfrf tbkbr uk fkæj`s`s emdpjbtm gb `knrbsms sb gbobk bstug`fr jfs vfr`fe`mkbs y jfs
tbkgbke`fs bk jf g`str`oue`õk gb jms `knrbsms bktrb e`brtfs rbn`mkbs y bktrb e`brtms
nrupms gb pmojfe`õk. Jms gftms rbn`mkfjbs gb `knrbsm smk gb ut`j`gfg pfrf prbe`sfr
bj dbrefgm bspbeäh`em fj qub qu`brb jjbnfr jf bdprbsf. Jms gftms gb `knrbsms gb
e`ugfgbs m gb ærbfs urofkfs `ktbrkfs pubgbk `kg`efr jf dbamr uo`efe`õk gb
ebktrms emdbre`fjbs y sueursfjbs suourofkf gb t`bkgfs gbj ebktrm.

Ubndbktfr jms dbrefgms f pfrt`r gb jms `knrbsms bs ukf bstrftbn`f qub fpj`efk jfs
emdpföäfs qub vbkgbk prmguetms y sbrv`e`ms emdm futmdõv`jbs, v`v`bkgfs, v`fabs,
amyfs y p`bjbs. Jms `knrbsms subjbk emdo`kfrsb tfdo`àk emk fjnñk mtrm er`tbr`m. Jf
ejfsb sme`fj pubgb sbr uk prbg`etmr dæs emkh`fojb gbj emdpmrtfd`bktm qub bj
s`dpjb `knrbsm.

 Yftrmkbs gb nfstm

Jms pftrmkbs gb nfstm km smk jms d`sdms gb tmgfs jfs hfd`j`fs. Jms pftrmkbs vfräfk
bk hmrdf emks`gbrfojb, gbpbkg`bkgm gbj `knrbsm hfd`j`fr, btfpf bk bj e`ejm gb
v`gf y mtrms hfetmrbs sb vbk `khju`gms pmr jf btfpf gbj e`ejm gb v`gf gbj
emksud`gmr. Bj pbrsmkfj gb dbrefgmtbek`f gbob prbmeupfrsb pmr jms emktrfstbs
bk jms hfetmrbs gb nfstm bktrb jfs pbrsmkfs bk jf btfpf @ gb dftr`dmk`m emk k`öms
duy pbquböms, y pbrsmkfs bk jf btfpf gb k`gm vfeäm, bs gbe`r emk tmgfs jfs
btfpfs gbj e`ejm gb v`gf hfd`j`fr.

6>
 XF_@FOJBU GB M_GBK GBDMN_ÆH@EM
Ofsb gb
Ubndbktfe`õk Eftbnmräfs

W`pm gb pmojfe`õk Ymojfe`õk urofkf, suourofkf m rurfj

Bgfg K`öms, aõvbkbs, fgujtms, fke`fkms
Ubxm Dfseuj`km y hbdbk`km
Mr`bktfe`õk sbxufj Lbtbrmsbxufj, lmdmsbxufj, o`sbxufj, fsbxufj m pfksbxufj.
(sbxufj`gfg)
Ejfsb sme`fj Ofaf `khbr`mr, ofaf supbr`mr, dbg`f ofaf, dbg`f `ktbrdbg`f,
dbg`f fjtf, fjtf `khbr`mr, fjtf `ktbrdbg`f, fjtf supbr`mr.
Bstfgm e`v`j Umjtbrm, auktfgm, efsfgm
Wfdföm gb jf Yfrbaf s`k l`ams, emk l`am ñk`em m gms m dæs l`ams.
hfd`j`f
K`vbj hfd`j`fr Jf hmrdf gb v`gf gb efgf hfd`j`f
E`ejm gb v`gf  Btfpf gb smjtbräf1 pbrsmkfs aõvbkbs s`k väkeujms
hfd`j`fr dftr`dmk`fjbs.
 Yfrbafs efsfgfs aõvbkbs s`k l`ams.
 K`gm jjbkm1 pfrbafs efsfgfs aõvbkbs emk l`ams.
 Yfgrbs smjtbrms1 pbrsmkfs aõvbkbs m gb bgfg dfgurf
emk l`ams gbpbkg`bktbs.
 G`vmre`fgms y smj`tfr`ms1 g`vmre`fgms s`k l`ams
gbpbkg`bktbs.
 Dftr`dmk`m gb bgfg dfgurf1 dftr`dmk`m gb bgfg
dfgurf, s`k l`ams
 K`gm jjbkm1 dftr`dmk`ms gb bgfg dfgurf emk l`ams
gbpbkg`bktbs.


K`gm vfeäm1 pfrbafs efsfgfs gb dfymr bgfg s`k l`ams

gbpbkg`bktbs.
 Ybrsmkfs gb dfymr bgfg qub v`vbk smjfs. Fñk
trfofafkgm m yf rbt`rfgfs.
@knrbsms Efkt`gfg gb `knrbsms fkufjbs.
Yftrõk gb nfstm Jf hmrdf bk qub efgf hfd`j`f nfstf g`kbrm.
Bguefe`õk K`vbj bgueft`vm1 pr`dfr`m, sbeukgfr`m s`k h`kfj`zfr,
sbeukgfr`m h`kfj`zfgm, tbre`fr`m, uk`vbrs`tfr`m, pmstnrfgm, bte.
Meupfe`õk Yrmhbs`mkfj, tàek`em, nbrbke`f, bdpjbfgm, bte.
_bj`n`õk Eftõj`em, prmtbstfktb, augäm, oug`stf, bte.
_fzf y nrupms Ojfkef, kbnrf, mr`bktfj, jft`kf, bte.
àtk`ems
Kfe`mkfj`gfg Yfäs gb mr`nbk m gb dbrefgm gbst`km

6<
5.2 bjbee`õk gbj dbrefgm moabt`vm

U` jf Bdprbsf lf rbemkme`gm uk dbrefgm bspbe`fjdbktb ftrfet`vm, jf prbnuktf f

rbspmkgbr v`bkb f sbr eõdm bktrfr bk fqubj dbrefgm. Efgf dbrefgm bstæ
emkhmrdfgm pmr duelms dæs nrupms gb ej`bktbs y sus kbebs`gfgbs qub jms qub
bjjf pubgb kmrdfjdbktb sbrv`r m fj dbkms lfebrjm gb ukf dfkbrf
emdpbt`t`vfdbktb supbr`mr. Jf tfrbf bs sbndbktfr bj dbrefgm, pfrebjfrjm,
g`v`g`rjm, fnrupfrjm, bk sbetmrbs lmdmnàkbms bktrb sä, pbrm lbtbrmnàkbms bktrb
bjjms, gb tfj dfkbrf qub efgf nrupm g`h`brf bk sus rbqubr`d`bktms, bk sus
rbspubstfs gb emdprfs u mtrfs efrfetbräst`efs erät`efs, gb tfj dfkbrf qub sbf
jõn`em g`spmkbr gb bshubrzms g`hbrbke`fjbs (g`st`ktfs vbrs`mkbs gb prmguetms, gb
emduk`efe`mkbs, gb prbe`ms y gb g`str`oue`õk) pfrf fjefkzfrjms. Bstb emkebptm
fktbr`mr bs hukgfdbktfj. Jms sbndbktms gb dbrefgm (qub fsä sb jjfdf f efgf
nrupm) gbobk rbspmkgbr gb dfkbrf g`hbrbktb f efgf dbzejf emdbre`fj, pmrqub

s` fsä km meurrb, BjbsDbrefgm

sbndbktfe`õk. gbe`r s` rbspmkgb
Moabt`vm `nufj f mtrm sbndbktm,
bs, bktmkebs, km t`bkb
uk emkauktm sbkt`gm o`bk
gb ej`bktbs bsf
gbh`k`gm euyfs kbebs`gfgbs jf Bdprbsf pjfkbf sft`shfebr.

Rk bkhmqub ñt`j pfrf jf sbndbktfe`õk bs gbsfrrmjjfr ukf pfrr`jjf

prmguetm/dbrefgm.

Bj dæx`dm rbspmksfojb gbj ærbf gb Dærcbt`kn, gbobræ gbtbrd`kfr jf ftrfee`õk

pmtbke`fj gb efgf sbndbktm, bk ftbke`õk f emks`gbrfe`mkbs -bktrb mtrfs qub
sbræk bstug`fgfs bk gbtfjjb dæs fgbjfktb- tfjbs emdm bj tfdföm pmtbke`fj gb
efgf sbndbktm, bj bshubrzm rbqubr`gm gb pms`e`mkfd`bktm, jms s`stbdfs
Mpmkbktbs _fe`mkfjbs, jms emstms, bte.

Wfdo`àk bx`stbk pms`o`j`gfgbs gb suosbndbktfe`õk, qub bs for`r, gb feubrgm f

dfnk`tugbs qub sb emks`gbrbk rbjbvfktbs, eufjqu`br sbndbktm gbj k`vbj fktbr`mr.
Ymr babdpjm, bk bj efsm prbsbktfgm, bj eufgrfktb 6 (Kfhtbrm el`em trfkspmrtb gb
pbrsmkfs), pmgräf sbr suog`v`g`gm sbnñk sb trfkspmrtb bsemjfrbs m tur`stfs.

Ub pubgbk emks`gbrfr jfs s`nu`bktbs bstrftbn`fs gb emobrturf gb dbrefgm1

6.- Emkebktrfe`õk prmguetm/dbrefgm1 jf Bdprbsf sb gbg`ef ñk`efdbktb f sbrv`r

60
ukf pfrtb gbj dbrefgm, emk uk sõjm prmguetm, pmr ba., bj eufgrfktb >1 trfkspmrtb
gb pbrsmkfs, emk dmtmr f nfs-m`j.

?.- Bspbe`fj`zfe`õk gbj prmguetm1 emks`stb bk qub jf Bdprbsf sb vf f gbg`efr f

prmgue`r uk dmtmr kfhtbrm el`em, pfrf tmgms jms ej`bktbs. (Eufgrfktbs 6, ? y 5).

5.- Bspbe`fj`zfe`õk gbj dbrefgm1 Bs eufkgm jf Bdprbsf gbe`gb hfor`efr uk

emkauktm gb prmguetms, qub s`rvfk pfrf jfs vfr`fs kbebs`gfgbs gb uk nrupm
pfrt`eujfr gb ej`bktbs. Eufgrfktbs 6, 7 y >1 gbe`gb bspbe`fj`zfrsb bk trfkspmrtb gb
pbrsmkfs y sb supmkb qub bsf kbebs`gfg pubgb rbqubr`r fjnukfs fjtbrkft`vfs gb
prmguetms.

7.- Bspbe`fj`zfe`õk sbjbet`vf1 Jf Bdprbsf gbe`gb `kemrpmrfr fj dbrefgm ukf

vfr`bgfg gb prmguetms qub km t`bkbk rbjfe`õk bktrb bjjms, bxebptm qub efgf ukm
smjue`mkf ukf kbebs`gfg pfrt`eujfr. Ba.1 Eufgrfktbs ?. 7. y 0.

2.- Emobrturf tmtfj1 Emks`stb bk qub jf Bdprbsf hfor`ef ukf bsefjf emdpjbtf gb

prmguetms qub s`rvb pfrf tmgms jms sbndbktms gb dbrefgm. Eufgrfktbs 6 f 0.

Jf tfrbf bs gbtbrd`kfr emk quà lbrrfd`bktfs gb Dfrcbt`kn trfofafrbdms bj
Dbrefgm Moabt`vm gbtbrd`kfgm bk jf btfpf fktbr`mr. Km mostfktb lfobr
`keurs`mkfgm bk bstb emkebptm bk fpfrtfgms fktbr`mrbs, su `dpmrtfke`f o`bk vfjb
rb`tbrfrjm1 "Bj Dærcbt`kn D`x (m dbzejf emdbre`fj) bs jf emdo`kfe`õk pfrt`eujfr gb
jfs vfr`fojbs emktrmjfojbs qub jf Bdprbsf ut`j`zf pfrf fjefkzfr sus prmpõs`tms bk bj
Dbrefgm Moabt`vm".

½Euæjbs smk jfs vfr`fojbs qub emdpmkbk jf dbzejf emdbre`fj gb ukf Bdprbsf=

Bk rbfj`gfg lfy ukf vfr`bgfg gbe`g`gfdbktb nrfkgb. Ybksbdms bk e`kem

pms`o`j`gfgbs gb prmguetms, e`kem prbe`ms, e`kem pftrmkbs gb g`str`oue`õk y e`kem
dfkbrfs gb emduk`efrkms emk jms emksud`gmrbs. Bstm gf uk tmtfj gb 8?2
bstrftbn`fs g`spmk`ojbs. U` bx`stbk euftrm emdpbt`gmrbs, bs rfzmkfojb pbksfr qub
efgf emdpbt`gmr pmsbb tfdo`àk 8?2 bstrftbn`fs pmr jm qub jfs fjtbrkft`vfs f
emks`gbrfr smk r`gäeujfdbktb nrfkgbs pbsb f qub emk jf fyugf gb jf `khmrdæt`ef
bj prmojbdf sb femtõ ofstfktb. Bk gbh`k`t`vf, jf Bdprbsf gbob bxfd`kfr jms
gbsbms gbj dbrefgm y jf pms`e`õk gb jms emdpbt`gmrbs y gbob tmdfr ukf gbe`-
s`õk smorb jm qub gbsbf mhrbebr emdpbt`t`vfdbktb bk fqubj dbrefgm. Jf
Bdprbsf fjefkzf su dærcbt`kn d`x eufkgm gbe`gb jf pms`e`õk emdpbt`t`vf qub
gbsbf meupfr bk bj dbrefgm moabt`vm.

?9
 Rkf Bdprbsf pubgb hmefj`zfr su prmguetm gbktrm gb uk gbtbrd`kfgm kñdbrm gb
ftr`outms. Bk bj efsm qub lbdms bstug`fgm, jms emksud`gmrbs pmtbke`fjbs pubgbk
bstfr `ktbrbsfgms bk gms gb bjjms1 tfdföm y vbjme`gfg gb jms hurnmkbs. Bk bstf
pr`dbrf fprmx`dfe`õk fj Yms`e`mkfd`bktm km sb lfræk emks`gbrfe`mkbs rbspbetm
gb fjnukms tbdfs sudfdbktb `dpmrtfktbs, emdm jf gbh`k`e`õk gbj prmguetm `gbfj
qub `ke`gb kmtfojbdbktb bk jf pms`e`õk emdpbt`t`vf. Bj eufgrm gb prbhbrbke`fs,
febref gb jms emdpbt`gmrbs qub bstæk bk bj Dbrefgm (bstm bs, gb eõdm smk
pbre`o`gms pmr jms emksud`gmrbs), bs emdm bj qub sb gbser`ob f emkt`kufe`õk,
fejfrækgmsb qub bk fdoms babs sb lfk emks`gbrfgm jfs dfnk`tugbs yf
kmdorfgfs gb dæs f dbkms ræp`gm y gb dæs f dbkms nrfkgb.

Pf bs bktmkebs dæs emdprbks`ojb eõdm jfs gbe`s`mkbs gb jf Bdprbsf smorb jf

efj`gfg gb jms prmguetms, sus efrfetbräst`efs, prbe`ms, prbsupubstms
emduk`efe`mkfjbs, efkfjbs gb g`str`oue`õk y mtrfs vfr`fojbs gb Dærcbt`kn pfrf uk
dbrefgm moabt`vm, emkh`nurfk su dærcbt`kn d`x. Bj dærcbt`kn d`x, bktmkebs, bs bj
dbg`m pmr bj eufj jf Bdprbsf gbh`kb y rbspfjgf jf pms`e`õk emdpbt`t`vf qub ousef

meupfr bk bj dbrefgm moabt`vm

Yfutfs bk jf sbjbee`õk gbj dbrefgm

Euftrm pfutfs nbkbrfjbs r`nbk jf bjbee`õk gb jms dbrefgms moabt`vm.

6.- ‚Vub bstms gbobk sbr emdpft`ojbs emk jfs dbtfs y emk jf `dfnbk gb jf
mrnfk`zfe`õk—
Babdpjm1 Rkf bdprbsf qub bstæ emdbre`fj`zfkgm emdputfgmrfs pbrsmkfjbs gb
fjtm prbe`m km gbob vbkgbr f trfvàs gb efgbkfs gb t`bkgfs gb gbseubktm bk uk
bshubrzm pmr jjbnfr f uk dbrefgm dfs`vm.

?.- ‚@nufjfr jf mpmrtuk`gfg gbj dbrefgm emk jms rbeursms gb jf emdpföäf—

Babdpjm1 Bstm sb v`m eufkgm bktrm fj dbrefgm gb e`nfrr`jjms gb ofam emstm, uk
kubvm prmguetm, s`k dfref. Jf fgd`k`strfe`õk gbe`g`õ km nfstfr bk puoj`e`gfg jfs
bkmrdbs sudfs gb g`kbrm qub sbräfk kbebsfr`fs pfrf qub jf kubvf dfref gb
e`nfrr`jjms pug`brf emdpbt`r emk jfs dfrefs kfe`mkfjbs yf bstfojbe`gfs. Bk junfr
gb bjjm, jf emdpföäf jfkzm y emdbre`fj`zm s`k puoj`e`gfg uk e`nfrr`jjm nbkàr`em ‚s`k
dfref— f trfvàs gb jms supbrdbrefgms y f uk ofam prbe`m. Gb bstf hmrdf jf
emdpföäf `nufjm sus rbeursms j`d`tfgms gb dbzejf gbj dfrcbt`kn emk bj dbrefgm
fj qub `ktbktfof jjbnfr.

5.- ‚F jfrnm pjfzm, uk kbnme`m t`bkb qub prmgue`r ut`j`gfgbs s` qu`brbs smorbv`v`r—
Bs gbe`r1 Rkf mrnfk`zfe`õk gbob ousefr emkse`bktbdbktb dbrefgms qub
prmgue`ræk bj suh`e`bktb vmjudbk gb vbktf, f uk emstm jm ofstfktb ofam, pfrf
motbkbr ut`j`gfg.

?6
 7.- ‚Kmrdfjdbktb ukf emdpföäf gbob ousefr uk dbrefgm bk bj qub bj kñdbrm
gb emdpbt`gmrbs y su tfdföm
t fdföm sbf däk`dm—
Bs gbe`r1 Rkf mrnfk`zfe`õk km gbob bktrfr f uk dbrefgm qub yf bstæ sfturfgm
pmr jf emdpbtbke`f f dbkms gb qub tbknf fjnukf vbktfaf emdpbt`t`vf
fvfsfjjfgmrf qub jb pbrd`tf qu`tfrjb ej`bktbs f jfs bdprbsfs yf bx`stbktbs.

Fkæj`s`s gb mpmrtuk`gfg gb dbrefgm

Gbsgb uk puktm gb v`stf tbõr`em, bx`stb ukf mpmrtuk`gfg gb dbrefgm bk
eufjqu`br dmdbktm y bk eufjqu`br junfr qub lfyf ukf pbrsmkf m ukf
mrnfk`zfe`õk emk ukf kbebs`gfg m gbsbm km sft`shbelm. Ymr supubstm qub, gb
dfkbrf rbfj`stf, jf mpmrtuk`gfg gb dbrefgm gb ukf emdpföäf bs duelm dfs
j`d`tfgf. Ymr jm qub jf bjbee`õk gb uk dbrefgm moabt`vm rbqu`brb gb jf bvfjufe`õk
gb jfs mpmrtuk`gfgbs gb dbrefgm g`spmk`ojbs pfrf jf mrnfk`zfe`õk. Bstf
emd`bkzf emk bj bstug`m gb jfs hubrzfs fdo`bktfjbs qub fhbetfk fj prmnrfdf gb
dfrcbt`kn gb ukf bdprbsf. Gbspuàs, jf mrnfk`zfe`õk t`bkb qub fkfj`zfr jms trbs
emdpmkbktbs gb uk dbrefgm1 jfs pbrsmkfs u mrnfk`zfe`mkbs, su pmgbr fgqu`s`t`vm
y su gbsbm gb nfstfr. Bj fkæj`s`s gbj emdpmkbktb ‚pbrsmkfs—
‚pbrsmkfs— `kejuyb uk bstug`m gb
jf g`str`oue`õk nbmnræh`ef y gb jf emdpms`e`õk gbdmnræh`ef gb jf pmojfe`õk. Bj
sbnukgm emdpmkbktb sb bxfd`kf dbg`fktb jf g`str`oue`õk gbj `knrbsm y jms
pftrmkbs gb nfstm gb jms emksud`gmrbs. Ymr ujt`dm, pfrf gbtbrd`kfr su
‚g`spms`e`õk f nfstfr—, jf fgd`k`strfe`õk t`bkb qub bstug`fr su emdpmrtfd`bktm
emdpmrtfd`bktm gb
jf emdprf.

Bstrftbn`f gbj dbrefgm moabt`vm1 Fnrbnfe`õk y Ubndbktfe`õk

Fj gbe`g`r f jms dbrefgms, m bj dbrefgm, f jms qub jb vbkgbræ, jf mrnfk`zfe`õk

t`bkb gms bkhmqubs f bjbn`r.
6.- ‚Bj dbrefgm tmtfj sb emktbdpjf emdm ukf smjf uk`gfg, emdm uk dbrefgm
dfs`vm, fnrbnfgm—. Bstb bkhmqub emkgueb f jf bstrftbn`f gb jf fnrbnfe`õk gb
dbrefgm.
?.- ‚Bj dbrefgm tmtfj sb emktbdpjf emdm duelms sbndbktms dæs pbquböms,
lmdmnàkbms—.
lmdmnàkbms —. Bstb jjbvf f jf bstrftbn`f gb jf sbndbktfe`õk gb dbrefgm.

Gbe`g`r euæj gb jfs gms bstrftbn`fs sb gbob fgmptfr bs uk pfsm hukgfdbktfj bk jf

bjbee`õk gb jms dbrefgms moabt`vm.

 Dbg`e`õk gb jms dbrefgms sbjbee`mkfgms

s bjbee`mkfgms

Fj bjbn`r jms dbrefgms moabt`vm, jf emdpföäf gbob rbfj`zfr bst`dfgms eufkt`tft`vms

gbj vmjudbk pmtbke`fj gb vbktfs gbj dbrefgm pfrf su o`bk m sbrv`e`m. Bstb
prmebsm rbqu`brb efjeujfr1

6.- Bj pmtbke`fj tmtfj gb jf `kgustr`f pfrf bj prmguetm gb jf emdpföäf bk bj

dbrefgm moabt`vm.
?.- Uu pfrt`e`pfe`õk bk bstb dbrefgm tmtfj.

??
 Bs hukgfdbktfj qub jf fgd`k`strfe`õk prbpfrb tfdo`àk uk prmkõst`em gb vbktfs,
pmr jm nbkbrfj, pfrf uk pbr`mgm gb uk föm. Bk bstb sb ofsf jf prbsupubstfe`mk y
pjfktfe`õk mpbrfe`mkfj f emrtm pjfzm gb tmgms jms gbpfrtfdbktms1

 Dfrcbt`kn
 Yrmguee`õk

H`kfkzfs
KFWR_FJBQF GB JF UBNDBKWFE@MK GBJ DB_EFGM

Bj dbrefgm tmtfj pfrf jf dfymr pfrtb gb jms prmguetms bs gbdfs`fgm vfr`fgm

(gbdfs`fgm lbtbrmnàkbm) pfrf pmgbr emks`gbrfrjm emdm ukf smjf bkt`gfg
uk`hmrdb.

Bstf hfjtf gb uk`hmrd`gfg sb pubgb ftr`ou`r f jfs g`hbrbke`fs bk jms læo`tms gb

emdprf, bk jfs hmrdfs qub sb usfk bj o`bk m sbrv`e`m, bk jms dmt`vms pfrf emdprfr,
m bk mtrms hfetmrbs. Jf sbndbktfe`õk gbj dbrefgm tmdf bk eubktf tfjbs
vfr`fe`mkbs.

Jfs bdprbsfs hfor`efktbs gb emdputfgmrfs lfk gbsfrrmjjfgm prmnrfdfs gb

dfrcbt`kn dæs bhbet`vms fj g`v`g`r su dbrefgm tmtfj bk sbndbktms s`nk`h`eft`vms

Km tmgms jms emksud`gmrbs qu`brbk usfr bj d`sdm t`pm gb rmpf, bj d`sdm slfdpmm
pfrf bj efobjjm, m pfrt`e`pfr bk jfs d`sdfs fet`v`gfgbs rberbfe`mkfjbs. Wfdpmem
tmgfs jfs bdprbsfs dbrefkt`jbs qu`brbk emdprfr jf d`sdf ejfsb gb prmebsfgmrbs
gb pfjforf m gb efd`mkbs pfrf bktrbnf. Fj d`sdm t`bdpm bj emdbre`fj`zfgmr km
pubgb pbrd`t`rsb lfebr uk o`bk m sbrv`e`m g`hbrbktb bspbe`fj pfrf efgf ej`bktb.

Ymr emks`nu`bktb, jf sbndbktfe`õk gbj dbrefgm bs jf bstrftbn`f qub fgmptf jf

dfymräf emdm uk puktm dbg`m bktrb jms bxtrbdms gb uk o`bk m sbrv`e`m pfrf
tmgms y ukm g`hbrbktb pfrf efgf ej`bktb. Rk bjbdbktm `dpmrtfktb bk bj àx`tm gb
ukf emdpföäf bs su efpfe`gfg pfrf sbjbee`mkfr jf uo`efe`õk dfs bhbet`vf
smorb su bspbetrm gb sbndbktfe`õk bktrb jms gms bxtrbdms.

5.8 Xfjmrfe`õk gb jms sbndbktms gb prbe`m

Ubndbktfe`õk pmr Yrbe`m

Ub gf bstb t`pm gb sbndbktfe`õk bk s`tufe`mkbs bk jfs qub jms prmguetms

mhbrtfgms smk s`d`jfrbs m `kejusm `nufjbs y jf g`hbrbke`f rfg`ef hukgfdbktfjdbktb
bk bj prbe`m fpj`efgm. Yr`ke`pfjdbktb sb bstfojbeb ukf g`hbrbke`fe`õk gb
prmguetm f trfvàs gbj prbe`m, `kejusm bk s`tufe`mkbs bk jfs qub bj prmguetm
mhbrtfgm bs pfrbe`gm m `kejusm `nufj. Yr`ke`pfjdbktb sb bstfojbeb ukf

?5
g`hbrbke`fe`õk gb prmguetm f trfvàs gbj prbe`m, `kejusm bk s`tufe`mkbs bk jfs qub
bj prmguetm mhbrtfgm bs pfrbe`gm m `kejusm `nufj.

?7