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6th to 10th Revision Material Final (1)
6th to 10th Revision Material Final (1)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 1
vd; ftpij - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
NtUf;F ePh; (Gjpdk;) - uh[k; fpU\;zd;
FwpQ;rpj; Njd; (Gjpdk;) - uh[k; fpU\;zd;
kz;zfj;Jg; G+r;rpfs; (Gjpdk;) - uh[k; fpU\;zd;
Qhdk; (ftpij) - jp.nrh.NtZ Nfhghyd;
fhyf;fzpjk; (ftpij) - fz;zjhrd;
Nrukhd; fhjyp (Gjpdk;) (rhfpj;a mflhkp tpUJ) - fz;zjhrd;
Gjpa thh;gG; fs; (rpWfij) - n[afhe;jd;
rpdpkhTf;Fg; Nghd rpj;jhS - n[afhe;jd;
ghhpRf;Fg; Ngh - n[afhe;jd;
cd;idg; Nghy; xUtd; - n[afhe;jd;
xU ebif ehlfk; ghh;f;fpwhs; - n[afhe;jd;
xU kdpjd; xU tPL> xU cyfk; - n[afhe;jd;
rpj;jhS - eh$h; &kp
fg;gYf;F Nghd kr;rhd; - eh$h; &kp
Njk;ghtzp - tPukhKdpth;
xUth; ,Uf;fpwhd; - F.mofphprhkp
fy;kuk; - jpyftjp
jkpo;nrhy;tsk; - Njt Neag;ghthzh;
fhw;Nwth (fhw;W) - ghujp
GaypNy xU Njhzp - g.rpq;fhuk;
Gjpa ek;gpf;if - fkyhyad;
jkpNohtpak;> tzf;fk; ts;St - <NuhL jkpod;gd;
gl;lkuk; (ftpij) - ftpQh; jkpo;xsp
jpUj;njhz;lj;njhif - Re;juh;
jpUj;njhz;lh; jpUte;jhjp - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
nghpaGuhzk; - Nrf;fpohh;
rpWgQ;r%yk; - fhhpahrhd;
jz;zPh; - fe;jh;td;
mofpd;rphpg;G - ghujpjhrd;
jz;zPh; jz;zPh; - Nfhky; Rthkpehjd;
jz;zPh; Njrk; - ituKj;J
tha;f;fhy; kPd;fs; - nt.,iwad;G
kzpNkfiy - rPj;jiy rhj;jdhh;
jkpoh; ehfhpfk; gz;ghLk; - m.jl;rpzh%h;j;jp
jkpof tuyhWk; jkpoh; gz;ghLk; - kh.,uhrkhzpf;ffdhh;
jkpo;kiw - jpUts;Sth;
nghUSiw - jpUts;Sth;
X> vd;rkfhyj; Njhoh;fNs - ituKj;J
fs;spf;fhl;L ,jpfhrk; - ituKj;J
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 2
ifaUNf epyh - kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu
mf;dp rpwFfs; - mg;Jy; fyhk;
Vd;> vjw;F> vg;gb - R[hjh
kpd;kpdp - Map\h eluh[d;
jkpopaf;fk; - ghujpjhrd;
fUk;gyif Aj;jk; - kyhyh
,uhtz fhtpak; - Gyth; Foe;ij
ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop - Mz;lhs;
jpUg;ghit - Mz;lhs;
cjaR+hpad; - jp.[hdfpuhkd;
fUq;flYk; fiyf;flYk; - jp.[hdfpuhkd;
ele;jha; thop fhNthp - jp.[hdfpuhkd;
jpUf;Fws; fijfs; - fpUghde;j thhpahh;
,e;jpa Njrpa uhZtk; - jkpoh;ghq;F> kh.R.mz;zhkiy
ehptpUj;jk; - jpUj;jf;fj;Njth;
kJiuf;fhQ;rp - khq;Fb kUjdhh;
Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL - K.Nkj;jh
jkpo;g; gonkhopfs; - fp.th.[fe;ehjd;
,Ul;L vdf;Fg; gpbf;Fk; - r.jkpo;nry;td;
]ad;Rf;Fg; gyp - e.gpr;r%h;j;jp
aNrhju fhtpak; - Mrphpah; ngah; mwpag;gltpy;iy
nghpahhpd; rpe;jidfs; - Nt.MidKj;J
jq;iff;F - K.tujuhrd;
jk;gpf;F - mwpQh; mz;zh
kfSf;F - NeU (The Discovery of India)
kfDf;F - eh.Kj;Jf;Fkhh;
kzy; cs;s MW - fy;ahz;[p
me;epakw;w ejp - fy;ahz;[p
FWe;njhif - ghiy ghba ngUq;fLq;Nfh
jha;ikf;F twl;rp ,y;iy - R. rKj;jpuk;
Nthpy; gOj;j gyh - R. rKj;jpuk; (rhfpj;a mflhkp)
Fw;wk; ghh;f;fpy; - R. rKj;jpuk; (jkpof tpUJ)
rpw;gpapd; kfs; - G+tz;zd;
mg;gh rpWtdhf ,Ue;j NghJ - mnyf;rhz;lh; u];fpd;
- eh.KfkJ nrhPG (jkpopy;)
juhR - ghujpahh;
jkpopir ,af;fk;> jdpj;jkpo; ,af;fk; - nre;jkpo; me;jzh;
Foe;ij ,yf;fpak;> vopNyhtpak; - thzpjhrd;
jkpofg; goq;Fbfs; - gf;jtj;ry ghujp
gQ;rf;Fk;kpfs; - nr.,uhR
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 3
Nfhzf;fhj;Jg;ghl;L (nehz;brpe;J) - ntq;fk;G+h; rhkpehjd;
ePyNfrp - mwpag;gltpy;iy
fjh;gpwe;j fij - ftpkzp
kUkf;fs; top khd;ak; - ftpkzp
J}z;by; fijfs;> =uq;fj;J Njtijfs; - R[hjh
kdpjtho;f;ifAk; fhe;jpabfSk; - jpU.tp.f
jkpo;r; Nrhiy> ngz;zpd; ngUik> KUfd;
my;yJ moF - jpU.tp.f
n[afhe;jNdhL gy;yhz;L - gp.r.Fg;Grhkp
Vohk; jpUKiw - Re;juh;
Njthuj;ij njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
fypj;njhif - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
jf^h; ahj;jpiu - Mrphpah; mwpag;gltpy;iy
cg;Gf; fliyf; Fbf;Fk; G+id - rPuq;fuhad;
fypq;fj;Jg;guzp - nraq;nfhz;lhh;
NfhilAk; tre;jKk; - kP.,uhNre;jpud;
gj;jhk; jpUKiw - jpUke;jpuk;
jpUke;jpuk; - jpU%yh;
ee;jP];tuf;fz;zp - Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpg;
kNdhd;kzpaf; fz;zp - Fzq;Fb k];jhd; rhfpg;
Nghfh; vOE}W> mfj;jpah; ,UE}W (gjpg;G) - mNahj;jpjhrh;
nghd;dfuk;> xU ehs; fope;jJ - GJikg;gpj;jd;
jpUntk;ghit - khzpf;fthrfh;
Mfhaj;Jf;F mLj;j tPL - K.Nkj;jh
Ch;tyk;> Nrhoepyh> kFlepyh - K.Nkj;jh
,e;jpahtpy; rhjpfspd; Njhw;wKk; tsh;r;rpAk; - gp.Mh;.mk;Ngj;fhh;
Gj;jUk; mthpd; jk;kKk; - mk;Ngj;fhh;
md;id G+kp (Gjpdk;) - Nfhkfs;
caph;mKjha;> epyhf;fhy el;rj;jpuq;fs;> md;gpd;
rpjwy; - Nfhkfs;
mwptpay; Mj;jpR+b - ney;iy R.Kj;J
nfha;ahf; fdp - ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
fdpr;rhW - ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh;
ey;top> nfhd;iw Nte;jd; - xsitahh;
Jd;gk; nty;Yk; fy;tp - gl;Lf;Nfhl;il fy;ahzRe;judhh;
Mrhuf; Nfhit - ngUthapy; Ks;spahh;
fz;kzpNa fz;Zwq;F vd;gJ - tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak;
GjpaNjhh; tpjp nra;Nthk; - Kbaurd;
tPufhtpak;> G+q;nfhb> fhtpag; ghit - Kbaurd;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T - R.rf;jpNty;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 4
,J vq;fs; fpof;F> tpuy; Edp ntspr;rk; - jhuhghujp
guhguf;fz;zp - jhAkhdtu;
jPh;f;fjhprp - GtpauR
fhy; Kisj;j fijfs; - v];.,uhkfpU\;zd;
jhtuq;fspd; ciuahly; (rpWfij) - v];.,uhkfpU\;zd;
Mrpa N[hjp - ftpkzp
Light of Asia - vl;tpd; mh;dhy;L
vd; fij (Rarupij) - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
kiyf;fs;sd; - ehkf;fy; ftpQh;
xd;wy;y ,uz;ly;y - cLkiy ehuhazf; ftp
mKJk; NjDk; - Rujh
JiwKfk;> Njd; kio - Rujh
mg;gbNa epw;f;fl;Lk; me;j kuk; - uh[khh;j;jhz;ld;
Gyp jq;fpa Fif - fhtw;ngz;L
tPughz;ba fl;lnghk;K fijg; ghly; - eh.thdkhkiy
nka;awpT> nka;awk; - t.c.rpjk;gudhh;
jkpopd;gk; (Kjy; rhfpj;a mflkp tpUJ) - uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
jkpo; tpUe;J - uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
gl;bdg;ghiy - fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
kUjj;jpiz (fypj;njhif) - kUjd; ,sehfdhh;
Mo;flypd; mbapy;> G+kpapd; ikaj;ij
Nehf;fp xU gazk;> - [Py;]; nth;d;
,iraKJ - ghujpjhrd;
gprpuhe;ijahh; (ehlfk;) - ghujpjhrd; (rhfpj;a)
fz;zfp Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak; - ghujpjhrd;
ehybahh; - rkz Kdpth;
cyfg; nghJkiw> jpUf;Fws; ciu tpsf;fk;>
rpe;jidf; fsQ;rpak; - jpUf;Fwsdhh; tP Kdprhkp
fij nrhy;Yk; fiy> jz;zPh; Aj;jk; - Rg;ughujp kzpad;
nga;J gofpa Nkfk; - Njdurd;
jpUthidf;fh cyh> gugpuk;k tpsf;fk;> ru];tjp
khiy> rpj;jpu kly; - fhsNkfg;Gyth;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 5
vOj;J nkhop - ,yf;fpa tof;F
,ul;il tof;F nkhop - jkpo;
Rg;gpuj;jpdjhrd; - Rujh
,e;jpa tdkfd; ([dthp 2012) - [hjt; gNaq; Padmashri - 2015
Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky; - Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;
NjrpaKk; nja;tPfKk; - Njth;
nrhy;ypd; nry;th; - uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
neLe;njhif - mfehD}W
mwptpay; Gidf; fijfspd; jiykfd; - [Py;]; nth;d;
Gul;rpf;ftp - ghujpjhrd;
ehyb ehD}W> Ntshz; Ntjk; - ehybahh;
fhsNkfg; Gyth; - tujd; (,aw;ngah;)
tha;nkhop ,yf;fpak; - ehl;Lg;Gwg;ghl;L
NtZ tdk; - jpUney;Ntyp
jphp$l kiy - Fw;why kiy
njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Mf;];Nghh;L - ghisaq;Nfhl;il
,ul;il efuq;fs; - jpUney;Ntyp> ghisaq;Nfhl;il
,ufrpa kzp - b.Nf.rpjk;guehjh;
fbj ,yf;fpaj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb> jkpopirr; fhtyh;>
tsh;jkpo; Mh;tyh;> Fw;why Kdpth; - b.Nf.rpjk;guehjh;
“fd;dpakpF” jiyth; - fhapNj kpy;yj; (KfkJ ,];khapy;)
fhapNj kpy;yj; - rKjha topfhl;b (nghUs;)
ghNte;jh; - ghujpjhrd;
ghtyNuW - ngUQ;rpj;jpudhh; (khzpf;fk;)
jkpopd; Kjy; fhg;gpak; - rpyg;gjpfhuk; (3>30)
,e;jpa gwit kdpjh; - Dr. ryPk; myp
Mh;dpj;jhy[p (Ornithology) - gwit gw;wpa gbg;G
ftpQhapW - jhuhghujp (,uhjhfpU\;zd;)
jkpo; nkhopapd; cgepljk; - jhAkhdth; ghly;fs;
ftpkzp - Njrpf tpehafk; gps;is
kf;fs; ftpQh; - gl;Lf; Nfhl;il fy;ahz Re;juk;
fy;tpf; fz; jpwe;jth; (nghpahh;)> fUg;Gf;
fhe;jp> gbf;fhj Nkij> fh;ktPuh;>
jiyth;fis cUthf;Fgth;>
Viog; gq;fhsd; - fhkuhrh;
,e;jpa E}yftpaypd; je;ij - ,uh. muq;fehjd;
Dr. ,uh. muq;fehjd; tpUJ - rpwe;j E}yfh; tpUJ
jhyhl;L - ehit mirj;Jg; ghLtJ (jhy; = ehf;F)
Nyhhp (mWtilj;jpU ehs;) - gQ;rhg;
cj;juhad; (mWtilj; jpUehs;) - F[uhj;> ,uh[];jhd;
jpuhtpl ehl;bd; thdk;ghb - Kbaurd; (,aw;ngah; - JiuuhR)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 6
8Mk; tFg;G
rpe;JTf;F je;ij> nre;jkpo;j; NjdP vd
ghujpiag; Gfo;e;jth; - ghujpjhrd;
tho;Tf;F xOq;F xOf;fk;> nkhop
xOq;F kuG - njhy;fhg;gpak;
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; kpfg; ngUk; rPh;jpUj;jthjp - tPukhKdpth;
jkpo; vOj;Jf;fspd; 20-k; E}w;whz;L rPh;jpUj;jthjp - nghpahh;
vy;yhr; nrhy;Yk; nghUs; Fwpj;jdNt - njhy;fhg;gpak;
nre;jkpo; me;jzh; - ,uh. ,sq;Fkudhh;
jkpo;ehl;bd; Nth;l]; ; nthh;j; - thzpjhrd; (muq;frhkp (v) vj;jpuhrY)
ftpQNuW> ghtyh; kzp - thzpjhrd;
My; myg;G - fhlh;fs; NgRk; nkhop
rka jj;Jtq;fis tpthjpf;F jUf;f E}y; - ePyNfrp
ftpkzp - Njrpaftp tpehafk;gps;is
Mrpa N[hjp - Gj;jh;
R[hjhtpd; ,aw;ngah; - uq;fuh[d;
jkpof murpd; fiykhkzp tpUJ - Myq;Fb NrhK
,q;Nf ,Ug;gJ rpy fhyk;> ,jw;Fs; VNdh
mfk;ghtk; - Myq;Fb NrhK
,aw;if Xtpak; - gj;Jg;ghl;L
,aw;if ,d;gf;fyk; - fypj;njhif
,aw;if tho;tpy;yk; - jpUf;Fws;
,aw;if ,d;gtho;T epiyaq;fs; - rpyk;G> kzpNkfiy
,aw;if jtk; - rPtf rpe;jhkzp
,aw;if ghpzhkk; - fk;guhkhazk;
,aw;if md;G - nghpa Guhzk;
,aw;if ,iwAiwAs; - Njthuk;> jpUthrfk;> jpUtha; nkhopfs;.
fy;tpNa tsh;r;rp thapy; - FNyhj;Jq;fd;
jkpo;j; njd;wy; - jpU.tp.f
ek;gpah&h;> jk;gpuhd; Njhoh; - Re;juh;
Vohk; jpUKiw - Re;juh; Njthug; ghly;fs;
jpUit - ghid nra;Ak; rf;fuk;
RLkz; rpw;gf;fiy - nluNfhl;lh
jLf;Fg;gha; - Foe;ijfs; gLf;fitg;gJ
ge;jpg;gha; - cl;fhh;e;J cz;zg; gad; gLtJ
jpz;iza; gha; - cl;fhuTk;> gLf;fTk; cjTtJ
gl;Lg;gha; - jpUkzj;jpw;F gad;gLtJ
njhOifg; gha; - njhOiff;F gad;gLtJ
fyhk]; nuhlhq; - gpuk;G
gQ;r kfh rg;jk; - FlKoh
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 7
ghzh; - ,iraikj;Jg; ghLNthh;
MNfhl;giw - jg;G
ghz;by; - rhyuh
Nrkq;fyk; - Nrfz;b
ghzp - jpkpiy
Kjw;fUtp - kj;jsk;
36 tif KuR - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
khf;fz; KuR - kJiuf; fhQ;rp
ghpthjpdp tPiz - kNfe;jputh;kd;
21 euk;G - Nghpaho;
19 euk;G - kfuaho;
14 euk;G - rNfhlaho;
7 euk;G - nrq;Nfhl;Laho;
xNu Kfk; cila KuR - KoT
kz;zit KbT vd;W $WtJ - nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
jf^h; - jh;kGhp
Kj;J efuk; - J}j;Jf;Fb
Fl;b [g;ghd; - rptfhrp
J}q;fh efuk; - kJiu
jPg efuk; - jpUtz;zhkiy
Viofspd; Cl;b - Vw;fhL
khq;fdp efuk; - Nryk;
kQ;rs; re;ij - <NuhL
jkpo;ehl;bd; `hye;J - jpz;Lf;fy;
flw;gpwf;Nfhl;ba nrq;Fl;Ltd; - nrq;Fl;Ltd;
nfhq;Fkz;ly rjfk; - fhh;Nkff; ftpQh;
guzpf;Nfhh; nraq;nfhz;lhh; - gyg;gl;lilr; nrhf;fehjg; Gyth;
njd;jkpo;g; guzp - xl;lf;$j;jh;
md;dk; tpL J}J (,jo;) (elj;jpath;) - kPuh
5-k; cyfj;jkpo; khehL - kJiu (MGR) (1981)
10-k; jpUKiw - jpUke;jpuk;
jkpo;%thapuk; - jpUke;jpuk;
mk;Ngj;fhh;> nghpahhpd; Kd;Ndhb - mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;
fhj;j tuhad; vd;w ,aw;ngah; - mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;
njd;dpe;jpa r%f rPh;jpUj;jj;jpd; je;ij - mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;
1892-y; jpuhtpl kfh[d rq;fk; - mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;
xU igrhj; jkpod; (,jo;) - mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;
nghpahhpd; Kd;Ndhbfs; - gz;bjkzp mNahj;jpjhr gz;bjh;>
mg;ghJiu
rpWfij kd;dd; - GJikg;gpj;jd; (,aw;ngah; - nrh.
tpUj;jhryk;)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 8
,iwaurdpd; ,aw;ngah; - Nr.NrRuhrh
thdk;ghb ,af;f ftpQh;fspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fth; - K.Nkj;jh
mk;Ngj;fhh; tzq;fpa nja;tq;fs; %d;W - mwpT> Rakhpahij> ed;dlj;ij
xLf;fg;gl;l ghujk; vd;w ,jo; - mk;Ngj;fhh; (1927)
Nfhkfspd; ,aw;ngah; - ,uh[nyl;Rkp
md;id G+kp vd;w Gjpdk; - ,uh[nyl;Rkp (jkpof muR tpUJ)
9Mk; tFg;G
,e;jpah nkhopfspd; fhl;rp rhiy - r. mfj;jpaypq;fk;
jkpo;f; FLk;gk; - 4 tifg;gLk;
1. ,e;Njh MrpNah
2. jpuhtpl nkhopfs;
3. M];jpNuh Mrpa
4. rPd - jpngj;jpa nkhopfs;
jkpo; → jkpoh → jkpyh → bukpyh → l;ukpyh
→ j;uhtplh → jpuhtplh - `Puh]; ghjpupahh;
jkpo;> njYq;F> fd;dlk;> kiyahsk; Nghd;wit
njd;dpe;jpa nkhopfs; - gpuhd;rp]; vy;yP];
1856 jpuhtpl nkhopfspd; xg;gpyf;fzk; - fhy;Lnty;
md;ikapy; Nrh;f;fg;gl;l jpuhtpl nkhopfs; - 1) vUfyh 2) jq;fh 3) FWk;gh
4) Nrhopfh
rk];fpUj fyg;gpd;wp jdpj;jpaq;Fk; Mw;wy;
cilaJ - jkpo;nkhop - fhy;Lnty;
gzj;jhs;fspy; jkpo; nkhop ,lk;ngWk; ehLfs; - nkhhprpa];> ,yq;if
,dpikAk; ePh;ikAk; jkpnody; MFk; - gpq;fy epfz;L
ahkwpe;j nkhopfspy; jkpo;nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtJ
vq;Fk; fhNdhk; - ghujpahh;
jkpio Ml;rpnkhopahf cila ehLfs; - ,yq;if> rpq;fg;G+h;
thapy; ,yf;fpak;> re;J ,yf;fpak; - J}J
ePhpd;wp mikahJ cyfk; - jpUts;Sth;
khkio Nghw;WJk; khkio Nghw;WJk; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
Fs;sf; Fspuf; File;J ePuhb - Mz;lhs;
jpUkQ;rdk; Mly; - nja;tr;rpiy
jpUkz rlq;F - flyhLjy;
rdp ePuhL - xsit
,yQ;rp - gytiff;F gad;gLk; ePh;Njf;fk;
CUzp - kf;fs; gUFk; ePh;epiy
Fz;lk; - rpwpa Fspf;Fk; ePh;epiy
Fz;L - Fspf;Fk; rpWFsk;
$ty; - cth;kz; epyj;jpy; Njhz;Lk; ePh; epiy
Gzw;Fsk; - kioePiuNa nfhz;l Fspf;Fk; ePh;epiy
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 9
gf;jpRit edp nrhl;l nrhl;l ghba ftpty
vd;W Nrf;fpohiu Nghw;wpath; - kfhtpj;Jthd; kPdhl;rp Re;judhh;
gz;ila jkpoh;fspd; mhpa tuyhw;Wr; nra;jpfs;
mlq;fpa gz;ghl;Lf; fUT+yk; - GwehD}W
ehfypq;fk; vd;w ,aw;ngaiu cilath; - fe;jh;td;
fy;Yk; kiyAk; Fjpj;J te;Njd;
fhLk; nrbAk; fle;J te;Njd; - ftpkzp
VWNfhs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y;fs; - 1. fypj;njhif
2. rpyg;gjpfhuk;
3. Gwg;nghUs; ntz;ghkhiy
VWjOTjy; - gs;S ,yf;fpak;
vUJfl;b khL jOTjy; - fz;Zilak;kd; gs;S
jpkpYld; $ba %d;W vUJfisg; gyh; $b
tpul;LtJ Nghd;w Xtpak; - ePyfphp> Nfhj;jfphp (fhpf;ifA+h;)
jpkpYld; $ba fhisia xUth; mlf;f Kay;tJ - fy;Y}j;J Nkl;Lg;gl;b (crpyk;gl;b)
jpkpYld; $ba fhis Xtpak; - rpj;jpuf;fy;Gltp> kapyhLk; ghiw
(Njdp)
rpe;J rkntsp fy;Kj;jpiu - Iuhtjk; kfhNjtd;
fhisr;rz;il Njrpa tpisahl;L - ];ngapd;
Gul;rpf; fhg;gpak; - kzpNkfiy
jz;lkpo; Mrhd;> ed;D}w;Gytd;> rhj;jd; - rPj;jiy rhj;jdhh;
,ul;ilf; fhg;gpak; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
mwk; vd ahnjdf; Nfl;gpd; - kzpNkfiy
vYk;G> fw;fUtp - gy;yhtuk;
Nuhkhdpa kz;ghz;lq;fs; - mhpf;fNkL
KJkf;fs; jhopfs; - Mjpr;rey;Y}h;
jpUf;Fws;:
Kg;ghy;> nghJkiw> ngha;ahnkhop> thAiw tho;j;J> nja;tE}y;> jkpo;kiw> KJnkhop>
nghUSiw
ciu vOjpath;fs;:
jUkh;> kzf;Flth;> jhkj;jh;> er;rh;> ghpjp> ghpNkyofh;> jpUkiyah;> ky;yh;> ghpg;ngUkhs;> fhspq;fh;
cyfg;gDty; - jpUf;Fws;
jpUts;Sth;:
ehadhh;> Njth;> Kjw;ghtyh;> nja;tg;Gyth;> ehd;Kfdhh;> khjhDgq;fp> nre;ehg;Nghjhh;> ngUehtyh;
jpUf;Fws;:
1) ,U Kiw tUk; xNu mjpfhuk; - Fwpg;gwpjy;
2) Kjypy; ciu vOjpath; - kzf;Flth;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 10
3) ,Wjpapy; ciu vOjpath; - ghpNkyofh;
4) Nfhb vd;w nrhy; 7 ,lq;fspy; ,lk; ngWfpwJ.
5) VO vd;w nrhy; vl;L ,lq;fspy; tUfpwJ.
6) Mq;fpyj;jpy; KOikahf nkhopngah;j;jth; - [p.A+.Nghg;
7) 107 nkhopfspy; nkhop ngah;f;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.
Gytd; ghLk; GfOilNahh; tpRk;gpd;
tytd; Vth thd; Ch;jp - GwehD}W
Xh; ve;jpu T+h;jp ,aw;Wkpd; - rPtfrpe;jhkzp
,e;jpa tpz;ntspj;jpl;lj;jpd; je;ij - tpf;uk; rhuhgha;
SITARA - Software for Integrated Trajectory Analysis with Real time Application
,e;jpahtpd; 11-MtJ FbauRj; jiyth; - Dr.mg;Jy; fyhk;
,e;jpa VTfiz ehafd; - Dr.mg;Jy; fyhk;
,e;jpa nrt;tha; Rw;Wf;fyd; jpl;lj;jpd;
jpl;l ,af;Feh; - mUzd; Rg;igah
,isa fyhk; - kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu
re;jpuhad; - 1> jpl;lj;jpd; jpl;l ,af;Feh; - kapy;rhkp mz;zhJiu
jkpof Kjy; ngz; kUj;Jth; - Dr. Kj;Jyl;Rkp
nrd;id khefuhl;rpapd; Kjy; ngz; Jiz Nkah; - Dr. Kj;Jyl;Rkp
jkpof rl;lNkyit Kjy; ngz; cWg;gpdh; - Dr. Kj;Jnyl;Rkp
2014 - mikjp Nehgy; ghpR - 1) ifyh\; rj;ahh;j;jp (India)
2) kyhyh (Pakistan)
fdf Rg;Guj;jpdk; vd;w ,aw;ngaiu cilath; - ghujpjhrd;
ghNte;jh; - ghujpjhrd;
mz;zhtpw;F 5&gha; jghy; jiy ntspte;j
tUlk; - 2009
mz;zh E}w;whz;L E}yfk; - 2010
khw;whd; Njhl;lj;J ky;ypiff;Fk; kzk; cz;L - mz;zh
vijAk; jhq;Fk; ,jak; Ntz;Lk; - mz;zh
jkpoiu jl;b vOg;Gk; jd;khd ,yf;fpaq;fs;
Njit - mz;zh
ele;jit ele;jitahfl;Lk;>
elg;git ey;yitahfl;Lk; - mz;zh
njd;dfj;J ngh;dhl;\h - mz;zh
Mrpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa E}yfk; - jQ;ir ruRtjp kfhy;
cyfpy; mjpf jkpo; E}y;fs; cs;s ,lk; - fd;dpkhuh (nrd;id)
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nghJ E}yfk; - jpUtde;jGuk; eLtz; E}yfk;
,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa E}yfk; - nfhy;fj;jh (1953)
cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa E}yfk; - iyg;uhp Mg; fhq;fpu];> USA
rpw;gf; fiy:
rpw;gq;fs; tbtikg;gth;fs; - fw;ftpQh;fs;
J}z;fspy; ahsp> rpq;fk;> jhkiukyh; rpw;gq;fs; - gy;yth;fs;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 11
gy;yth;:
1) khky;yGuk; (gQ;r ghz;lth; ujk;)
2) fhQ;rp ifyhrehjh; Nfhtpy;
3) itFz;lk; ngUkhs; Nfhtpy;
4) fhQ;rpGuk;> jpUr;rp kiyf; Nfhl;il
ghz;bah;:
1) jpUkak;> gps;isahh;gl;b> Fd;wf;Fb> jpUg;guq;Fd;wk;
2) fOFkiy ntl;Lthd; Nfhtpy;> Nfhtpy;gl;b
Nrhoh;fs;:
1) jQ;ir nghpa Nfhtpy; - Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd;
2) fq;if nfhz;l NrhoGuk; - Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpu Nrhod;
3) jhuhRuk; IuhtjPRtuh; Nfhtpy; - ,uz;lhk; ,uhruhrd;
4) jphpGtd tPuRtuk; - %d;whk; FNyhj;Jq;fd;
5) 14 mb thapw;fhty; cUtk;> kpfg; nghpa ee;jp - jQ;ir
6) xNu fy;ypy; etf;fpufk;> rpq;f Kff; fpzW - khky;yGuk;
7) %th; Nfhtpy; rpw;gq;fs; - nfhLk;ghT+h;
8) nrg;Gj; jpUNkdpfspd; nghw;fhyk;
ehaf;fh;fs;:
1) Mapuk; fhy; kz;lgk;> kJiu kPdhl;rp mk;kd; jpUf;Nfhtpy;
2) Ng&h; rptd; Nfhtpy; - Nfhit
3) Ntq;flh[ygjp Nfhtpy; - fpU\;zhGuk;
ngsj;j rkzk;:
1) jpUehjh; Fd;W - nrQ;rp> tpOg;Guk;
2) xNu ghiwapy; 24 jPh;j;jq;fuh;fs; cUtk; - nrQ;rp> tpOg;Guk;
R+bf; nfhLj;j Rlh; nfhb - Mz;lhs;
nghpaho;thhpd; tsh;gG ; kfs; - Mz;lhs;
nly;yp Nehf;fp nry;Yq;fs; (nly;yp rNyh)
- Nejh[p (1943) - rpq;fg;G+h;
,k;gPhpay; kpypl;lhp mflkp - [g;ghd;
,e;jpa Njrpa ,uhZtj;jpd; ,jak;> Md;kh
jkpoh;fs; vd;wth; - jpy;yhd;
kPz;Lk; gpwe;jhy;> xU njd;dpe;jpaj; jkpodhfg;
gpwf;f Ntz;Lk; - Nejh[p
kNyrpa jkpoh;fspd; ,uj;jk; Nejh[papd;
%isapy; fl;bahf cs;sJ - rh;rr
; py;
vt;tpiy nfhLj;jhtJ rkj;Jtj;ij ngw
NghuhLtNj kpfr;rpwe;j ew;Fzk; - Nejh[p
kzE}y; - rPtf rpe;jhkzp (9-k; E}w;whz;L)
Vh;f;fsr; rpwg;G - NrhoehL
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 12
Nghh;f;fs rpwg;G - NrhoehL
mr;rkpy;yhj ehL - NruehL
Kj;Jile;j ehL - ghz;ba ehL
ngUFts kJiuf; fhQ;rp - kJiuf; fhQ;rp
Nghr;rk;gs;sp re;ij - fpU\;zfphp
kzg;ghiw - khl;Lr;re;ij
ma;aY}h; - Ml;Lr;re;ij
xl;ld;rj;jpuk; - fha;fwpr;re;ij
ehfh;Nfhtpy; - G+r;re;ij
<NuhL - [Tspr;re;ij
flY}h; fhuhkzpFg;gk; - fUthl;Lr;re;ij
ehfg;gl;bdk; - kPd; re;ij
ntz;jhb Nte;jh;> gFj;jwpTf; ftpuhah;>
gfytd;> itf;fk; tPuh;> <Nuhl;L rpq;fk; - nghpahh;
rhjp vd;w fl;likg;ig cilj; njwpa Ntz;Lk; - nghpahh;
flTs; kWg;Gf; nfhs;ifia fil gpbj;jth; - nghpahh;
r%f tsh;rr ; pf;F fy;tpia fUtpahff; fUjpath; - nghpahh;
nghpahh; vjph;j;jit:
1) ,e;jp jpzpg;G
2) Fyf; fy;tp
3) Njtjhrp Kiw
4) fs;Sz;zy;
5) Foe;ij jpUkzk;
6) kzf; nfhil
Rakhpahij ,af;fk; - nghpahh; (1925)
ngz; tpLjiyjhd; Kjd;ikahdJ - nghpahh;
,d;iwa mwptpay; tsh;rr; pf;Nfw;w E}y;fs;
jkpopy; gilf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk; - nghpahh;
midtUk; rpf;fdj;ij filgpbg;gJ fl;lhak; - nghpahh;
nghpahh; vd;w gl;lk; - 1938 etk;gh; 13> ngz;fs; khehL>
nrd;id
njw;F Mrpahtpd; rhf;uB]; - nghpahh; [27.06.1970 (UNESCO)]
nghpahh; elj;jpa ,jo;fs;
1. FbauR
2. tpLjiy
3. cz;ik
4. hpNthy;l; (Mq;fpyk;)
GJf;ftpijapd; je;ij - e.gpr;r%h;j;jp
et,e;jpah> `Dkhd; ,jopy; Jiz Mrphpah; - e.gpr;r%h;j;jp
gpr\p> Nutjp vd;w Gidg; ngahpy; ftpij
vOjpath; - e.gpr;r%h;j;jp
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 13
ahJk; CNu> ahtUk; NfsPh; - fzpad; G+q;Fd;wdhh;
G+l;ifapy;Nyhd; ahf;if Nghy - Myj;J}h; fpohh; (GwehD}W)
xOf;ftpaiy ed;fwpe;J vOjpa cyf Nkij - My;gh;l; Ritl;rh;
jpUf;Fwis cah;e;j nfhs;ifia cila nra;As;
Nghy; cyf ,yf;fpaj;jpy; fhz;gJ mhpJ - My;gh;l; Ritl;rh;
gLjpiu itak; ghj;jpa gz;Ng - njhy;fhg;gpak;
gz;Gilik mjpfhuj;jpw;F ciu vOjpath; - ghpg;ngUkhs;
cyfg;Gyth; vd;W jpUts;Stiug; Nghw;wpath; - [p.A.Nghg;
tz;zjhrd; vd;w Gidg; ngaiu cilath; - fy;ahz;[p (,aw;ngah; - fy;ahz
Re;juk;)
Fw;wk;ghh;f;fpy; vd;w rpWfij jkpof muR ghpR
ngw;wJ. - R. rKj;jpuk;
Nthpy; gOj;jg; gyh - R. rKj;jpuk; (rhfpj;a mflkp tpUJ)
10Mk; tFg;G
jkpo; nrhy;yhuha;rr; papy; cr;rk; njhl;lth; - NjtNeag;ghthzh;
cyfj; jkpo; fofj;ij epWtpath; - ghthzh;
re;jf;ftpkzp - jkpoofdhh;
fsk;Gf Jbj;J epd;w cdf;F ntw;wp rhW
fpilj;J tpl;lJ - mz;zh
njd;wy; mire;J tUk; njd; jkpo; Fw;whyk; - uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
nrhy;ypd; nry;th; - uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
jpUg;guq;Fd;w moif ,Ufz;fshf
ctikg;gLj;jpath; - eh.ghh;j;jrhujp
%r;Rg;gapw;rpNa MAis ePbf;Fk; - jpU%yh;
fpof;F = Fzf;F - nfhz;ly; fhw;W
Nkw;F = Flf;F - Nfhilf; fhw;W
tlf;F = thil - thilf; fhw;W
njw;F = njd;wy; - ,jkhd Fsph;fhw;W
tsp kpfpd; typ ,y;iy - IA+h; Kltdhh; (GwehD}W)
njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;W - [Pd; - nrg;lk;gh;
tlfpof;F gUtf; fhw;W - mf;Nlhgh; - brk;gh;
tz;nlhL Gf;f kztha;j; njd;wy; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
fhw;wpd;W mikahJ cyf caphpaf;fk; - ghujpahh;
ePL Japy; ePf;fg; ghlte;j epyh> rpe;Jf;Fj; Njdp>
rpe;JTf;Fje;ij> nre;jkpo;j;NjdP - ghujpahh;
fUj;Jg;glk; vd;w Nfypr;rpj;jpuk; - ghujp Kjypy; cUthf;fpath;
tl ,e;jpa ngUq;flypy; cUthFk; Gay;fSf;F
ngah; itf;Fk; eilKiw - 2000
Gay;fspd; 64 ngah;fis gl;baypl;l mikg;G - cyf thdpiy mikg;G> epA+nly;yp -
2004
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 14
Gay;fspd; ngah;fis ghpe;Jiuj;j ehLfs; (8)
1) tq;f Njrk; 2) ,e;jpah 3) khyj;jPTfs;
4) kpahd;kh; 5) Xkd; 6) ghfp];jhd;
7) ,yq;if 8) jha;yhe;J
f[h Gay; ngahpl;l ehL - ,yq;if
nga;l;b Gay; - jha;yhe;J
Gyk;ngah;e;j jkpoh;fs; gw;wpa Kjy; Gjpdk; - GaypNy Xh; NjhzP
…….. njhy;Nyhh; rpwg;gpd;
tpUe;njjph; NfhlYk; ,oe;j vd;id - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
fy;tpAk; nry;tKk; ngw;w ngz;fs; tpUe;Jk;>
<ifAk; nra;thh;fs; - fk;gh;
tpUe;jpdh;f;F cztpLNthhpd; Kf kyh;r;rpia
ctikahf;fpath; - n[aq;nfhz;lhh;
fhypd; Vobg; gpd; nrd;W - nghUeuhw;Wg;gil
cz;lhy; mk;k ,t;Tyfk; ,e;jpuh; mkpo;jk;
,ita jhapDk; - GwehD}W (flY}h;kha;e;j ,sk;
ngUtOjp)
my;ypy; MapDk; tpUe;Jthpd; ctf;Fk; - ew;wpiz
fUq;Nfhl;L rPwpahiog; gizak; itj;J
tpUe;jspj;jhd; vd;w nra;jp - GwehD}W
tpijj;j ney; mhpj;J> gpd; rikj;J tpUe;J
gilj;j nra;jp - nghpa Guhzk;
ghzh;fSf;F Foy;kPd; fwpAk;> gpwTk; nfhLj;j
nra;jp - rpWghzhw;Wg; gil
gyh;GF thapy; milg;gf; flTeh; tUtPh; csPNuh - FWe;njhif
kUe;Nj MapDk; tpUe;njhL cz; - xsitahh;
thioapiy tpUe;J - kpd;dNrhl;lh> jkpo;r; rq;fk;> mnkhpf;fh
ntw;wp Ntw;if - eWe;njhif
JwT> ,y;ywk;> ngz;fspd; gz;Gfs;> kWtho;tpy;
milAk; ed;ikfs; gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; - fhrpf; fhz;lk;;
$j;jhuhw;Wg;gil - kiygLflhk;
nraw;if Ez;zwpTf; fzpzp - thl;rd; (IBM - 2016)
[g;ghd; rha;lt; q;fp cUthf;fpa ,ae;jpu kdpjd; - ngg;gh;
fhyj;jpd; RUf;fkhd tuyhW - ];Bgd; `hf;fpq; (1988)
rjhtjhdp - nra;F jk;gp ghtyh;
mUisg; ngUf;fp> mwpit jpUj;jp - nra;Fjk;gp ghtyh;
Nt.FzNrfud; vd;w ,aw;ngaiu cilath; - fkyhyad;
ieahz;b Nksk;> ehfRuk;> jtpy;> gk;ig Nghd;w
fUtpfSld; MFk; Ml;lk; - fufhl;lk;
Fk;ghl;lk; vdg;gLtJ - fufhl;lk;
ePuw twpahf; fufj;J - GwehD}W
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 15
khjtp Mba Mly;fs; - 11
Flf;$j;J khw;wk; ngw;w Ml;lk; - fufhl;lk;
fufhl;lj;jpd; Jizahl;lk; - kapyhl;lk;
fh vd;gjw;F ghue;jhq;Fk; Nfhy; vd;W nghUs;
fk;gPuj;Jld; MLk; Ml;lk; - xapyhl;lk;
Mz;fs; kl;LNk MLk; Ml;lk; - Njtuhl;lk;
Njtuhl;lj;jpd; ,irf;fUtp - NjtJe;Jgp (cWkp)
Gutp Ml;lk;> Gutp ehl;bak; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;
fr;rpf;nfhb - ,uh[];jhd;
Fjpiuf; fsp - Nfush - ngha;f;fhy; Fjpiuahl;lk;
“gjiy jpkpiyJb jk;gl;lKk; ngUf” - jpUg;Gfo; (mUzfphpehjh;)
giw - jg;ghl;l ,irf;fUtp
jkpo; kf;fspd; tPuj;ij nrhy;Yk; fiy - Gyp Ml;lk;
jpnusgjp mk;kd; topghL> mh;rR ; zd; jgR
Nghd;wit - njUf; $j;J
ehlff; fiyia kPl;nlLg;gNj jkJ Fwpf;Nfhs; - e.Kj;Jr;rhkp
fiy QhapW - e.Kj;Jr;rhkp
kug;ghitg; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; - jpUf;Fws;
Njhw;ghit gw;wpf; $Wk; E}y; - jpUthrfk;
FkuFUguh;:
17-k; E}w;whz;L
jkpo;> tlnkhop> ,e;J];jhdp Mfpa nkhopfspy; Gyik ngw;wth;
rpw;wpyf;fpaq;fspy; xU tif gps;isj; jkpo;
,UghyUf;Fk; nghJthd gUtq;fs; (7)
1. fhg;G
2. nrq;fPiu
3. jhy;
4. rg;ghzp
5. Kj;jk;
6. tUif
7. mk;Gyp
Mz; = rpw;wpy;> rpWgiw> rpWNjh;
ngz; = foq;F> mk;khid> Cry;
fpz;fpzp - fhypy; mzptJ
miu ehz; - ,ilapy; mzptJ
Rl;b - new;wpapy; mzptJ
Fz;lyk;> Fio - fhjpy; mzptJ
R+op - jiyapy; mzptJ
ikNah? gr;ir epw kufjNkh? kwpf;fpd;w
ePyf;flNyh> fhh; NkfNkh? - fk;gh;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 16
Xir jUk; ,d;gk; ctikapyh ,d;gklh - ghujp
“fk;gd; ,irj;j ftpnay;yhk; ehd;” - ghujp
tWik ,y;iy - nfhil ,y;iy
Nghh; Ghpgth; ,y;iy - typikiaf; fhl;l tha;g;G ,y;iy
mwpahik ,y;iy - Nfs;tp nry;tk; epiwe;Js;sJ
,uhkhtjhuk; vd;gJ fk;guhkhazk;
fy;tpapy; nghpath; - fk;gh;
fk;giu Mjhpj;jth; - rilag;g ts;sy;
fk;gd; tPl;Lf; fl;Lj;jwpAk; ftpghLk; - KJnkhop
tpUj;jk; vd;Dk; xz;ghtpw;F cah; fk;gd;
Gj;jfg;gpj;jd; - k.ngh.rptQhdk;
k.ngh.rptQhdk; gpwe;j ,lk; - rhy;td; Fg;gk;> Mapuk; tpsf;F>nrd;id
jkpoh! Js;sp vO! vd;w Jz;lwpf;if
ntspapl;lth; - k.ngh.rptQhdk;
jkpodj;jpd; nrhj;J vd;W k.ng.rp $wpa E}y; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
jiyiaf; nfhLj;NjDk; jiyefh; fhg;Nghk; vd;W
Koq;fpath; - k.ngh.rptQhdk;
vdJ Nghuhl;lk; vd; jd; tuyhW - k.ngh.rptQhdk;
jpUj;jzp> jpahfuha efhpy; k.ngh.rp-f;F rpiy
itj;j tUlk; - 1966 (jkpof muR)
rpyk;Gr; nry;th; - k.ngh.rptQhdk;
Nfhg;gu Nfrhp> jpUGtd rf;futh;j;jp - 2-k; ,uhruhr Nrhod;
nka;fPh;j;jpfs; fy;ypy; tbf;fg;gl;l fhyk; - Kjyhk; ,uhruhrd;
je;ijf;F je;ijahf> jha;fF ; j;jhahf epd;W
newpNahL fhty; Ghpe;jtd; - 2-k; ,uhruhrd;
,e;jpu tpoh CnuLj;j fhij (Gfhh; fhz;lk;) - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
ciuaplg;gl;l ghl;Lililr; nra;As; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
ehl;LJk; ahk; Xh; ghl;Lilr; nra;As; - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
mbfs; ePNu mUSf - rPj;jiy rhj;jdhh;
Kj;jkpo; fhg;gpak;> Fbkf;fs; fhg;gpak; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;
jpUkhy; Fd;wk; vd;gJ - mofh; kiy
neLNts; Fd;wk; vd;gJ - RUsp kiy
,ul;ilf;fhg;gpaq;fs; - rpyg;gjpfhuk;> kzpNkfiy
[dfdkd ghlYf;F nka;g;ghLfNshL eldk;
Mbath; - ghyru];tjp
rhfpj;a mflkp tpUJ ngw;w Kjy; ngz;
vOj;jhsh; - uh[k;fpU\;zd; (NtUf;FePh;)
ghQ;rhyp rgjk; ghba ghujp vd;w Gjpdk; - uh[k;fpU\;zd;
fsQ;rpak; vd;w kfsph; FO mikj;jth; - rpd;dg;gps;is
mwk; mwf;fz;l newpkhd; mitak; vd;W $Wk;
E}y; - GwehD}W
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 17
ed;Wk; jPJk; Ma;jYk; md;Gk;
mwDk; fhj;jYk; mikr;rh; flik - kJiuf; fhQ;rp
jk;iktpl typik Fiwe;jtNuhL Nghh; nra;tJ
$lhJ vd;wth; - MT+h; %yq;fpohh;
,k;ik nra;jJ kWikf;F Ma; vDk; - KlNkhrpahh;
nry;tj;Jg; gaNd <jy; - ef;fPuh;
filNaOts;sy;fs; Nghw;wg;gLk; nfhilg;gw;wpf;
$WtJ - rpWghzhw;Wg;gil
cyfNk tWikAw;whYk; nfhLg;gtd; mjpad; - xsitahh;
vy;yhtw;iwAk; nfhLg;gtd; kiyakhd;
jpUKbf;fhhp - fgpyh;
kWik Nehf;fp nfhLf;fhjtd; Ngfd; vd;wth; - er;nrs;isahh;
<ahik ,opT> ,ug;Nghh;f;F <ahJ tho;jiy
tpl caph;tpl;L tpLjy; NkyhdJ vd;w E}y; - fypj;njhif
jhd; ngw;wij gpwUf;F toq;Fk; ngUQ;rpj;jpudhhpd;
gz;igf; $WtJ - GwehD}W
gpwh; Jd;gj;ij jd; Jd;gkhf fUjp> cjTjy; - ey;ye;Jtdhh;
gpwh; Jd;gk; jPh;g;gJjhd; cz;ikahd nry;tk; - ey;Ntl;ldhh;
cwtpdh; nfl> tho;gtdpd; nghypT mopAk;
vd;wth; - ngUq;fLq;Nfh
gpioah ed;nkhop vd;W tha;ikiaf; $WtJ - ew;wpiz
Kj;ijah vd;w ,aw;ngaiu cilath; - fz;zjhrd;
nry;th;jk; ifapy; rpiwgl khl;Nld; gjtp
thSf;Fk; gag;gl khl;Nld; - fz;zjhrd;
rpWfij kd;dd; - n[afhe;jd;
rhfpj;a mflkp tpUJ> QhdgPl tpUJ ,uz;ilAk;
ngw;wth; - n[afhe;jd;
Kfk;kJu/gp vd;w ,aw;ngaiu cilath; - eh$h;&kp
fpU];Jtpd; tUifia mwptpj;j Kd;Ndhb - jpUKOf;F Nahthd; (mUsg;gd;)
Njk;ghtzpapy; fUizad; vd;w ngaiu
cilatd; - mUsg;gd;
,];kj; rd;dpahrp (J}a Jwtp) - tPukhKdpth;
tPukhKdpthpd; ,aw;ngah; - fhz;];lhl;bad; N[hrg; ng];fp
tPukhKdpthpd; fhyk; - 17-k; E}w;whz;L
Njk;gh + mzp - thlhj khiy
Njd; + gh + mzp - ,dpa ghly;fspd; njhFg;G
fhpry; vOj;jhsh;fs; thpirapy; %j;jth; - F. mofphprhkp
Myq;fhdj;J mQ;Rtu ,Wj;J muR gl mkh;
cof;fp - kJiuf;fhQ;rp
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 18
ciueil – rpwg;G ngah; - njhlh;
ahkwpe;j nkhopfspNy jkpo; nkhopNghy; ,dpjhtJ vq;Fk; fhNzhk; - ghujpahh;
tyQ;Rop vOj;Jf;fs; - m>v>xs> z> Q
,lQ;Rop vOj;Jf;fs; - l>a>o
cah;jpiz = cah;T + jpiz
m/jpiz = my; + jpiz (cah;T my;yhj jpiz)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 19
,e;jpa E}yftpaypd; je;ij - ,uh.muq;fehjd;
ey;y xOf;fq;fspd; njhFg;G - Mrhuf;Nfhit (ngUthapy; Ks;spahh;)
Mrhuf; Nfhitapy; cs;s ghly;fs; - 100
jhy; - vd;why; ehf;F vd;W nghUs;
ehit mirj;Jg; ghLtJ - jhyhl;L
kfurq;fuhe;jp:
Me;jpuh> fh;ehlfk;> kuhl;bak;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
Nyhhp – gQ;rhg;
cj;juhad;:
F[uhj;> ,uh[];jhd;
jpUts;Sth; jpdk; - ij khjk; ,uz;lhk; ehs;
GjpaNjhh; tpjp nra;Nthk; vd;w E}y; - Kbaurd;
jpuhtpl ehl;bd; thdk;ghb - Kbaurd;
ehl;Lg;Gw ,ay; Ma;T vd;w njhFg;G E}y; - R. rf;jpNty;
“eLT epd;w ed;ndQ;rpNdhh;” - gl;bdg;ghiy
jkpo; ehl;bypUe;J Vw;Wkjp - Njf;F> kapy;Njhif> mhprp> re;jdk;> ,Q;rp> kpsF>
jkpo; ehl;Lf;F ,wf;Fkjp - fz;zhb> fw;G+uk;> gl;L
mNugpahtpy; ,Ue;J thq;fg;gl;lJ - Fjpiu
ftpQhapW - jhuhghujp
jhuhghujp ,aw;ngah; - ,uhjhfpU\;zd;
GJikfs; nra;j NjrkpJ G+kpapd; fpof;F thry; ,J - jhuhghujp
fhe;jpia fth;e;j jkpo;f;ifNal;bd; Mrphpah; - [p.A+Nghg;
fhe;jp fth;e;j E}y; - jpUf;Fws;
ahUila mbepoypy; ,Ue;J jkpo; fw;f Ntz;Lk; vd;W fhe;jpabfs; $wpdhh; - c.Nt.rh
NtYehr;rpahh; mwpe;j nkhop - jkpo;> cUJ
NtYehr;rpahUf;Fk;> Mq;fpNya gilf;Fk; ,ilNa fLikahd Nghh; eilngw;w ,lk;
- fhisahh; Nfhtpy;
NtYehr;rpahhpd; ngz;fs; gilg;gphpT jiyik Vw;wth; - Fapyp
NtYehr;rpahh; eLfy; eLtjw;F fhuzkhd ngz; - cilahs;
NtYehr;rpahpd; je;ij - nry;y Kj;J (,uhkehjGuk;)
NtYehr;rpahhpd; fzth; - Kj;JtLfehjh; (rptfq;if)
NtYehr;rpahhpd; mikr;rh; - jhz;ltuhah;
NtYehr;rpahhpd; gilj;jsgjpfs; - rpd;dkUJ> nghpakUJ
NtYehr;rpahh; rptfq;ifia kPl;l tUlk; - 1780 (50th taJ)
“RNjrp ehtha; rq;fk;” – vd;W t.c.rp gjpT nra;j ehs; - mf; - 16/1906
jkpo; nkhopapd; cgepljk; - jhAkhdth; ghly;fs;
vy;yhUk; ,d;Gw;W ,Uf;f epidg;gJNt - jhAkhdth;
tp[auFehj nrhf;fypq;fj;jplk; jiyik fzf;fuhf ,Ue;jth; - jhAkhdth;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 20
jPh;f;fjhprp vd;w E}iy nkhop ngah;j;jth; - ftpQh; GtpauR
mKjRugpay; czT ,l;lg;ngz; - Mjpiu
rpiwf;Nfhl;lk; mwf;Nfhl;lkhf khw Ntz;Lk; vd;wth; - kzpNkfiy
gRtpd; Kfk; Nghy mike;jJ - NfhKfp ngha;if
Nfh vd;why; - gR
Kfp vd;why; - tbtk;
mGj;jpud; ifapy; ,Ue;j ghj;jpuk; - mKjRugp
mKjRugp NfhKfp ngha;ifapy; ntspte;j ehs; - itfhrp KO epyT ehs;
Gj;j gPbifia fhty;fhf;Fk; ngz; - jPtjpyif
jpf;nfy;yhk; GfOk; jpUney;Ntyp - jpUQhd rk;ge;jH
jz;nghUieg; Gdy;ehL - Nrf;fpohH
jpup$lkiy vd;gJ - Fw;why kiy
Fw;whyf;FwtQ;rp ghbatH - ,uhrg;gf;ftpuhaH
“nghjpap yhapDk; ,kakhapDk;” vd;W ghbatH - ,sq;Nfhtbfs;
jz;nghUie ejp - jhkpuguzp
NtZtdk; - jpUney;Ntyp (%q;fpy;fhL)
fhtw;Giuj; njU - rpiwr;rhiy cs;s njU
$iof; filj; njU - jhdpaq;fs; cs;s njU
mf;fr;rhiy vd;gJ nghw;fhRfs;> mzpfyd;fs; cUthf;Fk; ,lk;.
“xd;Wwh Kd;wpNyh ,y;” vd;w tupfs; fhzg;gLk; E}y; - gonkhop ehD}W
Kf;$ly; vd;gJ rPtyg;Ngup vd;w Ciuf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ntq;fNlRtu vl;lg;guh[hitg; gw;wp ghbatH - fbif Kj;Jg;GytH
=itFz;lj;ijg; gw;wp ghbatH - gps;isg; ngUkhs;
rPjf;fhjp tho;e;j gFjp - fhay;gl;lzk;
Ez;Jsp J}q;Fk; Fw;whyk; - jpUQhd rk;ge;jH
,d;nrhy; tpisepydh <jNy tpj;jhf vd;wtH - Kidg;ghbahH
cyfk; cz;z cz;@ cLj;j cUg;gha; vd;wtH - ghujpjhrd;
nry;tj;Jg;gad; xg;GuT tho;f;if vd;wtH - ghujpjhrd;
jpUf;Fws; newpiag; gug;GtijNa jd; tho;ehs; flikahff; nfhz;ltH
- Fd;wf;Fb mbfshyH
n[d; vd;w [g;ghdpar; nrhy;Yf;F jpahdk; nra; vd;W nghUs;.
NaRfhtpak; - Kj;ijah (v) fz;zjhrd;
thdk; Cd;wpa kjiyg;Nghy vd;w tupfs; ahUilaJ - fbaY}H cUj;jq;fz;zdhH
neLe;njhif vd;wiof;fg;gLk; E}y; - fypj;njhif
GfhH JiwKfj;jpy; ,Ue;J fg;gy;fs; %yk; Vw;Wkjp> ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l nra;jpfs; fhzg;gLk;
E}y; - gl;bdg;ghiy
gytifahd fg;gy;fspd; ngaHfisf; Fwpg;gpLk; E}y; - NrHjd; jpthfuk;
fyk;> tq;fk;> ehtha; Nghd;wit mstpy; ngupa fg;gy;fs;.
Njhzp> Xlk;> glF> Giz> kpjit> njg;gk; Nghd;wit rpwpa glFfs;.
fg;gy; gazj;ij Ke;ePH tof;fk; vd;W $Wk; E}y; - njhy;fhg;gpak;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 21
fg;gy; fl;Lk; fiyQHfs; - fk;kpaH
fg;gypd; cWg;Gfs; : 1. vuh> 2. gUky;> 3. tq;F> 4. $k;G> 5. gha;kuk;> 6. Rf;fhd;> 7. eq;$uk;
fg;gy; nrYj;Jk; khYkpfs; : 1. khYkpfs;> 2. kPfhkd;> 3. ePfhd;> 4. fg;gNyhl;b
fg;giy miof;Fk; tpsf;F - fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;
Mo;flypd; mbapy; vd;w Gjpdj;jpd; MrpupaH - [Py;]; ntHd;
gpruhe;ijahH vd;w ehlf E}ypd; MrpupaH - ghujpjhrd;
jpUf;FwSf;F ,izahfg; Nghw;wg;gLk; E}y; - ehybahH
ed;wpd;ghy; ca;g;gJ mwpT - jpUts;StH
“gs;spj; jykidj;Jk; Nfhapy; nra;FNthk;> vq;fs; ghuj Njrnkd;W Njhs; nrhl;LNthk;”
- ghujpahH
„rpe;jidf; fsQ;rpak;‟ vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpau; - tP.Kdprhkp
„fdT‟ – vd;Dk; ,yf;fpa ,jio elj;jpath; - Rg;ughujp kzpad;
gpd;dy;> Ntl;il> jz;zPh; Aj;jk;> Gj;Jkz;> fij nrhy;Yk; fiy – vd;w E}y;fspd; Mrphpau;
- Rg;ughujp kzpad;
tujd; vd;w ,aw;ngaiu cilatu; - fhsNkfg; Gytu;
fUj;Jg;glk; vd;w Nfypr;rpj;jpuj;ij ,e;jpah vd;w ,jopy; mwpKfk; nra;jth; - ghujpahu;
fypj;njhifapy; kUjj;jpizapy; 35 ghly;fisg; ghbatu; - kUjd; ,sehfdhh;
cyfg;nghJkiw jpUf;Fws; ciu tpsf;fk; vd;w E}ypd; Mrphpau;
- jpUf;Fwsdhh; tP. Kdprhkp
thdk;ghb> Fapy;> njd;wy; Nghd;w ,jo;fspy; ftpij vOjpatu; - Njdurd;
rKjar; rpf;fy;fs; vs;sy; RitNahL ntspg;gLk; gb ftpij vOJgtu; - Njdurd;
fhsNkfg;Gytupd; ,aw;ngau; - tujd;
Xtpak; tiuag;gLk; Jzp - vopdp> jpiur;rPiy> glhk;.
,d;d gygy vOj;J epiy kz;lgk; vd;w thpfs; fhzg;gLk; E}y; - ghpghly;
Gidah Xtpak; fLg;gd;g; Gidtpy; - neLey;thil
Gidah Xtpak; Gwk; Nghe;jd;d - kzpNkfiy
Xtpak; - XT> Xtpak;> Xtk;> rpj;jpuk;> glk;> ghlk;> tl;bifr; nra;jp
Xtpak; tiugth;:
1. fz;Zs; tpidQu;> 2. Xtpag;Gytu;> 3. Xtkhf;fs;>
4. fpstp tt;Nyhd;> 5. rpj;jpuf;fhuh;> 6. tpj;jfh;
Xtpaf; $lk;:
1) vOnjhopy; mk;gyk;
2) vOj;J epiy kz;lgk;>
3) rpj;jpu mk;gyk;
4) rpj;jpuf; $lk;
5) rpj;jpu khlk;
6) rpj;jpu kz;lgk;
7) rpj;jpu rig
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 22
jQ;ir ru];tjp krhy; E}y;fs; - 1122
jQ;ir jkpo;g; gy;fiyf; fofk; (jkpo;ehL tbtk;) - 1981
c.Nt.rh. E}yfk; (2128 Xiyr;Rtbfs; cs;sd) - nrd;id
fPo;j;jpir E}yfk;> nrd;id - 1869
fd;dpkhuh E}yfk;> nrd;id - 1896
ts;Stu; Nfhl;lk; - (1973 – 1976) (Nfhlk;ghf;fk;> nrd;id)
133 mb jpUts;Stu; rpiy - fd;dpahFkup
cyfj; jkpo;r; rq;fk; - kJiu (2016)
rpw;gf;fiyf; $lk; - G+k;Gfhh;
cyikf; ftpQu; - Rujh
mZitj;Jisj;J Vo;fliyg; Gfl;b - xsit
fLifj; Jisj;J Vo;fliy Gfl;b - ,ilf;fhldhh;
Nghuitf; Nfhg;ngU ew;fps;spapd; nrtpypj;jha; - fhtw;ngz;L
Kj;Juhkypq;fj; Njth;
jkpo;> Mq;fpyk; Gyik
Njrpak; fhj;j nrk;ky; vd;W ghuhl;bath; - jpU.tp.f.
Nejh[p vd;w ,jio elj;jpdhh;
tpNtfhde;jhpd; ngUik vd;w jiyg;gpy; ciuahw;wpa ,lk; - rhay;Fb (Kjy; ciu)
epidT ehs; mf;Nlhgh; - 30 (jkpof muR tpoh)
jghy; jiy ntspapl;l tUlk; - 1995
Njthpd; Ngr;R rpq;fj;jpd; Kof;fkhf ,Ue;jJ vd;wth; - mz;zh
Njth; Ngr;R cjLfspy; ,Ue;J tu tpy;iy> cs;sj;jpy; ,Ue;J tUtJ vd;wtu; - ,uh[h[p
Fw;wg;guk;giu vjph;g;G khehL - fKjp
rq;fk; mikj;J Gytu; ghLk; GfOilatuhf tpsq;fpatu; - ghz;bj;Jiu
njhy;fhg;gpaj;ij gbj;J njhy;iyia kwe;Njd; vd;wth; - t.c.rp.
,d;dpiy gbj;J ,d;dy;fis ntd;Nwd; vd;wth; - t.c.rp
nrhy;ypd; nry;th; - uh.gp.NrJg;gps;is
jkpo; ,yf;fzk;
6Mk; tFg;G
1. xyptbtk; vOg;Gjy;> thptbtk; vOJjy; vOj;J vdg;gLk;.
2. ,ay;ghf fhw;W ntspg;gLk; NghJ gpwg;git - caph; vOj;Jfs;
3. xU Kiw fz; ,ikg;gJ> xU Kiw Rlf;F NghLtJ khj;jpiu vdg;gLk;.
4. Fwpy; - khj;jpiu - 1
neby; - khj;jpiu - 2
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 23
6. vOj;J 2 – tifgg;Lk;
1. Kjy; vOj;J (30) 2. rhh;ngOj;J (10)
7. Ma;jk;
1. jdp epiy
2. Kg;Gs;sp> Kg;ghw;Gs;sp> jdpepiy> m/Nfdk;
3. jdpf;Fwpy; Kd; Fwpy; vOj;Jk;> gpd; ty;ypdf; Fw;wpaYfuj;ij ngw;W tUk;
4. capiuAk;> nka;iaAk; rhh;e;J ,aq;FtJ Ma;j vOj;J
9. Kjypy; tuhjit: - l> z> u> y> t> o> s> w> d
Ma;jk; /
10. nkhop ,Wjp vOj;Jfs;: - Q;> z;> e;> k;> a;> u;> y;> t;> o;> s;> d;
13. ,d vOj;Jf;fs;
- ty;ypdk; MWk;> nky;ypdk;> MWk; ,d vOj;Jfs; MFk;.
- q;f;> Q;r>; z;l>; e;j;> k;g;> d;w;>
14. kaq;nfhypfs;: - 8
- z> d> e
- y> o> s
- u> w
- tfu yfuk; = y
- kfu ofuk; = o
- dfu sfuk; = s
17. ngau;r;nrhy;
- ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; nrhy;
- ghujp> gs;sp> fhiy> fz;> ed;ik
18. tpidr;nrhy;
- nraiyf; Fwpg;gJ
- th> Ngh> vOJ> tpisahL
19. ,ilr;nrhy;
- ngau;rn
; rhy;iyAk;> tpidr;nrhy;iyAk; rhh;e;J tUtJ ,ilr;nrhy;
ck;> kw;W> I
20. chpr;nrhy;
- ngau;rn
; rhy;> tpidr;nrhy; Mfpatw;wpd; jd;ikia kpifg;gLj;JtJ chpr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
kh – khefuk;
rhy – rhyr;rpwe;jJ
22. ,LFwpg;ngau;:
- Kd;Ndhh; fhuzk; ,d;wp toq;fpaJ
v.fh: kz;> kuk;> fhw;W
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 25
23. ,LFwpnghJg; ngau;
- jd;ikapy; vy;yhg; nghUisAk; nghJthff; Fwpg;gJ ,LFwpg; nghJg;ngau; MFk;.
v.fh: kuk;> fhL
25. fhuzg;ngau;:
- fhuzj;NjhL xU nghUSf;F toq;Fk; ngau;
v.fh: ehw;fhyp> fUk;gyif
26. fhuzg;nghJg;ngau;:
- Fwpg;gpl;l fhuzKs;s vy;yhg; nghUisAk; nghJthf Fwpg;gJ
v.fh: gwit> mzp
7Mk; tFg;G
1. Fw;wpaYfuk; 6 tifg;gLk; (Fiwe;J xypf;Fk; cfuk;)
1. neby; - ghF> khR> ghL> fhJ
2. Ma;jk; - v/F> m/J
3. caph; - muR> fapW> xd;gJ
4. td;njhlu; - ghf;F> Ngr;R> gj;J
5. nkd; njhlu; - ghq;F> kQ;R> gz;G
6. ,ilj; njhlu; - va;J> khh;G> rhy;G> %o;F
4. FWf;fq;fs; - 4 tifg;gLk;
5. Ifhuf;FWf;fk; - itak;> rikay;> gwit
6. xsfhuf; FWf;fk; - xsit> ntsthy;
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7. kfuf; FWf;fk; - Nghy;k;> kUz;k;> tyk; te;jhd;
8. Ma;jf;FWf;fk; - m/J> v/F> K/BJ> f/wPJ
9. tof;F ,uz;L tifg;gLk;. mit: 1. ,ay;G tof;F - 3 tifg;gLk;
2. jFjp tof;F - 3 tifg;gLk;
10. ,yf;fzKilaJ - epyk;> kuk;> thd;> vOJ
11. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;gJ nrhw;fs; Kd;gpd; ,lk;khwp tUtJ
,y;Kd; → Kd;dpy;
fpisEdp → Edpf;fpis
12. k&c
thapy; → thry;
jQ;rht+h; → jQ;ir
jpUney;Ntyp → ney;iy
8 Mk; tFg;G
1. Kaw;rpahy; gpwf;Fk; vOj;Jf;fs; Njhd;Wk; ,lk; - khh;G> jiy> fOj;J> %f;F
2. Kaw;rp gpwg;G - ,jo;> ehf;F> gy;> Nky; tha;
3. ,lg; gpwg;G:
- caph; vOj;Jfs; - fOj;J
- ty;ypd nka; - khh;G
- nky;ypd nka; - %f;F
- ,ilapd nka; - fOj;J
- Ma;j vOj;J - jiy
4. Kaw;rp gpwg;G:
- m> M - tha; jpwg;gjhy; cz;lhFk;.
- ,> <> v> V> I - tha; jpwe;J> ehf;fpd; mb Xuk; Nky;tha; nghUe;j gpwf;Fk;
- c> C> x> X> xs - tha; jpwe;J ,jo;fs; Ftpjhy; cUthFk;.
- f;> q; - ehtpd; Kjy;> mz;zj;jpd; mbiaj; njhLtjhy;
- r;> Q; - ehtpd; ,il mz;zj;jpd; ,ilj; njhLtjhy;
- l;> z; - ehtpd; Edp> mz;zj;jpd; Edpia nghUe;Jtjhy;
- j;> e; - ehtpd; Edp> Nky;tha;g; gy;ypd; mb njhLtjhy;
- fPo; ,jOk;> Nky;tha;gy;Yk; ,iztjhy; gpwf;Fk; vOj;J - t;
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6. fhyj;ijAk;> nraiyAk; njspthf czh;j;jpdhy; - njhpepiy tpidKw;W
- khztp fl;Liu vOjpdhs;
7. fhyj;ijf; fhl;lhky; fUj;jhit kl;Lk; czh;j;JtJ - Fwpg;G tpidKw;W
- nghd;dd;> njd;dhl;lhh;> Mjpiuahd;> fz;zd;> fhpad;> vOj;jd;
8. Vty; tpidKw;W - ghlk;gb> filf;Fg;Ngh - xUik – vOJ - gd;ik – vOJkpd;
9. tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W:
o tpFjpfs; - ,a> ,ah;> f> my;
o nghUs; - tho;f> itj;jy;> Ntz;ly;> tpjpj;jy;
10. Kw;W ngwhj xU nry; ngaiuf; nfhz;L KbtJ nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. - gbj;j khztd;
- gbj;j gs;sp
11. nraiyAk;> fhyj;ijAk; fhl;LtJ njhpepiy nganur;rk;. - vOjpa fbjk;
- gbj;j khztd;
12. gz;ig kl;Lk; czh;j;JtJ Fwpg;G nganur;rk; vdg;gLk;. - mofpa kyh;
- rpwpa fbjk;
13. Kw;W ngwhj nrhy; xU tpidiaf; nfhz;L KbtJ - tpidKw;W
- gbj;J Njwpdhd;
- tpOe;J Xbdhd;
14. fhyk;> nraiy njspthf fhl;bdhy; njhpepiy tpidnar;rk;
- vOjp te;jhd;
- vOjp tUfpwhd;
- vOjp tUthd;
54. mb - 5 tifg;gLk;.
Fwsb - 2 rPh;
rpe;jb - 3 rPh;
mstb / Neub - 4 rPh;
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nebyb - 5 rPh;
mWrPh; fop nebyb - 6 rPh;
vOrPh; fop nebyb - 7 rPh;
vz;rhP ; fop nebyb - 8 rPh;
9Mk; tFg;G
1. jd;tpid vd;gJ = vOtha; + gadpiy
- mg;Jy; New;W te;jhd;
2. gpwtpid:
xU nray; gpwiuf; nfhz;Nlh (m) gpwUf;fhfNth nra;tJ
mg;Jy; New;W fw;gpj;jhd;
3. ngauil:
ey;y E}y; xd;W gbj;jhd;
ey;y vd;w nrhy; vOtha;fF; milahf tUfpwJ.
4. tpidail:
fz;kzp nky;y te;jhs;
nky;y vd;w nrhy; gadpiyf;F milahf tUtJ.
5. gFgj cWg;Gfs; - 6
6. gFgjk; - gphpj;jhy; nghUs; jUtJ.
7. gfhg;gjk; - gphpj;jhy; nghUs; juhJ.
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9. gFgjj;jpy; Kjypy; tUtJ - gFjp
fl;lis / Vtypy; tUk;
Kjdpiy vdg;gLk;.
16. gFjp> tpFjpf;F mlq;fhky;> fhyk; fhl;lhky; tUk; nka;naOj;J vOj;Jg; NgW vdg;gLk;.
- nra;ahNj = nra; + a; + M + j; + V
17. jdp tpid:
- gb> gbAq;fs;> gbf;fpwhh;fs;
18. $l;Ltpid:
1. ngah; + tpid = tpid
je;jp + mb = je;jpab
Miz + ,L = MizapL
Nfs;tp + gL = Nfs;tpg;gL
2. tpid + tpid = tpid
fz;L + gpb = fz;Lgpb
Rl;b + fhl;L = Rl;bf;fhl;L
3. ,il + tpid = tpid
Kd; + VW = Kd;NdW
gpd; + gw;W = gpd;gw;W
fPo; + ,wq;F = fPopwq;F
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19. ,ir> Fwpg;G> gz;G Nghd;w nghUspy; tUtJ - chpr;nrhw;fs;
24. caphPw;Wg;Gzh;r;rp:
1. kzp + moF = kzpaoF (clk;gLnka;)
2. jP + vhp = jPnahp (clk;gLnka;)
26. xd;wpd; ,aw;ngah; mjNdhL njhlh;Gila kw;nwhd;wpw;F njhd;W njhl;L Mfp tUtJ - MFngah;
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vz;zysit MFngah; - xd;W ngw;why; xspkak;
vLj;jysit MFngah; - ,uz;L fpNyh nfhL
Kfj;jysit MFngah; - miu ypl;lh; thq;F
ePl;lysit MFngah; - Ie;J kPl;lh; ntl;bdhd;
10Mk; tFg;G
1. msngil - 2 tifg;gLk;
2. capusngil 3 tifg;gLk;
6. njhopw;ngah; 3 tifg;gLk;
1. tpFjp ngw;w njhopw;ngah; - elj;jy;
- tho;f;if
- Mdy
vjph;kiwj; njhopw;ngah;
- elthik> nfhy;yhik
2. Kjdpiye; njhopw;ngah;
- tpFjp ,y;yhky; tpidg;gFjpNa
njhopw;ngauhf tUtJ.
- jl;L> ciu> mb> vL
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3. Kjdpiy jphpe;j njhopw;ngah;
- Kjdpiy jphpe;J Fwpy;> nebyhf khWtJ
- nfL - NfL
- RL - R+L
9. gz;Gj; njhif
- epwk;> msT> Rit> tbtk;> Mfpa Md Nghd;w gz;G cUGfs; kiwe;J tUtJ
- nrq;fhe;js;
- tl;lj; njhl;b
- ,d; nkhop
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14. tO - VO tifg;gLk;.
1. jpiz - nropad; te;jJ
2. ghy; - fz;zfp cz;lhd;
3. ,lk; - eP te;Njd;
4. tpdh - nghpajh? rpwpajh?
5. fhyk; - New;W tUthd;
6. tpil - Nfs;tpf;F tpilaspg;gJ
7. kuG - njd;de;Njhl;lk;
- ghy; Fb
- NrhW cz;
- Me;ij fj;Jk;
- khL gpspWk;
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39. epyj;Jf;Fhpa giw vit
1. FwpQ;rp - njhz;lfk;
2. Ky;iy - VW Nfhl;giw
3. kUjk; - kz Koh> ney;yhpfpiz
4. nea;jy; - kPd; Nfhl;giw
5. ghiy - Jb
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mzpapyf;fzk;:
1. jw;Fwpg; Ngw;w mzp:
,ay;ghf elf;Fk; nraypy; Gyth; jd; fUj;ij Vw;wpf; $WtJ
v.fh: NghUoe; njLj;j Mnuapy; neLq;nfhb “thuy;” - vd;gd Nghy;…..
2. jPtf mzp:
xU ,lj;jpy; tUk; nrhy;> gy ,lq;fspy; cs;s nrhw;fNshL nghUe;jp nghUis tpsf;FtJ.
v.fh: Nre;jd Nte;jd; jpUneLq;fz;> Ve;J jle;Njhs;> ,opFUjp…..
4. jd;ikazp:
xU nghUspd; ,ay;ig mjd; cz;ikj; jd;ikAld; $WtJ.
v.fh: $e;jy; fUg;G
Fq;Fkk; rptg;G
5. ctikazp:
- Nghy> Nghd;w> vd;w ctk cUGfs; ntspg;gilahf tUtJ.
- kyh; Nghd;w ghjk;.
6. vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctikazp:
- ctk cUGfs; kiwe;J tUtJ.
- Gwe;J}a;ik ePuh zikAk; mfe;J}a;ik
tha;ikahw; fhzg; gLk;.
7. nrhy; gpd;tUepiyazp:
Jg;ghh;f;Fj; Jg;gha Jg;ghf;fpj; Jg;ghh;f;Fj;
Jg;gha J}ck; kio.
8. nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp:
- mtpo;e;jd Njhd;wp ayh;e;jd fhah
nefpo;e;jd Neh;Kf Ky;iy
kfpo;e;Jjo; tpz;ld nfhd;iw
tphpe;j fUtpis
nfhz;ld fhe;js; Fiy
9. nrhw;nghUs; gpd;tUepiyazp:
- vy;yh tpsf;Fk; tpsf;fy;y rhd;Nwhh;fF
;
ngha;ah tpsf;Nf tpsf;F.
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10. tQ;rg; Gfo;rr; pazp:
- Njtu idah; fath; mtUe;jhk;
Nktd nra;njhOf yhd;.
- ghhp ghhp vd;Wgy Vj;jp
xUtw; Gfo;th;;; nre;ehg; Gyth;
ghhp xUtDk; my;yd;>
khhpAk; cz;L; <z;L cyFGug; gJNt
12. Ntw;Wikazp:
Kjypy; xw;Wikiaf; $wp> gpwF NtWgLj;JtJ.
v.fh: jPapdhw; Rl;lg;Gz; cs;shWk; MwhNj
ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL.
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jpir Ntfk; myF – ms-1
ce;jk; myF – fp.fp. kP/tp (Kgms-1)
KLf;fk; myF – kP / tp-2
tpirapd; myF – fp.fp. kP / tp2
mOj;jj;jpd; myF – epA+l;ld; kP2 (or) gh];fy;
Mw;wypd; myF – epA+l;ld; X kP
gug;G ,Otpir myF – epA+l;ld; kP-1
1 thdpay; myF kjpg;G – 1.496 x 1011kP
1 xsp Mz;L kjpg;G – 9.46 x 1015kP
tpz;zpay; Muk; kjpg;G – 3.08 x 1016kP
ekf;F kpf mUfpy; cs;s el;rj;jpuk; vJ? – My;/gh nrd;lhhp
ngh;kp – 10-15kP
Mq;];l;uk; - 10-10kP
ikf;uhd; - 10-6kP
kpy;ypkPl;lu; - 10-3kP
nrd;b kPl;lu; - 10-2 kP
1 fpuhk; - 1/1000 fp.fp
1 Ftpz;lhy; - 100 fp.fp
1 nkl;hpf; ld; - 1000 fp.fp
1 ml ePhpd; kjpg;G – 1g
1 L ePhpd; epiw – 1kg
1 kpy;ypdpak; - 3.16 x 109 tp
cl;fUtpd; Muk; - 10-15kP
,U tpz;kPd;fSf;F ,ilNaahd njhiyT – 1026kP
vyf;l;uhdpd; epiw – 9.11 x 10-31 fp.fp.
ghy;topj;jpud; mz;lk; epiw – 2.2 x 101 fp.fp
1 mb vd;gJ – 30.4nr.kP
1 kP vd;gJ – 3.2 mb
1 mq;Fyk; vd;gJ – 2.54 nr.kP
1 kPl;lu; vd;gJ – 40 mq;Fyk;
1 TMC vd;gJ – 2.83 x 1010
2. tpirAk; ,af;fKk;
Neh;f;Nfhl;L ,af;fk; - jhdhf fPNo tpOk; nghUs;
tisTg;ghij ,af;fk; - tPrg;gLk; ge;J
tl;lg;ghij ,af;fk; - fapw;wpd; xU Kidapy; fy;iyf;fl;b Rw;Wjy;
jw;Row;rp ,af;fk; - gk;guj;jpd; ,af;fk;
<apd; ,af;fk; - xOq;fw;w ,af;fk;
CQ;ry; ,af;fk; - fhy xOq;F ,af;fk;
ruhrup Ntfj;jpd; SI myF - kP/tp
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cird; Nghy;L 100 kP J}uj;jpid vt;tsT Neuj;jpy; fle;j rhjid Ghpe;Js;shh;?
– 9.58 tpdhbfs;
jiuapy; thOk; tpyq;Ffspy; kpfNtfkhf xLk; tpyq;F vJ? - rpWj;ij - 112 fp.kP / kzp
,e;jpahtpd; goq;fhy thdpayhsu;? - Mhpagl;lh
kpjptz;b rf;fuk; - jw;Row;rp ,af;fk;
kpjptz;b ghij - Neh;Nfhl;L ,af;fk;
Nuhghl; vd;jd; nghUs; vd;d? - cj;juTf;F gbe;j Copau;
fg;gy; tpkhdq;fspd; Ntfq;fs; msf;fg;gad;gLtJ - ehl;
Ntfj;jpd; myF - kP/tp
jpirNtfj;jpd; SI myF - kP/tp
KLf;fk; SI myF - kP/tp2
mOj;jj;jpd; myF - gh];fy; (m) Nm-2
ghNuh kPl;liu fz;lwpe;jtu; ahh;? - lhhpnry;yp
caukhd kiyg;gFjpapy; ePhpd; nfhjpepiy - 800C
fly; ePh; kl;lj;jpy; ghjurj;jpd; cauk; - 76 nr.kP / 760 kp.kP
SI myF Kiwapy; 1 atm vd;gJ? - 100>000 gh];fy;
thfdq;fis cah;e;j gad;gLk; ePhpapy; cah;j;jpfspy; ve;j jj;Jtk; gad;gLfpwJ?
– gh];fy; tpjp
gug;G ,Otpirapd; myF - Nm-1
ghfpay; tpirapd; CGS myF - gha;y;
ghfpay; tpirapd; SI myF - Kgm-1s-1 (or) NSM-2
3. ntg;gk;
ntg;gj;jpd; SI myF - [Py;
ntg;gj;ij mstplg;gad;gLk; kw;nwhU myF - fNyhhp
ntg;gepiyapd; SI myF - nfy;tpd; (k)
ntg;gepiyia mstplg;gad;gLk; fUtp - ntg;gepiykhdp
miw ntg;g epiyapy; ePhpd; ntg;gepiy - 300C
ePhpd; nfhjpepiy - 1000C
ePhpd; ciwepiy - 00C
mOj;jg;gl;l rikaw;fydpd; ntg;gepiy - 1200C
Mg;gphpf;fhtpYs;s ypgpahtpy; mjpf gl;r ntg;gepiy - 590C
cyfpNyNa kpff; Fiwe;j ntg;gepiy – mz;lhh;bfh (-890 C)
ekJ clypd; ruhrhp ntg;gepiy vt;tsT - 370C
ghjurj;jpd; nfhjp epiy - 3570C
ghjurj;jpd; ciwepiy - 390C
fhw;wpd; ntg;gepiy vd;dthf ,Uf;Fk; NghJ ekJ cly; Fsph;r;rp czUk; - 15°C Kjy; 20°C
%yf;$Wfspd; ruhrhp ,af;f Mw;wiyf; Fwpg;gpLk; mstPL - ntg;gepiy
%yf;$Wfspd; nkhj;j ,af;f Mw;wiyf; Fwpg;gpLk; mstPL - ntg;gk;
Ma;tfq;fs;> rikayiwfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; fz;zhb - NghNuh rpypNfl; fz;zhb
10C ntg;gepiy cah;tpw;F tphptilAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ? - My;f`hy;
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1 fNyhhp vd;gJ vj;jid [Py; ? - 4189J
1 fpNyh fNyhhp vd;gJ vj;jid [Py; ? - 4200J
ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; myF - fNyhhp
ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwdpd; SI myF - JK-1
jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; SI myF - JKg-1 K-1
ePhpd; jd; ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vt;tsT? - 4200 JKg-1 K-1
Kjy; gdpf;fl;b fNyhhp kPl;lh; gad;gLj;jpatu; - Mz;ld; ytha;rpau;
ntw;wplf; FLit Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu;? - rh;N[k;]; jpthu;
clypy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; ntg;gj;ij Neubahf msf;fg; gad;gLtJ?
- b[pl;ly; ntg;gepiykhdp
cah; ntg;gepiyapYs;s gFjpapypUe;J Fiwe;j ntg;g epiyg; gFjpf;F %yf;$Wfspd; ,af;fk;
- ntg;grydk;
ntg;g Mw;wy; xU ,lj;jpypUe;J kw;nwhU ,lj;jpw;F kpd;fhe;j miyfshf guTk; Kiw
- ntg;gf;fjph; tPr;R
/ghud;`Pl mstPl;by; ciwepiyg; Gs;sp - 32°F
/ghud;`Pl mstPl;by; Mtpahjy; Gs;sp - 212°F
4.kpd;dpay;
ntg;g Mw;wy; kpd;dhw;wyhf khWtJ? - mdy; kpd;epiyak;
mdy; kpd; epiyaq;fs; - nea;Ntyp> vz;Zu;
ePh; kpd; epiyaq;fs; - Nkl;^u;> ghgehrk;
mZ kpd; epiyaq;fs; - fy;ghf;fk;> $lq;Fsk;
fhw;wiyfs; - faj;jhW> Muy;tha;nkhop
mdy; kpd; epiyaq;fspy; vhpg;nghUs; - epyf;fhp> Bry;
Ntjpahw;wiy kpd;dhw;wyhf khw;Wk; xU fUtp? - kpd;fyd;
kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a ,ayhj kpd;fyd; - Kjd;ik kpd;fyd;
Kjd;ik kpd;fyd; - Rtu;f; fbfhuk;> iff;fbfhuk;> NuhNgh nghk;ikfs;
gyKiw kpd;Ndw;wk; nra;a KbAk; kpd;fyd; - Jizkpd;fyd;
Neh;KidapypUe;J vjph;Kidf;F kpd;D}l;lk; nry;Yk; njhlh;r;rpahd %ba ghij - kpd;Rw;W
kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij Njitahd NghJ Nrh;f;fNth (m) epWj;jNth gad;gLk; mikg;G? - rhtp
rhtp jpwe;j epiyapy; cs;s NghJ kpd;rhuk; - ghahJ
rhtp %ba epiyapy; cs;s NghJ kpd;rhuk; - ghAk;
xU rhtp> xU kpd;fyd;> ,izg;G fk;gp nfhz;L cUthf;fg;gLk; kpd;Rw;Wfs;? - vspa kpd;Rw;W
tPLfspy; ve;j ,izg;G kpd;Rw;W gad;gLfpwJ.
kpd;rhuj;ij cUthf;Fk; kPd; - <y; kPd;
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpid mstpl gad;gLk; fUtp - mk;kPll
; u;> gf;f ,izg;G
jd; topNa kpd;D}l;lq;fs; nry;y mDkjpg;gJ - kpd;flj;jpfs;
jd;topNa kpd;D}l;lk; nry;y mDkjpf;fhj nghUl;fs; - kpd;flj;jhg; nghUl;fs;
kpd; tpsf;if fz;lwpe;jth; - jhk]; My;th vbrd;
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ilNdhNkhitf; fz;Lgpbj;jtu; - ikf;Nfy; /ghuNl
kpd; Nkhl;lhh; Kd; khjphpia tbtikj;jtu; - ikf;Nfy; /ghuNl
kpd;D}l;lk; myF - $Y}k;
rpWk kpd;D}l;lk; kjpg;G - 𝟏. 𝟔𝟎𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟗 $Y}k;
epiykpd; fhl;bia tbtikj;jth; - tpy;ypak; fpy;gu;l;
Kjy; mwptpay; kpd;rhjdk; - epiykpd; fhl;b
tpy;ypak; fpy;gh;bd; epiykpd;fhl;b - ntu;Nrhhpak;
cNyhf Crp Nkil njhq;f tplg;gl;bUe;j mikg;G - ntu;Nrhhpak;
rpwe;j kpd;flj;jpfs; - jq;fk;> nts;sp
rpwe;j kpd;flj;jp - Gtp
kpd;dy; ghjpg;Gfspy; ghJfhf;f cjTk; fUtp - jhkpuf;fk;gp
650 thl;]; msTf;F kpd;rhuj;ij cUthf;Fk; jpwd; - <y;
,Uk;gpd; kPJ Jj;jehfg; glyk; Kyhk; G+Rjy; - kpd;%yhk; G+Rjy;
,Uk;G JUg;gpbj;jiy jLf;f - Jj;jehfg;glyk; %yhk;
kpd;tpsf;Ffspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; mjpf kpd;jil nfhz;l cNyhff;fk;gp - lq;];ld;> epf;Nuhk;
vspjpy; ntg;gkilahj fk;gp - jhkpuf;fk;gp
Fiwe;j cUFepiy nfhz;lJ - kpd;cUfpfs;
nts;sa P k; (k) fhhpak; fye;j fyitapdhy; jahhpf;fg;gl;l Jz;Lf;fk;gp - kpd;cUfpfs;
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Gtpapd; fhe;jg;Gyj;jpid mwpe;jpLk; gwit - Gwh
cyfpNyNa kpfTk; Ntfkhd njhlu;tz;b - nkf;ypt; (500 fp.kP/kzp)
flw; ml;il / gw;W ml;ilfspd; gpd;Gwj;jpy; cs;s fhe;jthp ml;il - khf;];l;iug;
,Uk;Gfhe;jj; Jfs; vd;gJ - khf;];l;iug;
kpd;fhe;jtpay;
fg;gypd; khYkpfs; fhe;jq;fs; vjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;jpdh; - fg;gypd; jpiria mwpa
xU Fwpg;gpl;l gug;gpd; topahf fle;J nry;Yk; fhe;jg;Gyf;NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if - fhe;jg;ghak;
fhe;jg;ghaj;jpd; myF - ntgu; (Wb)
fhe;j tpirf; NfhLfSf;F nrq;Fj;jhf mike;j xuyF gug;igf; fle;Jk; nry;Yk; fhe;jtpir
NfhLfspd; vz;zpf;if - fhe;jg; gha mlh;j;jp
fhe;jg; gha mlh;j;jpapd; myF - Wb/ m2
gpwe;j flw;fiuNahuk; gy Mz;LfSf;F gpwF te;J Kl;ilapLk; Mikfs;
- yhn[h;n`l; fly; Mik
kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;j tpisT fz;lwpe;jtu; - fphp];bad; xau;];nll;
kpd;Ndhl;lk; fhe;jGyj;ij cUthf;Fk; vd fz;lwpe;jth; - fphp];bad; xau;];nll;
xU fhe;j Gyj;jpy; fhe;jg;Gyj; jpirapy;yhj NtnwhU jpirapy; efUk; kpd;Ndhl;lk; xU tpir
czUk; - H.V. yhud;];
kpd;fhe;jj; J}z;ly;> lahfhe;jj;jd;ik> (k) kpd;dhw; gFg;G fz;lwpe;jtu;? - ikf;Nfy; ghuNl
kpd;Njf;F jpwdpd; SI myF - ghuNl
kpd; Mw;wiy ,ae;jpu Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; fUtp - kpd;Nkhl;lu;
Fiwe;j kpd;dOj;jj;ij cau; kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; cau; kpd;dOj;jj;ij Fiwe;j
kpd;dOj;jkhfTk; fUtp - kpd;khw;wp
Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij cah;khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhf khw;WtJ? - Vw;W kpd;khw;wp
cau; khWjpir kpd;dOj;jj;ij Fiwe;j khWjpir kpd;dOj;jkhf khw;Wk; rhjdk;
- ,wf;F kpd;khw;wp
kpd;dOj;jij mjpfhpf;fg;gad;gLtJ - Vw;W kpd;khw;wp
kpd;Ndhl;lk; ghAk; flj;jpapy; cUthFk; tpir fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ - gpnskpq;fp tyf;iftpjp
J}z;lg;gl;l kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; jpiria fz;lwptJ - gpnskpq; ,lJiftjp
6. kpd;Ndhl;ltpay;
1. Kjy; mdy; kpd;epiyak; vq;F Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ? – fy;fj;jh – 1899 Vg;uy;-17
2. nrd;idapy; mdy; kpd;epiyak; vg;NghJ cUthf;fg;gl;lJ? – 1900 – Ngrpd;ghyk;
3. kpd;D}l;lq;fspd; myF – $Y}k; (C)
𝟏𝟖
4. Xu; $Y}k; vd;gjd; kjpg;G ahJ? – 6.242 × 𝟏𝟎 GNuhl;lhd; (k) vyf;l;uhd;
5. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; SI myF ahJ? – Mk;gpau; (A)
6. kuG kpd;Ndhl;lk; vd;gJ? – Neh; kpd;D}l;lq;fs;
7. kpd;Ndhl;lkhdJ ve;j fUtpahy; mstplg;gLfpwJ? – mk;kPll; u;
𝟏
8. 1 kpy;yp Mk;gpau; (MA) kjpg;G – 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 Mk;gpau; (m) Mk;gpau;
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
𝟏
9. 1 ikf;Nuh Mk;gpau; vd;gJ – 𝟏𝟎−𝟔 Mk;gpau; (m) Mk;gpau;
𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎
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10. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;bd; SI myF vd;d? – Nthy;l; - V
11. kpd;dOj;j NtWghl;il msf;f cjTk; fUtp – Nthy;l; kPl;lu;
12. kpd;jilapd; SI myF – Xk;
13. kpd;flj;Jjpwdpd; myF – rPnkd;]; / kPl;lu;
14. kpd;jil vz;zpd; SI myF – Xk; kPl;lu;
15. Kjd;ik kpd;fyk; v.fh: – lhh;r; tpsf;F> fbfhuq;fs;> nghj;jhd;
16. Jiz kpd;fyd; v.fh: – Nkhl;lhu; thfdq;fs; kpd;dpaw;wpfs;
17. cyu; kpd;fyd; ahuhy; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ? – Naa;RfpNah – [g;ghd; ehL
18. nyf;yhQ;rp kpd;fyj;jpd; Xu; vspatbtk; – cyu; kpd;fyd;fs;
19. cyu; kpd;fyk; kpd; gFsp – NH4Cl
20. kpd;fy mLf;if fz;lwpe;jth; ahu;? – Y}apfhy;thdp
21. 1800 Kjy; kpd;fy thy;bf; Ftpaiy cUthf;fpatu;? – mnyf;rhz;l;Nuh Nthy;lh
22. etPd kpd;fyd; fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F nghpJk; fhuzkhdtu;? – mnyf;rhz;l;Nuh Nthy;lh
23. kpd;Rw;wpy; kpd;Ndhl;lj;ij ghar;nra;aTk; epWj;jTk; gad;gLk; fUtp? – kpd;rhtp
24. kpf Fiwe;j kpd;jil nfhz;lJ? – jhkpuk;
25. epf;Nuhk; vd;gJ? – epf;fy; + FNuhkpak;
26. kpd; cUfp vjdhy; Mdit? – gPq;fhd;
27. kpd;Ndhl;lj;jpd; fhe;jtpisit tpsf;fpath; – fphp];bad; i`n[d;];
7. xspapay;
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𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒊
];ney; tpjpapd; rkd;ghL vd;d? - 𝝁=
𝑺𝒊𝒏𝒓
mjpf miy ePsj;ijAk; Fiwe;j tpyfiyAk; nfhz;l epwk; - rptg;G
ntz;ik epw xspahdJ xsp CLUTk; Clfj;jpy; topNa nry;Yk; NghJ VO tz;zq;fshf
gphpif miltJ vd;d? - epwg;gphpif
xspapd; jpir Ntfj;ijf; fzf;fpl Kad;wtu; - fyPyPNahfyPyp
xspapd; jpirNtfk; G+kpapy; Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu; - mh;kz;l; gpN\
ituj;jpd; khWepiyf; Nfhzk; - Q = 24.40
xsp ,ioaypd; je;ij ahu;? - eupe;ju; fghdp
xspf;fjph;fs; tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;s thA> mZf;fs; (k) %yf;;$Wfshy; rpjwybf;fg;gLk;
gz;G - uhNy xspr;rpjwy; tpjp
$o;kfiurypd; cs;s $o; kj;Jfs; xspf; fjph;fs; rpjwybf;fg;gLk; epfo;T
– bz;lhy; xspr;rpjwy;
nyd;rpd; jpwdpd; SI myF – ilahg;lu;
kdpj tpopapd; tpl;lk; - 2.3 nr.kP. tpl;lk;
fz;zpd; epwKila gFjp – Iup];
tpopf; Nfhsk; gpd;Gw cl;gug;G – nul;bdh
njspTWf; fhl;rpapd; kPr;rpWj; njhiyT – 25 nr.kP.
8. xypapay;
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9. mz;lk; (k) tpz;ntsp
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G+kpapypUe;J mjd; #upadpd; njhiyT - 150 kpy;ypad;
Gjd; Row;rpf;fhyk; - 59 Gtpehs;
G+kpapd; Rw;Wf;fhyk; - 365.30 ehs;
#upaid Ntfkhf Rw;wptUk; Nfhs; - Gjd;
nrt;thapd; Jizf;Nfhs;fs; - BNkh];> NghNgh];
rdpapd; Jizf;Nfhs; - ill;ld;
nghpa njhiy Nehf;fpapd; %yk; ghh;f;f KbAk; Nfhs; - ANud];
neg;bA+d; kpfg; nghpa epyT - biul;lhd;
kpfg; nghpa rpWNfhs;fs; vJ? - nru]; (946 – tpl;lk;)
76 Mz;Lfs; xU Kiw njhpAk; tpz;kPd; - `hyptpz;kPd;
Gtpapd; Muk; - 6371 fp.kP.
Gtpapd; epiwapd; kjpg;G - 5.972 x 1024 fp.kP
<u;g;gpay; khwpypapd; kjpg;G - 6.67 X 10-11 epkP2> fp.fp2
10. gha;kq;fs;
XuyF gug;gpd; kPJ nray;gLk; ce;J tpir? - mOj;jk;
mOj;jj;jpd; SI myF - Nm-2 (or) epA+l;ld;/rJu kPl;lu;
ce;J tpirapd; SI myF - epA+l;ld; (N)
xU epA+l;ld; rJu kPl;lu; vd;gJ kw;nwhU ngau; - 1 Pa = 1 Nm-2
1 epA+l;ld; vd;gJ vj;jid ild;fs; - 10 ild; nr.kP2
Nfhlhhp (k) fj;jpapd; ntl;Lk; gFjp $h;ikahf ,Uf;f fhuzk;
- gug;gsT FiwAk; NghJ mOj;jk; mjpfhpf;Fk;
Mok; mjpfhpf;Fk; NghJ mOj;jk; vt;thW nray;gLk;? - mjpfhpf;Fk;
G+kpahdJ Fwpg;gpl;l cauk; tiu vjdhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ> - 300 fp.kP (fhw;W)
tspkz;lyj;jpd; mlh;j;jpahdJ fly; kl;lj;jpypUe;J caNu nry;Yk; NghJ vd;d MfpwJ.
- FiwfpwJ
tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij msf;f gad;gLk; fUtp - fhw;wOj;jkhdp
ghjur fhw;wOj;jkhdpia cUthf;fpatu;? - ,j;jhyp - lhhpnry;yp
ghjurj;jpd; mlh;j;jp - 13600 fp.fp.kP -3
tspkz;ly mOj;jj;jpd; kw;nwhU myF - ghh;
jpUF RoYk; msit nfhz;L tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ij fzf;fplg; gad;gLtJ?
- Nghh;bd; fhw;wOj;jkhdp
jputq;fisg; gad;gLj;jhky; tspkz;ly mOj;jj;ijf; fzf;fpLk; fUtp
- mdpuha;L fhw;wOj;jkhdp
fhw;wOj;jkhdp Fwpg;gpl;l fhy ,ilntspapy; Vw;gLk; fhw;wOj;j khw;wj;ijf; fzf;fpLtJ
- ghNuhfpuhg;
1 PSi vd;gJ - 6895 gh];fy;
xU laupd; mOj;jk; 30 PSi vdpy; - 2.0685 × 105 gh];fy;
tspkz;lj;jpd; nkhj;j epiw - 5.2 × 1018 fp.fp
XuyF gUkDf;fhd ePhpd; epiw - 250
kz;nzz;a; XuyF gUkd; epiw - 0.8 fp /nr.kP
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3
4 ℃ ntg;gepiyapy; ePhpd; mlh;j;jp - 1 fp nr.kP
xg;glh;j;jpia ve;j cgfuzj;ij nfhz;L msf;f KbAk; - gpf;NehkPl;lh;
gpf;Neh kPl;lh; kw;nwhU ngau; - mlh;j;jpFLit
xU jputj;jpd; mlh;j;jpia Neubahf msg;gjw;F gad;gLk; fUtp - jputkhdp
jputkhdpfs; Ntiy nra;Ak; jj;Jtk; - kpjj;jy; jj;Jtk;
ghypd; mlh;j;jpiaf; fz;lwpag; gad;gLtJ - ghy;khdp
ghypd; J}aj;jd;ik fz;lwpa gad;gLtJ - ghy;khdp
ghy;khdp Ntiy nra;Ak; jj;Jtk; - jd;dlh;j;jp
ghy;khdp mstpLk; ruhrhp mstPL - 32
mjpfkhd kpjg;G tpir nfhz;lJ - ed;dPiu tpl cg;GePu;
fhw;wpdhy; epug;gl;l ePe;Jk; igiaf; nfhz;lJ? - kPd;fs;
jd;dlh;j;jp Fiwthf cs;s nghUs; - ngl;Nuhypak;
- xU fNyhhp
0
xU fpNyhfpuhk; epiwAs;s ePhpd; ntg;gepiy 1 C cah;j;j Njitg;gLk; Mw;wy;?
- 1 fpNyhfNyhhp
jputq;fspy; Vw;gLk; ntg;g tphpTfis fz;lwpa gad;gLtJ - nkh;Fhp
ePs; ntg;gtphptpd; SI myF - nfy;tpd;-1
gug;G ntg;g tphpT Fzfj;jpd; SI myF vd;d? - nfy;tpd;-1
gUk ntg;g tphpT Fzfj;jpd; SI myF - nfy;tpd;-1
cz;ik ntg;g tphpT Fzfj;jpd; SI myF - nfy;tpd;-1
Njhw;w tphpT Fzfj;jpd; SI myF - nfy;tpd;-1
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13. mZf;fU ,aw;gpay;
jdpkq;fs; mZf;fshy; Mdit - [hd; lhy;ld;
vyf;l;uhd; fz;lwpe;jtu; - J.J. jhk;rd;
MNdhL fjph;fs; - Nfhy;]B ; d;
GNuhl;lhd; ngahpl;ltu; - &jh;Nghh;L
epA+l;uhd; fz;lwpe;jtu; - N[k;]; rhl;tpf;
fjphpaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtu - n`d;wp ngf;nfhuy;
fjphpf;f jdpkk; - ANudpak;
gpl;r; gpsz;l; fz;lwpe;jtu; - NkhpfpA+hp
mZ vz; 83-I tpl mjpfkhf cs;s jdpkq;fs; - ANudpak;> Nubak;
mZ vz; 83-I tpl FiwT - Tc, Pm
nlf;dpl;bak; mZ vz; - 43
GNuhkpaj;jpak; mZ vz; - 61
,Jtiu fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l fjphpaf;f nghUs;fs; - 29
nraw;if fjphpaf;fj;ij fz;lwpe;jtu; - Ihpd; fpA+hp > F. N[hypal;
J}z;lg;gl;l nraw;if fjphpaf;fj; jdpkk; - Nghuhd;> mYkpdpak;
fjphpafj;jpd; myF - uhz;l;[d;
fpA+hp kjpg;G vd;d? - 𝟑. 𝟕 × 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟎
xU fpA+hp vjw;F rkk; - XU fpuhk; Nubak; - 226
fjphpaf;fj;jpd; kw;nwhU myF - &jh;Nghh;L
&jh;Nghh;L - 𝟏𝟎𝟔
fjphpaf;fj;jpd; gd;dhl;L myF - ngf;nfhuy;
fhkh> x- fjph;fshy; ntspaplg;gLk; myF - uhz;l;[d;
xU ,uhz;l[ ; d; kjpg;G - 𝟐. 𝟓𝟖 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 $Y}k;
ANudpaj;ij fz;lwpe;jtu; - khh;l;bd;fpyh gpuhj;
gpl;r; gpsd;l; fjphpaf;fj;jhJ - ANudpak;
fjphpaf;f ,lk; ngah;T tpjp - rhb (k)g[d;
mZf;fU gpsT fz;lwpe;jtu; - Ml;Nlh`hd; F-];l;uh];kd;
xt;nthU gpstpw;Fk; ntspahFk; Mw;wy; vt;tsT - 𝟑. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟏 J
gpsTf;Fl;gLk; nghUs;fs; - U235, Pu239, Pu241
gpstpw;F cl;gLk; ANudpak; - U235
gpstpw;F cl;glhj ANudpak; - U238
tsikg; nghUl;fs; - U238, Th232, Pu240
fl;Lg;glhd njhlh;tpid - mZf;fU gpsT
fl;Lg;ghlw;w njhlh;tpid - mZFz;L ntbj;jy;
,uz;lhk; cyfg; Nghhpd; NghJ [g;ghdpy; cs;s `pNuh\pkh (k) ehfrhfp gFjpfspy; mZFz;L
tPrg;gl;lJ? - 1945
`pNuh\pkh tPrg;gl;l Fz;L - Little boy ANudpak; jdpkk;
ehfrhfp Fz;L - Fatman GSl;Nlhdpak;
mZf;fU ,aw;gpay; rpwpa Jfs;fspd; myF - vyf;l;uhd; Nthy;l;
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xU vyf;l;uhd; Nthy;l; - 1ev = 1.602 × 10-19 J
1 kpy;ypad; vyf;l;uhd; Nthy;l; - 1Mev = 106 ev
mZf;fU gpstpd; %yk; ntspNaw;wg;gLk; ruhrhp - 200 Mev
mZf;fU ,iztpd; NghJ ntspahFk; ruhrhp Mw;wy; - 3.814 × 10-12 J
Id;];Bd; epiw Mw;wy; rkd;ghL - E = mc2
mZf;fU ,izT eilngw ntg;gepiy - 107 Kjy; 109 K
tpz;kPd;fs; jdf;Fs; ve;j jdpkj;ij nfhz;L cs;sJ - i`l;u[d;
#hpadpy; i`l;u[d; mZf;fU ,izT - 620 kpy;ypad; nkl;hpf; ild;
#hpadpypUe;J xU tpdhbf;F vt;tsT fjphpaf;fk; - 3.8 × 1026 [Py;
gapu; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpf;f - P32
,jak; rPuhfr; nray; gl - Na24
Kd; fOj;Jf; foiy - 𝑰𝟏𝟑𝟏
Njhy; Neha;r; rpfpr;ir - P32
thD}h;jpfs; vLj;Jr; nry;yg;gLk; Rikfs; ntbnghUs; - Cf252
njhopw;rhiy Gif czu - Am241
G+kpapd; taJ - 4.54 × 109 (45 Nfhb 40yl;rk; Mz;L)
madpahf;Fk; fjph;tPr;R fz;lwpAk; rhjdk; - NlhrpkPl;lu;
Kjy; mZf;fU ciy - 1942 mnkhpf;fh – rpfhNfh
mZf;fU ciy vhpnghUs; - ANudpak;
jzpg;ghd;fs; - fpuhigl;> fdePu;
fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; fop - Nghuhd;> Nfl;kpak;
Fsph;tpg;ghd; - ePh; - fhw;W. `Pypak;
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6tJ Kjy; 10 tJ tiu – Ntjpapay;
1. ek;ikr; Rw;wpAs;s gUg;nghUl;fs;
ngd;rpypd; $h;Kidapy; ,Ug;gJ vd;d? - fhh;gd;
gUg;nghUspd; mbg;gil myF - mZ
,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l jdpkq;fs; ,ize;jJ? - Nrh;kk;
XuZ %yf;$Wfs; - He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe
<uZ %yf;$Wfs; - O2 N2O, H2, So2 CO2
%tZ %yf;$Wfs; - O3
gy%Z %yf;$Wfs; - P4, S8
ntb nghUs; jahhpf;f gad;gLk; jdpkk; - Mg,P
cuq;fs; jahhpf;f gad;gLk; jdpkk; - ry;gu;
miyNgrp jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLk; jdpkk; - fhypak;
fzpdp rpg;Gfs; jahhpg;gp;y; gad;gLk; jdpkk; - rpypf;fd;
tapw;Wg;Nghf;F kUe;jhf gad;gLtJ - gp];kj;
Kjd;Kjypy; jdpkk; vd;w thh;j;ijia gad;gLj;jpatu;?- ,uhgh;l; ghapy;
jput epiyapy; cs;s cNyhfk; - Hg
nkd;ikahd cNyhfk; - Na, K
fbdkhd mNyhfk; - ituk;
jput epiyapy; cs;s mNyhfk; - GNuhkpd;
kpd;rhuj;jpid flj;Jk; mNyhfk; - fpuhigl;
epwj;jpd; ngauhy; cUthf;fg;gl;l jdpkk; - jq;fk; - kQ;rs; epwk;
jdpkq;fs; tiuglq;fisf; nfhz;L Fwpj;jtu; - [hd; lhy;ld;
jdpkq;fSf;F Mq;fpy vOj;Jf;fis gad;gLj;jpatu; - [hd; N[fg; ngh;rpypa];
jflhf tpupAk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ - mYkpdpak;
jphpGjhq;Fk; gz;G nfhz;lJ - Fe
Fiwe;j mlh;j;jp nfhz; cNyhfk; - Na,K
fj;jpahy; ntl;Lk; msTf;F nkd;ikahd cNyhfk; - Na,K
fbdkhd cNyhfk; vJ - mYkpdpak;
rpwe;j kpd; flj;jp cNyhfk; - Ag. Au
jphpG jhq;Fk; gz;G nfhz;l mNyhfk; - fhh;gd; ,io
kpd;fyd;fs; (k) x – fjph; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ? - fhhPak;
ntl;Lk; rhjdq;fs; miuf;Fk;; gad;gLtJ - ituk;
Jg;ghf;fpj;J}s;> ,ug;gu; nfl;bg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ - S – fe;jfk;
jPg;ngl;b (k) vyp kUe;J jahhpf;fg;gad;gLtJ - gh];gu];
mk;Nkhdpah jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ - iel;u[d;
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,uhf;nfl; vhpnghUs; (k) cNyhfq;fis cUf;fp ntl;lTk;> xl;lTk; gad;gLtJ? - i`l;u[d;
kpd;rhuk; flj;Jk; cNyhfg;Nghypfs; - rpypf;fhd;> n[h;khdpak;
ntg;gk; kpd;rhuj;ijf; flj;Jk; cNyhfk; Nghypfs; - rpypf;fhd;> n[h;khdpak;
Fiwf;flj;jpfs; vd;gJ - rpypf;fhd;> n[h;khdpak;
kpd;dZf; fUtpfspy; gad;gLtJ - rpypf;fhd;
gl;lhR njhopw;rhiy (k) ,uhf;nfl; vhpnghUis gw;w itf;fg;gad;gLtJ? - Nghuhd;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 57
nehjpj;jy; tpidapd; %yk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUs; vd;d? - gPu; - xapd;
mOfpa Kl;il Ju;ehw;wk; tPRk; Nrh;kk; vJ - H2S
goq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; gOg;G epwkpfs; vd;d? - nkydpd
3. fhw;W
Gtpg;gug;gpypUe;J 800 fp.kP. njhiytpw;F Nky; gue;J tphpe;Js;s gFjp? - tsp kz;lyk;
G+kpf;F mUfpy; cs;s mLf;F vJ? - mbtsp kz;lyk;
mbtspkz;lyj;jpd; cauk; - 16 fp.kP
xNrhd; glyk; ve;j tspkz;lyj;jpy; cs;sJ - mLf;F tspkz;lyk;
Mf;]p[d; thAit fz;lwpe;jtu; - N[hrg; gphp];ly
; p
Mf;]p[d; vdg; ngahpl;ltu; ahh;? - Mz;ld; ytha;rpau;
iel;u[id fz;lwpe;jtu; ahh;? - Nldpay; &ju;Nghh;L
Co2 – tpd; jpl epiyik vd;d? - gdpf;fl;b
Co2 – ve;j ntg;gepiyapy; jplg;nghUshf khWk;? - 570C
xspr; Nrh;f;iff;F cjTk; thA vJ? - CO2
vupjYf;F JizGhpAk; thA? - O2
jdpg;gl;l Kaw;rpahy; Mf;]p[id fz;lwpe;jtu; - N[hrg; gphp];ly
; p
Mf;rp – mrpl;bypd; cUisfspy; gad;gLtJ? - O2
Mo;fly;> kiy VWgtu;fs;> tpz;ntsp tPuu;fs;> NehahspfSf;F Njitg;gLk; thA – O2
iel;u[d; vd;w thu;j;ij ve;j nkhopapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? - iel;Nuhd; - fpNuf;fk;
mz;lj;jpy; gutyhfh 7- tJ ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; jdpkk;? - iel;u[d;
rdpf;Nfhspd; ill;ldpd; thA kz;lyj;jpy; mjpfk; fhzg;gLk; thA? - iel;u[d;
mk;Nkhdpah jahhpg;gjw;F gad;gLk; jdpkk;? - iel;u[d;
thfd lau;fspy; epug;gg;gLk; thA vJ? - iel;u[d;
Co2 – ePyypl;k];jhis ve;j epwkhf khw;Wk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ - mkpyj;jd;ik
ve;j Nfhspd; tsp kz;lyj;jpy; 96 - 97% fhh;gd; - il- Mf;i]L cs;sJ – nts;sp
Co2 – Tld; NaH2 Co3 jahhpf;Fk; Kiw - rhy;Nt Kiw
H
mkpy kioapd; P kjpg;G vd;d? - 5.6
4. ePu;
Gtpapd; nkhj;j gug;gpy; vj;jid gq;F ePu; cs;sJ. - ¾ gq;F
97% ePuhdJ vq;F fhzg;gLk;? - ngUq;fly;> fly;ePu;
Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; ePupy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ePuhdJ fly; - 97%
Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; ePupy; vj;jid rjtPjk; ed;dPu; MFk; - 3%
ed;dPupy; vj;jid rjtPjk; msT cg;Gfs; cs;sJ? - 0.05%
cth;gG ; ePhpy; fiue;Js;s cg;Gf;fs; ahJ? - 3%
xt;nthU tUlKk; cyf ePu; jpdk; vg;NghJ? - khh;r; - 22
G+kpapy; cs;s nkhj;j ed;dPu; vj;jid rjtPjk; ciwe;j epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;? - 68.7%
xU Nfyd; vd;gJ vj;jid ypl;lu; MFk;? - 3.785 ypl;lu;
kdpj cly; cWg;Gfspd; rPuhd nray;ghl;bw;F Njitahd ePu;? – 2 ypl;lh; Kjy; 3 ypl;lu;
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jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rpy rJg;G epyq;fs; ahit? - rpjk;guk;> gpr;rhtuk;> Kj;Jg;Ngl;il>
nrd;id> gs;spf;fuiz> fhQ;rpGuk;> nrk;guk;ghf;fk;
Ntjpapaypy; xU Gul;rpia Vw;gLj;jpatu;? - ytha;rpau;
fhw;W xU fyit vd ep&gpj;jtu;? - ytha;rpau;
ePuhdJ i`l;u[d; Mf;rp[Dk; ,ize;J cUthdJ? - ytha;rpau;
ek; clypy; cs;s ePhpd; rjtPjk; vd;d? - 65%
ePhpy; cs;s i`l;u[d; (k) Mf;rp[d; tpfpjk; vd;d? - 2:1
ePu; Kjd; Kjypy; jahupj;jtu; ahu;? - n`d;wp Nfntd;b\;
ePhpd; mlu;j;jp vt;tsT? - 1 fp./nr.kP 3
ePupd; jd;ntg;g Vw;Gj;jpwd; vt;tsT - 1 fNyhhp / fpuhk;
xU ypl;lu; fly; ePupy; vj;jid fpuhk; Nrhbak; FNshiuL cg;G fye;Js;sJ? - 35 fpuhk;
ePhpd; fbdj;jd;ikf;F fhuzk; ? - fhy;rpak; (k) nkf;dPrpak; fhh;gNdl;
ePhpd; epue;ju fbdj;jd;ikf;F fhuzk; vJ? - FNshiuL (k) ry;Ngl;
xt;nthU tUlKk; vj;jid Foe;ijfs; tapw;Wg;Nghf;fpdhy; ,we;J tpLfpwhh;fs;
- 4.6 kpy;ypad;
xU egu; Jzp Jitj;jy; - rikj;jy; Fspj;jy; Nghd;wtw;Wf;F vj;jid ypl;lu; ePiu
gad;gLj;Jfpwhh;fs;? - 135 ypl;lu;
G+kpapd; kPJ fhzg;gLk; ePupy; tptrhaj;jpw;F ePh;gg
; hrdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLtJ - 90%
5. mD mikg;G
nky;ypa jq;fj; jfl;il kPJ kpfr; rpwpa Neh;kpd; Jfs;fshd My;gh fjph;fis Nkhj nra;jtu;?
- &jh;Nghh;L
vyf;l;uhd;fs; cl;fUitr; Rw;wp tUk; gFjp - tl;lg;ghij (m) Mh;gpl;
mZtpYs;s GNuhl;lhd;fs; (k) vyf;lu; hd; vz;zpf;if rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd $wpatu;?
- &jh; Nghh;L
bupbaj;ij Kjd; Kjypy; jahhpj;jtu;? - &jh;Nghh;L
ve;j tUlk; ePy;]; Nghu; ,aw;gpaypy; Nehgy; ghpR ngw;whu;? - 1922
Nghhpd; mZf;nfhs;ifNahL nghUe;Jk; jdpkk; vd;d? - He+, Li2+, Be3+
epA+l;uhid fz;Lgpbj;jtu; ahh;? - N[k;]; rhl;tpf;
nghpypak; cl;fUit My;/gh fjpuhy; jhf;Fk; NghJ GNuhl;lhd;fSf;F ,izahd epiw cs;s
Jfs;fs; vd;d? - epA+l;uhd;
ve;j jdpkj;jpy; kl;Lk; epA+l;uhd;fs; ,y;iy - i`l;u[d;
mZtpy; Neh;kpd; RikAila Jfs;fs; vJ - GNuhl;lhd;
N[k;]; rhl;tpf; ahUila khztu;? - &jh;Nghh;L
mZtpd; mbg;gilj;Jfs;fs; ahit? - GNuhl;lhd;> epA+l;uhd;> vyf;l;uhd;
GNuhl;lhd;fSk; (k) epA+l;;uhd;fSk; ,ize;J vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ – epA+f;spahd;fs;
vyf;l;uhd; epiw - 9.1 X 10-28
GNuhl;lhd; epiw - 1.6 X 10-19
epa+l;uhd; epiw - 1.6 X 10-24
xU mZtpd; GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;if (k) vyf;l;uhd; vz;zpf;if vd;d? - mZ vz;
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xU mZtpd; GNuhl;lhd; vz;zpf;ifAk; (k) epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;ifAk; Fwpg;gJ vd;d?
- epiw vz;
iel;u[dpd; mZ vz; - 7
iel;u[dpd; epiw vz; - 14
xU tl;lg;ghijapy; ,lq;nfhs;Sk; mjpfgl;r vyf;lu; hd;fspd; vz;zpf;if vd;d? – 2n2
mYkpdpaj;jpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - 2>8>3
mZtpd; cl;fUtpypUe;J filrp $Lfspy; cs;s vyf;l;uhd;fs;? - ,izjpwd; vyf;l;uhd;
xj;j mZ vz;izAk; NtWgl;l epiw vz;izAk; nfhz;l xU jdpkj;jpd; ntt;NtW mZf;fs;?
- INrhNlhg;Gfs;
xj;j epiw vz;fisAk; NtWgl;l mZ vz;fisAk; nfhz;l ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;?
- INrhghu;fs;
fhy;rpaj;jpd; mZ vz;? - 20
Mh;fhd; mZ vz;? - 18
xj;j epA+l;uhd; vz;zpf;if nfhz;l ntt;NtW jdpkq;fspd; mZf;fs;? – INrhNlhd;fs;
ngUf;fy; tpfpj tpjp ahuy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ? - [hd; lhy;ld;
,uz;L jdpkq;fs; xd;whfr; Nrh;e;J xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l Nrh;kq;fis cUthf;FtJ
- ngUf;fy; tpfpj tpjp
jiyfPo; tpfpj tpjp gw;wpf; $wpatu; ahu;? - n[h;kpay; hpr;ru;
,uz;L khWgl;l jdpkq;fs; jdpj;jdpNa xNu epiwAs;s %d;whtJ jdpkj;Jld; NrUk; NghJ
epiwfspd; tpfpjk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk;? - jiyfPo; tpfpj tpjp
thAf;fs; tpidGhpAk; NghJ mtw;wpd; gUkd; mt;tpidapd; tpisnghUs;fspd; gUkDf;F vspa
KO vz; tpfpjj;jpy; ,Uf;Fk;? - NfY}rhf;fpd; gUkd; ,izg;G tpjp
mZ Mh;g;gpl;lhy; (k) vyf;l;uhd; tbtikg;G (k) NtWghl;ilf; Fwpf;Fk; vz;fs;?
- Fthz;lk; vz;fs;
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jhtuq;fs; (k) tpyq;Ffspy; fhzg;gLk; mkpyk; - fhpk mkpyk;
v.fh HCOOH, CH3 COOH
mkpyj;jpy; cs;s ,lg; ngah;rr ; p nra;af;$ba i`l;u[d; mZf;fspd; vz;zpf;if
Fwpg;gJ - fhuj;Jtk;
xw;iwf; fhuj;Jt mkpyk; - HCl, HNO3
,ul;ilf; fhuj;Jt mkpyk; - H2SO4, H2CO3
Kk;ikf;fhuj;Jt mkpyk; - H3PO4
typik kpF mkpyk; - HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
typik Fiwe;j mkpyk; - CH3 COOH, HCOOH
ePy ypl;k]; rptg;ghf khw;Wk; jd;ik nfhz;lJ (mkpyk;)
mkpyk; cNyhf Mf;irLfSld; tpidGhpe;J cg;igAk; ePiuAk; jUfpwJ.
mkpyk; gpdhg;jypd; epwkw;wJ.
nkj;jpy; MuQ;RTld; ,sQ;rptg;G epwj;ij jUfpwJ.
jpz;k epiyapy; cs;s mkpyk; ngd;Nrhapf; mkpyk;
gad;fs;:
thfdq;fspd; kpd;fyk; - ry;gpA+hpf; mkpyk;
foptiwfs; J}a;ikg;gLj;j - HCl
czTg; nghUs;fisg; gjg;gLj;j gad;gLtJ - rpl;hpf; mkpyk;> mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
cukhfg; gad;gLk; mkpyk; - iel;hpf; mkpyk;
fhw;W milf;fg;gl;l ghdq;fs; - fhh;ghdpf; mkpyk;
nuhl;br;Nrhlh jahhpf;f - lhh;lhhpf; mkpyk;
CWfha; jahhpf;f - ngd;Nrhapf; mkpyk;
czT nrhpkhdj;jpw;Fg; gad;gLtJ - HCl
Fspay; Nrhg;G (k) ryit Nrhg;G jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ - cau; nfhOg;G mkpyk;
Ma;tf; fhuzpfs; - HCl, HNO3, H2SO4
caphpdq;fSf;F mbg;gil - epA+f;spf; mkpyk;
fhuq;fs;
fhuq;fs; vd;w thh;j;ijfs;; - my;fyp (muGr;nrhy;)
ePhpy; fiuAk; NghJ i`l;uhf;irL madpfisj; juty;yJ? - fhuq;fs;
ePhpy; fiuAk; fhuq;fs; - vhpfhuq;fs; (m) my;fyp
xU fhuj;jpd; %yf;$wpy; cs;s ,lg;ngah;r;rp nra;af;$ba i`l;uhf;rpy; njhFjpfspd;
vz;zpf;if - mkpyj;Jtk;
xw;iw mkpyj;Jtf; fhuk; - NaOH, KOH
,ul;il mkpyj;Jtf; fhuk; - Ca(OH2), Mg(OH2)
Kk;ik mkpyj;Jtf; fhuk; - Al(OH)3, Fe(OH)3
typik kpF fhuk; - NaOH, KOH
typik Fiwe;j fhuk; - NH4OH, Ca(OH2)
fhuq;fs; Rit - frg;G
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rptg;G ypl;k]; jhis ePy epwkhf khw;Wk;. - fhuk;
fhuq;fs; gpdhg;jypDld; jd;ik - ,sQ;rptg;G epwk;
nkj;jpy; MuQ;R fiury; - kQ;rs; epwk;
nrk;gUj;jp G+ fhuf;fiury; - gr;ir epwk;
vhpNrhlh fh];bf; Nrhlh - NaOH
vhpnghl;lh\;> fh];bf; nghl;lh\; - KOH
ryit Nrhlh - Na2CO3
rikay; Nrhlh - NaHCO3
Fspay; Nrhg;G jahhpf;f - KOH
ryit Nrhg;G jahhpf;f - NaOH
Rth;fSf;F nts;isabf;f - Ca(OH)2
Jzpfspy; cs;s; fiwfis ePf;fg; gad;gLtJ - NH4OH
tapw;wpy; cUthFk; mkpyj;jd;ikia eLepiyahf;f - Mg (OH)2, Al(OH)2
fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiyfs;> Milfs;> kUe;J jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ - NaOH
cuq;fs;> ieyhd;> nefpopfs;> ,ug;gh; jahhpf;fg;gad;gLtJ - NH4OH
ghh;kpf; mkpyj;ij eLepiyahf;f - Ca(OH)2
my;fyp fhuj;ij eLepiyahf;f - tpdpfu;
nkf;dPrpa ghy;kk; - Mg(OH)2
Rz;zhk;G ePu; - Ca(OH)2
cg;Gfs;
mkpyq;fs; (k) fhuq;fSk; eLepiyahf;fy; tpidapd; %yk; ,ize;J fpilg;gJ vd;d?- cg;Gfs;
rhjhuz cg;Gfs; vd;gJ - Nacl
mkpyg;Gf;fU v.fh? - NaHSO4
fhu cg;Gf;fs; - Pb (OH) Cl
,ul;il cg;Gf;fs; vd;gJ? - KAl (SO4)2 .12H2O
ePhpy; fiuAk; cg;Gf;fs; v.fh? - AgCl2
7. gygb Ntjpapay;
ghypku; vd;w thh;j;ijfs; ve;j nkhopapypUe;J vLf;fg;gl;lJ? - fpNuf;fk;
ePh;f; Foha;fshfg; gad;gLk; nghJthd nefpop - PVC
ez;Lfs;> rpye;jpfs;> Nghd;w G+r;rpfspd; Gw vYk;Gf; $Lfspy; fhzg;gLtJ? – ifl;bd;
Milfspy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; gUj;jpapd; Kf;fpa mq;fk;? - nry;YNyh];> ru;f;fiu
vz;nza;fs; (k) ngl;Nuhy; ngWk; nghOJ fpilf;Fk; Jiz tpis nghUs;fs;
- vj;jpyPd; (k) GNuhigyPd;
,aw;if ,iofs; v.fh? – gUj;jp> Njq;fha; Kb> fk;gsp
nraw;if ,iofs; v.fh? – ghypna];lu;> mf;hpypf;> ieyhd;
ieyhd; vd;gjd; gygb – ghyp mikLfs;
ghypfhl; vd;gJ – ghypna];lu; + gUj;jpfyit
ghypTy; vd;gJ – ghypna];lu; + fk;gsp fyit
kpfg; gpugykhd ghypna];lu; tif – PET
,e;jpahtpy; jahhpf;Fk; gl;Ltif – ky;nghp
,e;jpahtpy; Nfus khepyj;jpy; Kjy; Nuahd; njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;lJ? – 1946
fhaq;fSf;F kUe;Japlk; tiyj;Jzp (k) Ngz;Nl[; Jzpfs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLtJ – Nuahd;
Kjd; Kjypy; KOikahfg; gjg;gLj;jg;gl;l nraw;if ,io? - ieyhd;
fk;gsp jahhpg;gpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; nraw;if ,io? - mf;hpypf;
nefpopapid cUthf;fpatu; ahh;? - mnyf;]hz;lu; ghh;f;];
Kjd; Kjypy; cUthf;fg;gl;l nefpopapd; ngau;? - ghh;f;fprPd;
,sFk; nefpopfs; vJ - PET
,WFk; nefpopfs; vJ - Ngf;iyl;> nkyikd;
nurPd; FwpaPl;L vz; -1 - PET
nurPd; FwpaPl;L vz; -3 - PVC
nurPd; FwpaPl;L vz; -6 - 6 – PS
2015 - ,y; ele;j Muha;r;rpapy; vj;jid rjtPj fly; tho; gwit tapw;wpy; nefpopfs; ,Ue;jJ?
- 90%
nefpop cz;Zk; ghf;Bhpah ve;j Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ? - 2016 – [g;ghd;
PET – ghl;by;fis cz;Zk; ghf;Bhpah vJ - [nldy;yh rfPad;rp]; - 201 – F6
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8. Ntjpg;gpizg;G
Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;:
2 Mg + O2 → 2 MgO - Mf;]p[d; Nrh;f;fg;gLjy;
CaH2 → Ca + H2 - i`l;u[d; ePf;fg;gLjy;
Fe2+ + Fe3+ + e- - vyf;l;uhd; ePf;fg;gLjy;
xLf;fk;
2 Na + H2 → 2 NgH - i`l;u[d; Nrh;f;fg;gLjy;
Cuo + H2 → Cu + H2O - Mf;]p[d; ePf;fg;gLjy;
Fe3+ + e- + Fe2+ - vyf;l;uhd; ePf;fg;gLjy;
xU Neuj;jpy; Mf;]p[Ndw;wKk;> xLf;fKk; eilngWtJ? - Mf;]p[Ndw;w xLf;f tpidfs;
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fha;fwpfs; epwk; khWtJ> jpwe;J itf;fg;gl;l czTg; nghUl;fs; nfLjy; vd;d?
- Mf;]p[Ndw;wk;
czTg; nghUs; vspjpy; nfl;Lg;Nghfhky; ghJfhf;fg; gad;gLtJ? – itl;lkpd; - C& E
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 65
yhe;jidLfspd; mD vz; - 57 Kjy; 71 tiu
Mf;bidLfspd; mD vz; - 89 Kjy; 103 tiu
H2 – rfg;gpizg;G Muk; - 0.37A0
H2 - ,U i`l;u[d; mDf;fUf;F ,ilapy; cs;s J}uk; ? - 0.74A0
madpahf;Fk; Mw;wy; myF - KJ / Mol
vyf;l;uhd; ehl;lj;jpd; myF - KJ / Mol
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 66
nraw;if rhak; fz;lwpe;jth; - 1856 W.H. ngh;fpd;
,aw;ifr; rhak; - n`d;dh
yt;Nrhdpah ,dhkp]; vd;w jhtuj;jpy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gLk; nrk;gOg;G
epwr;rhak;? - n`d;dh
mkpyr; rhak; v.fh? - gpf;hpf; mkpyk; kQ;rs; ehg;jhy;
fhur;rhaq;fs; v.fh? - jhtu (k) tpyq;F E}y; ,io
kiwKfr; rhak; - gUj;jp
Neub rhak; - fhq;Nfh rptg;G
njhl;br;rhak; - ,z;bNfh
vjph; Mf;]p[Ndw;wpfs; v.fh? - itl;lkpd; - C, itl;lkpd; - E
Fw;wk; rhh;e;j tprhuizia vJ kpf Kf;fpakhd v.fh? - ifNuif gjpTj;jlak;
kiwf;fg;gl;l rpy ifNuiffis rpy Neuq;fspy; ve;j gad;ghl;bdhy; fhzKbfpwJ.- epd;i`l;hpd;
My;fh`hy; ghpNrhjidapy; MuQ;R madp ve;j epwj;jpw;F khWfpwJ? - gr;ir epwk;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 68
kpd;dhw;wy; %yk; Ntjptpidfs; eilngWtJ - kpd;dhw; rpijT tpid
rpy;tu; GNuhikL kPJ xspgLk; nghOJ mJ rpijTw;W rpy;tu; cNyhfj;ijAk; GNuhkpd;
thAitAk; jUtJ? - xspr;rpijT tpid
Nrh;kj;jpYs;s xU jdpkk; kw;nwhU jdpkj;jhy; ,lg;ngah;r;rp mile;J Gjpa Nrh;kj;ijAk;
jdpkj;ijAk; jUtJ? - xw;iw ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpidfs;
,uz;L Nrh;kq;fs; tpidGhpAk; NghJ mtw;wpd; madpfs; ghpkhwpf; nfhs;sgLk; tpid?
- ,ul;il ,lg;ngah;r;rp tpid
xU mkpyKk; - fhuKk; tpidGhpe;J cg;G ePiu jUtJ? - eLepiyahf;fy; tpid
tpid tpis nghUs;fis kPz;Lk; tpidgL nghUs;fshf khw;WtJ? – kPs;tpid
fhaq;fspd; kPJ Cw;Wk;NghJ ePuhfTk; Mf;]pfdhfTk; rpijtiltJ?
– H2O2 – i`l;u[d; nguhf;i]L
Nrhbak; vjDld; nkJthf tpidGhpAk; - mrpl;bf; mkpyk;
kPs; tpidapd; Kd;Ndhf;F tpidAk; gpd;Ndhf;F tpidAk; xNu Neuj;jpy; eilngWtJ
- rkepiy
fhw;W milf;fg;gl;l Fsph; ghdq;fspy; cs;s thA? - Co2
ePhpd; madp ngUf;fj;jpd; myF - nlrp.kPl;lh;-6 Nkhy;
PH mstPL ahuhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ - S.P.L. rhud;rd;
H
P mstPLfspd; rkd;ghL ahJ? - PH =- log10 [H+]
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 70
tpUk;gj;jfhj kzKila xU fUik epw jputk;? - fupj;jhu;
epyf;fhpia gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiwfs; vd;d? - gpd;df;fha;r;rp tbj;jy;
ngl;Nuhypak; vd;w nrhy; ve;jnkhopapypUe;J te;jJ? - ,yj;jPd; ngl;uh – ghiw> Xypak;-
vz;nza;
cyfpd; Kjy; ngl;Nuhypa vz;nza; fpzW vq;F Njhz;lg;gl;lJ?
- ngd;rpy;Ntdpah (mnkhpf;fh 1839)
ngl;Nuhypaj;ij J}a;ikg;gLj;Jk; Kiwfs; - gpd;df;fha;r;rp tbj;jy;
fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vd;gJ? - ngl;Nuhypak;
cyfpd; - 2tJ ngl;Nuhypa vz;nza; fpzW vq;F Njhz;lg;gl;lJ?
- mrhk; - kf;Fk;> ,e;jpah - 1867
jkpo;ehl;by; ngl;Nuhypak; vLf;fg;gLk; ,lq;fs; - fhtpupg;gLif
vhpnghUl;fspy; Njf;fp itf;fg;gl;Ls;s Mw;wy; myF - JKg-1
ngl;Nuhypy; cs;s Mf;Nld; vd;w i`l;Nuhfhh;gdpd; msT - Mf;Nld; vz;
Bry; vQ;rpdpy; cs;s vhpnghUspd; gw;w itg;Gfhy msT - fPl;Nld; vz;
vjph; fhyj;jpy; xU kpfr;rpwe;j vhpnghUs; - i`l;u[d;
rhz vhpthAtpy; Kjd;ik vJ? - kPj;Njd;
Kjd;ik Mw;wy; %yk; vd;gJ? - #hpa Mw;wy;
ntq;fha Njhypy; nghjpe;Js;s Ntjpg;nghUs;? - GNuhg;Ngd; jahy; S – Mf;irL
mjpfsT fiwfisAila Jzpfis ntSg;gjw;F gad;gLtJ? - ryitj;J}s; (Caocl2)
Kjd;ik Cl;lr;rj;Jf;fs; vd;gJ - NPK
mk;Nkhdpak; ry;Ngl;by; vj;jid rjtPjk; iel;u[d; cs;sJ? - 21%
rpnkz;l;il Kjd; Kjypy; fz;lwpe;jtu; - tpy;ypak; M];gpbd;
tpy;ypak; M];gpbd; rpnkz;il vt;thW mioj;jhu; - Nghh;lN; yz;lr
; pnkz;l;
rpnkz;l; nfl;bg;gLk; Neuj;ij jhkjg;gLj;JtJ - [pg;rk;
fw;fhiu vd;gJ - rpnkz;l;> kzy;fw;fs;> ePu;
ghhp];rhe;J jahhpf;fTk;> rpnkz;l; jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLtJ? - [pg;rk; - Caso4.2H2O
vg;rk; %yf;$W tha;g;ghL? - MgSo4.7H2O
kUj;Jtj;Jiwapy; kdpjdpd; kd mOj;jj;ij Fiwf;Fk; nghUs; - vg;rk;
Ez;zpa nts;isg;nghb - ghhp]; rhe;J
ghhp];rhe;J %yf;$Wtha;g;ghL ahJ? - CaSo4 .½ H2O
vYk;G KwpT (k) rpiyfs; nra;a thh;gG ; fs; jahhpf;Fk; gad;gLtJ? - ghhp];rhe;J
gPdhy; vd;gJ - fhh;ghf;rpypf; mkpyk;
gPdhypd; %yf;$Wtha;g;ghL ahJ? - C6H5OH
tha; nfhg;gspg;ghdhfTk;> fpUkp ehrpdpahfTk; gad;gLtJ? - gPdhy;
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fpuhigl; vdg;gLk; ngd;rpy; fhp fhh;gdpd; kw;nwhU tbtk;? - fhh;y; `PNy
rkPgj;jpy; fz;L gpbf;fg;gl;l fhh;gdpd; kpf Kf;fpa Gw Ntw;Wik tbtk; vJ? – fpuh/gPd;
fpuh/gPdpd; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l mwptpf;fg;gl;lJ? - Nfh]l;ah nehNth (k) Mz;l;Nu n[a;k;
etPd fhpk Ntjpapaypd; je;ij ahh;? - gpuhlhpf; N`hyu;
fhw;Wf; fzf;fhd fhh;gd; mZf;fis nfhz;lJ - rh;f;fiu> nry;YNyh];
fhh;gdpd; kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd jd;ik – ehd;Kfp ,izjpwd;
fhh;gdpd; vyf;l;uhd; mikg;G - 2,4
xNu jdpkj;jpd; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l tbtq;fs; ,aw;gpay; gz;Gfs; NtWgl;Lk; Ntjpapay; gz;Gfs;
xd;Wgl;L ,Ug;gJ? - GwNtw;Wik tbtj;Jtk;
ehd;F fhh;gd; mZf;fSld; ,ize;J ehd;F rfg;gpizg;Gfis cUthf;FtJ - ituk;
fhh;gd; Nrh;kq;fspy; mWq;Nfhz mLf;if cUthf;FtJ? - fpuhigl;
fhh;gdpd; %d;whtJ gbf GwNtw;Wik tbtk; vd;d? - Gy;yhPd;
mnkhpf;f fl;bl tbtikg;ghsu; ahh;? - gf;kpd;];lu; Gy;yu;
kpfg;nghpa Gy;yhPd; FLk;gq;fs; vd;d? - C20 Kjy; C540 tiu
PVC – apd; fyit vd;d? - Nfl;kpak; + fhhpak;
il Mf;rpd;fs; er;Rj;jd;ikAs;s Ntjpg;nghUs; ntspaplg;gLtJ? - PVC
gp];gd
P hy; -A vd;w nghUisf; nfhz;lJ? - PC ghypfhh;gNdl;
Rw;Wr;R+oy; ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;l Mz;L - 1986
cyfk; KOtJk; xt;nthU epkplKk; vt;tsT nefpopg; igfs; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ
- 20,yl;rk;
jkpof murhdJ xU Kiw kl;LNk J}f;fp vhpAk; gpsh];bf; jilnra;ag;gl;l Mz;L
- 2019 [dtup -1
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 72
6tJ Kjy; 10 tJ tiu – caphpay;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 73
36. jz;by; czT Nrkpg;gJ - fUk;G
37. G+f;Fk; jhtuk; - #hpa fhe;jp
38. jhkiu ePhpy; kpjf;ff; fhuzk; - ,iyf; fhk;gpy; fhw;W ,ilntsp cs;sjhy;.
39. cyfpd; O2 – Njitia mjpfsT epth;j;jp nra;tJ - mNkrhd; fhLfs;
40. cyf thopl ehs; - mf;Nlhgh; Kjy; jpq;fs; fpoik
41. kzw;Fd;Wfshy; Md kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; - jhh; ghiytdk;
42. mjpf Gw;fs; fhzg;gLk; ghiytdk; - rthdh
43. Mz;Lf;F ruhrhp kiog;nghopT 25 nr.kP-f;Fk; Fiwthf ,Ue;jhy; mJ - ghiytdk;
44. cyfpd; epyg;gug;gpy; ghiytdj;jpd; rjtPjk; - 20%
45. rpw;wpiyfs; gw;Wf;fk;gpahff; fhzg;gLtJ - ,dpg;Gg;gl;lhzp
46. Nfhznkhl;L gw;Wf;fk;gpahf khw;wkiltJ - ghfw;fha;
47. fhfpjg;G+tpd; jhtutpay; ngah; - Nghnfa;d;tpy;yh
48. ,iyj;Jisapd; Kf;fpag;gzp - xspr;Nrh;f;if
49. Gtpgug;gpy; vt;tsT rjtPjk; ePuhy; #og;gl;Ls;sJ. - 70%
50. ,iyapd; khWghL - Kl;fs;
51. Cd;Wjy;> cwpQ;Rjiy nra;Ak; jhtug;gFjp - Nth;
52. gpd;Dnfhbf;F cjhuzk; - ky;ypif gl;lhzp
53. jz;by; ,iy cUthFk; gFjp - fZ
54. tpf;Nlhhpah mNk]hdpf;fh jhtu ,iyapd; tpl;lk; - 3 kPl;lh;
55. fhf;l]; vd;w jhtuj;jpy; (ghiytdk;) ePiu Nrkpf;Fk; gFjp - jz;L
56. J}Jtisapd; ,U nrhw;ngah; - nrhyhdk; l;iuNyhNgl;lk;
57. GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r; Nrkpg;G nghUshff; fhzg;gLk; gphpT - NuhNlh/igrp
58. $l;likg;ghff; fhzg;gLk; ghrp - thy;thf;];
59. cz;zj;jFe;j fhshd; - mfhypf];
60. kz; mhpg;igj; jLf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;
61. Kjy; epyj;jhtuq;fs; - nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;
62. ed;F tsh;r;rpaile;j th];Fyhh; jpRj; jhtu clyk; - nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;
63. ,U nrhw; ngahpLk; Kiw mwpKfk; nra;j tUlk; - 1623
64. ngd;rpypd; nehl;Nll;lk; vd;w caph; vjph; nghUs; vLf;fg;gLk; G+Q;ir - ngdprpypak;
65. tPl;L tpyq;FfSf;F czthfg; gad;gLk; ghrp - NykpNdhpah
66. nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;rNdhl;lh cz;lhf;FtJ - bf;fh Neha;
67. ];Ngf;dk; vd;w jhtuj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; epyf;fhp tif - gPl; (Peat)
68. ,isQh;fsplk; khaj;Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; G+Q;ir - fpshtpnrg;]; gh;G+hpah
2. tpyq;Fyfk;
1. mkPghtpd; ,lg;ngah;rr ; p cWg;G - Nghypf;fhy;fs;
2. xU nry; caphpfs; - mkPgh> A+f;spdh> ghukPrpak;
3. kPdpd; Rthr cWg;G - nrTs;fs;
4. gy;ypfs; jiuapy; elg;gjw;F cjTk; cWg;G - tis efq;fs;
5. jd; jpkpy;fspy; nfhOg;ig Nrkpf;Fk; tpyq;F - xl;lfk;
6. gwit gwf;Fk; NghJ> jpiria khw;w cjTk; cWg;G - thy;.
7. ve;j gwitapd; ,wFfs; #hpa xspia <h;f;Fk; jd;ik cilaJ – ngd;Fapd;
8. ePh; kw;Wk; epyj;jpy; tho;git - jtis
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9. vg;NghJk; ePh; mUe;jhj tpyq;F - fq;fhU vyp
10. ghukPrpaj;jpd; ,lg; ngah;r;rp cWg;G - FW ,iofs;
11. A+f;spdhtpd; ,lg;ngah;r;rp cWg;G - firapio
12. Nfhil cwf;fj;jpy; <LgLk; tpyq;F - ej;ij
13. Fsph; cwf;fj;jpy; <LgLk; tpyq;F - Mik
14. ghiytdf; fg;gy; - xl;lfk;
15. ,Uikg;ghh;it cilait - gwitfs;
16. jtisapd; Rthr cWg;Gfs;.
,sk; caphp - nrTs;fs;
Kjph; caphp - Njhy;> tha;fF; op> EiuaPuy;fs;
17. gy;ypapd; Rthr cWg;G - EiuaPuy;fs;
18. jkpo; ehl;bd; khepy tpyq;F - ePyfphp tiuahL
19. jkpo;ehL khepy kyh; - nrq;fhe;js; kyh;
20. jkpo;ehL khepyg; gwit - kufjg;Gwh
21. jkpo; ehL khepy kuk; - gidkuk;
22. jkpo; ehL khepyg; gok; - gyhg;gok;
23. tifg;ghl;baypd; mbg;gil myF - rpw;wpdk;
24. caphpdq;fis Kjd; Kjypy; ngupdk;> rpw;wpdk; vd tifg;gLj;jpath; - fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
25. clw;Fop mw;wit - ehlhg;GO
26. ngha;ahd clw;Fop nfhz;lit - cUisg;GOf;fs;
27. cz;ikahd clw;Fop cilait - kz;GO> jtis
28. m];fhhp]; Yk;gphpfha;l;]; - cUisg;GO
29. Bdpak; Nrhypak; - ehlhg;GO
30. kz;GOtpd; tpyq;fpdg; ngah; - yhk;gpNlh khhpl;b
31. fug;ghd; G+r;rpapd; tpyq;fpdg; ngah; - nghpg;gpshdl;lh mnkhpf;fhdh
32. kdpjdpd; tpyq;fpdg; ngah; - N`hNkh nrgpad;];
33. JisAlypfspy; cs;s Jisapd; ngah; - M];bah
34. epkpl;Nlhirl;Lfs; vd;w nfhl;Lk; nry;fs; fhzg;gLk; njhFjp - FopAlypfs;
35. FopAlypfs; vd;git - i`l;uh> n[y;ypkPd;
36. ,U ghy; caphpfSf;F cjhuzk; - fy;yPuy;GO> ehlhg;GO
37. ahidf; fhy; Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; caphpdk; - M];fhhp];> cr;nrNu];ah (cUisg;GOf;fs;)
38. tisj;jirg;GOf;fspd; <ug;gir kpf;f ciw - fpA+l;bfps;
39. ,Ugf;fr; rkr;rPh;> %tL;f;F> cz;ikahd clw;Fop> cWg;G kz;lyk; cs;s Kjy; caphp.
- kz;GO
40. nrd;bgPl; (G+uhd;) vd;gjw;F _______ vd;W nghUs;. - E}W fhypfs;
41. Mh;j;NuhNghlh vd;gJ - fZf;fhypfs;
42. jputj;jpdhy; epuk;gpa th];Fyhh; mikg;G fhzg;gLk; njhFjp - Kl;Njhypfs;
43. jl;ilg;GOfspd; fopT ePf;fk; nra;Ak; cWg;G - njhlh; nry;fs;
44. kPd;fspd; Nky; Gw xl;Lz;zpahf tho;f;if elj;Jgit - N`f;kPd;> Nyk;g;Nu
45. FWj;njYk;G kPDf;F cjhuzk; - Rwh> ];Nfl;];
46. cyfpd; kpfg;nghpa ,Utho;tp - rhykhd;lh; Md;bhpa]; lhtpbad;];
47. KJnfYk;Gila tpyq;Ffspy; kpfg; nghpaJ - uhl;rj ePyj;jpkpq;fyk;
48. jha; - Nra; ,izg;Gj;jpR cs;s xNu njhFjp - ghY}l;bfs;
49. KJnfYk;Gfspy; Kjypy; Njhd;wpa ntg;g ,uj;j caphp - gwitfs;
50. gwitfspd; Kd;dq;fhy;fs; _______ cUkhwp cs;sd. - ,wf;iffshf
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51. gwitfspd; EiuaPuy;fspy; fhzg;gLtJ - fhw;wiwfs;
52. gwitfspd; vYk;Gfspy; _______ fhzg;gLk;. - fhw;wiwfs;
53. flypy; kl;Lk; thOk; caphpdk; - Kl;Njhypfs;
54. Fsph; uj;jg;gpuhzpfs; - kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;> Ch;td.
55. kz;ilNahlw;w caphp - Vfhhpdpah
56. Foy; Nghd;w czTf; Foiy cilaJ - m];fhhp]; (cUisg; GO)
57. nky;Ylypfsplk; fhzg;gLk; Rthr cWg;G - bdpbah
58. ,U tho;tpfspd; yhh;th - jiyg;gpul;il
59. jhilaw;w KJnfYk;gpfs; - yhk;gpNu
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28. xU itu]; DNA –Tf;F gjpyhf RNA – it ngw;WUe;jhy; mJ - nul;Nuh itu];
29. nghpatu;fSf;F mNahbd; rj;Jf;Fiwghl;lhy; tUk; Neha; - fha;lh;
30. kq;fyhd fz;ghh;it Vw;glf; fhuzkhd itl;lkpd; - A
31. KUq;if ,iyapy; cs;s - itl;lkpd;fs; - A kw;Wk; C
4. nry; caphpay;
1. caphpdq;fspd; mbg;gil nray; myF - nry;
2. Ez;Nzhf;fpahy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtJ - xU nry; caphpdk;
3. xU Fwpg;gpl;l nray;fis nra;tjw;F cUthd nry;fspd; njhFg;G - jpR
4. nry;ypd; fl;Lg;ghl;L ikak; - cl;fU
5. GNuhl;Bid xd;wpizg;gJ - upNghNrhk;
6. nry;Yf;F ATP – ia toq;Fk; Ez; cWg;G - ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah
7. tpyq;F nry;fspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLtJ - nrd;lh; pNahy;
8. jhtu nry;ypw;F tbtj;ij jUtJ - nry;YNyh];
9. irl;Nlhrhypy; cs;s n[y;yp Nghd;w ePhpd; msT - 70% 90%
10. #hpa xsp Mw;wiyg; ngw;W Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;WtJ - gr;irak;
11. ];lhh;r; rh;f;fiuahf khWtjd; tpisT - fha; fdpahf khWk;
12. tpyq;F nry;ypd; ntspg;Gw mLf;F - nry;rt;T
13. nry;gFg;gpw;F cjTtJ - cl;fU
14. Kjph;e;j ,uj;j nry;fspy; ,y;yhjJ - cl;fU
15. irl;Nlhgpshrk;> cl;fU ,uz;L Nrh;e;jJ - GNuhl;Nlhgpshrk;
16. nry;ypd; jw;nfhiyg;igfs; - iyNrhNrhk;
17. nry;ypd; Mw;wy; ikak; - ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah
18. cl;fUtpy; cs;s Kf;fpag; nghUs;fs; - epA+f;spNahy]; - FNuhNkl;bd; cly;
19. nry;ypd; Kjd;ik nrhpkhd gFjp - iyNrhNrhk;
20. nry;ypy; nehjpfis Ruf;Fk; Ez; cWg;G - Nfhy;if cWg;Gfs;
21. nry;Yf;F ntspNa capuw;w Jfs;fshf fUjg;gLtJ - itu];
22. nry;ypy; flj;Jk; fhy;tha; vd;gJ - vz;Nlhgpshr tiyg;gpd;dy;
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13. rhpahd cly; ntg;gepiyia xOq;FgLj;JtJ - Njhy;.
14. %isapd; mbg;gFjpapy; fhzg;gLtJ - gpl;A+l;lhp> gpdpay;
15. rpWePufj;jpd; nray; mbg;gil myF - ne/g;uhd;fs;
16. %isapd; rhk;gy; epwg;gFjpapy; cs;s ePhpd; msT - 85%
17. cly; jputj;jpd; Ntjpay; $l;likgpid xOq;Fg;gLj;JtJ - rpWePufq;fs;
18. khh;Gf;Fopapd; jiug;gFjpapy; mike;Js;s kpfg; nghpa jl;ilahd jpR - cjutpjhdk;
19. kdpjdpd; Kjd;ikahd Rthr cWg;G - EiuaPuy;fs;
20. kdpj clypd; kpfg;nghpa czh;T cWg;G - Njhy;
21. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfs; Ruf;Fk; Ntjpg;nghUs; - `hh;Nkhd;fs;
22. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; cUthFk; ,lk; - vYk;G rptg;G k[;i[
23. kdpj cly; fopTfis flj;JtJ - ,uj;j xl;l kz;lyk;
24. thpirg;gLj;J:
tha; - njhz;il – czTf;Foy; - ,iug;ig – rpWFly; - ngUq;Fly; - kyf;Fly; - kytha;
25. FWj;njYk;G tisaq;fshy; jhq;fg;gl;l cWg;G - %r;Rf;Foy;
26. tpyh vYk;Gf; $l;by; cs;s vYk;Gfs; - 12 ,iz vYk;Gfs;
27. clYf;F tbtk; jUtJ ______ kz;lyk; - vYk;G
28. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpfspd; elj;Jeh; vd;gJ - gpl;A+l;lhp
29. cjutpjhdk; RUq;fp tpupahky; ,Ue;jhy; Vw;gLk; epfo;T - ,wg;G
6. ekJ Rw;Wr;#oy;
1. jdf;Fj; Njitahd czit jhNd jahhpg;git - cw;gj;jpahsh;fs;
2. czTf;fhf gpw caphpfis rhh;e;jit - Efh;Nthh;fs;
3. jhtu cz;zpfs; - gR> khd;> ML> vyp
4. Cd; cz;zpfs; - jtis> Me;ij
5. midj;Jz;zpfs; - kdpjd;> fhfk;
6. rpijg;git - ghf;BhPah> G+Q;ir
7. caphpd rpijTf;F cl;glhj fopTfs; - nefpopfs;> cNyhfq;fs;> mYkpdpa ghj;jpuq;fs;>
fz;zhb ghl;by;fs;
8. SWM – Solid Waste Management
9. ngl;Nuhy;> epyf;fhp vhpg;gjhy; cz;lhtJ - fhw;W khRghL
10. ePh; khRghl;bw;W fhuzk; - rhf;filfopTfs;> njhopw;rhiyf;fopTfs;> G+r;rpf;nfhy;ypfs;> cuq;fs;>
jplf;fopTfs;
11. ed;dPh; #o;epiy kz;lyk; vd;gJ - Fsk;> Vhp> ejp
12. epy khRghl;il cUthf;Fgit - fisf;nfhy;yp
13. fly; R+o;epiy kz;lyj;jpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L - grpgpf; ngUq;fly;
14. czTr; rq;fpypapd; thpir - Nful;> Kay;> ghk;G> fOF
15. czTr;rq;fpypapd; thpir - My;fh – G+r;rp – kPd; - kdpjd;
16. xyp khRghL - xypg;ngUf;fp
17. epykhRg;ghL – nefpop gad;ghL
18. xyp khRghl;bd; msT - 85 dB (nlrpgy;)
19. jpkpq;fyq;fs; jq;fs; ghijapypUe;J jpir khWtjw;F fhuzk; - xyp khRghL
20. kdpjdpd; nrtpg;giwia ghjpg;gJ - xypkhRghL
21. 3R – vd;gJ Reduce, Reuse, Recycle
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22. mbg;gil Mw;wy; cw;gj;jp eilngWk; ,lk; - jhtuk;
23. czTr; rq;fpyp thpir - Gw;fs;> ntl;Lf;fpsp> jtis> fhfk;.
24. czTr; rq;fpyp thpir - jhdpak;> vyp> ghk;G> kapy;
25. gl;lhR ntbg;gjhy; Vw;gLk; khRghL - xyp khRghL
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9. Gifapiy nky;Ytjhy; Vw;gLk; Neha; - Gwj;jpR Neha;
10. kugZ epiyahy; cUthFk; fz; Neha; - tz;zf; FUl;Lj; jd;ik
(Colourblindness)
11. gw;Fopfs; cz;lhff; fhuzk; - Gifapiy nky;Yjy;
12. KjYjtp vd;gjd; Nehf;fk; - typ epthuzk;
13. rhsuq;fshf fUjg;gLtJ - fz;zhy; cyiff; fhz;gJ
14. Kjy; epiyj; jPf;fhaj;jpy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; gFjp - Nky; Gwj;Njhy;
15. fhrNeha;f;Ff; fhuzkhd ghf;l;haP h - ikf;Nfhghf;Bhpak;
16. kQ;rs; epw rpWePh; ntspNaWtJ - n`g;gilb];
17. ilgha;L Neha;fF; fhuzkhd Ez;ZAhp - rhy;Nkhndy;yh ilgp
18. khRgl;l ePh;> czthy; guTk; Neha; - fhyuh
9. tifg;ghl;bd; mbg;gilfs;
1. ,Utho;tp jhtuq;fs; vd;git - /gpA+Ndhpah (kh];fs;)
2. etPd tifg;ghl;baypd; je;ij - fNuhy]; ypd;Nda];
3. ntq;fhaj;jpd; ,U nrhy; ngah; - my;ypak; rpNg
4. ney;ypd; jhtutpay; ngah; - xiurh rl;ilth
5. cl;fU ,y;yhj Ie;Jyf tifg;ghL - nkhdpuh
6. nkhy];fh vd;git - nky;Ylypfs;
7. kz;GO> ml;il Nghd;wit - tis jirg; GOf;fs;
8. jhtuq;fs;> tpyq;Ffs; vd caphpdq;fis gphpj;jth; - mhp];lhl;by;
9. FopAlypfs; vd;git - i`l;uh> fly;rhke;jp> n[y;yp kPd;fs;
10. tifg;ghl;baypd; mbg;gil myF - rpw;wpdk;
11. Gtpapy; fhzg;gLk; rpw;wpdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if Vwj;jho - 8.7 kpy;ypad;fs;
12. Ie;Jyf tifg;ghL ahuhy; Kd;nkhopag;gl;lJ - R.H. tpl;Nlf;fh; (1969)
13. tpyq;Ftif GNuhl;b ; ];Lfs; GNuhl;Nlh Nrhthd;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLfpwJ.
14. Gwhtpd; ,U nrhy; ngah; - nfhyk;gpah yptpah
15. cz;ikahd cl;fU fhzg;gLk; nry; tif - A+NfhpNahl; nry;fs;
16. nry;Rth; ,y;yhjit - tpyq;F nry;fs;
17. caphpdq;fis mtw;wpd; xw;Wik> Ntw;Wik mbg;gilapy; tifg;gLj;JtJ - ,UgpsT jpwTNfhy;.
18. kdpjdpd; ,U nrhy; ngah; - N`hNkh Nrg;gpad;];
19. jhtu tif GNuhl;b];Lfs; czT jahhpf;Fk; Kiw - xspr;Nrh;f;if
20. ,U nrhy; ngahpLk; Kiwia nray;gLj;jp gpugykhf;fpath; - fNuhy]; ypd;Nda]; (1753)
21. ,U ghy; caphpfs; fhzg;gLk; njhFjp - tisj;jirg;GOf;fs;
22. ,U ghy; mikT nfhz;l tFg;G - ghY}l;bfs;
10. Ez;Zaphpfs;
1. kdpjDf;F rhjhuz rspia cz;lhf;Fk; itu]; tif - ,d;GSnad;]h
2. Neha;j; njhw;Wila Gujj;Jfs; - gphpahd;
3. nry;Yf;F ntspNa fhzg;gLk; itu];fs; - tPhpahd;
4. fhw;W> ePuhy; guTk; Neha; - rpl;u]; Nfd;fh; (,iy> jz;L> fdpfs; rpijtilAk;)
5. kNyhpah vd;w Neha; GNuhl;NlhNrhththy; cUthFk;.
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6. iel;u[id epiyg;gLj;Jk; ghf;bhPahf;fs;
1. iuNrhgpak;
2. raNdh ghf;l;hPak;
3. eh];lhf;
7. tpdpfh; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLk; ghf;BhPah - mrpl;Nlh ghf;lh; mrpl;il
8. ngdprpypak; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1928 (mnyf;rhz;lh; gpsk;kpq;)
9. Nfhs; tbt ghf;BhPah vJ - Ngrpy;y];
10. RUs; tbt ghf;BhPah - ];ighpy;yh
11. ghf;BhPahtpd; ,lg;ngah;r;rpf;F cjTk; cWg;G - firapiofs;
12. mkPgpf; rPjNgjpia cz;lhf;Fk; Ez;Zaphp - vz;lkPgh `p];lhiybfh
13. ge;J tbt ghf;BhPah - fhf;if
14. xU Kidf; fw;iw firapiof;F cjhuzk; - #NlhNkhdh];
15. <];l; nry;fspd; ,dg;ngUf;fk; - nkhl;LtpLjy;
16. mkpyj;ij tpUk;Gk; ghf;BhPah - yhf;Nlh Ngrpy;y]; mrpl;Nlhgpy];
17. Mg;gphpf;f J}f;f tpahjpf;F fhuzkhd <f;fs; - nrl;fP
18. gOg;G epwg;ghrp - gpA+f;Nfh rhe;jpd;
19. ypndd; E}y; ,iofs; jahhpf;fg; gad;gLk; G+Q;ir - #NlhNkhdh]; VU[pNdhrh
20. cUisf; fpoq;fpy; cz;lhFk; Neha; - g;isa;l;
21. jput czTfis ghJfhf;Fk; Kiwiaf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; - Y}ap]; gh];lh; (1862)
22. itl;lkpd; K kw;Wk; B - $l;Lg; nghUis cw;gj;jp nra;tJ - vf;Nfhiy ghf;fBupak;
23. ilgha;L fha;rr ; yhy; ghjpf;fg;gLk; cWg;G - rpWFly;
24. rpf;fd; Fdpahit gug;Gk; nfhR - Vb]; va;[pg;b
25. vYk;G KwpT fha;rr ; y; vd;gJ - nlq;F
26. nlq;Fitf; Fzg;gLj;Jk; jhtu ,iy - gg;ghsp
27. NghypNah Nehahy; ghjpf;fg;gLk;. kdpj cly; cWg;G - CNS (kj;jpa euk;G kz;lyk;)
28. jl;lk;ikia cUthf;Fk; itu]; - &ngy;yh itu];
29. fhr Neha;ff ; hd jLg;G+rp - BCG (Ngrpy]; fhy;nkl; Fa;hpd;)
30. fhgp> Njapiyf;F kzk; jUk; ghf;BhPah - Ngrpy;y]; nkfhjPhpak;
31. nrk;kwp Ml;ilj; jhf;Fk; ghf;BhPah - Ngrpy;y]; Me;j;uhrp];
32. ePh; Gw;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - My;fh
33. gy nry;yhyhd ghrp - rh;fh]k;
34. Nghypf; fhy;fs; %yk; efUk; GNuhl;NlhNrhth - R+NlhNghbah (mkPgh)
35. Fsph;ghdq;fis nehjpf;fr; nra;Ak; ghf;BhPah - rhf;NuhikrP]; nrhptpNr
36. gwitf; fha;rr ; iy cz;lhf;Fk; itu]; - H5N1
37. epzePh; kz;lyj;ij jhf;Fk; Neha; - /gpNyhpah
38. fopTg; nghUl;fis Rj;jpfhpf;Fk; ghf;BhPah - nkj;jNdh ghf;BhPah
39. jhtu Nth;fis ghJfhf;Fk; G+Q;ir - biuf;Nfhnlh;kh
40. AIDS – cUthf;f fhuzkhd itu]; - nul;Nuh - RNA
41. ];itd; /GS – vd;gJ - gd;wpf;fha;r;ry;
42. gd;wpf; fha;rr ; iy cUthf;Fk; itu]; - H1N1
43. rpgpyp]; - vd;w ghypay; Nehia cz;lhf;Fk; ghf;BhPah - l;hPg;Ngh epkh ghyplk;
44. Foe;ijfSf;F 4 – 6 taJfspy; Nghlg;gLk; jLg;g+rp - TT (Tiptheria, Tettanus)
45. g;Nsf; Nehiaf; fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;J - ];l;nug;Nlhikrpd;
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11. jhtu cyfk;
1. J}Jtisapd; ,U nrhw;ngah; - nrhyhdk; l;iuNyhNgl;lk;
2. GNshhpbad; ];lhh;r; Nrkpg;G nghUshff; fhzg;gLk; gphpT - NuhNlh/igrp
3. $l;likg;ghff; fhzg;gLk; ghrp - thy;thf;];
4. cz;zj;jFe;j fhshd; - mfhupf];
5. kz; mhpg;igj; jLf;Fk; jhtuq;fs; - gpiuNah/igl;Lfs;
6. Kjy; epyj;jhtuq;fs; - nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;
7. ed;F tsh;r;rpaile;j th];Fyhh; jpRj; jhtu clyk; - nlhpNlh/igl;Lfs;
8. ngd;rpypd; vd;w caph; vjph; nghUs; vLf;fg;gLk; G+Q;ir - ngdprpypak;
9. “n[dPuh gpshz;lhuk;” - vd;w E}iy ntspapl;lth;fs; - nge;jk; kw;Wk; `Pf;fh;
10. gOg;G ghrpapd; tFg;G - /NgNah igrpNa
11. mfhh; mfhh; vd;w nghUs; vLf;fg;gLk; ghrp - n[ypbak;
12. G+Q;irapd; Nrkpg;Gg; nghUs; - fpisf;Nfh[d;> vz;nza;
13. iryk;> GNshak; fhzg;glhj jhtuq;fs; - gpiuNah/igl;L
14. tiyg;gpd;dy; euk;gikT fhzg;gLtJ - ,Utpj;jpiyj; jhtuq;fs;
15. G+Q;irapd; nry;Rth; vjdhy; MdJ? - ifbd;
16. gpiuNah/igl;Lfspy; ed;F tsh;r;rpaile;jit - kh];fs;
17. jhtu cly; Nth;> ,iy> jz;L vd NtWgLj;j ,ayhj mikg;G - jhy];
18. khkuj;jpd; ,U nrhy; ngah; - khQ;rp/nguh ,d;bfh
19. itl;lkpd; B- ia cUthf;Fk; G+Q;ir - M];gpah Nfh];gP> vhpNkhjPrpak; M];gpaP.
20. tspkz;;ly iel;u[id epiy epWj;Jk; ghrpfs; - eh];lhf;> Blue green Algae
mdgpdh
21. NykpNdhpah vd;w gOg;G ghrpapypUe;J fpilg;gJ - mNahbd;
22. Gujj;ij cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ghrp - FNshnuy;yh> igNuhypdh
23. G+Q;irfspd; clyk; _______ vd;w ,iofshy; MdJ - i`gh
24. nlhpNlh/igl;Lfspd; ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw - ];Nghh;fs; %yk;
25. %l;Ltyp epthuzahfTk;> tz;zg;G+r;R jahhpf;fTk; gad;gLk; jhtuk; - igd];
26. Rthrf; NfhshW> M];JkhTf;F kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk; jhtuk; - my;fyha;L v/gpl;uh (v/gphpbd;)
27. Fg;igNkdp (mfhyp/gh ,d;bfh) - Njhy; nfhg;Gsk;> tapw;wpy; cs;s cUisg;GOf;fis
mopf;Fk;.
28. tpy;tk; (Vfpy; khh;kpNyh];) - rPjNgjp> nrhpkhdj;ij rhpahf;Fk;.
29. fPohney;yp (/gpy;yhe;jy; mkhu];) - fy;yPuy; tPf;fj;ij rhpnra;Ak;> kQ;rs; fhkhiy Neha;f;fhd
rpwe;j kUe;J.
30. J}Jtis (nrhyhdk; biuNyhNgl;lk;) - ,Uky;> rsp> M];JkhTf;Fg; gad;gLfpwJ.
31. Nrhw;Wf;fw;whio (mNyhntuh) - %yNeha;> Njhy; mow;rp> tapw;Wg; Gz;Zf;F
kUe;jhfg; gad;gLk;.
32. tPl;L tpyq;FfSf;F czthfg; gad;gLk; ghrp - NykpNdhpah
33. nrh;f;Nfh];Nghuh ngh;rNdhl;lh cz;lhf;FtJ - bf;fh Neha;
34. ];Ngf;dk; vd;w jhtuj;jpypUe;J fpilf;Fk; epyf;fhp tif - gPl; (Peat)
35. ,isQh;fsplk; khaj;Njhw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; G+Q;ir - fpshtpnrg;]; gh;G+hpah
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12. tpyq;Ffspd; ,af;fk;
1. %isiag; ghJfhf;Fk; kz;ilNahl;bd; xU rpwpa gFjp - fpuhzpak; (8 vYk;Gfs;)
2. kdpj clYf;F fl;likg;G> fbdk; Nghd;wtw;iw toq;FtJ - vYk;Gf;$L
3. mirAk; %l;bw;F vLj;Jfhl;L - fPo;%l;L
4. kdpj clypy; cs;s tpyh vYk;Gfs; - 12 N[hb
5. kdpj KJnfYk;gpy; cs;s KJnfYk;Gfs; - 30
6. kz;ilNahl;by; cs;s vYk;Gfs; - 22
7. fz;ghitia mfykhf;FtJ - Nuba]; jir
8. mirah%l;Lf;F cjhuzk; - kz;il XL
9. ntspg;Gwf; fhjpid (gpd;dh) jhq;Fk; vYk;G - FWj;njYk;G
10. jirfs;> vYk;Gfs; ,y;yhj caphpdk; - kz;GO
11. kdpj ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTgit - vYk;Gfs;> jirfs;
12. jpRf;fs;> vYk;Gfs; ,tw;wpw;fpilNa cs;s tpiug;Gj;jd;ik cila gl;ilj;jpR - jirehh;fs;
13. clYf;F tbtj;ij jUtJ - jirfs;
14. %l;Lfspd; ,af;fj;jpw;F cjTk; jpRf;fs; - jirehz;fs;
15. Njhy;gl;il tisak; _______ vdg;gLk;. - ngf;Nlhuy;
16. vYk;Gfspy; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; - Ca, P
17. fOj;njYk;Gfs; - 7
khh;ngYk;Gfs; - 12
,Lg;G vYk;G - 5
18. tOf;F %l;Lfshy; ,izf;fg;gl;lit - Ks;nsYk;Gfs;
19. tpyh vYk;Gfspy; 11> 12 MtJ N[hb vYk;G - gwf;Fk; vYk;Gfs;
20. kPd;fs; ePe;Jk; NghJ jpiria khw;w cjTk; thy; JLg;G _______ vdg;gLk;. - “fhly;”
21. kz;GO Ch;e;J nry;y gad;gLk; ePl;rpfs; - rPl;Nl
22. fug;ghd; G+r;rpapy; cs;s fhy;fs; - 3 N[hb ,izfhy;fs;
23. vYk;GfSld; ,izf;fg;gl;l jir - thpj;jir
24. ,uj;jehsk;> fUtpop Nghd;wtw;wpy; fhzg;gLtJ - thpaw;w jir
25. Nuhkk; Nghd;w ePl;rpfshy; Vw;gLk; ,af;fk; - rpypahp ,af;fk;
26. kdpj vYk;Gf;$l;bd; kpf ePskhd> typikahd vYk;G - gPkh;
27. fhy;%l;bd; njhg;gp Nghd;w mikg;G - gl;nly;yh
28. vYk;Gld; jiria ,izf;Fk; ,iw ehz;fs; - ypf;nkz;l;
29. FWj;njYk;gpy; Vw;gLk; cuha;T> (or) %l;Lfspy; rpNdhtpay; jputk; ,y;yhj epiy - %l;Lfspd;
mow;rp
30. %l;LtPf;fk; Vw;gLtjw;F fhuzkhd mkpyk; - A+hpf; mkpyk;
31. mjpfk; Ntiy nra;Ak; jirfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - fz;fs;
32. ,jak;> fy;yPuiy ghJfhf;Fk; vYk;G - tpyh vYk;G
33. kdpj vYk;Gf; $l;bd; kpfr;rpwpa kw;Wk; Nyrhd vYk;G - ];Nlg]; (eLr;nrtp)
34. Njhw;gl;il> ,Lg;gpy; fhzg;gLk; vYk;G - ge;Jfpz;z %l;L
35. tpuy; vYk;Gfs; _______ vdg;gLk;. - /gyhQ;r];
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 83
13. tshpsk; gUtkiljy;
1. ,Uk;Gr; rj;Jg; gw;whf; Fiwahy; cUthFk; Neha; - ,uj;j Nrhif (mdPkpah)
2. fh;g;g fhyj;jpy; mjpfsT Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - GNuhn[];buhd;
3. ngz;fspy; gUtkiljypd; NghJ Kjd; Kjypy; Njhd;Wk; epfo;T – khjtplha; Row;rp
4. <];l;Nuh[idj; J}z;Lk; `hh;Nkhd; vJ? - FSH (ghypf;fps; J}z;Lk; `hh;Nkhd;)
5. Mz;fspy; ,ilaPl;L nry;fisj; J}z;Lk; `hh;Nkhd; - nl];Nlh];Buhd;.
6. Foe;ij gpwg;ig vspjhf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - Mf;rpNlhrpd;
7. mz;lj;jpypUe;J mz;lk; ntspNaWk; ehl;fs; - 28 ehl;fs;
8. vYk;G cilAk; jd;ikia Nghf;Fk; nghUs; - Ca (ghy;)
9. mlNyhrh; vd;gjd; nghUs; - tsh;tjw;F
10. tshpsk; gUtj;jpy; Ruf;fg;gLk; vz;nza; Rug;gp - nrNgrpa]; Rug;gp
11. Mz;fsplk; fhzg;gLk; Fuy; xypg;ngl;b - Mlk;]; Mg;gps;
12. xU ruhrhp Mzpd; ,dg;ngUf;ff; fhyk; - 13 taJ Kjy; tho; ehs; KOtJk;
13. mz;lk; fUTwhky; fhh;g]; Y}l;bak; rpijAk; epfo;T khjtplha; vdg;gLk;.
14. xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlh;Gila gy ];Buha;Lfspd; njhFg;G - <];l;Nuh[d;
15. ijuha;L rhh;e;j Neha;fis jLf;f cjTk; nghUs; - mNahbd;
16. tshpsk; gUtfhyk; vd;gJ - 11 Kjy; 19 taJ tiu
17. Md;l;Nuh[id xOq;FgLj;Jk; `hh;Nkhd; - LH `hh;Nkhd;
18. ghy; cw;gj;jpia fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; `hh;Nkhd; - GNuhyhf;bd;
19. ngz;fspy; fUTWjy; eilngWk; ,lk; - ngNyhg;gpad; ehsk;
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15. tpyq;Ffis ghJfhj;jy;
1. ekJ thapy;yh ez;gh;fspd; $l;bizT vd;gJ - g;S fpuh]; (1897 - ,q;fpyhe;J)
2. Kjy; tpyq;F kUj;Jtkiz - tpf;Nlhhpah (yz;ld; - 1906)
3. Mrpahtpd; kpfg; nghpa tpyq;F ey mikg;G - nrd;id (Nfg;ld; V. Re;juk; - 1959)
4. tpyq;Ffs; tijf;fg;gLtij jLf;Fk; rl;lk; - 1960
5. ePh; khRghL _________ vd;w cNyhfj;jhy; Vw;gLk; NghJ ngz;fSf;F kyl;Lj;jd;ik cz;lhFk;.
- FNuhkpak;
6. cyfpd; kpfg;goikahd kpUff;fhl;rp rhiy - Nrh`d;gpuk; (tpad;dh) 1759
7. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kpUff;fhl;rp rhiy - guf;G+h; (1800)
8. ee;jhNjtp caph;Nfhsk; fhg;gfk; cs;s ,lk; - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
9. m];]hkpy; cs;s caph; Nfhsf; fhg;gfk; - khdh];
10. Nkfkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; cs;s ,lk; - NjdP (2016)
11. rhk;gy; epw mzpy; tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; cs;s ,lk; - tpUJefh; (1988)
12. Ntle;jhq;fy; - jkpo;ehL (1936)
13. fhh;ngl; Njrpag; G+q;fh - cj;jpufhz;l; (1936)
14. cyf tdtpyq;F jpdk; - khh;r; - 03
15. IUCN - ,e;jpahtpy; epWtg;gl;l tUlk; - 2007 (New Delhi)
16. IUCN - International Union for Conservation of Nature
17. IUCN - y; ,e;jpah cWg;gpduhf gjpthd tUlk; - 1969
18. jkpof khepyg; gl;lhk;G+r;rp - Vkd; gl;lhk; G+r;rp
19. mopAk; epiyapy; cs;s
jhtuk; tpyq;Ffs;
1. Filkuk; 1. gdpr;rpWj;ij
2. kyghh; tpy;yp 2. Mrpa rpq;;fk;
3. uh/g;yPrpah kyh; 3. rpq;f thy; Fuq;F
4. ,e;jpa ky;Nyh 4. ,e;jpa fhz;lhkpUfk;
5. K];yp 5. ePyfphp tiuahL
20. cyf fhLfs; jpdk; - khh;r; - 21
cyf ePh; jpdk; - khh;r; - 22
cyf Rw;W R+oy; jpdk; - [Pd; - 5
cyf ,aw;ifg; ghJfhg;G jpdk; - [Pd; - 28
XNrhd; jpdk; - nrg;lk;gh; - 16
21. r%f tdtpay; vd;w nrhy; ,e;jpahtpy; mKYf;F te;j tUlk; - 1976
22. gr;ir tisa ,af;fk; - 1977 (nfd;ah)
2004 - mikjpf;fhd Nehgy; ghpR)
23. G+kpapd; EiuaPuy; vdg;gLtJ - mNkrhd; fhLfs;
24. cyfpd; kpfg; nghpa kiof;fhLfs; - mNkrhd; fhLfs;
25. rpg;Nfh ,af;fj;jpd; epWtdh; - Re;jh;yhy; gFFdh
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16. jhtuq;fspd; mirT (,af;fk;)
1. #hpafhe;jpapd; jhtutpay; ngah; - `Pypahe;jk; md;Dt];
2. jhtuj; jz;L - #hpa xspf;F Neh; xspr;rhh;G
3. jhtu Nth; - #hpa xspf;F vjph; xspr;rhh;G
4. njhL rhh;gikT - jhtuf; nfhb
5. ePh; rhh;Gilait - jhtu Nth;
6. fhiyapy; kyh;fs; jpwe;j epiyapYk;> khiyapy; %ba epiyapYk; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk;
- mgprpNdy;
7. fhiyapy; kyh;fs; %baepiyapYk;> khiyapy; jpwe;j epiyapYk; fhzg;gLtJ jhtuk;
- INghkpah My;gh (epyT kyh;)
8. eLf;fKW tisjYf;F cjhuzk; - njhl;lhy; rpDq;fp
9. tPd]; G+r;rp gpbg;ghd; vd;gJ - ilNahdpah kp/rpGyh
10. ntg;gKW tisjy; - LyPg; kyh;fs;
11. xsp Mw;wiy kpd; Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; - nt];gh Xhpaz;lhyp]; (vWk;G)
12. rhe;Njhg;nghpd; vd;w kQ;rs; epw xsp czh; epwkp fhzg;gLk; G+r;rpapdk; - nt];gh Xhpaz;lyp];
13. xspr;Nrh;f;if Kbtpy; _______, _______ Mf khw;wg;gLfpwJ. - FSf;Nfh];> ];lhh;r;
14. xspr;Nrh;f;ifapd; NghJ ____ cs;sPh;j;J ___ ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ. - CO2, O2
15. jhtu Rthrj;jpy; ____ cs;sPh;f;fg;gl;L ____ ntspNaw;wg;gLfpwJ. - O2, CO2
16. jhtu ,iyj;Jisfs; _______ %lg;gl;Ls;sJ. - fhg;Gr; nry;fshy;
17. ,iyj;Jis topahf ePuhtp Nghf;F ePh; ,og;G rjtPjk; - 90 – 95%
18. jz;L kw;Wk; Ntw;g;gFjpapd; ,Otpiria mjpfg;gLj;jg; gad;gLtJ - ePuhtpg; Nghf;F
19. Gtp<h;gG; tpirf;F Vw;g jhtuk; tistJ - Gtprhh;gikT
20. jhtuj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gr;ira epwkp - FNshNuh/gpy;
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6. rzypd; jhtutpay; ngah; - FNuhl;lNyhpah [d;rpah
7. mfj;jp – jhtutpay; ngah; - nr];ghdpah ];gPrpNahrh
8. gpujhd; ke;jphp gaph;f; fhg;gPl;Lj; jpl;lk; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l tUlk; - gpg;uthp 18 - 2016
9. kyh;fs;> moFj; jhtuq;fs; tsh;f;Fk; Kiw - Floriculture (/g;Nshhpfy;r;rh;)
10. fha;fwp tsh;g;G - Olericulture (Xyhpfy;r;rh;)
11. goq;fs; gw;wpa mwptpay; gbg;G - Nghkhy[p (Pomology)
12. Mh;j;NuhFapNdhd; vd;w kUe;J vLf;fg;gLk; jhtuk; - fw;whio
13. ghf;BhPahj; njhw;W> tapw;Wg; Nghf;if Fzg;gLj;Jk; jhtuk; - ed;dhhp
14. kNyhpah> epNkhdpah> fha;r;riyf;F epthudkhd kUe;J - Fapidd; (rpd;Nfhdh)
15. epj;jpaf; fy;ahzp vd;w jhtuk; Fzg;gLj;Jk; Neha; - ,uj;jg;Gw;W Neha; (ypA+f;Nfkpah)
16. vjd; ,iyfs;> tpijfs; nlq;F fha;r;rYf;F epthuzp MFk;. - gg;ghsp
17. ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; kUe;J - BGR-34 (Blood Glucose Regulator)
18. fhshd; tpij _______ vdg;gLk;. - ];ghd; (spawn)
19. ePhpy; cs;s fdpkq;fisf; nfhz;L jhtuk; tsh;j;jy; - i`l;NuhNghdpf;];
20. tspkz;ly (fhw;W) Ntshz;ik _______ vdg;gLk;. - VNuh/Nghdpf;];
21. ghy; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; cs; ehl;L ,dq;fs; - rhfpthy;> rptg;G rpe;jp> jpNahdp> fph;
22. ntspehl;L ghy; jUk; ,dq;fs; - n[h;]p> g;nusd; ];tp];> N`hy;]; Ba;d; /g;nua;];gd;
23. etPd ,e;jpahtpd; ghy; gz;izj; njhopy; rpw;gp - Dr. th;fP]; Fhpad;
24. NDDB – National Dairy Development Board - Founder Dr. th;fP]; Fhpad;
25. ntz;ik Gul;rpapd; je;ij - (Operation Flood) - Dr. th;fP]; Fhpad;
26. flNyhu kPd;tsh;g;gpy; ,e;jpa mstpy; jkpo;ehL - 6 -MtJ ,lk;
27. kPd; tsh;g;G - gprpfy;rr; h; (Pisciculture)
28. kj;jpa fly;rhh; kPd; tsh;g;G Muha;rr ; p epiyak; epWtg;gl;l ,lk; - nfhr;rpd; (1947)
29. kj;jpa cth; ePh; tho; caph; tsh;g;G epWtdj;jpd; jiyikaplk; - nrd;id (1987)
30. kPd;fspy; cs;s itl;lkpd;fs; - Vitamin – A, D, B $l;Lg; nghUs;fs;
31. fly; ePh; ,why;fs; - gpNda]; ,d;bf];> gpNda]; NkhNdlhd;
32. ed;dPh; ,why;fs; - Nkf;Nuhgpuhfpak; Nuhnrd;ngh;fp> Nkf;Nuhgpuhfpak; khy;Nrhk; Nrhdp
33. NjdP tsh;g;G _______ vdg;gLk; - vgpfy;rh;
34. l;Nuhd;fs; vd;git - Mz; NjdP
35. ghiwj;Njd; - Vgp]; lhh;Nfl;lh
36. ,j;jhypj; NjdP - Vgp]; nky;yp/nguh
37. Mg;gphpf;fj; NjdP - Vgp]; Mlk;Nrhdp
38. Njd; nfl;Lg;Nghfhky; ,Uf;f cjTk; mkpyk; - /ghh;kpf; mkpyk;
39. Njdpy; fhzg;gLk; nehjp - ,d;th;Nl];
40. ,dpg;G Ritia NjDf;Fj; jUgit - nlf;];lN ; uh]; kw;Wk; Rf;Nuh];
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7. jhtuq;fs; jpBnud ePl;rpailAk;> kyuTk; fhuzkhd `hh;Nkhd; - [pg;uy;ypd;fs;
8. IBA - vd;gJ ,d;Nlhy; 3 gpA+l;hpf; mkpyk;
9. IAN - vd;gJ ,d;Nlhy; 3 mrpNlh iel;iuy;
10. “fhyj;J}Jth;fs;” vd;wiof;fg;gLk; `hh;Nkhd; - nkyl;Nlhdpd; (gpdpay;)
11. Guj cw;gj;jpapy; jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; `hh;Nkhd; - ACTH (Adreno Carfikotic Trophic
Harmone)
12. Foe;ij gpwg;ig vspjhf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - Mf;rpNlhrpd;
13. rpWePh; ngUf;nfjph; `hh;Nkhd; - ADH Md;bilA+hpbf; `hh;Nkhd; thNrhgpu];]pd;
14. ijuhf;rpd; `hh;Nkhdpy; cs;s mkpNdh mkpyk; - ilNuhrpd;
15. nry;fspd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;ij xOq;FgLj;Jk; `hh;Nkhd; - ijuhf;rpd;
16. MSik `hh;Nkhd; - ijuhf;rpd;
17. vf;]hg;jhy;kpah (JUj;jpa fz;fs;) ,jd; mwpFwpahFk; - i`gh; ijuha;b]k;
+
18. ,uj;jj;jpy; Ca msit guhkhpf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - ghuhjhh;Nkhd;
19. My;gh nry;fs; - `hh;Nkhd; - FSf;Nfhd;
20. β - nry;ypd; Ruf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - ,d;Rypd;
21. mbf;fb grp vLj;jy; - ghypNg[pah
22. rpWePhpy; mjpf FSf;Nfh]; ntspNaWjy; - fpisf;NfhR+hpah
23. caph;fhf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - fhh;bNrhy;
24. mtrufhy `hh;Nkhd; - ml;hpdypd; ehh; ml;hpdypd;
25. fhh;g]; Y}l;baj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; `hh;Nkhd; - GNuhn[];buhd;
26. ehskpy;yh Rug;gpahf nray;gLk; Mz; ,dg;ngUf;f nry; - yPbf; nry;fs;
27. ngz;fspy; ,uz;lhk; epiy ghy; gz;Gfs; tsh;rr ; pia Cf;Ftpf;Fk; `hh;Nkhd; - <];lN ; uh[d;
28. jiyik Rug;gp - gpl;A+l;lup
29. mow;rp> xt;thikia jLg;Gg; nghUshf gad;gLk; `hh;Nkhd; - 1. fhh;bNrhy;
2. fhh;bNfh ];buhd;
30. T4 - vd;gJ - nll;uh mNahNlh ijNuhdpd; (or) ijuhf;rpd;
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13. cl;Gw ,uj;j ehsq;fs; nfhz;l ciw - igah Nkl;lh;
14. %isapd; ciwfspy; Vw;gLk; tPff ; k; - nkdpQ;irb];
15. czh;T kw;Wk; ,af;fj; J}z;ly;fis flj;Jk; Kf;fpa flj;Jk; Kf;fpa flj;J ikakhf
nray;gLtJ - jyhk];
16. clypd; ntg;gepiyia xOq;FgLj;Jk; ikak; - i`g;Nghjyhk];
17. ghh;it> Nfl;lypd; mdpr;ir nraiy fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ - Fthl;hp n[kpdh (eL%is)
18. mj;jpahtrpakhd nfhOg;G mkpyq;fs; fhzg;gLk; nghUl;fs; - kPd;> ghjhk;> thJik nfhl;il>
gr;ir fha;fwpfs;
19. ckpo;ePh; Rug;gJ> the;jp vLj;jiy xOq;FgLj;JtJ - KFsk;
20. Rthrk;> ,jaJbg;G> ,uj;jf; Foha; RUf;fk; Mfpatw;iw fl;Lg;gLj;Jk; ikak; - KFsk;
21. EEG - Electro Encephalogram
22. clypd; mdpr;ir nraiy fl;Lg;gLj;JtJ - jz;Ltlk;
23. %isia mjph;TfspypUe;J ghJfhf;Fk; jputk; - %is jz;Ltl jputk;
24. %isapd; ,U Gw rJg;Gfis ,izf;Fk; gFjp - ghd;];
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23. jhtu cs;sikg;G & nraypay;
1. fw;iwj; njhg;gp vd;gJ jhtuj;jz;bd; - nghpirf;fps;
2. jur mLf;F (Starch) - vd;gJ - mfj;Njhy;
3. Y - tbt iryk; fhzg;gLk; jhtuk; - xU tpj;jpiyj; jhtuk;
4. ,sk; Nth;fspy; eLtpy; fhzg;gLk; mLf;F - gpj;
5. fh];Nghpad; gl;ilfs; fhzg;gLtJ - Nthpd; mfj;Njhy;
6. gpj; - mLf;fpy; jurk; Nrkpf;fg;gLk; jhtuk; - Nrhsk;
7. gpj; - mLf;F ,y;yhj jhtuk; - kf;fhr;Nrhsk;
8. xspr;Nrh;f;if epwkpfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - ijyf;fha;L
9. gRq;fzpfj;jpy; DNA, 70S iuNghNrhk;fs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - ];l;Nuhkh
10. ijyf;fha;Lfspd; njhFg;G - fpuhdh
11. xsptpid eilngWk; ,lk; - fpuhdh
12. ,Us;tpid eilngWk; ,lk; - ];l;Nuhkh
13. `py; tpid vd;gJ - xsptpid
14. ATP - mbNdhird; l;iu gh];Ngl;
15. ADP - mbNdhird; il gh];Ngl;
16. NAD - epf;Nfhl;bdikL mbidd; il epA+f;spNahilL
17. NADP - epf;Nfhl;bdikL mbidd; il epA+f;spNahilL gh];Ngl;
18. nraw;if xspr;Nrh;f;if %yk; H2 vupnghUis cw;gj;jp nra;jth; - CNR. uht;
19. ATP - cw;gj;jpahFk; ,lk; - ikl;Nlhfhd;l;hpah
20. P - Jfs;fs; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - Mf;]pNrhk;fs;
21. nry;ypd; fhy;rpak; madpfspd; rkepiyia ghJfhg;gJ - ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah
22. CO2 - FSf;Nfh]hf xLf;fkilAk; tpid - ,Us;tpid
23. fhw;wpy;yh Rthrj;jpd; %yk; cUthFk; nghUs; - vjpy; My;f`hy; (C2H5OH)
24. igUtpf; mkpyk; cUthFk; Row;rp - fpisf;fhyp]p];
25. TCA Row;rpapy; ve;jg; nghUs; ePuhf khWk; - igUtpf; mkpyk;
26. nry; Rthrj;jpy; vyf;l;uhd; flj;Jk; rq;fpyp mikg;gpy; __________ vd;w nghUs; ATP Mf
khWk;. - ADP
27. fpug;]; Row;rp eilngWk; ,lk; - Nkl;hpf;]; (ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpah)
28. Kjd; Kjypy; ikl;Nlhfhz;l;hpahit fz;lwpe;jth; - Nfhypf;fh; (1857)
29. R+hpa Mw;wiy Ntjp Mw;wyhf khw;Wk; epwkp - gr;irak; a
30. nry;ypd; tsh;rpij khw;wj;jpy; gq;F nfhs;Sk; nry; Ez;ZWg;G - ikl;Nlhfhz;lh; pah
24. kugpay;
1. KJik czh;j;Jk; fbfhuq;fs; - BNyhkpah;fs;
2. FNuhNkbl;Lfis xU Gs;spapy; ,izg;gJ - nrd;lN ; uhkpah;
3. xU gz;G fyg;gpd; [Pdhf;f tpfpjk; - 1:2:1
4. ,U gz;G fyg;gpd; Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; - 9:3:3:1
5. xU gz;G fyg;gpd; Gwj;Njhw;w tpfpjk; - 3:1
6. FNuhNkhNrhk;fSf;F epiyg;Gj; jd;ikia mspj;J guhkhpg;gJ - BNyhkpah;fs;
7. FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; ikaj;jpw;F mUfpy; nrd;l;Nuhkpah; cs;s epiy - rg; nkl;lh nrd;l;hpf;
8. xt;nthU [PDk; FNuhNkhNrhkpy; cs;s miktplk; - “Nyhf];”
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9. Xh; caphpapd; ghy; gz;Gfis eph;zapf;Fk; FNuhNkhNrhk;fs; - n`l;bNuhNrhk;fs;
10. DNA - tpd; KJnfYk;G - rh;f;fiu - gh];Ngl; njhFjp
11. irl;Nlhrpd;> ijkpd; vd;w iel;u[d; fhuq;fs; fhzg;gLtJ - gphpkpbd;fs;
12. mbidd; tpfpjKk;> ijkpd; tpfpjKk; rkkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ - vh;tpd; rhh;fh/g; $w;W
13. xU caphp %d;W xw;iwka FNuhNkhNrhk; njhFg;G ngw;wpUe;jhy; (3n) - kyl;Lj;jd;ik
14. NkhNdhNrhkp - (2n - 1)
biuNrhkp - (2n + 1)
ey;yp Nrhkp - (2n - 2)
15. 21 - MtJ FNuhNkhNrhkpy; $Ljyhf xU efy; ,Ue;jhy; - lTd; Neha; $l;L mwpFwp
16. epA+f;spNahilby; (DNA) cs;s iel;u[d; fhuq;fspy; khw;wk; Vw;gl;lhy;
- fjph; mhpths; ,uj;j Nrhif Vw;gLk;
17. rLjp khw;wk; vd;w nrhy;iy mwpKfg;gLj;jpath; - `pA+Nfh b tphp]; (1901)
18. FNuhNkhNrhk; fl;likg;gpw;F Mjhukhf tpsq;Fk; Gujq;fs; - `p];Nlhd;
19. kugpaypy; FNuhNkhNrhk;fspd; gq;F vd;w fz;Lgpbg;Gf;F Nehgy; ghpR ntd;wth;
- T.H. Nkhh;fd; (1993)
20. nry; gphpjypd; NghJ FNuhNkhNrhKld; ];gpd;by; ehh;fs; ,izAk; gFjp - nrd;lN; uhkpah;
21. DNA - tpd; Kg;ghpkhd mikg;ig ntspapl;lth;fs; - N[k;]; thl;rd; - /gpuhd;rp]; fphpf;
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22. nts;isaZf;fspy; ,uj;jg; Nghf;if jLg;gJ - ,uj;jj;jl;Lfs; / j;uhk;Nghirl;Lfs;
23. ,uj;j rptg;gZf;fs; Fiwe;jhy; - mdPkpah
24. ,uj;j jl;Lfs; Fiwe;jhy; - j;uhk; Nghirl;Nlh/gpdpah
25. ,uj;j nts;isaZf;fs; Fiwe;jhy; - ypA+f;Nfhgpdpah
26. ,uj;j nts;isaZ mjpfhpj;jhy; (,uj;jGw;WNeha;) - ypA+f;Nfhirl;Nlhrp];
27. clypd; ePh; rkepiyia guhkhpg;gJ - ,uj;jk;
28. Mf;]p[d; ,y;yhj ,uj;jj;ij EiuaPuYf;F vLj;Jr; nry;Yk; jkdp - EiuaPuy; jkdp
29. Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jj;ij EiuaPuypy; ,Ue;J ,jaj;Jf;F vLj;J nry;tJ - EiuaPuy; rpiu
30. etPd clw;nraypaypd; je;ij - tpy;ypak; `hh;tp (1628)
31. ,jaj;ij Rw;wp cs;s ciw - nghpfhh;bak;
32. ntz;l;hpf;fps; jbj;Jf; fhzg;gLk; Vd; - mjpfsT ,uj;jk; ce;jg;gLtjhy; (Pump)
33. kPdpd; ,jak; - ,uz;L miwfs;
34. ,Utho;tpfs; - %d;W miwfs;
35. Ch;td - KOikAwh ehd;F miwfs;
36. Kjiy - 4 miwfs; (Ch;td)
37. gwit> ghY}l;bfs; - 4 miwfs;
38. Mf;]p[d; kpFe;j ,uj;jKk;> Mf;]p[d; Fiwe;j ,uj;jKk; xU Kiw kl;Lk; ,jaj;jpy; nrd;W
tUk; caphpdq;fs; - kPd;fs;> ,Utho;tpfs;> rpy Ch;td
39. rp];lkpq; ,uj;j Xl;lj;jpy; gq;F ngWk; ,uj;jf;Foha; - ngUe;jkdp
40. KJnfYk;G cs;stw;wpy; eilngWk; ,jaJbg;G - ikNahn[dpf;
41. kdpj ,jak; ruhrhpahf xU epkplj;jpw;F Jbf;Fk; msT - 72 - 75 Kiw
42. ,jaj;jpd; ,jak; (m) Ng];Nkf;fh; - SA fZ (irNdh Vl;hpay;)
43. ehbj;Jbg;G Vw;gl fhuzkhd ,uj;jf; Foha; - jkdpfs;
44. ,ja Row;rpapd; fhyk; - 0.8 tpdhb
45. miur;re;jpu thy;Tfs; %Ltjhy; Vw;gLk; xyp - lg;
46. ,lJ ntz;lh; pf;fps; tphptiltjhy; Vw;gLtJ - la];Nlhypf; mOj;jk;
47. xU MNuhf;fpa kdpjdpd; rp];Nlhypf;/ la];Nlhypf; mOj;jk; - 120mm Hg/ 80 mm Hg
48. ,uj;j mOj;jj;ij mstpl cjTk; etPd vz;zpay; fUtp - khNdh nkl;hpf;
49. midtUf;Fk; ,uj;jk; toq;Fk; ,uj;j tif - O - tif
50. midthplkpUe;Jk; ,uj;jk; ngWk; tif - AB - tif
51. ,uj;jf; nfhilahsp - O - tif
52. ,uj;jk; AB - iaf; fz;lwpe;jth;fs; - bfh];bNyh> ];nla;dp
53. ,uj;jk; vLj;Jr; nry;yhj gFjpfSf;F Cl;lg;nghUl;fs;> O2 -it vLj;Jr; nry;git - epzePh;
54. WBC - apy; kpfTk; ntspadit - NkhNdhirl;Lfs;
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7. ghf;BhPah fUfy; Neha;f;F vjpuhf cUthf;fg;gl;l gaph; ufk; - G+rh Nrhky; (jl;ilg;gapW)
8. G+rh fTut; vd;gJ ve;jg;gapUf;fhd Neha; vjph;g;G ufk; - fLF
9. Gujk; nrwpe;j NfhJik ufk; - ml;y]; 66
10. jhtuq;fspy; rLjp khw;wj;ij J}z;Lk; INrhNlhg;Gfs; - CO - 60 (Nfhghy;l;) CS - 137 (rPrpak;)
11. rLjp khw;wj;jhy; rh;gjpn]hdhuh vd;w NfhJik ufk; vjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ - n]hdhuh - 64
(𝜸 -fjph;)
12. cth;jd;ik> jPq;Faphp vjph;g;Gs;s muprp ufk; - ml;lhkpl;lh - 2
13. fbd fdp ciw nfhz;lit - epyf;fliy
14. kdpjd; cUthf;fpa Kjy; fyg;gpd jhdpak; - bhpl;bf;Nfy; (2n = 42)
15. jd;dpr;irahf ,ul;bg;gilAk; ghf;l;haP htpd; DNA - gpsh];kpl;
16. DNA - tpy; xU Fwpg;gpl;l ,lj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; gh];Ngh il v];lh; gpizg;Gfis Jz;bg;gJ
- nu];l;hpf;]d; nehjp
17. khWghL milahj rpwg;G tif nry;fspd; njhFg;G - FWj;jZf;fs;
18. DNA -tpuy; Nuifj; njhopy; El;gj;ij tbtikj;jth; - myf; n[/g;Nu
19. kdpjhpy; khWgLk; DNA thpirj; njhlh; - rhl;biyl; DNA
20. kdpjh;fspy; itl;lkpd; A cw;gj;jpf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Cl;lr;rj;J - gPll; h fNuhl;bd;
; h fNuhl;bid cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; kugZ khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;l muprp ufk; - “Nfhy;ld; iu];”
21. gPll
22. rLjp khw;wj;ij J}z;Lk; fhuzpfs; - kpA+lh n[d;fs;
23. NgrpNahy]; Kq;Nfh - cSe;J ufk; ,wf;Fkjp nra;ag;gl;l ehL - ,e;jpah (rPdh - ,e;jpah)
24. DNA - it ntl;lg;gad;gLk; nehjp - (nu];l;hpf;]d; vz;Nlh epA+f;spNa];)
25. FNuhNkhNrhk; vz;zpf;ifia ,ul;;bg;ghf;f gad;gLk; Ntjpg; nghUs; - fhy;r;rprpd;
26. Nrhdhypfh vd;gJ - miuf;Fs;s NfhJik
27. Bt - er;R vd;gJ - Ngrpy;y]; JhpQ;rpad;];
28. r DNA njhopy; El;gj;jpy; cUthd Kjy; `hh;Nkhd; - ,d;Rypd;
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13. GijAz;l jhtuq;fspd; ghfq;fs; gw;wpa mwptpay; - njhy;jhtutpay; (Palaeo botany)
14. njhy; jhtutpaypd; je;ij - f];gh; khpah thd; ];nlh;d; ngh;f;
15. ,e;jpaj; njhy; jhtutpaypd; je;ij - gPhg
; hy; rfhdp
16. vYk;GfSk;> kuf;fl;ilAk; gbtkhf khWtJ - fy;yhjy;
17. thOk; njhy; caphpg; gbtq;fs; - [pq;Nfh igNyhah
18. fjphpaf;fhh;gd; Kiwia fz;Lgpbj;jth; - W.F.ypgp
19. caphpoe;j jhtuk;/ tpyq;fpd; taij mwpag;gad;gLk; fjphpaf;f INrhNlhg;G - C14
20. Rw;Wtl;lg;ghij> R+hpadplkpUe;J rhpahd njhiytpy; ,Ue;jhy; mq;F ePh;j; Jspfs; fhzg;gLk;.
,J tho;tjw;F cfe;j R+oy; MFk;. ,J Nfhy;b yhf; kz;lyk; vdg;gLk;.
21. tl;lhu ,d jhtutpay; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfk; nra;jth;
- J.W. `hh;]; ngh;fh;
22. ntsthy;fs; kw;Wk; kdpjdpd; Kd;dq; fhy;fs; Nghd;wit - mikg;G xj;j cWg;Gfs;
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26. N\y; thA vLf;f fz;lwpag;gl;Ls;s ,lq;fs;
1. Nfk;Ng (F[uhj;)
2. m];]hk; - muf;fhd; (tlfpof;F)
3. Nfhz;lt; hdh (kj;jpa ,e;jpah)
4. fpU\;zh Nfhjhthp (fpof;F flw;fiu)
5. fhtphp
6. ,e;Njh - fq;ifg;gFjp (tbepyk;)
27. fopT ePhpypUe;J Ez;Zaphpfis ePf;fk; nra;Ak; Kiw - 1. FNshhpNdw;wk;
2. Gw Cjhf;fjph; Rj;jpfhpg;G
28. fopTfis rpwg;ghd Kiwapy; ifahOtJ - 4R vdg;gLk;
4R - 1. Reduce - Fiwj;jy;
2. Reuse - kWgad;ghL
3. Recovery - kPl;nlLj;jy;
4. Recycle - kWRow;rp
29. gRik ,y;y thA - CO2, CH4, NaO
30. thfdq;fspy; ,Ue;J ntspNaWk; Gifapy; cs;s thAf;fs; - 1. CO (fhh;gd; Nkhdhf;i]L)
2. SO2 (ry;gh; - il - Mf;i]L)
3. NO2 (iel;u[d; - il – Mf;i]L)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 96
TNUSRB PC - 2023
jpUg;Gjy; ghlf;Fwpg;Gfs;
6tJ Kjy; 10 tJ tiu - tuyhW
I.,e;jpah tuyhW
1. rpe;Jrkntsp ehfhpfk; ngh.M.K (fp.K) [3300 - 1900]
tuyhw;wpd; je;ij vd miof;fgLgth; - `pNuhNlhl;l];
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; kw;nwhU ngau; - `ug;gh ehfhpfk;
cyfpd; goikahd ehfhpfk; - nkhrNlhkpah / ghgpNyhd;ah
kdpjd; fz;Lgpbj;j Kjy; cNyhfk; - nrk;G
`ug;gh ehfhpfk; ve;j fhyj;ij rhh;e;jJ - ntz;fy fhyk;
,e;jpa njhy;ypay; Jiw (1861)-d; Kjy; ,af;Fdh; - mnyf;]hz;lh; fd;dpq;`hk;
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfj;jpd; Kd;Ndhb - nkfh;fh;
GijAz;l efuk; - `ug;gh
,we;jth;fspd; NkL - nkhfQ;rjhNuh
JiwKf efuk; - Nyhj;jy;
`ug;gh ehfhpfk; xU - efu ehfhpfk;
`ug;gh ehfhpfj;jpd; rpwg;G $Wfs; - rl;lftbt (njUf;fs;> fopTePh; tbfhy;> Rl;l nrq;fy; tPL)
ngUq;Fsk;> (rJutbtk;)> nghJrig - nkhfQ;rjhNuh
jhdpa fsQ;rpak; - `ug;gh> uhf;fpfh;fp
`ug;gh ehfhpf kf;fs; ve;j gaphply; tifia gpd;gw;wpdh; - ,ul;il gaphply; Kiw
`ug;gh ehfhpfkf;fs; khLfis vt;thW mioj;jdh; - nrG [n[G]
rpe;Jntsp kf;fshy; mwpaglhj cNyhfk; (k) tpyq;F - ,Uk;G (k) Fjpiu
`ug;gh kf;fspd; RLkz;ghz;lj;jpd; epwk; - rptg;G
`ug;gh kf;fspd; RLkz;ghz;lj;jpd; Xtpaj;jpd; epwk; - fUg;G
fhh;ypad; kzpapd; epwk; vd;d - rptg;G (nrk; kzpf;fy;)
`ug;gh kf;fspd; topghL - jha; nja;tk;> gRgjp> murkuk;
eld kq;if rpiy> kjFU rpiy - nkhfQ;rjhNuh
gRgjp rpiy - `ug;gh
njhy;ypay; nghUl;fspd; taij fzf;fpl gad;gLk; INrhNlhg;G - C14 (fhh;gd; - 14)
`ug;gh kf;fs; ntl;Lk; fUtpfs; nra;a gad;gLj;jpaJ - nrh;l;
rpe;J rkntsp ehfhpfk; vd ngahpl;lth; - rh; [hd; khh;\y;
fpof;F vy;iy - Myk;fph;G+h; (UP)
Nkw;F vy;iy - Rl;Nfhn[z;Nlhh; [ghf; - <uhd; vy;iy]
tlf;F vy;iy - \hh;Lif (Af)
njw;F vy;iy - ijkhghj; (mh)
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2.Ntjfhyk;
Mhpah;fs; vd;gth;fs; fp.K.2000 – fp.K.1500 Mfpa fhyfl;lj;jpy; ve;j gFjpapypUe;J
te;jdh;. - kj;jpa Mrpah
Mhpah;fs; NgRk; nkhop - ,e;Njh Mhpa nkhop
r%fk;
1. Foe;ij jpUkzk; fhzg;gltpy;iy 1. Foe;ij jpUkzk; fhzg;gl;lJ
2. tpjit kWkzk; fhzg;gl;lJ 2. tpjit kWkzk; kWf;fg;gl;lJ
3. ngz;fs; XusT ey;y epiyapy; ,Ue;jdh; 3. ngz;fspd; epiy Fd;wpaJ
ngsj;jk;
Gj;jhpd; ,aw;ngah; - rpj;jhh;j;jh
Gj;jh; gpwe;j Mz;L - ngh.M.K.563
Gj;jh; gpwe;j ,lk; - Yk;gpdp (Neghsk;)
Gj;jh; ngw;Nwhh; - Rj;Njhjdh – kahNjtp (rpw;wd;id - nfsjk;)
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Gj;jhpd; kidtp - aNrhjuh
Gj;jhpd; kfd; - uhFyd;
Gj;jhpd; tk;rk; - rhf;fpa tk;rk;
Gj;jh; JwT Nkw;nfhz;l NghJ mthpd; taJ - 29
Gj;jh; jpahdj;jpd; ve;j ehspy; epu;tzepiyia(Qhdepiy) mile;jhh; - 49 tJ ehs;
Gj;jh; Qhdkile;j ,lk; - Gj;jfah
Gj;jh; jdJ Kjy; nrhw;nghopT ele;j ,lk; - rhuehj;
Gj;jhpd; Kjy; nrhw;nghoptpd; ngah; - “jh;k rf;fu ghpth;jzh”
Gj;jh; ghpepthuzepiy (,wg;G) mile;j Mz;L - fp.K.483
Gj;jh; ghpepthuzepiy (,wg;G) mile;j ,lk; - Frpefh;
Gj;jhpd; ehd;F cz;ikfs;:
1) tho;f;if Jd;gk; epiwe;J
2) MirfNs Jd;gj;jpw;F fhuzk;
3) Mir mfd;why; Jd;gk; mfYk;
4) vz;topg;ghij gpd;gw;wpdhy; Jd;gk; mfYk;
vz;topg;ghij:
1) ey;y ek;gpf;if 2) ey;y vz;zk;
3) ey;y Ngr;R 4) ey;y nray;
5) ey;y tho;f;if 6) ey;y mwpT
7) ey;y Kaw;rp 8) ey;y jpahdk;
4. nkshpah;fs;
ee;j tk;rj;ij tPo;j;jp re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; Nguuir epWt cjtpath; - rhzf;fpah;
mnyf;]hz;lh; gilnaLg;G ele;j Mz;L - ngh.M.K.326
nkshpa tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;
nkshpa Nguurpd; jiyefuk; - ghlypGj;jpuk;
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re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; (321 – 298):
ngh.M.K. 305 -y; nry;fpA+]; epNfhliu ntd;wth; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;
re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; mitf;F te;j fpNuf;f gazp - nkf];jdp];
gj;jpughF vd;w rkz JwtpAld; rutzngynfhyh te;jth; - re;jpuFg;j nkshpah;
re;jpuFg;j nkshpah; Nkw;nfhz;l cz;zh Nehd;G - ry;Nyfzh
mNrhfh; (273-232):
mNrhfh; MSeuhf ,Ue;j ,lk; - c[;[pd; & jl;rrPyk;
mNrhfh; gl;lk; - “Njtdhk; gphpah;”
mNrhfh; Kb#l;bnfhz;l Mz;L - ngh.M.K.269
fypq;fNghh; ele;j Mz;L - ngh.M.K.261
rhe;jmNrhfiu> jk;kmNrhfuhf khw;wpa Nghh; - fypq;f Nghh;
mNrhfiu ngsj;j kjj;jpw;F khw;wpath; - cgFg;jh;
rhuehj; J}iz epWtpath; - mNrhfh;
mNrhfh; jdJ kfd; kNfe;jpuidAk;> kfs; rq;fkpj;jpiuiaAk; ngsj;jj;ij gug;g vq;F
mDg;gpdhh; - ,yq;if
mNrhfh; ngsj;jj;ij gug;g epakpj;jJ - jh;kkfhkj;jph;fs;
nkshpah;fspd; ,yf;fpaq;fs;:
mh;j;jrh];jpuj;ij vOjpath; - tp\;ZFg;jh; /rhzf;fpah; /nfsby;yh;
Kj;uhl;r\j;ij ,aw;wpath; - tprhfjj;jh;
nkf];jdp]; vOjpaJ - ,z;bfh
fy;g#j;jpuj;ij ,aw;wpath; - gj;ughF
,yq;if Nrh;e;j ,yf;fpaq;fs; - jPgtk;rk;> kfhtk;rk;
5. Fg;jh;fs;
Fg;j tk;rj;ij epWtpah; - =Fg;jh;
=Fg;jUf;F gpd; Ml;rpf;Fte;jth; - fNlhl;f[h;
“k`huh[h” vd miof;fg;gLgth; - =Fg;jh;> fNlhl;f[h;
fl;lfiy:
FiltiuNfhapy; cs;s ,lk; - m[e;jh> vy;Nyhuh (kfhuh\;uh)> ghf; (kj;jpa gpuNjrk;)
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rpw;gf;fiy:
rpw;gf;fiyf;F cjhuzk; - tuhfrpiy - cjafphp>
- Gj;jh; rpiy - ehse;jh
,yf;fpak;:
uFtk;rk;> hpJtk;rk;> NkfJ}jk;> Fkhu rk;gtk;> khstp fhf;dp kpj;uk;> tpf;fpuk Ch;trpak;
- fhspjhrh;
Mh;agl;bak;> #hparpj;jhe;jh - Mh;agl;lh;
gpu`j; rk;`pjh - tuhfkpfpuh;
gpuk;krpj;jhe;jh - gpuk;kFg;jh
jtdplfk; - jd;te;jphp
`];jhAh;Ntjh - ghyfa;ah
gz;ila fhyj;jpy; ,Ue;j kUj;Jt mwpQh;fs; - jd;te;jphp> rufh;
mWit rpfpr;ir Kiwia Kjypy; tpsf;fpath; - R];Ujh;
“,e;jpahtpd; N\f;];gpah;” vd miof;fg;gLgth; - fhspjhrh;
“,e;jpahtpd; nghw;fhyk;” - Fg;jh;fs; fhyk;
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6. F\hzh;fs; (fp.gp. 100 – 300)
F\hzh;fs; tl – Nkw;F rPdhtpd; ve;j tk;rj;ij rhh;e;jth;fs; - ahf;rp tk;rk;
F\hzh;fspd; rpwe;j murh; - fdp\;fh;
7.nly;yp Ry;jhdpak;
,e;jpah kPJ gilnaLj;j Kjy; ,];yhkpah; - KfkJ – gpd; - fhrpk; (AD 712)
,e;jpah kPJ 17 Kiw gilnaLj;J nfhs;isabj;J nrd;wth; - KfkJ f[pdp
,e;jpahtpy; ,];yhkpah; Ml;rpia epWtpatu; - KfkJ Nfhhp
Kjy; jnua;d; NghH 1191 Mk; Mz;L KfkJ Nfhupf;Fk;> gpUjptpuh[; nrsfhDf;Fk; ,ilNa
eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; KfkJ Nfhup Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;lhH.
,uz;lhk; jnua;d; NghH 1192 Mk; Mz;L eilngw;wJ. ,jpy; KfkJ Nfhupahy; gpUjptpuh[;
Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;L nfhy;yg;gl;lhH.
gz;lfd; vd;w ghurPf nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - ,uhZt gzpf;fhf thq;fg;gl;l mbikfs;
mbik tk;rk; / kk;Yf; tk;rk; - 1206 – 1290
fpy;[p tk;rk; - 1290 – 1320
Jf;sf; tk;rk; - 1320 – 1414
iraJ tk;rk; - 1414 – 1451
Nyhb tk;rk; - 1451 – 1526
mbik tk;rk; :
Fj;Gjpd; Igf; (1206 – 1210)
yh$hpypUe;J nly;ypf;F jiyefiu khw;wpatu; - Fj;Gjpd;
ehse;jh gy;fiyfofj;ij mopj;jth; - gf;jpahh; fpy;[p
Fj;Gjpd; Igf;-apd; gl;lk; - “yhf;ghf;\h”
Fj;Gjpd; Igf; fl;ba k#jp – Ft;tj; - cy; - ,];yhk; (nly;yp)
FJg;kpdhiu fl;l njhlq;fpatu; - Fj;Gjpd; Igf;
1210 –y; NghNyh / nrsfhd; tpisahl;by; ,we;jth;- Fj;Gjpd; Igf;
Fj;Gjpdpw;F gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;jth; - ,y;Jkp\;
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,y;Jkp\; (1210 – 1236)
FJg;kpdhiu fl;b Kbj;jth; - ,y;Jkp\;
rfy;fhdp / ehw;gjpd;kh; FOit cUthf;fpath; - ,y;Jkp\;
,uhZt tPuh;fSf;F Cjpaj;ij epykhf toq;Fk; ,f;jh Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpatu;
- ,y;Jkp\;
,y;Jkp\; mwpKfk; nra;j ehzak; - lq;fh (nts;sp)> [plhy; (nrg;G)
,y;Jkp\; ahUf;F milf;fyk; nfhLf;f kWj;jhh; - nrq;fp];fhdhy; tpul;lg;gl;l Fthd; [k; - \h
– [yhYjpd;
urpah Ry;jhdh (1236 – 1240)
nly;yp Ry;jhdpa tk;rj;jpd; xNu xU ngz; Ml;rpahsh; - urpah
urpahtpd; jdp cjtpahsh; - ahFj; (vj;jpNahg;gpa mbik)
urpah Ry;jhdh 1240 –y; ahUila rjpahy; nfhiy nra;ag;gl;lhh; - JUf;fpa gpuGf;fs;
fpy;[p tk;rk;
[yhYjpd; fpy;[p (1290 – 1296):
[yhYjpd; fpy;[papd; gilnaLg;GfSf;F jiyikNaw;wth; - myhTjpd; fpy;[p
myhTjpd; fpy;[pahy; tQ;rfkhf nfhy;yg;gl;lth; - [yhYjpd; fpy;[p
myhTjpd; fpy;[p
myhTjpd; fpy;[papd; giljsgjp - khypf;fG+h;
myhTjpd; fpy;[papd; njd;dpe;jpa gilnaLg;Gf;F jiyikNaw;wtu; - khypf;fG+h;
[t;`h; vdg;gLk; rlq;if gpd;gw;wpatu;fs; uh[Gj;jpuh;fs; (rpj;J}h; - #iwahly;) (1303)
Jf;sf; tk;rk;
fpahRjpd; Jf;sf; (1320 – 1324)
fpahRjpd; Jf;sf;- My; mbf;fy; ehl;lg;gl;l efuk; - Jf;sjhghj;
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KfkJ – gpd; - Jf;sf; [Pdhfhd; (1325 -1351)
ed;F fy;tp fw;wth; Mdhy; ,j;Jizfz;lk; KOtJk; Ml;rpia tphpTgLj;j jpl;lkpl;lth;
- KfkJ – gpd; - Jf;sf;
KfkJ – gpd; - Jf;sf; fhyj;jpy; njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cUthd muRfs;
- tp[a NguuR> ghkpdp muR> kJiu Ry;jhdpak;
KfkJ – gpd; - Jf;sf; -apd; eltbf;iffs;
1. jiyefh; khw;wk; - nly;yp – Njtfphp – nly;yp
2. milahs ehzak; - nrg;G
3. Njh.Mg;; thpKiw - ,thpd; rPh;jpUj;jq;fs; Njhy;tpapy; Kbe;jd.
Nyhb tk;rk;
Nyhb tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - g`;Yy; Nyhb
Mf;uhit jiyefuhf;fpath; - rpf;fe;jh; Nyhb
Kjy; ghdpg;gl;Nghhpy; (1526) ghghuhy; Njhw;fbf;fg;gl;l filrp nly;yp Ry;jhdpa murh;
- ,g;uhfpk; Nyhb
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rq;fk tk;rk;:
kJiu Ry;jhdpaj;jpw;F Kw;Wg;Gs;sp itj;j Kjyhk; Gf;fUila kfd; - Fkhufk;gz;zh
fq;fhNjtp vOjpa E}y; - kJuh tp[ak;
rq;fk tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j murh; - ,uz;lhk; Njtuhah;
jdJ gilapy; ,];yhkpa tPuh;fis gzpakh;j;jpath; - ,uz;lhk; Njtuhah;
rq;fk tk;rj;jpd; filrp murh; - ,uz;lhk; tpUg;ghf;rpuhah;
rhSt tk;rk;
,uz;lhk; tpUg;ghf;rpuhaiu nfhd;W rhSt tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - rhSt eurpk;kh;
rhSt eurpk;khTf;F gpd; Ml;rpf;F te;jth; - ,k;khb eurpk;kh
,k;khb eurpk;kh fhyj;jpy; ,e;jpah te;jth; - th];Nfhlhfhkh
JSt tk;rk;
JSt tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - eurehaf;fh;
JSt tk;rj;jpd; rpwe;j murh; - fpU\;zNjtuhah;
fl;llfiy:
Nfhtpy;fspd; Eiothapypy; “uhaNfhGuj;ij” epWtpath; fpU\;zNjtuhah;.
fpU\;zNjtuhauhy; fl;lg;gl;l Nfhtpy;
1. `rhuh uhkrhkp Nfhtpy;
2. tpl;lyhrhkp Nfhtpy;
3. `k;gp fpU\;zh; Nfhtpy;
MutpL tk;rk;:
MutpL tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - jpUkiy Njtuhah;
MutpL tk;rj;ij jiyefh; - ngDnfhz;lh
filrp murh; - %d;whk; =uq;fh; (1646)
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nghUshjhu epiy:
jq;f ehzaj;jpd; ngah; - tuhfd;
ePh;ghrdj;jpw;fhf Fsq;fs;> ePh;Njf;fq;fis cUthf;fpath; - fpU\;zNjtuhah;
nerT njhopy;> Ruq;fk; (k) cNyhfj;njhopy; Gfo; ngw;wpUe;jJ
fpy;Lfs; - njhopy;rhh; mikg;G
,yf;fpak;:
kJuhtp[ak; - fq;fhNjtp
mKf;f khy;ajh> [hk;gtjp fy;ahzk; - fpU\;zNjtuhah;
ghz;Luq;fkhj;jpak; - njdhyp uhkfpU\;zh;
kD rhpjk; - my;yrhzp ngj;jz;zh
fl;lf;fiy:
J}z;fspy; mjpfk; ,lk; ngw;w tpyq;F - Fjpiu
fl;lf;fiyapd; rpwg;gk;rk;
- jpwe;j ntsp muq;Ffs;> Ntiyghl;Lld; $ba J}z;fs;> fy;ahz kz;lgk;
KfkJ fthd;
,];yhkpa Nfhl;ghL> ,uhZt ,yf;fpak;> fzpjk; Mfpatw;wpy; rpwe;J tpsq;fpath;
- KfkJ fthd;
ghurPf Ntjpapay; mwpQh; cjtpAld; ntb kUe;J jahhpj;J gad;gLj;jpath; - KfkJ fthd;
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khfzq;fis KfkJ fthd; gphpj;j Kiw - 4 khfzq;fs;> 8 –Mf gphpj;jhh;
MSehpd; mjpfhuj;ij Fiwj;jth; - KfkJ fthd;
KfkJ fthdpd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfs; - tp[aefh;> nfhq;fz gFjp> xbrh
ghghpd; Nghh;fs;:
Kjyhk; ghdpgl;Nghh; (1526) - ghgh; Vs ,g;uhfpk; Nyhb
fhd;th Nghh; (1527) - ghgh; Vs uhzh jq;fh
re;Njhp Nghh; (1528) - ghgh; Vs nkjpdp uha;
fhf;uh Nghh; (1529) - ghgh; Vs KfkJ Nyhb
ghghpd; ,uhZt ntw;wpf;fhd fhuzq;fs; - mthpd; gPuq;fpgilAk;> mthpd; Nghh; EZf;fq;fSk;
ghghpd; Rarhpij – JRf; - , - ghghp
,e;jpahtpy; ghurPf fl;llfiyia mwpKfk; nra;jth; - ghgh;
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mf;ghpd; ,uhZt ntw;wpfs;:
,uz;lhk; ghdpgl;Nghh; (1556) - mf;gh; Vs n`K
`hy;jpfhl; Nghh; (1576) - mf;gh; Vs uhzhgpujhg;
Nfhz;Lthdh uhz;Jh;fhtj;> mfkJ efhpd; rhe;j; gptp> F[uhj;> tq;fhsk;> gPfhh;> xbrh
Mfpatw;iw ntw;wp nfhz;lhh;.
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fyfk; nra;jjhy; 9–tJ rPf;fpa FU Nj[;gfJ}h; nfhd;wth; - xsuq;frPg;
xsuq;frPg;-ia gopthq;f fhy;rh ,uhZtj;ij njhlq;fpath; - 10- tJ rPf;fpa FU Nfhtpe;j;rpq;
fiy> fl;llfiy kPJ Mh;tk; ,y;yhjth; - xsuq;frPg;
xsuq;frPgpw;F vjpuhf fyfk; nra;jth;fs; - [hl;> rPf;fpah;> kuhj;jpah;fs;> rhj;dhkpah;fs;
Kfyha murh;fspy; kpfg;gue;j gFjpia Ml;rpnra;jth; - xsuq;frPg;
xsuq;frPg;ahy; - My; nfhy;yg;gl;l rpth[papd; - rhk;gh[p (1689)
Kfyha Nguurpd; filrp khkd;dh; - xsuq;frPg;
Kfyha Nguurpd; filrp murh; - ,uz;lhk; gfJ}h; - \h
gpnuQ;RfhuHfSf;F tzpf mDkjpia toq;fpatH - xsuq;frPg;
epythp
“[g;jp” vd;w epythp Kiwia mwpKfk; nra;jth; - uh[hNjhlh;khy;
fiy> fl;llfiy:
ghgh;> ghurPf fl;llfiyapid ,e;jpahtpy; mwpKfk; nra;jth;
ghgh; - Mf;uh> Fthypah;> mypfhh; gFjpfshy; fl;llq;fis fl;bdhh;
`PkhAd; - jPd; - , - ghdh muz;kiz
mfgh; - uq;kfhy;> jpthd; - , - fh];> jpthd; - , - Mk;> Gye;jh;thrh> Mf;uh Nfhl;il
[`hq;fph; - Nkhjp k];[pj;> mf;ghpd; fy;yiw fl;Lkhdj;ij epiwT nra;jhh;
\h[fhd; - jh[;kfhy;> Nkhj; - fp - k#jp (Kj;J k#jp)> [pk;kh k#jp> nrq;Nfhl;il (yhy;Fa;yh)
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10. kuhj;jpah;fs;
kuhj;jpah;fs; tho;e;j gFjp (k) mth;fspd; Nghh; Kiw – Nkw;F njhlh;rr ; p kiy (k) nfhhpy;yh
Nghh;Kid
Kf;fpa kuhj;jpa gf;jp ,af;f nghpNahh;fs; - Vf;ehj;> Jf;fhuhk;> uhk;jh];
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II. jkpof tuyhW
1. jkpo;ehl;by; njhy;ypay; Ma;Tfs;
ntk;gNfhl;il - tpUJefh;
JYf;fh;gl;b - jpUney;Ntyp
ngUk;ghiy - jh;kGhp
kapyhLk;ghiw - fpU\;zfphp
2. rq;ffhyk;
rq;f fhyj;jpd; fhyg;gFjp - ngh.M.K 300 - ngh.M 300
fp.K 4- Mk; E}w;whz;by; tho;e;j nkshpah;fs; (k) ee;jh;fspd; rkfhyk; Gyth; ahh; - kh%ydhh;
rq;f fhyj;jpy; jkpofj;ij Ml;rp nra;jth;fs; - %Nte;jh;fs; (k) FWepy kd;dh;fs;
Nru> Nrho> ghz;ba (k) rj;aGj;u kd;dh;fs; gw;wp jdJ fy;ntl;by; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sth; - mNrhfh;
rj;aGj;u vd;W miof;fg;gLgth; - mjpakhd;
rq;fk; itj;J tsh;f;fg;gl;l jkpo; nkhop nrk;nkhopahd Mz;L - 2004
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%Nte;jh;fs; Nruh;fs; /NfusGj;jpuh;fs; Nrhoh;fs; ghz;bah;fs;
Ml;rpgFjp jkpofj;jpd; nfhq;FgFjp (k) jkpofj;jpd; njd;jkpofk;
Nfushtpd; tl gFjp kj;jpagFjp
jiyefuk; tQ;rp ciwA+h; kJiu
JiwKfk; njhz;b> Krpwp Gfhh; /fhtphpG+k;gl;bdk; nfhw;if
rpd;dk; tpy;> mk;G Gyp ,ul;il kPd;fs;
G+ gdk;G+ mj;jpg; G+ Ntg;gk; G+
fy;ntl;L GfY}h; fy;ntl;L (f&h;) - khq;Fsk; fy;ntl;L
,yf;fpak; 1) gjpw;Wgj;J-Nrukd;dh;fis 1) gl;bdghiy – 1) kJiu fhQ;rp -
gw;wp $WfpwJ fbaY}h; khq;Fb kUjdhh;
cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhu;
gl;lq;fs; Mjtd;> Fl;Ltd;> thdtd;> nrd;dp> nrk;gpd;> khwd;> tOjp>
,Uk;nghiw fps;sp> tstd; nropad;> njd;dhh;
Kf;fpa murh;fs; 1) Nruy; ,Uk;nghiw 1) ngUew;fps;sp - 1) neLQ;nropad;-
jd;ngahpy; ehzak; ,uh[#a ahfk; jiyahsfhdj;J
ntspapl;lth;. elj;jpath; Nghh;fsk; - “nfhw;if
2) Nrud; nrq;Fl;Ltd; - 2) fhpfyd; - jiytd;> gujth;fspd;
fz;zfpf;F Nfhapy;fl;b fy;yiz jiytd;”
gj;jpdptopg;ghl;il (jpUkhtstd;) -
njhlq;fpath; ntz;zpNghh;fsk;
NruehL - NtoKilj;J
NrhoehL - NrhWilj;J
ghz;baehL - Kj;Jilj;J
njhz;il ehL - rhd;NwhUilj;J
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rq;f fhy efuq;fs;:
fhQ;rp - fy;tp efuk;
Gfhh; - JiwKf efuk;
kJiu (ehsq;fhb> my;yq;fhb) - tzpf efuk;
“fy;tpapy; fiuapyhj fhQ;rp” - mg;gh; jpUehTf;furh;
“efuq;fspy; rpwe;J fhQ;rp” - fhspjhrh;
gl;bdghiy - Gfhh; efu tzpfj;ij gw;wp Fwpg;gpLfpwJ
NeHik k) ehzaj;jpw;F ngaHngw;w tzpfHfs; - GfhH efu tzpfHfs;
Kj;J Fspf;f (k) rq;F Nrfhpf;f Gfo;ngw;w ,lk; - nfhw;if
rq;f fhyj;jpy; ngz;ghw; Gyth;fs; - xsitahh;> fhf;ifghbapdh;
3. gy;yth;fs;
fsg;gpuh;fis ntd;W gy;yt Ml;rpia njhlq;fpath; - rpk;ktp\;Z (mtdp rpk;kd;)
gy;yth;fs; Ml;rpnra;j gFjp - njhz;ilkz;lyk;
gy;yth;fs; jiyefuk; - fhQ;rpGuk;
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%d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; (847-870)
%d;whk; ee;jpth;kdpd; gl;lq;fs; - fhtphpehld;> njs;shW vwpe;j ee;jpth;kd;
gy;yttk;rj;jpd; filrp muruhd mgu[pj gy;ytid 895-y; jpUGuk;gpak;
Nghhpy; ntd;wth; - Mjpj;a Nrhod;
,yf;fpak;:
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kd; - kj;jtpyhr gpufhrdk;
jz;b - jz;b myq;fhuk;> fhtpa jhprdk;
ghutp - fPh;j;j Rz;ak;
gy;yth;fs; fhyj;jpy; tho;e;j Kf;fpa ehad;khh; - mg;gh;> fhiuf;fhy; mk;ikahh;
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Nrho fq;fk; Vhpia cUthf;fpath; - Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpud;
jdJ kfs; mk;kq;fhNjtpia ntq;fp ,sturh; uh[uh[Df;F kzk;Kbj;J itj;jth;
- Kjyhk; uhN[e;jpud;
1025-y; fg;gy; %yk; =tp[ak; gilnaLg;G
kjk;:
12-jpUKiwfis njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
ehyhapujpt;a gpuge;jj;ij njhFj;jth; - ehjKdp
fy;tp:
Nrhoh; fhy fy;tpf;F vLj;Jfhl;L - vz;zhapuk; Ntjfy;Y}hp> jpUGtid Ntj fy;Y}Hp
ghz;bah;fs;
Kjyhk; ghz;ba NguuR (575-950):
fsg;gpuh;fis ntd;W ghz;ba Nguuir njhlq;fpath; - fLq;Nfhd;
Kjyhk; ghz;ba Nguurpd; rpwe;j murh; - khwth;kd; mhpNfrh;
mhpNfrhpia rkzj;jpypUe;J irtj;jpw;F khw;wpath; - jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;
khwth;kd; mhpNfrhpapd; gl;lq;fs; - $d;ghz;bad;> epd;wrPh; neLkhwd;> Re;jughz;bad;
Kjyhk; ghz;ba Nguurpd; filrp murh; tPughz;baid ntd;wth; - Mjpj;a Nrhod;
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eph;thfk;:
ghz;ba kd;dh;fs; miof;fg;gl;l tpjk; - “$ly; Nfhd;”> “$ly; fhtyd;”
ghz;bah;fSf;F vq;fpUe;j Fjpiufis ,wf;Fkjp nra;jdh; - mNugpah
epyj;jpd; clikahsh; vt;thW miof;fg;gl;lhh; - G+kpGj;jpuh; /Ntshz;
ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy; muR nrayfj;jpd; ngah; - vOj;Jkz;lgk;
ghz;bah;fspd; fpuhk eph;thfj;ij gw;wp $Wk; fy;ntl;L - khD}h; fy;ntl;L
ghz;bah; fhyj;jpy; Fjpiutzpfj;ij gjpT nra;jth; - thrg;
Mo;thh;fs;:
Mo;thh;fspd; vz;zpf;if – 12
Mo;thh;fspy; jiyrpwe;jth; – ek;kho;thh;
fpU\;zdpd; jha; aNrhijahf jd;id ghtpj;J Foe;ij fz;zid gw;wp ghbath;
- nghpaho;th;
nghpaho;thhpd; tsh;gG
; kfs; (k) xNu xU ngz; Mo;thh; - Mz;lhs;
jpUg;ghit> ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhopia ,aw;wpath; - Mz;lhs;
Mo;thh;fspd; ghRuq;fis ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jkhf njhFj;jth; - ehjKdp
ehad;khh;fs;:
irtkjj;Jld; njhlh;Gilath;fs; – ehad;khh;fs;
ehad;khh;fspd; vz;zpf;if – 63
Kf;fpa ehad;khh;fs; – mg;gh; / jpUehTf;furh;> Re;juh;> jpUQhdrk;ge;jh;> khzpf;fthrfh;
jpUKiwfspd; vz;zpf;if – 12
Kjy; 11 jpUKiwfis njhFj;jth; - ek;gpahz;lhh; ek;gp
12-tJ jpUKiwahd nghpaGuhzj;ij ,aw;wpath; - (jpUj;njhz;lh; Guhzk;) Nrf;fpohh;
63-ehad;khh;fspd; tuyhw;iw $Wk; E}y; - nghpaGuhzk;
Mjprq;fuh;
Mjprq;fuhpd; Nfhl;ghL – mj;itj Nfhl;ghL
Mjprq;fuh; Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gil – Ntjk; / Ntjhe;jk;
=uhkhD[h;:
gpwe;j Ch; - =ngUk;GJ}h;
uhkhD[hpd; Nfhl;ghL – tprp\;lhj;itjk;
r%f rkj;Jtk; Ntz;bath; - uhkhD[h;
mz;ikapy; i`juhghj;jpw;F mUfpy; rkj;Jt rpiy vd;w ngaupy; uhkhD[h; rpiy
jpwf;fg;gl;lJ
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#gpaprk;:
,e;J (k) ,];yhk; rka fUj;Jf;fis nfhz;lJ - #gpkuG
#gp FUkhh;fspy; Kf;fpakhdth; - fgPh;
,uhkde;jh;:
,uhkD[hpd; Nghjidfis tl ,e;jpahtpy; gug;gpath; - ,uhkde;jh;.
fgPH - ,uhkde;jupd; rPlH (k) ,e;J – K];yPk; xw;Wikia typAwj;jpatH.
FUehdf;:
rPf;fpa kjj;ij Njhw;Wtpj;jth; - FUehdf;
rPf;fpah;fspd; Gdpj E}y; - FUfpue;j rhfpg;
filrp (k) 10-tJ rPf;fpa FU – FUNfhtpe;j;rpq;
fpU\;diz g[id ghly;fshy; ghba tl ,e;jpa gf;jp ,af;fj;ij rhh;e;j ngz; - kPuhgha;
uhkrhpjkhd]; -ia ,aw;wpath; - Jsrpjhrh;
uhzpkq;fk;khs; (1689-1709):
tp[auq;f nrhq;fypq;ehjrh; ngahpy; Ml;rp nra;jth; - uhzpkq;fk;khs;
uhzpkq;fk;khs; ntl;ba fhy;tha; - “ca;a nfhz;lhd; fhy;tha;
kPdhl;rp (1732-1739):
kJiu ehaf;fh; tk;rj;jpd; filrp murh; - kPdhl;rp
kPdhl;rp ahuhy; ifJnra;agl;L rpiw itf;fg;gl;lhh; - re;jh rhfpg;
jQ;ir ehaf;f tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - Nrtg;g ehaf;fh; (1532-1580)
1565 - jiyNfhl;il Nghhpy; tp[aefUf;F cjtpa jQ;ir ehaf;fh; - mr;Rjg;g ehaf;fh;
Filrp jQ;ir ehaf;fh; - tp[auhft ehaf;fh;
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jQ;rhT+hpy; etPd mr;rfj;ij epWtpath; (Njtefh;) - ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p
jQ;ir ru];tjp kfhy; E}yfj;ij njhlq;fpath; - ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p
tpyq;F kUj;Jtj;jpw;fhf jd;te;jphp kfhy; -ia njhlq;fpath; - ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p
,uz;lhk; ruNgh[papd; E}y;fs; - Fkhurk;gt rk;G> Kj;uhf;rrah> NjNte;jpuFwtQ;rp
jQ;rhT+hpd; Kjy; tpyq;fpay; G+q;fhit mikj;jth; - ,uz;lhk; ruNgh[p
NrJgjpfs;
NrJgjpfs; Ml;rp nra;j gFjp - ,uhkehjGuk;> rptfq;if
NrJgjp tk;rj;ij njhlq;fpath; - Kj;JfpU\;zg;gh;
kpfr;rpwe;j kwt murh; - fpotd; NrJgjp/ ,uz;lhk; uFehj NrJgjp
7. ghisaf;fhuh; fpsh;r;rp
1529 ல் கிருஷ் தரர் லனலயினரண விஜ ததசின் துல ரக்ர இருந்
விஸ்ர ரக்ர் ற்றும் அலச்சர் அரிரர் அறிமும் சசய்ப்தட்டது.
முன் முலில் பின்தற்றிர் ரங்ல் தசர்ந் ரத்தி ம்ச அசர் பிரதருத்தின் (அசர்)
மித்ல 72 தரலபங்பர பிரித்து தரலபக்ரர்ள் நிமிக்ப்தட்டணர்.
1736 ல் துல ரக்ர் ஆட்சி சிலத தரலபக்ரர்ள் ஆற்ரடு ரப் ட்டுப்தரட்டிற்கு
சசன்நணர்.
பின்பு ஆங்கிதனருக்கு ரிசசலுத்துரறு தணிக்ப்தட்டணர்.
1801 ல் தரலபக்ரர் முலந ர்ரட உடன்தடிக்ல முடிவுக்கு ருல்
புலித்தர் Vs
ரபூஸ்ரன்
சற்ட்டும் முல் கிபர்ச்சிரபர்ள்
புலித்தர் Vs
புலித்தர் தசல் எண்டிவீன் (தலடவீன்)
ருரம்
புலித்தர் Vs ரப்சதல்
16 தில் சசல்னமுத்து
முத்துடுரர் தசதுததியின் ள்
திரும் தலுரச்சிரர்
தலுரச்சிரர் 1772 முத்துடுரர் 1780 ல் சிங்லல
சிங்ல சிங்ல இநப்பு லப்தற்றிணரர்
(சன்னிந்திரவின் தரதுரப்பு- தரதரன குயிலி சதண்தலட
ஜரன்சி ரணி) ரக்ர் (8 ஆண்டு) லனர்
திண்டுக்ல் கூட்டலப்பு உலடரள் - உபரளி
லனர் . (பர்ப்பு ள்)
சள்பச்சி இநப்பு 1790
(தலுரச்சிரர் ள்)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 120
1778 வீதரண்டி சதரர்ள்
வீதரண்டி ட்ட தஞ்சரனக் குறிச்சி ட்டசதரம்ன் (ஊலத்துலந,
சதரம்ன்
இரரபு ஆட்சிர் சசத்லரர்)
(ஜரக்சன்) முண்தரடு சிசுப்ணிர்
வீதண்டி (அலச்சர்)
ட்டசதரம்ன் Vs ரலிங்ம்
தரணர்தன் (தூதுந்ர்)
தூக்கிலிடப்தட்ட இடம்
த்ரறு (16 OCT 1799)
சன்னிந்தி இண்டரது
ருது சதரர்ள் சிறுல், ரலபரர் கூட்டலப்பு 1801 தரலபக்ரர் கிபர்ச்சி
(சிங்ல சிங்ம் தரயில் திருச்சிரப்தள்ளி (1801)
சின்ண ருது) பிடணம்
தூக்கிலிடப்தட்ட இடம்
திருப்தத்தூர் தரட்லட
(24 அக்தடரதர் 1801)
தீன் சின்ணலன சரங்கு தரலபக்ரர் சரரில்னர ததரர் முலந சலல் ரர் ல்னப்தன்
(தீர்த்கிரி) தூக்கிலிடப்தட்ட இடம்
சங்கிரி தரட்லட
(31 ஜுன் 1805)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 121
விடபவுகள் :
இந்திரவில் ததரர்ச்சுக்கீகிரிர்ள் முன் முலில் புலயிலனல அறிமும் சசய்ணர்.
1556 தரரவில் அச்சத்ல நிறுவிணர்
டச்சுக்கொர்கள் :
டச்சுக் கிக்கிந்தி ம்சதனி தரற்றுவிக்ப்தட்ட ஆண்டு - 1602
முல் ணி லம் - சூலிதட்டிம் .
லனர் - ததற்க்கொடு
தரட்லட - தகல்டிரிொ தகொட்டட.
பின்பு ததரர்ச்சுக்கீசிரிரிடமிருந்து ரப்தட்டிம் லப்தற்நப்தட்டரல் லனல
ரப்தட்டித்திற்கு ரற்றிணர்.
1623 - அம்தய்ணர தடுசரலன (அம்தய்ணர - இந்தொனிசிொ)
1759 - ததடதொ ததரரில் ஆங்கிதனரிடம் தரற்நணர்.
பின்பு 1795 ல் ணது குடிதற்நங்லப ஆங்கிதனரிடம் விற்நணர்.
தடனிர்கள் :
தடனி கிக்கிந்தி ம்சதணி சரடங்ப்தட்ட ஆண்டு - 1616
முல் ணி லம் - ங்கம்தொடி (தடன்கீயூதர்)
லனர் - தேொம்பூர் (ங்கொபம்)
ங்கம்தொடியில் சீன் தரல்கு அச்சு இந்தித்ல நிறுவிணரர்.
நிறுப்தட்ட ஆண்டு - 1709
(லதபிள்) விவிலித்தின் உலட புதி ற்தரட்லட (1715) மிழில் சரழி சதர்த்ரர்.
ஆங்கிதனர்கள் :
ஆங்கிதனர் கிக்கிந்தி ம்சதனி சரடங்ப்தட்ட ஆண்டு -31 December 1600 (லிசதத்ரணி
சரடங்கிலத்ரர்)
முனர ன்ணர் ஜயரங்கீர் ணி அனுதில சதந 1609 வில்லிம் ஹிக்கின்ஸ், 1614 ல் சர்
ரஸ்தரவும் அது அலக்கு ந்ணர்.
முல் ணி லம் - சூலிதட்டிம் (1611)
1613 ல் ஜயரங்கீரின் அனுதியுடன் சூத்தில் ணி லத்ல அலத்ணர்.
I. தட்ொஸ் :
1639 ல் பிரன்சிஸ் தட ன்தர் சந்கிரி ன்ணரண சசன்ணப்த ரக்ரிடமிருந்து
சட்ரஸ்லம ரங்கிணரர்.
1640 புனி ஜரர்ஜ் தரட்லட ட்டப்தட்டது.
1688 - ல் இந்தி இந்திரவின் முல் ரரட்சிர சட்ரஸ் உருரக்ப்தட்டது.
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 122
II. தம்தொய் :
தத்ரின்ல திரும் சசய்ற்ர பிரிட்டிஷ் இபசர் இண்டொம் ேொர்னஸ்ஸிற்கு தம்தரய்
சீணர ங்ப்தட்டது.
1668 ல் இண்டரம் சரர்னஸ்ஸிடமிருந்து கிக்கிந்தி கம்ததனி தம்தொய்ட குத்லக்கு
ரங்கிது.
III. ங்கொபம் :
1690 ல் சுரநுதி ன்ந இடத்ல ரங்கிணர் .
1696 ல் இங்கு தரட்லட ட்டப்தட்டது .
1700 ல் இக்தரட்லடக்கு வில்லிம் தகொட்டட ண சதரிடப்தட்டது.
1698 ல் சுரநுதி, தரவிந்பூர், ளிட்டர ஆகி 3 இடங்ளின் ஜமின்ரரி உரிலல
ஆங்கிதனர் சதற்நணர்.
பிதஞ்சுக்கொர்கள் :
ணித்திற்ர இந்திர ந் லடசி தரப்பிர்ள் - பிதன்சுக்கொர்கள்
பிசன்சு கிக்கிந்தி ம்சதனி சரடங்ப்தட்ட ஆண்டு - 1664 (14 -ஆம் லூயி ன்ணர்)
ஐங்சீப் அனுதியுடன் முல் ணி லம் சூத்தில் அலத்ணர்
சசர்ரன் தனரடியிடமிருந்து தொண்டிச்தேரிட பிஞ்சுக்ரர்ள் ரங்கிணர்.
பிரன்சிஸ் ரர்டின், டியூப்தப முக்கி பிசன்சு ஆளுர்ள்
பிசஞ்சுரர்ளிடம் துதரஷி (சரழிசதர்தரபர)-ர தணிரற்றிர்
- அணந்ங்கம் பிள்டப
புனி ஜரர்ஜ் தரட்லட - தேன்டண
புனி வில்லிம் தரட்லட - கல்கத்ொ (சுொநுதி ங்கொபம்)
புனி தடவிட் தரட்லட - கடலூர்
புனி பிரன்சிஸ் தரட்லட - தகொச்சின்
புனி லூயிஸ் தரட்லட - தொண்டிச்தேரி
தரப்பி ருல குறித் னரற்லந அறி, உவும் முக்கி சரன்று ஆணந்ங்ம் பிள்லபயின்
ரட்குறிப்பு
இந்தி தசி ஆ ரப்தம் உள்ப இடம் - தடல்லி
இந்தி ஆ ரப்தத்தின் ந்ல - தொஸ்ட்
மி ஆ ரப்தம் உள்ப இடம் - தேன்டண
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 123
2. NguuR cUthf;fk;
கொர்ொடகப்ததொர் :
டசூர் ததொர் :
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 124
இொணும் (சிப்தொய் இொணும்) :
1857 ல் பிரிட்டிஷ் இரணுத்திலிருந் இந்தி சிப்தரய்ளின் விகிம் 86%
கொல் :
இந்திரவில் ரல் தணில அறிமும் சசய்ர் - கொன் ொலிஸ்
ரட்டங்ள் ரர ன்கின்ந ரல் ட்டங்பர பிரிக்ப்தட்டண.
' 'ொக்கொ' ன்ந அதிரர்ள் நிக்ப்தட்டணர்
ரனம் ரனர கிரங்ளில் ரல் தணி சசய்தர்ள் "தேௌகிொர்" ண அலக்ப்தடுகின்நண.
நீதித்துடந :
திரனி அரனத் உரிலயில்
சதௌஸ்ரரி அரனத் குற்நவில்
1773 எழுங்கு முலந சட்டப்தடி உச்ச நிதி ன்நம் ங்ரபத்தில் சரடங்ப்தட்டது.
ங்ரபத்தின் முல் லனல நீதிததி - ேர் எலிஜொ இம்தத
1937 ல் சரடங்ப்தட்ட கூட்டரட்சி நீதின்நத்தின் முல் லனல நீதிததி - தௌரிஸ் டகர்
இந்தி உச்ச நீதி ன்நம் (1950) லனல நீதிததி - H.T. கனிொ
1862 ல் சரடங்ப்தட்ட சட்ரஸ் உர் நீதி ன்நத்தின் முல் இந்தி நீதிததி - T.முத்துேொமி (1877)
துடப்தடடத்திட்டம்:
1798 (அறிமும்) - தல்தனஸ்லி பிபு
இலந் முல் தகுதி - டேொதொத் (1798)
இண்டரது தகுதி - ஞ்ேொவூர் (1799)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 125
3. Gul;rp kw;Wk; fpsh;r;rp
விேொயிகள் கிபர்ச்சி :
தங்குடியிணர் கிபர்ச்சி :
ஆண்டு கிபர்ச்சி முன்தணடுத்ர்
1831 - 1832 தரல்கிபர்ச்சி சிந்த்ரய், பிந்ரய்
1855 - 1856 சந்தல் கிபர்ச்சி சிந்து, னு
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 126
1857 – ததரும்புட்சி
கொங்கள் :
துலப்தலடத்திட்டம் - தல்தனஸ்லி (1798)
ரரிசு இப்புக்சரள்ல - டல்தேசி (1848)
தசு ற்றும் தன்றி சரழுப்பிணரல் சசய்ப்தட்ட கிரிஸ் டவி துப்தரக்கி - புதி என்பில்டு க துப்தொக்கி
புட்சியின் ததொக்கு :
சரடங்கிர் ங்ள் தரண்தட (29 த 1857) – தொக்பூர்
10 த 1857 மீட் புட்சி (மீட் சிப்தரய்ள்)
விடபவு :
கிக்கிந்தி ம்சதனி ஆட்சி முடிவு - (1773 -1858)
லடசி ர்ணர் சஜணல் & முல் லசிரய் (அசபிதிநிதி) - கொனிங் பிபு
1 ம்தர் 1858 விக்தடரரிர ரரணியின் ததறிக்ல ரசித்ர் - கொனிங் பிபு
டல்தேசி பிபு :
டல்சயசி பிபு இது ரனத்தில் முல் இயில் தசல மும்லத முல் தம்தொ; ரதண
சரடங்ப்தட்டது
ந்தி முலந ற்றும் தரல் முலந ஆகிற்லந அறிமுப்தடுத்திணரர் .
சதரதுப்தணித்துலநல உருரக்கிணரர்.
கொனிங் பிபு :
முன் முலில் ருரண ரி 1860 ல் அறிமுப்தடுத்ப்தட்டது (சர் தஜம்ஸ்வில்சன்)
IPC- 1859 ல் அறிமுப்தடுத்ப்தட்டது.
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 127
ொதொ பிபு :
முல் க்ள் சரல க்சடுப்பு 1872 ல் அறிமுப்தடுத்ப்தட்டது.
சரலன சசய்ப்தட்ட எத எரு லசிரய்.
லிட்டன் பிபு :
பிரந்தி சரழி தத்திரிக்ல சட்டத்ல அறிமுப்தடுத்திணரர்
ரிப்தன் பிபு :
உள்பரட்சி அலப்புளின் ந்ல இல்தர்ட் தசரர – 1883
முல் அதிரப்பூர் க்ள் சரல க்சடுப்பு - 1881
5. இந்திொவில் கல்வி
தண்டட தல்கடனக்ககம் :
தண்லட இந்திரவின் தலரண தல்லனம் - ட்சசீனம்
இந்திரவின் தலரண தல்லனக்ம் - ொபந்ொ
ரபந்ர தல்லனக்ம் - குொ குப்ர்
விக்கிசீன தல்லனக்ம் - ர் தொனர்
இடடக்கொன கல்வி:
முஸ்லீம் ல்வி சதநக்கூடி இடம் – ொஸொ
இந்திரவில் வீண ல்வில முலில் அறிமும் சசய்ர் – ததொர்ச்சுக்கீசிர்கள்
இதசு சங்ம் - பிொன்சிஸ் தேவிர்
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 128
மிழ்ொட்டில் கல்வி :
ரஞ்சிபும் " ல்வியில் லயினர ரஞ்சி " ன்று குறிப்பிட்டர் - அப்தர்
சீணப்தணி - யுரன் சுரங் - ரஞ்சிபுத்ல சதௌத் டில இருந்ர குறிப்பிட்டரர்
வீண ரன ல்வில மித்தில் அறிமுப்தடுத்திர் - ேர் ொஸ் ன்தநொ
1857 சசன்லண தல்லனக் ம் (மித்தில் சரடங்ப்தட்ட முல் தல்லனக்ம்)
1929 அண்ரலன தல்லனக்ம் (நீதிக்ட்சி) (சிம்தம்)
1956 தி உவு - கொொஜர்
1982 சத்துவு திட்டம் - எம்.ஜி.ஆர்
2022 ரலன உவு திட்டம் - ஸ்டொலின்
6. சீர்த்திருந் இக்கங்கள்
1. பிம் ேொஜம் (ங்கொபம்) :
ஆண்டு – 1828
சரடங்கிர் - ொஜொொம் தொகன்ொய்
ரஜர தட்டத்ல ங்கிர் - இண்டொம் அக்தர்.
இந்தி சமூ சீர்திருத் இங்ளின் முன்தணரடி - ொஜொொம் தொகன்ொய்
வீண இந்திரவின் விடிசள்ளி - ொஜொொம் தொகன்ொய்
பிந கல்கள் :
சதி அல்னது உடன் ட்லட றும் தக்ம் எழிப்பு சட்டம் - 1829
இச்சட்டத்ல இற்றிர் - வில்லிம் ததண்டிங்
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 129
4. பிம்த ஞொண இக்கம் (திதொஸ்பிகள் தேொடஸட்டி) (USA) :
ஆண்டு – 1875
சரடங்கிர் - H.S. ஆல்கொட் & தடம் பிபொட்ஸ்கி
பிம்த ஞரண இக்ம் நியூரர்க்கில் சரடங்ப்தட்டது.
பிற்ரனத்தில் அலடரறு, சட்ரஸ்க்கு ரற்நப்தட்டது.
முக்கி லனர் – அன்னிததேன்ட்
6. ேத்து ேொஜம் :
சரடங்கிர் - டகுண்ட சுொமிகள்
இற்சதர் - முத்து குட்டி (முடிசூடும் ததருொள்)
அலணரும் லனப்தரல அணி அன்னிததேண்ட் லியுறுத்திணரர்
ழிப்தரட்டின் சதர் நில்ரங்ல்
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 130
11. ேத் Nrதொக் ேொஜம் (உண்ட தடுதர் ேங்கம்) :
ஆண்டு - 1873
சரடங்கிர் - தஜொதிதொ பூதன
அது லணவி - ேொவித்திரிதொய் பூதன
இந்திரவில் முல் சதண் ஆசிரிர் - ேொவித்திரிதொய் பூதன
இது நூல் - குனொம்கிரி (அடிடத்ணம்)
kfhj;kh - தஜொதிதொ பூதன
13. M. G. ொணதட
வில றுச்சங்ம் - 1861
புணர சர்சசனிக் சலத - 1870
க்ர ல்வி ம் - 1884
தசி சமூ ரரடு - 1887
சரடங்கி ஆண்டு - 28 டிேம்தர் 1885
சரடங்கிர் - A.O. ஹீயும்
ரங்கிஸ் சரடங்கும் ததரது இந்தி லசிரர இருந்ர் - டப்ரின் பிபு
ரங்கிஸின் முல் லனர் - 1885 W.C தொணர்ஜி (தம்தொய்)
ரங்கிஸின் முல் முஸ்லீம் லனர் - 1887 தக்ருதின் திொப்ஜி (தட்ொஸ்)
ரங்கிஸின் முல் சதண் லனர் - 1917 அன்னிததேன்ட் (தகொல்கத்ொ)
ரங்கிஸின் முல் இந்தி சதண் லனர் - 1925 ேதொஜினி ொயுடு (கொன்பூர்)
ரந்தி - ததல்கொம் (1924)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 131
7. இந்தி தசி கொங்கிஸ் (INC)
14. கொங்கிஸ்க்கு முன் தொன்றி ேங்கங்கள் :
ஆண்டு ேங்கங்கள் நிறுவிர்
1837 நினவுலடலரபர் சங்ம் -
1852 சசன்லணரசிள் ஜினரனட்சுமி சு
1866 கிக்கிந்தி ம் ரரதரய் சௌதஜி
1884 சட்ரஸ் ரஜண சலத G.சுப்ணிம், ங்லர
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 132
சுரிரல இக்ம் 1925 சதரிரர்
அகின இந்தி எடுக்ப்தட்தடரர் சங்ம் 1928 M.C ரஜர, யிலன சின்ணத்ம்பி (மி
சட்டன்நத்திற்கு எடுக்ப்தட்தடரர்
பிரிவிலிருந்து தர்ந்சடுக்ப்தட்ட முல்
தர்)
னித்மிழ் இக்ம் 1916 லநலனடிள்
(மிழ் தூய்லரத்தின் ந்ல)
சங்கீ வித்ர ரஜண சங்ம் 1912 ஆப்ரம் தண்டிர்
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 133
மித்ல தசர்ந் முல் னிதர் சத்திரகிகி - T.S.S ொஜன்
1947 இந்திர சுந்தி அலடந் ததரது சட்ரஸ் - ஏ.பி. ரசரமி சட்டிரர்.
துல ரந்தி அலக்ப்தடுர் ண - N.M.R. சுப்தரன்.
மிழ்ரடு சட்டன்நத்திற்கு தர்ந்சடுக்ப்தட்ட முல் சதண் உறுப்பிணர் (MLC)
- முத்துனட்சுமி தட்டி
முல் சதண் M.L.A ருக்ணி னட்சுமிததி (உப்பு சத்திரகித்திற்ர முன் முலில் அதரம்
ட்டி சதண்)
ரந்திடிபரல் சன்ணரட்டு ஜரன்சிரணி ண அலக்ப்தட்டர் டலூர் - அஞ்ேடனம்ொள்
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 134
புத்கங்கள் ற்றும் ஆசிரிர்கள்
புத்கங்கள் ஆசிரிர்கள்
இந்தி புட்சிக்ரண ரங்ள் சர் லசது அதுரன்
குனரம்கிரி தஜரதிதர பூதன
அலணத்து சுந்தி ததரரட்ட வீர்ளுக்கும் ன் J.P ரரன்
தசரஷிலிசம் தண்டும் ?
கிக்கின் பிச்சலணள் ர்சன் பிபு
ணது இந்தி ருடங்ள் இண்டரம் யரர்டின்ச் பிபு
ஆணந் டம், சீத்ரரம் தங்கிம் சந்தி சட்டர்ஜி
சத்திரர்ந் பிரஷ் ரணந் சஸ்தி
இதசுவின் ட்டலபள் ரஜரரம் தரன்ரய்
,e;jpahtpd; ];l;uf;fps; (Indian Struggle) தரஜி
tWikAk;> gphpl;lDf;F nfht;thj Ml;rpAk; ரரதரய் சௌதரஜி
kfpo;rr
; paw;w ,e;jpah னரனர னஜததிரய்
b];ftup Mg; ,e;jpah ஜயர்னரல் தரு
,e;jpa Rje;jpuNghh; V.D சரர்க்ர்
ePy; ju;gd; தீணதந்து மித்ர
`pe;jp Rtuh[; M.K ரந்தி
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சள்லபதண சளிதறு இக்த்திற்கு தம்தரய் ரங்கிஸ் ரரடு
7, 8 ஆஸ்ட் 1942
எப்புல் அளித்து.
21 அக்தடரதர் 1943 தரஜி ற்ரலி இந்தி அலச நிறுவிணரர் .
1945 Ntty;jpl;lk; (m) rpk;yh khehL
18 பிப்ரி 1946 ரல் இந்தி டற்தலட கிபர்ச்சி ( தம்தரய் )
16 ஆஸ்ட் 1946 தடி டடிக்ல ரள்
2 சசப்டம்தர் 1946 இலடக்ரன அசு தரு லனலயில் அலக்ப்தட்டது
9 டிசம்தர் 1946 அசில் நிர் சலதயின் முல் கூட்டம்
20 பிப்ரி 1947 அட்லி அறிக்ல
3 ஜீன் 1947 சௌண்ததட்டன் திட்டம்
மீட் ரங்கிஸ் ரரட்டில் சௌண்ட்ததட்டன் திட்டம்
14 ஜீன் 1947
ற்றுக்சரள்பதட்டது .
18 ஜீலன 1947 இந்தி சுந்தி சட்டம் பிரிட்டிஷ் தரரளுன்நத்தில் நிலநதற்நப்தட்டது.
15 ஆஸ்ட் 1947 இந்திர சுந்திலடந்து
30 ஜணரி 1948 ரந்தி சுட்டு சரல்னப்தட்டரர்
26 ம்தர் 1949 இந்தி அசினலப்பு ற்றுக்சரள்பப்தட்ட ரள்
26 ஜணரி 1950 இந்தி அசினலப்பு லடமுலநக்கு ந்து இந்தி குடிசு ரடரணது.
11. கொனக்தகொடு
1765-1772 - ங்ரபத்தின் இட்லட ஆட்சி முலந அறிமும் (ங்ரபத்தின் முல் ஆளுர் - இரதர்ட்
கிலபவ்)
1772 - இட்லட ஆட்சி முலந எழிப்பு
1773 - எழுங்குமுலநச் சட்டம்
1774 - ல்த்ரவில் உச்ச நீதின்நம் துக்ம்
1784 - பிட் இந்தி சட்டம்
1793 - நிலனரண நினரி திட்டம் (ஜமீன்ரரி முலந) முல் தட்ட சட்டம்
1798 - துலப் தலடத்திட்டம் அறிமும் - சல்னஸ்லி பிபு
1799 - திப்பு சுல்ரன் ம், ட்டசதரம்ன் தூக்கிலிடப்தடுல் (16 அக்தடரதர் 1799)
1801 - சன்னிந்தி னம், ர்ரட உடன்தடிக்ல
1806 - தலூர் னம்
1813 - இண்டரது தட்லடச் சட்டம்
1815 - ஆத்மி சலத சரடக்ம் (ரஜர ரம்தரன்ரய்)
1820 - த்ரரி முலந அறிமும் (சசன்லண)
1828 - பிம் சரஜம் துக்ம் (ரஜர ரம் தரன்ரய்)
1829 - சதிமுலந எழிப்பு
1833 - மூன்நரது தட்டச்சட்டம்
1835 - சக்ரதன ல்வி தீர்ரணம் ( ஆங்கின ழிக் ல்வி ) முல் ருத்து ல்லூரி ல்த்ரவில் துக்ம்
1843 - அடில முலந எழிப்பு
1848 - ரரிசிப்பு சரள்ல (டல்சயௌசி பிபு)
1852 - சசன்லண ரசிள் சங்ம், தம்தரய் ம்
1853 - ரன்ரது தட்ட சட்டம், மும்லத - ரதண இரும்பு தரல தரல் முலந
1854 - சரர்னஸ் உட் ல்வி அறிக்ல, சதரதுதணித்துலந உருரக்ம்
1856 - வில றுச் சட்டம்
1857 - முல் இந்தி சுந்திப்ததரர் (சிப்தரய் னம்)
1858 - விக்தடரரிர ரரணி பிடணம்
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1861 - இந்தி குற்நவில் சட்ட அறிமும், இந்தி சரல்லில் துலந சரடக்ம்
1872 - க்ள் சரல க்சடுப்பு அறிமும்
1875 - ஆரி சரஜம் சரடக்ம், பிம் ஞரண சலத துக்ம்
1878 - ட்டர சரழி தத்திரிக்ல சட்டம்
1881 - முல் அதிரபூர் க்ள் சரல க்சடுப்பு, முல் சரழிற்சரலன சட்டம்
1882 - ட்டர சரழி தத்திரிக்ல சட்டம் த்து, ல்விக்ரண யண்டர் குழு
1883 - இந்தி தசி ததல துக்ம் - S.N தரணர்ஜி இல்தர்ட் தசரர
1885 - இந்தி தசி ரங்கிஸ் துக்ப்தட்டது A.O ஹீயும், முல் லனர்- W.C தரணர்ஜி
1892 - இந்தி வுன்சில் சட்டம்
1897 - இரகிருஷ்ர இக்ம்
1905 - ங் பிரிவிலண ( ர்சன் பிபு )
1906 - முஸ்லீம் லீக் சரடக்ம், சுதசி நீரவி ப்தல் ம் சரடக்ம்
1907 - சூத் பிபவு
1908 - தரல் மில் நூற்தரலன சரழினரபர் தலன நிறுத்ம், திருசல்தலி ம் .
1909 - மிண்தடர- ரர்லி சீர்திருத்ம் (முஸ்லீம்ளுக்கு னித்சரகுதிள் எதுக்கீடு)
1911 - ஆஷ் தடுசரலன, லனர் சடல்லிக்கு ரற்நம், ங் பிரிவிலண த்து
1913 - வீந்திரத் ரகூருக்கு இனக்கித்துக்ரண தரதல் தரிசு, ரர் ட்சி உம்
1915 - ரந்தி இந்திர ருல
1916 - னக்தணர ரங்கிஸ் ரரடு (னக்தணர எப்தந்ம்)
ன்ணரட்சி இக்ம், சன்னிந்தி ன உரில சங்ம்
1917 - ல்த்ர ரங்கிஸ் ரரடு - முல் சதண் ரங்கிஸ் லனர் அன்னி சதசன்ட், சம்ப்ரன்
சத்திரகிம்
1918 - அரதரத் மில் தலன நிறுத்ம், தர சத்திரகிம்
1919 - சௌனட் சட்டம் (ருப்பு சட்டம்) ஜரலின் ரனரதரக் தடுசரலன (13ப்ல்-1919 ) ரண்தடகு
சசஸ்ததரர்டு சீர்திருத்ம் இட்லட ஆட்சி முலந ( ரரங்ளில் ) கினரதரத் இக்ம்
1920 - எத்லரல இக்ம்
1921 - ரப்பர னம் ( தபர ), யப்தரவில் அரய்வு சரடக்ம்
1922 - சசௌரி சசௌர நிழ்வு ( 5 பிப்ரி 1922 ), எத்துலரல இக்ம் திரும்த சதறுல்
1923 - சுரஜ்ஜி ட்சி சரடங்ப்தட்டது
1924 - சதரிரரின் லக்ம் ததரரட்டம்
1925 - சுரிரல இக்ம் துக்ம், R.S.S சரடக்ம்
1927 - லசன் குழு நிணம்
1928 - தரு அறிக்ல (தரதினரல் தரு)
1929 - ஜின்ணர 14 - அம்ச தரரிக்ல னரகூர் தீர்ரணம்
(பூ சுரஜ்ஜி தீர்ரணம்) சரர திட்டம்
1930 - சட்ட றுப்பு இக்ம் ( உப்பு சத்திரகிம் முல் ட்ட தலச ரரடு
1931 - ரந்தி - இர்வின் எப்தந்ம், இண்டரம் ட்டதலச ரரடு தத்சிங், ரஜ்குரு, சுக்தவ்
தூக்கிலிடப்தட்டரர் '
1932 - குப்புரரி பிதிநிதித்தும், பூணர உடன்தடிக்ல, மூன்நரம் ட்டதலச ரரடு
1935 - இந்தி அசு சட்டம் 1935, ரரத்தில் கூட்டரட்சி நீதின்நம் அலப்பு
1937 - ரரங்ளில் தர்ல், ரங்கிஸ் அலச்சல
1938 - ஈ.ச.ரசரமிக்கு சதரிரர் தட்டம் ங்ப்தட்டது
1939 - தரஜி ரங்கிஸிலிருந்து வினல், தரர்ர்டு பிபரக் சரடக்ம் " ரங்கிஸ் அலச்சலயின்
ரஜிணரர
1940 - ஆஸ்ட் ன்சரலட, னிதர் சத்திரகிம், தரகிஸ்ரன் னிரடு தரரிக்ல (னரகூர் லீக் ரரடு)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 137
1942 - கிரிப்ஸ் தூதுக்குழு, சள்லபயிதண சளிதறு இக்ம்
1943 - முஸ்லிம் லீக் - ன் ரச்சி ரரடு (Divide & Quit )
1944 - C.R திட்டம், தசனம் நீதிக்ட்சி ரரடு, சரர்ஜன் ல்வி திட்டம்
1945 - தல் திட்டம், இந்தி தசி ரணும் மீரண முல் விசரல
1946 - அலச்சல தூதுக்குழு, இலடக்ரன அசு அலப்பு (02 சசப்டம்தர் 1946 ), ரல் இந்தி
டற்தலட னம் , அசில் நிர் சலத முல் கூட்டம் ( 9 டிசம்தர் 1946)
1947 - வுண்ட்ததட்டன் திட்டம், இந்தி சுந்திம் அலடல், இந்திர - தரகிஸ்ரன் பிரிவிலண.
Kd;ndLj;jtu;:
yhyh y[gjp uha; - gQ;rhg;
ghy fq;fhjhu jpyfu; - kfuh\;buh (gk;gha;)
gpgpd; re;jpughy; - tq;fhsk;
t.c.rp - jkpo;ehL my;yJ nrd;id
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 138
kpz;Nlh khu;yp rPu;j;jpUj;jk; (1909)
K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp toq;fpaJ
itrpuha; epu;thf FOtpy; Nru;f;fg;gl;l Kjy; ,e;jpau; rj;Nae;jpu rpd;`h
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 140
NeU mwpf;if (1928):
ntspapl;ltu; - Nkhjpyhy; NeU
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 142
nts;isaNd ntspNaW ,af;fk; (1942):
fpuPg;]; Kd;nkhopfis vjpu;j;J fhe;jp nts;isaNd ntspNaW Nghuhl;lj;jpid mwptpj;jhu;.
8 Mf];l; 1942 y; gk;ghapy; ele;j fhq;fpu]; khehl;by; fhe;jp Mq;fpNyau;fis ,e;jpahit
tpl;L ntspNaw Ntz;Lk; vd;W $wpdhu;.
9 Mf];l; 1942 y; Kf;fpa jiytHfs; ifJ nra;ag;gl;ldH.
“nra; my;yJ nrj;Jkb” Koq;fpdhu;.
c\hNkj;jh – ufrpa thndhyp ikaj;ij gk;ghapy; njhlq;fpdhH.
ghfp];jhd; Nfhupf;if:
K];yPk;fSf;F jdpj;njhFjp Ntz;Lnkd Kjd; Kjypy; $wpatu; KfkJ ,f;ghy;
ghfp];jhd; vd;w nrhy;iy Kjypy; gad;gLj;jpatu; uf;kj; myp
1940 y; yh$upy; ele;j K];yPf; yPf; khehl;by; ghfp];jhd; Nfhupf;if mjpfhug;G+u;tkhf Kd;
itf;fg;gl;lJ.
KfkJ myp [pd;dh ,Uehl;L nfs;ifia ntspapl;lhu;.
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 143
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; cs;s Kf;fpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,yf;fpak; vOjpath;
mh;j;jrh];jpuk; rhzf;fpah;
Kj;uhl;rrk;> Njtpre;jpuFg;jk; tprhfjj;jh;
,z;bfh nkf];jdp];
gl;bdg;ghiy fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
Mh;agl;bak;> R+h;arpj;jhe;jk; Mh;agl;lh;
uFtk;rk;> hpJtk;rk;> tpf;ukCh;trpak;> fhspjhruh;
khstpfhf;dpkpj;uk;> rhFe;jyk;> Fkhurk;gtk;>
NkfJ}jk;
gUfj;rk;`pfh tuhfkpf;uh;
`];jhAh;Ntfh ghyfa;ah
uj;dthsp> ehfee;jh> ghpajh;rpfh `h;rh;
Gj;jrhpjk; m\;tNfhrh;
fPh;j;jRz;ak; ghutp
jz;bmyq;fhuk; jz;b
mKf;fkhy;ajh [ Mz;lhspd; fij], fpU\;z Njtuhah;
[hk;gtjp fy;ahzk;
kJuhtp[ak; fq;fh Njtp
kD rhpjk; my;yrhzp ngj;jz;zh
ghz;Luq;fkhj;jpak; njdhyp uhkd;
nghpaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohh;
jpUthrfk; khzpf;fthrfh;
jpUKiwfis njhFj;jth; ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp
ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; ehjKdp
,uhkrhpj khiy Jsrpjhrh;
jRf; - , - ghghp ghgh;
jRf; - , - [`hq;fph; [`hq;fph;
mf;gh; ehkh & ma;d; - , - mf;gh; mGy; ghry;
jpUg;ghit & ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop Mz;lhs;
rj;jpa Nrhjid> `pe;j; Rtuh[; fhe;jp
A glimpses of world history, Discovery of J. NeU
India
Uncertain glory mkh;j;jpahnrd;
mf;dp rpwFfs; A.P.J. mg;Jy; fyhk;
Mde;j klk; gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p
fPjhQ;ryp jh$h;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 144
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; murh;fs; / Kf;fpa egh;fspd; gl;lq;fs;/ rpwg;G ngah;fs;:
murh;fs; / Kf;fpa egh;fs; rpwg;G ngah;fs;
th;j;jkhd kfhtPuh; [Pdh
nfsjk Gj;jh; rhf;fpa Kdp> Mrpahtpd; xsp
gPe;Jrhuh; [rpk;`Nrdh] mkph;jfjh
mNrhfh; Njtdhk; gphpah
nfhw;if jiytd; neLQ;nropad;
=Fg;jh;> fNlhl;f[h; kfhuh[h
Kjyhk; re;jpuFg;jh; kfhuh[hjpuh[h (m) mjpuh[h
rKj;jpuFg;jh; ,e;jpahtpd; neg;Nghypad; (k) ftpuh[h
,uz;lhk; re;jpuFg;jh; tpf;fpukhjpj;ah;> Njt=> NjtFg;jh;> rhfhp
Fkhu Fg;jh; rf;uhjpj;ah;> kNfe;jpuhjpj;ah
,e;jpahtpd; khf;fpaty;yp rhzf;fpah;
,e;jpahtpd; N\f;];gpah; fhspjhrh;
rpk;ktp\;Z mtd; rpk;kd;
rpj;jpufhuGyp> tprpj;jpurpj;jd;> kj;jtpyhrd;>
Kjyhk; kNfe;jputh;kd;
Fzhgud;> fyfg;ghpad;
Kjyhk; eurpk;kth;kd; khky;yd;> thjhgp nfhz;lhd;
,uz;lhk; eurpk;kth;kd; Mfkgphpad;> uh[rpk;kd;> rq;fugf;jd;
%d;whk; ee;jpth;kd; njd;dhnwwpe;j ee;jpth;kd;
khwth;kd; mhpNfrhp $d;ghz;bad;> epd;wrPh;neLkhwd;
nghd;Nta;e;j Nrhod;> kJiuAk;> <oKk;
Kjyhk; guhe;jfd;
nfhz;lhd;
Kk;KbNrhod;> mUz;nkhop> fhe;jQh;rhiy
Kjyhk; ,uh[uh[d;
fykUe;jUs;atd;> rptghjNrfud;
Kbnfhz;lhd;> fq;if nfhz;lhd;> flhuk;
Kjyhk; ,uhN[e;jpud; (kJuhe;jfd;)
nfhz;lhd;
Kjyhk; FNyhj;Jq;fNrhod; jpUePw;W Nrhod;> Rq;fk; jth;j;j Nrhod;
Kk;kz;lyKk; nfhz;lUspa ghz;bad;>
Kjyhk; khwth;kd; Re;jughz;bad;
nghd;Nta;e;j ngUkhs;
Fj;Gjpd; Igf; yf;ghf;\h
,y;Jkp\; mbikapd; mbik
mkph; F];U ,e;jpahtpd; fpsp
ghy;gd; [py; - ,yh`p [flTspd; epoy;]
fpU\;zNjtuhah; Me;jpuNgh[h / gpjhkfd;
my;yrhzp ngj;jz;zh Me;jpuftp gpjhkfd;
[yhYjpd; ghgh; ek;gpf;ifia fhg;gth;
`PkhAd; ey;tha;g;G (nghUs;)
ghpj; n\h;\h R+hp
[`hq;fph; ryPk;
\h[fhd; Fh;uk; (,aw;ngah;)
xsuq;frPg; Myk;fPh;
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 145
jpg;G Ry;jhd; ikR+hpd; Gyp
yhyhy[gjp uha; gQ;rhg; Nfrhp / rpq;fk;
jpyfh; Nyhfkhd;ah;
jhjhgha; nesNuh[p ,e;jpahtpd; KJngUk; kdpjh;
C.R.jh]; Njrge;J
fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd; vy;iy fhe;jp
t.c.rpjk;gudhh; njd;dhl;L jpyfh;> nrf;fpOj;j nrk;ky;
uh[h[p KjwpQh;> murpay; rhzf;fpah;
nghpahh;> gFj;jwpT gfytd;> ntz;jhb
<.nt.uhkrhkp
Nte;jh;
b. gpufhrk; Me;jpu Nfrhp
jahde;j ru];tjp ,e;J rkaj;jpd; khh;bd; Y}jh;
fhe;jp ghG> uh\;lu; gpjh> kfhj;kh
Rgh\; re;jpu Ngh]; Nejh[p> Mrpahtpd; fyq;fiu tpsf;fk;.
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 146
fy;ntl;Lfs; (k) nrg;NgLfs;
கல்வயட்டுகள் ற்றின டிப்பு - Epigraphy (கல்வயட்டினல்)
அச ளகரின் வநளத்த கல்வயட்டுகள் - 33
ங்க களத்தத ற்றி கூறும் அச ளகரின் கல்வயட்டு - 2 (ந) 12
கல்வயட்டு குறிப்பிடும் அப ர்
லதிகும்ள கல்வயட்டு களபசயன் (டி ள)
புகளுர் கல்வயட்டு ச பர்கள்
நளங்கும் கல்வயட்டு ளண்டினர்கள்
ளசிக் கல்வயட்டு வகௌதமி புத்திப தகர்ணி
ஜீளகத் / கிர்ளர் கல்வயட்டு (முதல் தூன நஸ்கிருத
ருத்பபளநன்
கல்வயட்டு)
அகளளத் கல்வயட்டு (உருயளக்கினயர் – லரிச ர்) முத்திபகுப்தர்
வநக்ருலின் இரும்புத்தூண் கல்வயட்டு (வளறித்தயர் – முதளம் ந்திபகுப்தர் ற்றின
இபண்டளம் ந்திபகுப்தர்) வ ய்திகள்
பிதரி கல்வயட்டு ஸ்கந்தகுப்தர்
அய்சகளல் கல்வயட்டு இபண்டளம் புலிசகசி
குடுமினளன் நத, நண்டகட்டு கல்வயட்டு ல்யர்கள்
உத்திபசநரூர் கல்வயட்டு (குடசயளத முத) ச ளமர்கள்
நளனூர் கல்வயட்டு (கிபளந நிர்யளக முத) பிற்கள ளண்டினர்கள்
வ ப்சடுகள்:
தள க்குடி வ ப்சடு ல்யர்கள்
திருயளங்களடு வ ப்சடு முதளம்பளசேந்திப ச ளமன்
அன்பில் வ ப்சடு சுந்தபச ளமன்
பளந்தக வடுஞ் தடனன் (முதளம்
சயள்விக்குடி வ ப்சடு
யபகுணன்)
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 147
இக்கினம் எழுதினயர்
லர் ரிதம் ளணட்டர்
நத்த விள பிபக ம் முதளம் நசகந்திபயர்நன்
நினளன ளஷ்னள யளத்ஸ்னளனர்
வருந்சதயளர் (இபண்டளம்
ளபதவயண்ள
ந்தியர்நன்)
கவிபளே நளர்க்கம் (கன்ட வநளழியின் முதல்
அசநளகயர்ரர்
கவிதத நூல்)
ஹிட்ர் (ஹிட்ரின் சுன ரிதத
வநயின் களம்ப்
நூல்)
த்னளர்த்த பிபகளஷ் தனளந்த பஸ்யதி
குளம் கிரி சேளதிள பூச
நீல் தர்ன் (ளடகம்) தீந்துமித்பள
கடவுளின் அப ளங்கம் உன்னில் உள்து டளல்ஸ்டளய்
Unto the last ேளன்பஸ்கின்
ட்டநறுப்பு தளசபள
திபளவிட வநளழிகளின் ப்பிக்கணம் களல்டுவயல்
நசளன்நணினம் பி. சுந்தபளர்
Annihilation of caste B.R. அம்சத்கர்
ஜீவின ரிதசுருக்கம் இபட்தடநத சீனியள ன்
இனற்தக யபளறு பிளினி
புவியினல் தளமி
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கேபளசகள சிற்ங்கள் நத்தின பிபசத ம் ந்சதர்கள்
அேந்தள, எல்சளபள சகளயில் நகளபளஷ்டிபள -
அங்சகளயளட் சகளயில் களம்சளடினள இபண்டளம் சூரின யர்நன்
வகளளர்க் சூரினளர் சகளயில் டி ள முதளம் பசிம்நசதயர்
ளந்த ல்கதக்கமகம் பீகளர் குநளபகுப்தர்
விருப்ளக்ஷள சகளவில் ட்டடிக்கல் இபண்டளம் விக்கிபநளதித்னர்
எல்சளபள தகள ளதர் சகளயில் எல்சளபள முதளம் கிருஷ்ணர்
குதுப்மிளர் வடல்லி குத்புதின் (ந) இல்துமிஷ்
அளய்தர்யள ள வடல்லி அளவுதின் கில்ஜி
சகளல்வகளண்டள சகளட்தட தலதபளளத் பளேகிருஷ்ணசதவ்
சகளல்கும்ள பிேப்பூர் முகநது அடில்ரள
ளர்மிளர் தலதபளளத் குலிகுதுப்ரள
தில்யளபள நணசகளவில் நவுண்ட்அபு -
குவ்யத்-உல்-இஸ்ளம் வடல்லி குத்புதின் ஐக்
லம்பி பதம் லம்பி கிருஷ்ணசதபளனர்
சகளதீஸ்யபர் சித / ளகுலி
பயணவவகளள -
சித
இந்தினள சகட் வடல்லி -
சகட் சய ஆப் இந்தினள மும்த -
தீன்-இ-ளள வடல்லி ஹீநளயுன்
புபளணளகிள வடல்லி வரர்ரள
புந்தர்யள ள வடல்லி (சதப்பூர்சிக்ரி) அக்ர்
ஆக்பளசகளட்தட ஆக்பள அக்ர்
வ ங்சகளட்தட (ளல்-குய்ள) வடல்லி ரளேகளன்
ஜிம்நள நசூதி வடல்லி ரளேகளன்
தளஜ்நகளல் ஆக்பள ரளேகளன்
புனித பிபளன்சிஸ் ஆனம் வகளச்சி சளர்ச்சுக்கீசினர்கள்
புனித ேளர்ஜ் சகளட்தட (1640) வநட்பளஸ் ஆங்கிசனர்கள்
புனித சடவிட் சகளட்தட (1690) கடலூர் ஆங்கிசனர்கள்
வில்னம் சகளட்தட (1696) வகளல்கத்தள ஆங்கிசனர்கள்
வகல்டிரினள சகளட்தட (1613) மசயற்களடு டச்சுகளபர்கள்
புனித லூயிஸ் சகளட்தட ளண்டிச்ச ரி பிவபஞ்சுகளபர்கள்
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,e;jpa tuyhw;wpy; cs;s Kf;fpa ,yf;fpaq;fs;
,yf;fpak; vOjpath;
mh;j;jrh];jpuk; rhzf;fpah;
Kj;uhl;rrk;> Njtpre;jpuFg;jk; tprhfjj;jh;
,z;bfh nkf];jdp];
gl;bdg;ghiy fbaY}h; cUj;jpuq;fz;zdhh;
Mh;agl;bak;> R+h;arpj;jhe;jk; Mh;agl;lh;
uFtk;rk;> hpJtk;rk;> tpf;ukCh;trpak;> fhspjhruh;
khstpfhf;dpkpj;uk;> rhFe;jyk;> Fkhurk;gtk;>
NkfJ}jk;
gUfj;rk;`pfh tuhfkpf;uh;
`];jhAh;Ntfh ghyfa;ah
uj;dthsp> ehfee;jh> ghpajh;rpfh `h;rh;
Gj;jrhpjk; m\;tNfhrh;
fPh;j;jRz;ak; ghutp
jz;bmyq;fhuk; jz;b
mKf;fkhy;ajh [ Mz;lhspd; fij], fpU\;z Njtuhah;
[hk;gtjp fy;ahzk;
kJuhtp[ak; fq;fh Njtp
kD rhpjk; my;yrhzp ngj;jz;zh
ghz;Luq;fkhj;jpak; njdhyp uhkd;
nghpaGuhzk; Nrf;fpohh;
jpUthrfk; khzpf;fthrfh;
jpUKiwfis njhFj;jth; ek;gpahz;lh; ek;gp
ehyhapu jpt;a gpuge;jk; ehjKdp
,uhkrhpj khiy Jsrpjhrh;
jRf; - , - ghghp ghgh;
jRf; - , - [`hq;fph; [`hq;fph;
mf;gh; ehkh & ma;d; - , - mf;gh; mGy; ghry;
jpUg;ghit & ehr;rpahh; jpUnkhop Mz;lhs;
rj;jpa Nrhjid> `pe;j; Rtuh[; fhe;jp
A glimpses of world history, Discovery of J. NeU
India
Uncertain glory mkh;j;jpahnrd;
mf;dp rpwFfs; A.P.J. mg;Jy; fyhk;
Mde;j klk; gf;fpk; re;jpu rhl;lh;[p
fPjhQ;ryp jh$h;
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யம் ம் ததகர் வதளடங்கினயர் கதடசி அப ர்
லரினங்கள இபளேகிருகம் பிம்பி ளபர் உதனன்
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குப்தர்கள் - அதிக எண்ணிக்தகயிள தங்க ளணனத்தத வயளியிட்டர்.
- வயள்ளி ளணனம் - இபண்டளம் ந்திப குப்தர்.
வடல்லி சுல்தளன்கள்:
முகநது சகளரி - இந்து கடவுள் ட்சுமி உருயம் வளறித்த ளணனம்
இல்துமிஷ் - டங்கள – வயள்ளி ளணனம் (175 கிபளம்)
அளவுதின் கில்ஜி - தங்க ளணனம்
முகநது-பின்-துக்க் - அதடனள ளணனம் (வ ப்பு)
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6tJ Kjy; 10 tJ tiu – Gtpapay;
1. ,e;jpah - miktplk; epyj;Njhw;wk; kw;Wk; tbfhyikg;G
1. ,e;jpahtpd; epyg;gug;G - 32>87>263 r.fp.kP
2. ,e;jpah mjpfgl;rkhf _____ ehl;Lld; epy vy;iy gfph;e;J nfhz;Ls;sJ - (4156 fp.kP.ePsk;)
- tq;fhs Njrk;
3. ,e;jpah Fiwe;jgl;rkhf _____ ehl;Lld; epy vy;iy gfph;e;J nfhz;Ls;sJ. - Mg;fhdp];jhd;
4. ,e;jpah flw;fiuapy; nkhj;j ePsk; kw;Wk; $l;lq;fisAk; Nrh;j;J _____ MFk;. - 7516.6 fp.kP
5. Gtpapy; nkhj;j gug;gstpy; - 2.4 %
6. ,e;jpah _____ epy vy;iyfisf; nfhz;L cs;sJ. - 15200 fp.kP
7. ,e;jpahitAk; ,yq;ifAk; gphpf;Fk; fly; gFjp - ghf;ePh; re;jp
8. ,e;jpah gug;gstpy; cyfpy; vj;jidahtJ nghpa ehL - 7 tJ
9. Mrpahtpy; ,e;jpah vj;jidahtJ nghpa ehL - 2 tJ
10. ,e;jpa tl ml;rk; guty; - 80 41 tlml;rk; Kjy; 370 61
11. ,e;jpa jPh;f;f guty; - 68 7 fpof;F jPh;f;fk;Kjy; 970 251 fpof;F jPh;f;fk; tiu
0 1
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30. Me;jpu gpuNjrj;jpd; jiuefuk; _____ efh; MFk;. Me;jpu gpuNjr kWrPuikg;Gr; rl;lj;jpd; gb
_____ tiu Ijuhghj; efuk; Me;jpu gpuNjrk; (k) njYq;fhd khepyq;fspd; jiyefukhf
,Uf;Fk;. - mkuhtjp> 2024
31. vtnu];l; rpfuk; cauk; - 8848 kP (Neghsk;)
32. fQ;rd; [q;fh cauk; - 8586 kP (,e;jpah)
33. cyfpd; caukhd rpfuk; - vtnu];l; rpfuk;
34. gPfhhpy; Jauk; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; MW vJ? - Nfhrp
35. gioa tz;ly; gbTfshy; cUthd rkntsp ahit? - ghq;fh;
36. n[a;G+Uf;F mUfpy; cs;s rhk;ghh; Vhp (k) G\;fh; Vhp> cg;G Vhp ve;j rkntspapy; mike;J
cs;sd? - ,uh[];jhd; rkntsp
37. rl;ny[; gpah]; (k) uhtp MWfspdhy; Vw;gLk; gbTfshy; cUthd rkntsp vJ?
- gQ;rhg; - `hpahd rkntsp
38. juha; vdg;gLk; rJg;G epyf; fhLfshTk; fhzg;gLk; rkntsp ahJ? - gpuk;kGj;jpuh rkntsp
39. Nkw;fpYs;s aKid Mw;wpypUe;J fpof;fpYs;s tq;fhsNjrk; tiu gug;gsit nfhz;l rkntsp
- fq;ifr; rkntsp
40. fq;ifr; rkntsp fpof;F (k) njd;fpof;F Nehf;fp nkd; rhpthf mike;Js;s rkntsp vJ?
- fq;ifr; rkntsp
41. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfnghpa rkntsp - fq;ifr; rkntsp
42. MWfshy; nfhz;Ltug;gl;L gbaitf;fg;gLk; Gjpa tz;ly; kz; ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- fhjh; (m) ngl; epyk; (betland)
43. tz;ly; rkntspapy; cah; epyg;gFjp ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - rhh;];
44. tz;ly; rkntspapy; rJg;G epyg;gFjp ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - gpy;];
45. jPgfw;g gPlG+kpapd; cah;e;j rpfuk; - MidKbr;rpfuk; (Midkiyapy; mike;Js;sJ)
46. eh;kij (k) jgjp MWfs; Nkw;F Nehf;fp gha;e;J ____ fyf;fpd;wd. - mugpf;flypy;
47. tpe;jpa kiyf;F njd; gFjpapy; ghAk; MWfshd Nfhjhthp> fhtphp> kfhejp> fpU\;zh Nghd;wit
fpof;F Nehf;fp gha;e;J ____ fyf;fpd;wd. - tq;fhs tphpFlh
48. Muty;yp kiyj; njhlhpd; kpf caukhd rpfuk;. - FUrpfhh; (1722kP)
49. Nkw;F gFjpapYs;s kj;jpa cah;epyq;fs; ____ vdg;gLfpwJ. - khstg; gPlG+kp
50. Nkw;Fj; njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; tlgFjp ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - rahj;hp
51. Mizkiy> Vyf;fha;kiy> (k) godpkiy Mfpait re;jpf;Fk; gFjpapy; ____ rpfuk;
mike;Js;sJ. - MidKbr;rpfuk;
52. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyj;njhlh; ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - G+h;thjphp
53. fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk;> Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyfSk; fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehL vy;iyapYs;s
____ kiy xd;widf;fg;gLfpwJ. - ePyfphp
54. nghpa ,e;jpa ghiytdk; ____ ghiytdk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ - jhh;
55. cyfpd; 17 tJ kpfg;nghpa ghiytdk; vJ? - jhh; ghiytdk;
56. cg mad kz;ly ghiytdq;fspy; cyf mstpy; 9 tJ nghpa ghiytdkhf mike;Js;sJ
vJ? - jhh; ghiytdk;
57. Nkw;F flw;fiuapd; tlgFjp ____ flw;fiu vdTk;. kj;jpa gFjp ____ flw;fiu vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - nfhq;fzf; flw;fiu> fduh flw;fiu
58. Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntsp njd;gFjp____ - kyghh; flw;fiu
59. Nkw;F flw;fiur; rkntsp gFjpapy; cs;s Kf;fpakhd Vhp? - Ntk;gehL Vhp
60. kfhejpf;Fk; fpU\;zh ejpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;lg; gFjp fpof;F flw;fiur; rkntsp vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - tl rHfhH
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61. cyfpd; 2 tJ nghpa flw;fiuahFk;. - nkhpdh flw;fiu (nrd;id)
62. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg;nghpa fhay; VhpahFk;. - rpypfh Vhp
63. Nfhjhthp Mw;Wf;Fk; fpU\;zh Mw;Wf;Fk; ,ilNa mike;j Vhp ____ - nfhy;NyW Vhp
64. jkpo;ehL (k) Me;jpug; gpuNjr vy;iyapy;mike;j Vhp ____ - goNtw;fhL Vhp (Gypfhl;)
65. tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; cs;s me;jkhd; epNfhgh ____ jPTfisf; nfhz;lJ. - 572
66. mugpf;flypy; cs;s ,yl;rj;jPTfs; ____ jPTf; $l;lq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. - 27
67. ,e;jpahtpd; xNu nray;gLk; vhpkiy me;jkhd; epNfhgh; jPTf;$l;lj;jpy; cs;s ____ jPthFk;.
- ghud; jPthFk;
68. mugpf;flypy; cs;s ,yl;rj;jPTfs; ____ ghiwfshy; cUthdit. - KUif ghiw
69. me;jkhd epf;Nfhgh; jPTfs; tl gFjp jPTfs; ____ vd;Wk;> njd; gFjp ____ vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - me;jkhd;> epf;Nfhgh;
70. me;jkhd epf;Nfhgh; jiyefuk; ____ - Nghh;l; gpNsah;
71. me;jkhd; jPTf; $l;lq;fis epf;Nfhgh; jPTf; $l;lq;fspypUe;J ____ fhy;tha; gphpf;fpwJ. - 100
72. epf;Nfhgh; njd;Nfhb Kidia ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - ,e;jpuh Kid
73. ,yl;rj;jPT jiyefuk; - fhtuhj;jp
74. ,yl;rj;jPT ____ fhy;tha; khyj;jPtpypUe;J gphpf;fpwJ. - 80 fhy;tha;
75. ,yl;rj; jPT> kpdpf;fha; (k) mkpdpj; jPT $l;;lq;fis 1973 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; ____ vd
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - ,yl;rj;jPTfs;
76. Kjd;ik MWfSk; JizahWfSk; ,ize;J ghAk; gug;gsT ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wJ.
- tbfhy; nfhg;giu
77. tlf;Nf cs;s ,ka kiyapy; fq;if> rpe;J gpuk;kGj;jpuh Nghd;w MWfs; cw;gj;jpahtjhy; ____
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - ,kakiy MWfs; (m) tw;whj [Pt ejpfs;
78. rpe;J ejp ____ ePsk; - 2850 fp.kP
79. ,e;jpag; gFjpapy; ____ ePsk; kl;LNk gha;fpwJ - 709 fp.kP
80. cyfpy; cs;s ePskhd ejpfspy; xd;whf jpfo;fpwJ. - rpe;J ejp
81. rpe;J ejp jpngj; gFjpapy; cs;s ifyh\; kiyj; njhlhpd; tlf;F rhptpy; mUfpy; ____
cw;gj;jpahfpdwJ. - khdrNuhth; Vhp
82. rpe;J ejp ____ kw;Wk; ____ kiyj;njhlh; topahf gha;e;J FWfpa kiy ,Lf;Ffis
cUthf;FfpwJ. - ylhf; (k) [h];fh;
83. [Pyk;> rpdhg;> uhtp> gpah]; (k) rl;ny[; Nghd;wit ve;j ejpapd; JizahW - rpe;J ejpapd;
JizahW
84. rpe;Jejpapd; kpfg;nghpa JizahW ____ MFk;. - rpdhg;
85. fq;if MW cw;gj;jpahFk; khepyk; - cj;jufhz;l;
86. fq;if MW cj;jh;fhrp khtl;lj;jpy; ____ kP cauj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. - 7010 kP
87. fq;if MW 7010 kP cauj;jpy; ____ gdpahw;wpypUe;J ____ vd;Dk; ngaUld; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ.
- fq;Nfhj;hp> ghfpujp
88. ghfpujp vd;Dk; ngaUld; cw;gj;jpahFk; MW - fq;if MW
89. fq;if MW ePsk; - 2525 fp.kP
90. tq;fhsNjrj;jpy; fq;if ____ vd;w ngahpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - gj;kh
91. ____ kw;Wk; ____ ,U MWfs; Nrh;e;J cyfpNyNa kpf nghpa nly;lhit cUthf;fp gpd;
tq;fhs tphpFlhtpy; fyf;fpd;wd. - fq;if (k) gpuk;kGj;uh
92. jpngj; gFjpapy; rhq;Ngh vd;w ngahpy; miof;fg;gLk; ejpapd; ngah; - gpuk;kGj;uh
93. gpuk;kGj;uh jpngj; gFjpapy; ____ vd;w ngahpy; miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - rhq;Ngh (J}a;ik)
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94. gpuk;kGj;uh MW mUzhr;ryg; gpuNjrj;jpYs;s vd;w kiy ,Lf;fpd; topahf ,e;jpahtpw;Fs;
EiofpwJ. - jpfhq;
95. gpuk;kGj;uh MW fq;if Mw;Wld; ,ize;j NghJ ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - Nkf;dh
96. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; MWfs; ____ vdg;gLfpd;wJ - jPgfw;g MWfs;
97. jPgfw;g ,e;jpa MWfs; ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd - gUtfhy MWfs; (m) tw;Wk; MWfs;
98. jPgfw;g ,e;jpahtpy; ghAk; kpf ePskhd MW ____ - Nfhjhthp
99. tpUj;jfq;fh vd miof;fg;gLk; ejp ngahp - Nfhjhthp
100. ,e;jpahtpy; kpfg;nghpa nly;lhf;fis cUthf;Fk; ejp - kfhejp
101. Nfhjhthp uh[Ke;jphpf;F mUfpy; ____ kw;Wk; ____ ,uz;L fpisfshfg; gphpf;fpd;wd.
- fTjkp (k) trp];jh
- Nfhjhthp
102. Nfhjhthp nly;lh gFjpapy; ed;dPh; Vhpahd ____ Vhp mike;Js;sJ. - nfhy;NyU Vhp
103. fpU\;zh Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; ____ vd;w gFjpapy; cUthfpwJ - kfh gNy\;th;
104. jPgfw;g MWfspy; ,uz;lhtJ nghpa ejp - fpU\;zh
105. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; fq;if vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ejp ____ - fhNthp
106. `uq;fp> N`khtjp> fgpdp> gthdp> mh;fhtjp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp ____ ejp JizahW.
- fhNthp
107. fhNthp fh;ehlfhtpy; ,uz;lhf gphpe;J ____ kw;Wk; ____ Mfpa Gdpj Mw;Wj; jPTfis
cUthf;FfpwJ. - rptrKj;jpuk; (k) =uq;fg;gl;bdk;
108. fhNthp jpUr;rpuhg;gs;spf;F Kd; =uq;fk; mUNf ____ kw;Wk; ____ vd ,uz;L gphpTfshf
gphpe;Js;sd. - nfhs;splk;> fhNthp
109. eh;kij kj;jpa gpuNjrj;jpy; cs;s ____ gPlG+kpapy; cw;gj;jpahfpwJ. - mkh;fz;lhf;
110. Nkw;F Nehf;fp ghAk; MWfspNyNa ePskhd MW - eh;kij
111. jPgfw;g ,e;jpa MWfspy; fpof;fpy; ,Ue;J Nkw;F Nehf;fp ghAk; MWfspy; jtwhdJ
eh;kij> jgjp> fhNthp> kh`p - fhNthp
112. ghf; ePh;re;jp (k) kd;dhh; tisFlh ____ I ,e;jpahtplkpUe;J gphpf;fpwJ - =yq;fh
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10. _____ vd;w ,bAld; $ba kioahdJ Nfush (k) fh;ehlf flw;fiu gFjpapy; tpisAk;
“khq;fha;fs;” tpiutpy; Kjph;tjw;F cjTfpwJ - khQ;rhuhy;
11. Vg;uy; (k) Nk khjq;fspy; tlNkw;F jpirapypUe;J tPRk; jyf;fhw;W _____ vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - ehh;nt];lh; (m) fhy;igrhfp
12. cyfshtpa fhyepiy epfo;thd _____ njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;Wf; fhyj;jpy; kpfg;nghpa
jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;JfpwJ. - vy;epNdh
13. njd; ,e;jpahtpy; ,b kw;wk; kpd;dYld; $ba Jtf;fk; vdg;gLfpwJ. - gUtkio ntbg;G
14. fhrp> fhNuh> n[ae;jpah> Fd;Wfshy; jLf;fg;gl;L Nkfhyahtpy; cs;s _____ kpf fdkioiaj;
jUfpwJ. - nksrpd;uhk;
15. ,e;jpahtpd; xl;L nkhj;j kiog;nghoptpy; rjtPj kiog; nghopthdJ njd;Nkw;F gUtfhw;W
fhyj;jpy; fpilf;fpwJ. - 𝟕𝟓%
16. G+kp Roy;tjhy; Vw;gLk; tpir - nfhhpahyp]; tpir
17. nfhhpahyp]; tpir fhuzkhf fhw;wpd; jpir khw;wg;gl;L tlfpof;fpypUe;J tPRk; _____ fhw;W vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W (m) gpd;dilAk; gUtf; fhw;W
18. cyfpy; kpf mjpf msT kiog; ngWk; gFjpahd _____ khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
- nksrpd;uhk; (Nkfhyah)
19. thdpiyapay; xU _____ mwptpayhFk;. - thdpiy
20. Nfush> fh;ehlfh> kfhuh\;lu; h> me;jkhd; epf;Nfgh; jPTfs;> mrhk;> Nkw;Ftq;fk;> ehfyhe;J> jphpGuh
kpNrhuk; kzpg;G+h; kw;Wk; Nkfhyah Mfpa gFjpfspy; _____ fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
- madkz;ly gRik khwhf; fhLfs;
21. kuq;fs; tre;j fhyj;jpYk; Nfhilf;fhyj;jpd; Kw;gFjpapYk; twl;rpapd; fhuzkhf ,iyfis
cjph;j;JtpLfpd;wd. vdNt ,f;fhLfs; _____ vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;
22. gQ;rhg;> `hpahdh> Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> gPfhh;> Nkw;F tq;fk;> kj;jpa ,e;jpah> [hh;fz;l;>
kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> rjP];fh;> njd; ,e;jpah> kfhuh\;uh> fh;ehlfh> njYq;fhdh> Nfush> jkpo;ehL
Mfpa khepyq;fspy; _____ fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. - madkz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;
23. _____ fhLfs; eWkz jputpaq;fs; thh;d\ P ;> re;jd vz;nza; (k) thrid jputpaq;fis
mspf;fpd;wd. - madkz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfs;
24. Mz;L kiog;nghopT 50 nr.kP Kjy; 100 nr.kP tiu cs;s gFjpfspy; _____ fhLfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. - madkz;ly twz;l fhLfs;
25. fpof;F ,uh[];jhd;> `hpahdh> gQ;rhg;> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; Nkw;Fg;gFjp> kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;>
kfhuh\;lu; htpd; fpof;F gFjp> njYq;fhdh> Nkw;F fh;ehlfh> jkpo;ehl;bd; fpof;F gFjp _____
Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; vt;tif fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. - madkz;ly twz;l fhLfs;
26. ghiytd kw;Wk; miug; ghiytdj; jhtu fhLfis _____ vd;W miog;gh;. - Kl;Gjh; fhLfs;
27. fUNtyk;> rPik Ntyk;kuk;> <r;rkuk; Nghd;w kuq;fs; _____ tsh;fpd;wd.
- madkz;ly twz;l fhLfs;
28. td gug;G mjpfhpj;Js;s Kjy; khepyk; - Me;jpugpuNjrk; 2>141 r.fp.kP
29. 2017-Mk; Mz;L nkhj;j td gug;G _____ r.fp.kP - 7>08>273 r.fp.kP
30. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j fhLfs; (k) kuq;fspd; guty; _____ r.fp.kP - 8>02>088 r.fp.kP
31. td gug;G Fiwe;Js;s Kjy; khepyk; r.fp.kP - Nkfhyah (116 r.fp.kP)
32. 2400 kPl;lUf;F Nky; cs;s ,kakiyfspd; caukhd gFjpfspy; _____ fhLfs; tif
fhzg;gLfpd;wd - my;igd; fhLfs;
33. fpof;F ,kakiyg; gFjpapy; _____ fhLfs; gue;j mstpy; cs;sd.
- my;igd; fhLfs;
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34. Xj miy fhLfs; Xjq;fspd; Mjpf;fj;jpw;F cs;shtjhy; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
- rJg;Gepyf;fhLfs; (k) nly;lh fhLfs;
35. _____ nly;lh gFjpfspy; cyfpy; kpfg; nghpa rJg;G epyf; fhLfs; cs;sd.
- fq;if-gpuk;kGj;jpuh
36. kfhejp> Nfhjhthp> fpU\;zh ejpfspd; nly;lh gFjpfspYk; Xjf;fhLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,it
vd;W _____ miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - khq;FNuht; fhLfs;
37. flw;fiuNahuf; fhLfs; _____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - flw;fiu fhLfs;
38. Nfus (k) Nfhth gFjpfspy; tif fhLfs; mjpfkhf cs;sd - flw;fiu fhLfs;
39. ,aw;ifr; #o;epiy (m) fhLfis thoplkhff; nfhz;L thOk; tpyq;Ffs; _____ vdg;gLfpd;wd.
- td caphpdq;fs;
40. mjpf td caphpdq;fisAk;> td caphpd tiffisAk; nfhz;l ehL - ,e;jpah
41. cyfpy; _____ tif td tpyq;F caphpdq;fs; cs;sd. - 1.5 kpy;ypad;
42. fiykhd; khepyj;jpw;F khepy tpyq;fhf jpfo;fpd;wd. - Me;jpuh> `hpadh> gQ;rhg;
43. _____ rhFgb gz;Zjy; mjDila ,Ug;gplj;ij ghjpf;fpwJ. mjdhy; ePyfphp tiuahLfspd;
vz;zpf;if FiwfpwJ. - Afpypgl;];
44. Gypfs; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; _____ - 1973
45. ,e;jpa tdtpyq;F thhpak; _____ Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. - 1952
46. td tpyq;F ghJfhg;G rl;lk; ,aw;wpaJ - 1972
47. ,e;jpa tdtpyq;fpd; nrOikj;jd;ikiaAk; gd;ikiaAk; ghJfhf;f _____ Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;
cUthf;fg;gl;ld. - 102 Njrpa G+q;fhf;fs;
48. ,e;jpa tdtpyq;fpd; nrOikj; jd;ikiaAk; gd;ikiaAk; ghJfhf;f _____ tdtpyq;Ffs;
tdtpyq;Ffs; ruzhyaq;fs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld. - 515 td tpyq;F ruzhyak;
49. _____ vd;gJ epyk; (k) flNyhu Rw;Wr; Roiyg; ghJfhg;gl;l mikg;ghFk;.
- caph;Nfhs ngl;lfk;
50. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s nkhj;j caph;Nfhs fhg;gfk; _____ - 18
51. gUtf;fhw;W fhLfs; ,t;thW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - ,iyAjph;f; fhLfs;
52. xNu msT kiongWk; ,lq;fis ,izf;Fk; NfhL _____ MFk; - rk kiof;NfhLfs;
53. Nr\hryk; caph;f;Nfhs ngl;lfk; mike;Js;s khepyk; - Me;jpug; gpuNjrk;
54. UNESCO _____ caph;f;Nfhs fhg;gq;fs; cs;sd. - 11
55. ue;jk;Nghh; Njrpa G+q;fh ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. - uh[];jhd;
56. fhh;ngl; Njrpa G+q;fh ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sd. - cj;jufhz;l;
57. fd;`h Njrpa G+q;fh mike;J cs;s khepyk; - kj;jpa gpuNjrk;
58. Nfhbaf;fiu gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL (ehfg;gl;lbdk;)
59. Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s ,lk; - jkpo;ehL (fhQ;rpGuk;)
60. KJkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;J cs;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL (ePyfphp)
61. ge;jpG+h; Njrpa G+q;fh mike;Js;s khepyk; - Nfush
62. Jthufh flw;rhh; G+q;fh mike;Js;s khepyk; - F[uhj;
63. ryPk; myp gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khepyk; - fh;ehlfh
64. mf];jpa kiy caph; Nfhs fhg;gfq;fs; mike;Js;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
65. Nr\hryk; caph; Nfhs fhg;gfq;fs; ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sd. - Me;jpugpuNjrk;
66. fl;r; tisFlh caph; Nfhs fhg;gfq;fs; mike;Js;s khepyk; - F[uhj;
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3. Ntshz;ikf; $Wfs;
1. _____ Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rpf; fofk; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1953
2. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; kz;tiffspy; mjpfk; cs;s kz; - fhpry; kz;
3. jf;fhzg; gFjpapy; cs;s grhy;l; ghiwfspy; ,Ue;J cUthd kz; tif - fhpry; kz;
4. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jpd; 2015 Mk; Mz;L mwpf;ifapd; gb _____ kpy;ypad;
n`f;Nlh; epygug;G kz; mhpg;ghy; ghjpg;gile;Js;sJ. - 147 million
5. Ntshz; gaph;fSf;F nraw;if Kiwapy; ePiuf; nfhz;L nry;Yk; Kiwf;F vd;W _____
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - ePh;g;ghrdk;
6. 2013-2014k; Mz;L fhyj;jpy; fpzw;W ghrdj;jpd; gug;gstpy; Kjy; khepyk;
- cj;jug;gpuNjrk; (26.6)
7. ,e;jpahtpd; kpfg; goikahd ghrd Kiw - Vhpg;ghrdk;
8. Vhpg;ghrdj;jpy; Kjd;ikahf cs;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
9. Fiwe;j msT ePhpy; mjpf kf#iy ngWjy; (k) jz;zPh; gad;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;j Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l
jpl;lk; _____ - PMKY (gpujhd; ke;jphp fpU\p rpQ;rhap Nah[dh)
10. cyfpd; nghpa Gtp <h;g;G miz - gf;uh eq;fy; jpl;lk;
11. cyfpd; kpf ePskhd miz _____ - `puhFl; miz
12. [Pd; khjj;jpy; tpijj;J nrg;lk;gh; khjk; mWtil nra;ag;gLk; gaph;fs; _____
- fhhp/g; gUtk;
13. mf;Nlhgh; khjj;jpy; tpijj;J khh;r; khjk; mWtil nra;ag;gLk; gaph;fs; _____
- uhgp gUtk;
14. Vg;uy; khjj;jpy; tpijj;J [Pd; khjk; mWtil nra;ag;gLk; gaph;fs; _____ - iraj; gUtk;
15. ,e;jpahtpy; gQ;rhg;> Nkfhyah> `hpahdh> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;> ,khr;ryg;gpuNjrk; (k) cj;jufhz;l;
Nghd;w khepyq;fspy; _____ Ntshz;ik Kiw gpd;gw;wg;gLfpwJ.
- gbf;fl;LKiw Ntshz;ik
16. cyfstpy; ney; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpg;gJ - rPdh
17. cyfstpy; ney; cw;gj;jpay; 2-k; ,lk; - ,e;jpah
18. ,e;jpahtpy; ney; _____ Kiwfspy; gaphplg;gLfpwJ - %d;W (i) tpijj; J}ty; Kiw
(ii) Vh; cOjy; (iii) ehw;W eLjy; Kiw
19. ney; cw;gj;jpapy; mjpf tpisr;ry; jUk; tpijfs; ahit - CR jhd; 205> A.R jhd;
CRR 306> 451
20. 2016-Mk; Mz;L epyg;gug;gpd; gb ney; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjy; khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;
21. 2016-Mk; Mz;L epyg;gug;gpd; gb ney; cw;gj;jpapy; 2-k; ,lk; cs;s khepyk; - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
22. new; gapUf;F mLj;jhw; Nghy; 2-tJ Kf;fpa czT gaph; vJ? - NfhJik
23. cyfpy; mjpf gUj;jp cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL - ,e;jpah
24. cyfpd; fUk;G cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ nghpa ehL - ,e;jpah
25. cyfpy; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapay; Kjy; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - fpA+gh
26. cyfpy; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapay; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - gpNurpy;
27. cyfstpy; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; 3-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
28. ,e;jpahtpy; rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ikahd khepyk; - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;
29. cyfpy; gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ehL - rPdh
30. cyfstpy; gUj;jp cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
31. rzy; gaphpLtjpYk; cw;gj;jpapYk; khepyk; Kjyplj;jpy; tfpf;fpwJ - Nkw;F tq;fk;
32. ,e;jpahtpy; vz;nza; tpj;Jf;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s khepyk; - F[uhj;
33. cyfpy; epyf;fliy cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ehL - rPdh
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34. cyfpy; epyf;fliy cw;gj;jpapy; 2-k; ,lk; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
35. ,e;jpahtpy; gaphplg;gLk; ,uz;L Kf;fpa Njapiy tiffs; ahit? - (i) G+fp (BOHEA)
(ii) mrhkpfh(ASSAMICA)
36. cyfpd; „G+fp‟ vd;w Njapiy tif ____ ehl;bd; gpwg;gplkhf cs;sd - rPdh
37. cyfpd; „mrhkpfh‟ vd;w Njapiy tif ____ ehl;bd; gpwg;gplkhf cs;sd - ,e;jpah
38. cyfj;Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy; Kjy; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL vJ? - rPdh
39. cyfj; Njapiy cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
40. fhgpapy; ,uz;L Kf;fpa tif ahit? - muhgpfh> nuhg];lh
41. „mrhkpfh‟ vd;w fhgp tif juk; kpf;fJk;> ____ ehl;by; mjpfk; gaphplg;gLjhFk;. - ,e;jpah
42. cyf fhgp cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ____ ,lj;ij tfpf;fpwJ. - 7-tJ
43. ,e;jpahtpy; fhgp cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ikahd khepyk; ____ - fh;ehlfh
44. Nfushtpy; Kjd; Kjypy; ,ug;gh; Njhl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1902
45. ,e;jpahtpy; eWkzg; nghUl;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kjd;ikahd khepyk; - Nfush
46. Njhl;lf; fiyg; gaph;fs; vd;gJ ____ gaph;fisf; Fwpf;fpwJ. - goq;fs;> kyh;fs;> fha;tiffs;
47. goq;fs; (k) fha;tiffs; cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ____ ,lk; tfpf;fpwJ. - 2-tJ ,lk;
48. ____ khepyq;fspy; thio gaphplg;gLfpwJ. - jkpo;ehL
49. ,e;jpahtpy; ,iwr;rp cw;gj;jpay; Kjd;ik khepykhf tpsq;FfpwJ. - cj;jug;gpuNjrk;
50. cyfstpy; kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ehL - rPdh
51. cyfpy; kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
52. fly;kPd; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ikahf cs;s flw;fiu khepyk; - Nfush
53. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;ehl;L kPd; gpbj;jypy; Kjd;ikahd khepyk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
54. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; kPd; gpb khepyk; - Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;
55. ,e;jpahtpd; 2-tJ kPd; gpb khepyk; - Nkw;F tq;fk;
56. ,e;jpahtpd; 5-tJ kPd; gpb khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
57. ____ kz;zpy; ,Uk;G Mf;i]L mjpfkhf fhzg;gLfpwJ. - nrk;kz;
58. ve;j epWtdk; ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kz; tiffis 8 ngUk; gphpTfshfg; gphpj;Js;sJ?
- ,e;jpa Ntshz; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; (1953)
59. MWfspd; %yk; cUthFk; kz; - tz;ly; kz;
60. ____ vd;gJ xU thzpgg;gaph; - gUj;jp
61. ,e;;jpahtpy; cs;s ,lg;ngah;T Ntshz;ikapy; jtwhdJ?
a) [pk; - mrhk;
b) nghd;dk; - Nfush
c) nghL - jkpo;ehL
d) gPthh; krhd; - xbrh
62. fhpry; kz; vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ - gUj;jp kz;
63. cyfpNyNa kpf ePskhd miz - `puhFl; miz
64. ,e;jpahtpy; jq;f ,iog; gaph; vd miof;fg;gLtJ ____ - rzy;
65. ,e;jpahtpd; rh;ff
; iu fpz;zk; vd;W $WtJ? - cj;jpug;gpuNjrk; (k) gPfhh;
66. ,e;jpahtpy; caukhd miz - nlfphp miz
67. Vhpg;ghrdj;jpy; Kjd;ikahf cs;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL (3.78)
68. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp fhy;tha; jpl;lk; ____ ejpapd; fPo; mike;Js;sd. - rl;y[;
69. gPfhhpd; Jauk; vd miof;fg;gLk; MW - Nfhrp
70. Nkhl^h; miz mike;Js;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
71. jkpofj;jpd; Eiothapy; vd miof;fg;gLtJ - J}j;Jf;Fb
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4. tsq;fs; kw;Wk; njhopyfq;fs;
1. ____ tsq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F gpwF ,aw;if Kiwapy; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;ag;gLfpd;wd.
- GJg;gpf;ff;$ba tsq;fs;
2. ____ tsq;fs; gad;ghl;bw;F gpwF kPz;Lk; kPl;LUthf;fk; nra;a ,ayh tsq;fs; MFk;.
- GJgpf;f ,ayh
3. xU Fwpg;gpl;l Ntjpapay; (k) ,aw;gpay; gz;Gfisf; nfhz;l capUs;s (k) capuw;w ,aw;if
%yq;fs; ____ MFk;. - fdpkq;fs;
4. GtpapypUe;J fdpkq;fis mfo;e;njLf;Fk; Kiwf;F ____ vd;W ngah; - Ruq;fj; njhopy;
5. Mok; Fiwe;j GtpNahl;bw;F mUfpy; cs;s Ruq;fq;fs; ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.
- jpwe;jntspr; Ruq;fq;fs;
6. Mokhf cs;s Ruq;fq;fs; ____ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - Mo;r; Ruq;fq;fs;
7. ,e;jpa epytpay; fsMa;T epWtdj;jpd; jiyikaplk; - nfhy;fj;jh
8. ,e;jpar; Ruq;fg; gzpafk; - ehf;G+h;
9. ,Uk;G rhuh njhopy; El;g Nkk;ghl;L ikak; - i`juhghj;
10. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Ruq;fs; (k) fdpkq;fspd; eph;thfj;jpw;fhd nghWg;G ____ mike;Js;sJ.
- Ruq;fg;gzp mikr;rfk;
11. ,Uk;Gj;jhJf;fs; vjpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ. - ghiw (k) fdpkk;
12. ,Uk;Gj;jhJfspy; ____ mjpfk; cs;sJ. - ,Uk;G Mf;irL
13. Nkf;idl; ,Uk;G jhJ gbT ,Uk;gpd; msT - 72.4 %
14. rpl;iul; ,Uk;G jhJ gbTfspy; ,Uk;gpd; msT - 48.2 %
15. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s Nkf;dill; gbTfspy; fh;ehlf khepyk; kl;Lk; rjtPj gq;fpidf;
nfhz;Ls;sJ. - 72 %
16. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy; 25 rjtPjk; cw;gj;jp nra;J Kjd;ikahd khepykhf jpfo;fpwJ.
- [hh;fz;l;
17. ,Uk;Gj;jhJ cw;gj;jpapy; 21 % cw;gj;jpAld; 2-k; epiyapy; cs;sJ - xbrh
18. mjpf khq;fdPR gbTfs; cs;s khepyk; - xbrh (44 %)
19. ,e;jpa khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; ______ % mspf;fpwJ. - 2%
20. khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpy; 24 % %d;whkplj;jpy; cs;s khepyk; vJ? - xbrh
21. cyf mstpy; khq;fdPR cw;gj;jpapy; ,e;jpah ______ nghpa ehL MFk; - 5-tJ
22. jhkpuk; vjDld; fye;J gpj;jisia cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. - Jj;jehfk;
23. jhkpuj;ij jfuj;Jld; Nrh;j;J ______ cUthf;fg;gLfpd;wd. - ntz;fyk;
24. jhkpug;gbT mjpfKs;s khepyk; - ,uh[];jhd;
25. ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j jhkpu cw;gj;jpapy; 62 %cw;gj;jpr; nra;j khepyk; - [hh;fz;l;
26. mYkpdpak; ______ jhJtpypUe;J ngwg;gLfpwJ - ghf;irl;
27. ,e;jpahtpd; ghf;irl; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ikahd khepyk; ______ - xbrh
28. Njrpa mYkpdpa epWtdk; ve;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1981
29. „NALCO‟ vd;W miof;fg;gLk; epWtdk; - Njrpa mYkpdpa epWtdk;
30. Njrpa mYkpdpa epWtdk; ______ fPo; 1981 Mk; Mz;L nghJj;Jiw epWtdkhf
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. - ,e;jpa Ruq;fj;Jiw mikr;rfk;
31. ______ vd;gJ mYkpdpaj;jpd; xUtifahd Mf;irL MFk;. - ghf;irl;
32. ghf;irl; gpnuQ;R thh;j;ijahd ______ vd;w thh;j;ijapy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
- yP ghf;];
33. ve;j tif ikf;fh ey;y jukhd ikf;fhthFk;. - mg;uhf;
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34. ikf;fh mjpfkpd; mOj;jj;ij jhq;ff;$ba jpwd; ngw;wjhy; ______ jahhpf;fg;
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. - kpd; fhg;ghd;fs;
35. fhy;rpak; fhh;NghNdl; nfhz;l ghiwfspy; (m) fhy;rpak; (k) nkf;dPrpak; ,uz;Lk; fye;j
ghiwfspy; ______ fhzg;gLfpwJ. - Rz;zhk;Gf;fy;
36. ehl;bd; nkhj;j Rz;zhk;Gf;fy; gbTfspy; ______ khepyk; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;sJ. - fh;ehlf
37. [pg;rk; vd;gJ ______ ePh;k fdpkkhFk;. - fhy;rpak; ry;/Ngl;
38. khq;fdPR ,tw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. - v/F jahhpg;G
39. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; efuk;. - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
40. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; rzy; Miy epWtg;gl;l ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh
41. ,e;jpa [pg;rk; cw;gj;jpapy; ,uh[];jhd; khepyk; ______% cw;gj;jp nra;fpwJ. - 82%
42. kpd;rhuk; cw;gj;jp nra;a gad;gLk; tsq;fis ______ vd;W miof;fpd;Nwhk;.- vhprf;jp tsq;fs;
43. Mw;wy; tsq;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;. mit ahit? - 2 tif (i) GJg;gpf;ff;$ba tsk;
(ii) GJg;gpf;f ,ayhj tsk;
44. fUg;G jq;fk; (Black gold) vd miof;fg;gLtJ - epyf;fhp
45. fhpk mstpd; mbg;gilapy; mjpf rjtPjk; nfhz;Ls;s epyf;fhp tif - Me;juirl;
(80 Kjy; 90%)
46. fhpk mstpd; mbg;gilapy; Fiwthd rjtPjk; nfhz;Ls;s epyf;fhp tif - kuf;fhp
(40%FiwT)
47. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Kf;fpakhd Mw;wy; %ykhf tpsq;FtJ vit? - epyf;fhp
48. ,e;jpahtpy; fhzg;gLk; epyf;fhp tay;fs; ve;j ghiwfNshL njhlh;Gilait - Nfhz;Lthdh
49. ,e;jpa murhy; eph;thfpf;fg;gLk; ,e;jpa epyf;fhp epWtdk; Nkw;F tq;fj;jpYs;s ______
jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. - nfhy;fj;jh
50. cyf mstpy; mjpf epyf;fhp cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; epWtdk; vJ? - ,e;jpa epyf;fhp epWtdk;
(nfhy;fj;jh)
51. ngl;Nuhypak; vd;w nrhy; ve;j nkhopapypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ - ,yj;jpd;
52. “ngl;Nuh” vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - ghiw
53. Xypak; vd;w nrhy;ypd; nghUs; - vz;nza;
54. ngl;Nuhypak; vd;gJ GtpapYs;s ghiwg;gbTfspy; ngwg;gLk; vz;nza; MFk;. ,it ______
vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - jhJ vz;nza;
55. ve;j mikr;rfk; Ma;T nra;jy;> cw;gj;jp> Rj;jpfhpj;jy;> tpepNahfk;> ,wf;Fkjp> vz;nza;
ghJfhg;G> ,aw;if vhpthA (k) ngl;Nuhypa cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F nghWg;G Vw;fpwJ.
- ngl;Nuhypak; (k) ,aw;if vhpthA mikr;rfk; (MOP & NG)
56. ,aw;if vhpthA nghJthf ngl;Nuhypa gFjpfSld; ,ize;J fhzg;gLk; ,J ,aw;ifahf
cUthFk; ______ thAthFk;. - ePh;k fhpk
57. ,aw;ifahf cUthFk; xU ePh;k fhpk thA ,tw;wpd; ngUk;gFjp fye;J fyitfshy; MdJ
- kPj;Njd; thA> kJf;fhpak;(alkaline) CO2 N2> iel;u[d; ry;igL
58. GAIL ve;j tUlk; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1984
59. (GAIL) ,e;jpa ,aw;if vhpthA epWtdk; murhq;fj;jhy; eph;tfpf;fg;gLk; epWtdkhFk;.
- khepy murhq;fk;
60. ,e;jpa ,aw;if vhpthA epWtdk; jiyikafk; vq;F cs;sJ. - GJnly;yp
61. GAIL tphpthf;fk; - Gas Autharity of India
62. mjpf mstpyhd ,aw;if vhpthA vz;nza; tay; fhzg;gLk; gFjp - Kk;ig i` (k)
Ng];i]k;
63. F[uhj; khepyj;jpy; cs;s vz;nza; tay;fs; - [fhjpah (k) Nfhfh
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64. mrhk; khepyj;jpy; cs;s vz;nza; tay;fs; - ehfh;fhl;bah (k) Nkhuhd;
65. jkpo;ehl;bYs;s vz;nza; tay;fs; - nea;gs;sj;J}h; (k) kq;fklk; (jQ;rhT+h;)
66. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; rzy; Miy epWtg;gl;l ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh
67. kpf mjpfkhf fpilf;f$ba Mw;wy; tsk; - #hpad;
68. Gfo; ngw;w rpe;jphp cu njhopyfk; mile;J cs;s khepyk;. - [hh;fz;l;
69. ,e;jpa flw;fiu gFjp ,Uk;G v/F njhopyfq;fSs; xd;W mike;Js;s ,lk;
- tprhfg;gl;bdk;
70. Njrpa mdy;kpd; epWtdk;(NTPC) ve;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1975
71. ,e;jpahtpy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; mdy; kpd;rf;jpapy; jkpo;ehL ______ rjtPjk; cw;gj;jp
nra;fpwJ. - 5%
72. jkpo;ehl;bd; Kf;fpa mdy; kpd; epiyaq;fs; - nea;Ntyp> Nkl;^h;> J}j;Jf;Fb> vz;Z}h;
73. NghJ ntspg;gLk; Mw;wiyg; gad;gLj;jp mZ kpd;rhuk; jahhpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
- mZf;fU gpsT (m) mZf;fU ,izT
74. ,e;jpahtpy; mZkpd; jpl;lk; ve;j Mz;L njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - 1940
75. ,e;jpahtpd; mZkpd; jpl;lk; lhlh mZ Muha;r;rp fofj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1948
76. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. - 1969
77. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mZkpd; epiyak; ve;j ,lj;jpy; epWtg;gl;lJ. - Kk;ig (jhuhg;G+h;)
78. jkpo;ehl;by; mZkpd; epiyak; epWtg;gl;l ,lk; - fy;ghf;fk;> $lq;Fsk;
79. cj;jpug;gpuNjrj;jpy; mike;Js;s mZkpd; epiyak; - eNuhuh
80. fh;ehlfhtpy;cs;s mZkpd; epiyaj;jpd; ngah; - iffh
81. F[uhj;jpy; cs;s mZkpd; epiyaj;jpd; ngah; - fhf;fughuh
82. ,e;jpa mZ kpd;rf;jp epWtdk;(NPCIL) jiyikaplkhff; nfhz;Ls;sd. - Kk;ig (mH)
83. ,e;jpa Njrpa ePh; kpd;rf;jp epWtdk; mike;Js;s ,lk; - /ghpjhghj;
84. ePh;kpd;rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;tjw;fhd kpf mjpf jpwd; ngw;w ehL - ,e;jpah
85. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; epiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1897
86. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ePh;kpd; epiyak; epWtg;gl;l ,lk; - lhh;[pypq; (Nkw;F tq;fk;)
87. ,e;jpahtpd; #hpa rf;jp epWtdk; jiyik ,lkhf nfhz;L cs;sJ. - GJ nly;yp
88. ,e;jpahtpNyNa mjpf msT fhw;whiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;s khepyk;. - jkpo;ehL
89. cyfpNyNa mjpf fhw;whiy nfhz;l nghpa fhw;whiy gz;iz MFk;.
- fd;dpahFkhp khtl;lk; (Kg;ge;jy;)
90. ,e;jpahtpy; fhw;whiy kpd; cw;gj;jp Kjy; Kjypy; F[uhj;jpy; cs;s flw;fiug; gFjpahd Xfh
fhw;whiyfs; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1986
91. cyf mstpy; mjpf fhw;whiyj; jpwd; nfhz;l ehLfspty; ,e;jpah ______ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ.
- ehd;fhtJ ,lk;
92. nrd;idapYs;s Njrpa fhw;whw;wy; epWtdk; ve;j Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. - 1998
93. Xj rf;jp cw;gj;jpf;F kpf cfe;j ,lkhf cs;sJ. - fhk;Ng tilFlh (7000MW)
94. 150 KW cw;gj;jp jpwd; nfhz;l miy rf;jp Miy jpUtde;jGuj;jpw;F mUfpy; cs;s ______
vd;w gFjpapy; epWtg;gl;Ls;sJ. - tpopQ;rk;
95. khq;fdPR ,tw;wpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ. - v/F jahhpg;G
96. ngl;Nuhypaj;jpy; cs;s Kf;fpa fdpkq;fs; H2(k) ______ - fhh;gd;
97. %yg;nghUl;fs; ,ae;jpuq;fspd; %yk; cw;gj;jp nghUl;fshf khw;wg;gLk; ,lq;fs; njhopyfq;fs;
vd;W ngah;. ,j;Jiw ______ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. - kjpg;Gf; $l;Lj;Jiw
98. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gUj;jp nerthiy njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1818
99. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gUj;jp nerthiy ve;j ,lj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - nfhy;fj;jh (Nghh;l;
f;sh];lh;)
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100. cyfpd; gUj;jp nerthiy Jiwapy; ,uz;lhk; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
101. fhw;Nwhl;l trjp mw;w ,lq;fspy; Ntiy nra;Ak; gQ;rhiy njhopyhsh;fs; gQ;R Ez;Jfs;fshy;
______ vdg;gLk;. gOg;G EiuaPuy; Nehapdhy; ghjpf;fg;gLfpd;wdh;. - igrpd;Ndhrp];
102. cyfpd; gUj;jp cw;gj;jpy; 3-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
103. cyfstpy; jwpfisAk; E}w;G fUtpfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Kjd;ikahd ehL - ,e;jpah
104. gUj;jp ,ioapypUe;J tpijfis gphpj;njLf;Fk; Kiwf;F ______ vd;W ngah; - [pd;dpq;
105. ,e;jpahtpd; “khd;nr];lh;” vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - Kk;ig
106. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; khd;nr];lh; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
107. ,e;jpahtpd; 2-tJ nghpa nerthiyj; Jiwahf cs;sJ. - rzy; Miy
108. jq;f ,iog;gaph; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - rzy;
109. Njrpa rzy; thhpaj;jpd; jiyikafk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ - nfhy;fj;jh
110. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rzy; Miy njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1854
111. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rzy; Miy ahuhy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ. - [hh;[; Mf;yhz;L
112. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; rzy; Miy njhlq;fg;gl;l ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh (hp\;uh)
113. rzy; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
114. rzy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ehL - tq;fNjrk;
115. rzy; nghUl;fs; cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
116. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kj;jpa gl;L Muha;rr ; p njhopy; El;g epWtdk; ______ jiyikaplkhf
nfhz;Ls;sd. - ngq;fSh;
117. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s kj;jpa gl;L Muha;r;rp njhopy; El;g epWtdk; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1983
118. fr;rh gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ehL - rPdh
119. fr;rh gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 2-k; ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
120. ,e;jpahtpy; gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; Kjd;ikahf cs;s khepyk; - fh;ehlf
121. ,e;jpa th;j;jfj; Jiw njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1975 etk;gh; 20
122. ifj;jwp tsh;rr ; p Mizah; mYtyfk; jw;NghJ ,e;jpa [Tsp Jiw mikr;rfj;jpw;F fPo;
nray;gl;L tUfpwJ. mjd; jiyikaplk; mike;J cs;s khepyk; - GJnly;yp (cj;Nahf;
gtdpy;)
123. gUj;jp nerTf;F mLj;J ,uz;lhtJ nghpa Ntshz; rhh;e;j njhopw;rhiyfs; ______ MFk;.
- rh;f;fiu njhopw;rhiy
124. cyfpy; fUk;G cw;gj;jpay; Kjd;ikahd ehL - gpNurpy;
125. cyfpt; fUk;G cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ Mf mike;Js;s ehL - ,e;jpah
126. ehl;bd; nkhj;j rh;f;fiu cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; cs;s khepyk; - cj;jpug; gpuNjrk; (50%)
127. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhfpjj; njhopw;rhiy njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1812
128. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; fhfpj njhopw;fhiy ve;j ,lj;jpy; njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - Nkw;F tq;fj;jpy;
(nruhk;G+h;)
129. Kjd;Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l ,lk;
- nfhy;fj;jh (ghypfQ;r);
130. Kjd; Kjypy; ,e;jpahtpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1867
131. yf;Ndhtpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1879
132. jpl;lfhhpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1882
133. G+dhtpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1887
134. uhzpfQ;rpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1892
135. fd;fpd;whtpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1892
136. iefhj;jpy; uhay; ngq;fhy; fhfpj njhopw;rhiy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1918
137. ,e;jpahtpy; fhfpj cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; khepyk;. - Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
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138. Njrpa nra;jpfs; (k) fhfpj Miyfs; (NEPA) ve;j ,lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ.
- kj;jpa gpuNjr (gh;fhd;G+h; khtl;lk;) Neghefh;
139. lhl;lh ,Uk;G v/F njhopw;rhiy njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1907
140. ______ vd;gJ [hk;n\l;G+hpy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Kjy; etPd njhopw;rhiyahFk;. - rhf;rp
141. jkpo;ehl;by; ,Uk;G (k) v/F cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy Kjd;Kjypy; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1830
142. ,Uk;G (k) v/F cw;gj;jp njhopw;rhiy Kjd;Kjypy; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,lk; - jkpo;ehL (Nghh;Nlh
ehNth)
143. lhl;lh ,Uk;G v/F epWtdk; (TISCO) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1911
144. lhl;lh ,Uk;G v/F epWtdk; (TISCO) epWtg;gl;l khepyk; - [hh;f;fz;l; ([hk;n\l;G+h;)
145. ,e;jpa ,Uk;G v/F epWtdk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1972 (Nkw;F tq;fk;)
146. tp];Nt\;thpah ,Uk;G v/F epWtdk; (VISL) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1923 (fh;ehlfh)
147. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; u\;ah njhopy;El;g mike;Js;s khepyk; - rj;jP];fh; (gpyha;)
148. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; u\;ah njhopy;El;g epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1957
149. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; n[hpkdpapd; njhopy;El;g epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1965
150. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; n[hpkdpapd; njhopy;El;g mike;Js;s khepyk; - xbrh (&h;Nfyh)
151. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; ,q;fhye;jpd; njhopy;El;g epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- 1959 (Nkw;F tq;fhsk; - Jh;fhG+h;)
152. ,e;J];jhd; v/F epWtdk; u\;ahtpd; njhopy;El;g epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1972 ([hh;fz;l;-nghfhNuh)
153. Nryk; v/F Miyapy; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; nghUl;fs; - JUg;gpbf;fhj ,Uk;G
154. tp[a efh; v/F Miy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1994 (Nlhh;efy; - fh;ehlfh)
155. Nryk; v/F Miy epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1982 (jkpo;ehL - Nryk;)
156. tprhfg;gl;bdk; v/F Miy (VSP) epWtg;gl;l tUlk; - (tprhfg;gl;bdk; - Me;jpugpuNjrk;) 1981
157. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; thfdj; njhopyfk; njhlq;fg;gl;l ,lk; - Kk;ig (Fh;yh)
158. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; thfdj; njhopyfk; njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1947 (gphPkpah; thfd epWtdk;)
159. nfhy;fj;jhtpw;F mUfpy; cs;s cj;jh;ghuh vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; ,e;J];jhd; Nkhl;lhh; epWtdk;
njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1948
160. ,e;jpah thfd cw;gj;jpapy; ______ nghpa ehlhf tpsq;FfpwJ. - 7tJ
161. Mrpahtpd; nll;uha;l; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - nrd;id
162. ,e;jpahtpy; fduf kpd;rhjd njhopyfq;fspy; kpf Kf;fpakhd epWtdk; - ghuj fduf
kpd;rhjd (BHEL)
163. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpf kpd;dZ rhjdq;fis cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; efuk; - ngq;fSh;
164. “,e;jpahtpd; kpd;dpay; jiyefuk;” vd;W miof;fg;gLk; efuk; - ngq;fSh;
165. cyfpd; cs;s kpfr;rpwe;j rpy nkd; nghUs; epWtdq;fspd; jhafkhf cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
166. jfty; njhopy;El;g G+q;fh vq;F mike;J cs;sd. - nrd;id
167. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; nkd;nghUs; njhopyfk; - lhlh fd;ry;ld;rp rh;tPr];
168. lhlh fd;ry;ld;rp rh;tPr]; njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1970
169. Uj;urhfh; - yhth vz;nza; tay;fs; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sd - mrhk; (rpg;rhfh; khtl;lk;)
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5. ,e;jpah - kf;fs; njhif> Nghf;Ftuj;J>
jfty; njhlh;G kw;Wk; tzpfk;
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30. 2011-k; Mz;L fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; ,lk;ngah;e;j kf;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 45 Nfhb (37%)
31. xU ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhifapy; cs;s gy;NtW taJ gphptpdhpd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Fwpg;gJ
- taJf; fyit
32. nghUshjhur; nray;ghLfspy; <LgLNthh; kw;Wk; <LglhNjhhpd; tpfpjk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ?
- rhh;e;jpUg;Nghh; tpfpjk;
33. ,e;jpa kf;fs; njhifapd; vOj;jwpT tpfpjk; - 74.04%
34. vOj;jwptpy; Kjyplj;jpy; cs;s ,e;jpa khepyk; - Nfush (93.3%)
35. vOj;jwptpy; ,uz;lhkplj;jpy; cs;sJ - ,yl;rj; jPTfs; (92.28%)
36. ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;j vOj;jwpT ngw;w khepyk; - gPfhh; (63.82%)
37. xU tUlj;jpw;F Kjd;ik njhopyhsh;fspd; gzpf;fhyk; - 6 khjq;fs; (m) 183 ehl;fs;
38. ngz;fspd; ghypd tpfpjk; mjpfkhf fhzg;gLk; ,e;jpah gFjp - Nfush (k) GJr;Nrhp
39. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; ngz;fspd; ghypd tpfpjk; mjpfkhf cs;s A+dpad; gpuNjrk;
- GJr;Nrhp
40. ngz;fspd; ghypd; tpfpjk; Fiwthf cs;s A+dpad; gpuNjrk; - lhkd; ilA+
41. 2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpy; Ntiyapy; gq;Nfw;g;gth;fspd; tpfpjk;
- 39.71%
42. kf;fs; njhifapy; msT (k) mjd; gz;G khw;wq;fs; njhlh;ghd fhuzpfs; Fwpj;J fw;Fk;
Jiwapd; ngah; - kf;fs; njhifapay;
43. kpFe;j efuk; ikak;khf;fg;l;l gFjpahf cs;s khepyk; - Nfhth (62.17%)
44. ,e;jpahtpy; Fiwe;j efuk; ikakhf;fg;gl;l gFjpahf cs;s khepyk; - ,khr;rygpuNjrk; (10.04)
45. A+dpad; gpuNjrq;fspy; kpFe;j efuk; ikakhf;fg;gl;lit
- GJnly;yp (97.50) rz;bfh; (97.25)
46. nghpa khepyq;fSs; kpFe;j efuk;ikak;khf;fg;gl;l khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
47. HDI vd;gJ __________ - kdpj ts Nkk;ghl;L FwpaPLfs;
48. rh`p rhiyia mikj;jth; - n`h;\h R+hp (rpe;J gs;sjhf;F to Nrhd;
49. NH1 ,izf;Fk; gFjpfs; - nly;yp to mkph;jru];
50. nly;yp (k) nfhy;fj;jhit ,izf;Fk; neLQ;rhiy - NH2
51. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf ePskhd Njrpa neLQ;rhiy - NH44 (thuzhrp to fd;dpaFkhhp) (NH7 Kd;G)
52. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf Fiwthd ePsk; cs;s Njrpa neLQ;rhiy
- NH47 (vh;zhFsk; to nfhr;rp JiwKfk;)
53. ,e;jpahtpd; Njrpa neLQ;rhiy Mizak; NHAI epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1995
54. vy;iyg;Gw rhiy epWtd mikg;G ve;j Mz;L epWtg;gl;lJ. - 1960
55. kpf caukhd vy;iyGw rhiy ,izf;Fk; gFjpfs; - ylhf; to rz;bfh;
56. jq;f ehw;fuk; rhiy jpl;lk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1999
57. ,e;jpahtpy; ehd;F Gwk; ,izf;Fk; rhiyfs; re;jpf;Fk; ,lk; - [hd;rp
58. GJnly;yp mf;uh ,ilapNahahd tpiuT rhiy ngah; - aKdh
59. 2017 Mz;bd; gb ,e;jpah ,uapy; ghijapd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 67.368 km
60. tlf;F uapy;Nt kz;lyj;jpd; jiyikaplk; - GJnly;yp
61. njw;F uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - nrd;id
62. fpof;F uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - nfhy;fj;jh
63. ,e;jpa uapy;Nt njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1952
64. ,e;jpahtpy; Kjy; ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1853 (Kk;ig to jhNd)
65. ,e;jpahtpy; Gwefh; uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1925
66. ,e;jpahtpd; kpf mjpNtf ,uapy; tz;b - fhj;jpkd; (nly;yp to mf;uh)
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67. nfhq;fd; uapy;Nt njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1998
68. Mrpahtpd; kpf ePskhd Ruq;f ghij ePsk; - 6.44 km
69. ,e;jpahtpy; „nkl;Nuh ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlq;fg;gl;l ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh
70. ,uapy; Nghf;Ftuj;J ,y;yhj khepyk; - Nkfhyah
71. kdpj tsk; Nkk;ghL vjd; %yk; fzf;fPlg;gLfpwJ - UNDP
72. ,e;jpahtpd; jq;f ehw;fuk; rhiyapd; ePsk; - 5846 km
73. ,e;jpahtpd; cs;ehl;L ePh;top Nghf;Ftuj;J ePsk; - 14>500 km
74. Njrpa ePh;top Nghf;Ftuj;J vz; 1 ,izf;Fk; gFjpfs; - my;jpah (k) myfhghj; (1620 km)
75. Njrpa ePh;top Nghf;Ftuj;J vz; 2 ,izf;Fk; gFjpfs; - Jgphp (k) fhbah (891 km)
76. Njrpa ePh;top Nghf;Ftuj;J vz; 3 ,izf;Fk; gFjpfs; - nfhy;yk; to Nfhl;lGuk;
77. ,e;jpahtpd; cs;s nghpa JiwKfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 13
78. ,e;J];jhd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; jsk; cs;s ,lk; - tprhfg;gl;bdk;
79. fhh;ld; hPr; fg;gy;fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy cs;s ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh
80. krhfhd; fg;gy;fl;Lk; njhopw;rhiy cs;s ,lk; - Kk;ig
81. fg;gy; fl;Lk; njhopypy; ,e;jpah Mrpahtpy; _________ ,lj;ijAk; cyfstpy; ___________
,lj;ijAk; ngw;Ws;sJ. - 2>16tJ ,lk;
82. ,e;jpah tpkhdk; Nghf;Ftuj;J njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1918
83. ,e;jpah tpkhdk; Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; Kjy; gazp ahh;? - n`d;wp gpf;A+h;
84. ,e;jpahtpYs;s rh;tNjr tpkhdq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 19
85. Rgh\; re;jpuNgh\; rh;tNjr tpkhdk; epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - nfhy;fj;jh
86. ,e;jpuh fhe;jp rh;tNjr tpkhdk; epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - GJnly;yp
87. rh;jhh;ty;ygha; rh;tNjr tpkhdk; epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - mfkjhghj;
88. uh[Pt;fhe;jp rh;tNjr tpkhdk; epiyak; cs;s ,lk; - i`juhghj;
89. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s cs;ehl;L tpkhd epiyaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 80
90. ,e;jpah ghJfhg;G Jiwapd; fPo; cs;s rptpy; tpkhd epiyaq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 25
91. gtd; `hd;]; thdtpyq;F Ch;jp epWtdk; cs;s ,lk; - [PF tpkhdk; epiyak; (Kk;ig)
92. gtd; `hd;]; ep;Wtdk; ve;j gphptpd; fPo; ,aq;Ff;fpwJ - kpdp - uj;dh I
93. gtd; `hd;]; ep;Wtdk; gaz glF NritNa vg;gFjpfSf;F ,ilapy; toq;FfpwJ.
- me;jkhd; epf;Nfhgh; (k) ,yl;rjPTfs;
94. NACIK - fPo; Vh; ,e;jpah (k) ,e;jpad; Vu;iyd;]; epWtdq;fs; xUfpizf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 2007
95. ,e;jpa mQ;ry; Nrit njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1857
96. ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; mQ;ry;tpy;iy ntspaplg;gl;l Mz;L - 1852 (fuhr;rp)
97. tpiuT mQ;ry; Nrit njhlq;fg;gl;l tUlk; - 1975
98. mQ;ry; FwpaPlL ; vz; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L - 1972
99. ,e;jpa mQ;ryf jlq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 6
100. STD vd;gJ - cs;ehl;L re;jhjhuh; miog;G
101. thndhyp rq;fk; %ykhf ,e;jpah thndhyp xypgug;G Nrit njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1923
102. ,e;jpa thndhyp xspgug;G Nrit mfpye;jpa thndhyp (AIR) vd;W ngahplg;gl;l Mz;L - 1936
103. ,e;jpa thndhyp xspgug;G Nrit “Mfhr thzp” vd ngahplg;gl;l Mz;L - 1957
104. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p ikak; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - 1969
105. INSAT (,d;rhl;) njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1983
106. IRS vdg;gLtJ - ,e;jpa njhiyAzh;T nraw;ifNfhs; mikg;G
107. jfty; njhlh;gpw;fhf Kjypy; Vtg;gl;l nraw;if Nfhs; - Insat IB
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108. Vw;Wkjp (k) ,wf;Fkjp kjpg;gpw;F ,ilNa cs;s NtWghL vt;thW miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- tzpf rkepiy
109. ,e;jpahtpy; fdpk tsq;fs; mjpfk; fpilf;Fk; gFjp - [hh;fz;l;
110. tlfpof;F vy;iy ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - nfsfhj;jp
111. kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt mike;Js;s ,lk; - Kk;ig (rj;ugjp rpth[p Kidak;)
112. njd; kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - nrfe;juhghj;
113. njd; fpof;F ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - nfhy;fj;jh
114. njd; Nkw;F ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - `Pg;sp
115. njd; fpof;F kj;jpa ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - gpyh];G+h;
116. nfhq;fd; ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - etp Kk;ig
117. fpof;F flw;fiu ,uapy;Nt jiyikaplk; - GtNd];th;
118. vspjpy; nry;yKbahj gFjpfSf;F gad;gLk; Nghf;Ftuj;J - thd;top Nghf;Ftuj;J
119. ,e;jpa cs;ehl;L ePh;topg;Nghf;Ftuj;jpd; ePsk; - 14500 fp.kP
120. ___________ Nghf;Ftuj;J Neubahf cw;gj;jpahsiuAk; Efu;NthiuAk; ,izf;fpwJ.
- rhiy
121. ,e;jpahtpd; Kf;fpa ,wf;Fkjp nghUs; - ngl;Nuhypak;
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22. tlNkw;fpy; MidkiyNahLk; tlfpof;fpy; godp kiyNahLk;> njd;fpof;fpy; Mz;bg;gl;b (k) tUr
ehL Fd;WfNshLk; ,izAk; kiy gFjp - Vyf;fha; kiy
23. Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; cs;s Kf;FUj;jp rpfuj;jpd; cauk; - 2554
24. Nkfkiy> fOFkiy> Fuq;fdp kiy> RUsp (k) Fk;gf;fiu ePh;tPo;rr ; p mike;Js;s kiy gFjp
- tUrehL (k) Mz;bg;gl;b
25. =tpy;ypGj;J}h; „kiy mzpy; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - tpUJefh;
26. itif (k) mjd; Jiz MWfs; ___________ kiyf;Fd;Wfspy; cUthfpd;wd.
- tUrehL (k) Mz;bg;gl;b
27. rptN[hjp gh;tj;> mfj;jpah; kiyfs; (k) njw;F ifyhak; vd gy;NtW ngah;fspy; miof;fg;gLk;
kiy - nghjpif kiy
28. fsf;fhL - Kz;le;Jiw „Gypfs; fhg;gfk; ve;j gFjpapy; mike;Js;sd.
- nghjpif kiy
29. kNfe;jpufphp kiyf;Fd;W ruhrhp cauk; - (1645 kP)
30. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p epWtdj;jpd; Nrhjid ce;Jtpir nraw;iff;Nfhs; VTjsk;
mike;Js;s kiy gFjp - kNfe;jpufphp kiyf;Fd;Wfs;
31. [t;thJ kiyapd; caukhd rpfuk; - Nky;gl;L
32. [t;thJ kiyapy; cs;s fhtY}h; thdtpay; njhiyNehf;fp ikak; njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L
- 1967
33. fy;tuhad; vd;w nrhy; jw;NghJs;s goq;Fbapdhpd; gz;ila fhy ngauhd ___________ vd;w
nrhy;ypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ. - fuyh;
34. fy;tuhad; kiy gFjpapy; [t;thJ (k) Nrh;tuhad; kiyfSld; ,ize;J ___________ Mw;W
tbepyg; gFjpiag; gphpfpwJ. - fhtphp (k) ghyhW
35. fy;tuhad; kiyia tl gFjp ___________ vdTk; njd;gFjp ___________ vdTk;
Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ. - rpd;dfy;tuhad;> nghpa fy;tuhad;
36. Nrh;tuhad; kiyj; njhlh; ___________ efUf;F mUfpy; mike;Js;sd.- Nryk;
37. Nru;tuhad; kiy cs;Sh; nja;tkhd ___________ vd;w ngahpy; ,Ue;J te;jJ.
- Nrh;tuhad;
38. ___________ vd;gJ fpof;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapd; njd; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s caukhd rpfuk;
MFk;. - Nrhiyf;fuL
39. Viofspd; Cl;b vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - Vw;fhL
40. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kUjkiy> nts;spaq;fphp (k) Midkiy mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
- Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
41. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s nfhy;ypkiy mike;J cs;s khtl;lk; - ehkf;fy;
42. jkpo;ehl;by; mike;Js;s Nrh;tuhad;> fQ;rkiy> (k) Rz;zhk;Gf; Fd;Wfs; fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk;
- Nryk;
43. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kNfe;jpufphp (k) mfj;jpa kiy ve;j khtl;lj;jy; cs;sd. - jpUney;Ntyp
44. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s jPh;j;j kiy> rpj;Njhp (k) tj;jy; kiy mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - jh;kGhp
45. nfhy;yp kiyj;njhlhpy; mike;Js;s Kf;fpakhd Gdpjj; jykhFk;. - mug;gs;sP];tuh; Nfhtpy;
46. jkpo;nkhopapy; „gr;ir vd;gJ _________ Fwpf;fpwJ. - gRik
47. jkpo;ehl;bd; tlNkw;F gFjpapy; mike;Js;s gPlG+kp - ghuk`hy; gPlG+kp
48. ePyfphp (k) jh;kGhp khtl;lq;fSf;F ,ilNa mike;Js;s gPlG+kp - Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gPlG+kp
49. _____________ MWfs; Nfhak;Gj;J}h; gPlG+kpapy; gs;sj;jhf;Ffis cUthf;fp cs;sd.
- gthdp> neha;ay;> mkuhtjp
50. jkpo;ehl;bYs;s tskhd rkntsp vJ? - fhtphpahw;Wr; rkntsp
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51. TN - by; ___________ MWfs; cs;ehl;L rkntspfis cUthf;fpAs;sd.
- ghyhW> ngz;izahW> fhtphp> jhkpuguzp
52. jkpo;ehl;by; flw;fiu rkntspahdJ __________ vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- Nfhukz;ly; (m) Nrhokz;ly rkntsp
53. ,uhkehjGuk; (k) J}j;Jf;Fb khtl;lq;fspy; flw;fiuNahuq;fspy; cUthf;fg;gl;l kzy; Fd;Wfs;
_________ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - Njhp
54. fpof;Fj; flw;fiur; rkntspg; gFjpapy; gtsg;ghiwfs; fhzg;gLk; ,lk; - kd;dhh; tisFlh
55. ];lhd;yp ePh;j;Njf;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - Nkl;^h; miz
56. fhtphp MW cw;gj;jpahFk; khepyk; - fh;ehlfh
57. fh;ehlfh khepyj;jpy; $h;f; khtl;lj;jpYs;s Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; gpuk;kfphp Fd;Wfspy;
jiyf;fhtphp vd;Dk; ,lj;jpy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MW - fhtphp
58. fhtphp MW jpUr;rpuhg;gs;sp khtl;lj;jpy; ,uz;L fpisfshf gphpfpwJ. tlfpis _________
vd;Wk; njd;fpis _________ njhlh;fpwJ. - nfhNyUd; (m) nfhs;splk;> fhtphp
59. nfhs;splk; kw;Wk; fhtphp fpis ,ize;J _________ cUthf;Ffpd;wd. - ‘=uq;fk; jPit’
60. fpuhz;l; mizfl; vd;wiof;fg;gLk; fy;yiz ve;j MW FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. - fhtphp
61. fhtphp nly;lh gFjpfspy; fpis MWfshy; cz;lhfpAs;s ,t;tiyg;gpd;dy; mikg;G
__________ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - njd;dpe;jpahtpd; Njhl;lk;
62. fh;ehlfhtpy; Nfhyhh; khtl;lj;jpy; jyftuh fpuhkj;jpw;F mg;ghy; cw;gj;jpahFk; MW
- ghyhW
63. ghyhw;wpd; nkhj;j ePsk; - 348 fp.kP
64. fpof;F fh;ehlfhtpd; ee;jp Jh;fh kiyfspd; fpof;F rhpTfspypUe;J cUthFk; MW
- njd;ngz;izahW / njd;nghUizahW
65. ,e;J rka kf;fshy; Gdpj ejpahff; fUjg;gLk; ejp - ngz;izahW
66. jhkpuguzp vDk; ngah; ___________ vd;gjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
- jhkpuk; (fhg;gh;) kw;Wk; tUzp (rpw;Nwhilfs;)
67. mk;ghrKj;jpuk; tl;lk; ghgehrj;jpYs;s Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; nghjpif kiy KfLfspy;
Njhd;Wk; MW - jhkpuguzp
68. xNfdf;fy; ePh;tPo;rr ; pfs; fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - jh;kGhp
69. fy;ahz jPh;j;jk; (k) Fw;whyk; ePh;tPo;rr ; p mike;Js;s khtl;lk; - jpUney;Ntyp
70. Fk;gf;fiu (k) RUsp ePh;tPo;rr ; p fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - Njdp
71. Mfha fq;if ePh;tPo;rr ; p fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - ehkf;fy;
72. Nfj;jhpd;> igf;fhuh ePh;to P ;rr
; p fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - ePyfphp
73. itNjrp> nrq;Fgjp> rpWthzp> Nfhit Fw;wyhk; ePh;tPo;rr ; p fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
74. jpU%h;j;jp ePh;tPo;r;rp fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - jpUg;G+h;
75. fps;spA+h; ePh;tPo;r;rp fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - Nryk;
76. Fl;yhlk;gl;b ePh;tPo;rr ; p fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk; - kJiu
77. jpUg;gug;G> fhspNfrk;> cyf;if kw;Wk; tl;lg;ghiw ePh;tPo;rr ; p mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
- fd;dpaFkhhp
78. jkpo;ehl;bd; Fsph;fhyk; gUtk; ve;j khjk; - [dthp - gpg;uthp
79. jkpo;ehl;bd; Nfhilf; fhyk; gUtk; - khh;r; - Nk
80. jkpo;ehl;bd; njd;Nkw;F gUtf;fhw;W fhyk; - [Pd; - nrg;lk;gh;
81. jkpo;ehl;bd; tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W fhyk; - mf;Nlhgh; - brk;gh;
82. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s kpf caukhd rpfuk; ____________ MFk;. - njhl;lngl;lh
83. fPo;f;fz;ltw;wpy; jkpo;ehl;bd; Nkw;F njhlh;r;rp kiyapy; mikahj fztha; vJ?
- Nghh;fhl;
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84. tlfpof;F gUtf;fhw;W tq;ff; fliy te;jilAk; NghJ ,f;fhw;W nfhhpahyp]; tpir fhuzkhf
(G+kpapd; Row;rpahy; Vw;gLk; tpir) jpir tpyf;fg;gl;L tlfpof;F jpirapypUe;J tPRfpwJ. ,f;fhw;W
__________ vd;W ngah;. - tlfpof;F gUtf; fhw;W
85. tlfpof;F gUtf; fhw;whdJ jpUk;gptUk; njd; Nkw;F gUtf; fhw;wpd; xU gFjpahjyhy;
,f;fhw;iwg; __________ vd;Wk; miog;gh;. - gpd;dilAk; gUtf;fhw;W
86. jkpo;ehl;bd; kpf mjpf kio ngWk; gFjp - thy;ghiw (rpd;df;fy;yhh;)
87. ,e;jpahtpd; %d;whtJ mjpf kio ngWk; gFjp - jkpo;ehL (rpd;df;fy;yhh;)
88. MWfshy; gba itf;fg;gLk; Ez; gbTfshy; cUthFk; kz; - tz;ly; kz;
89. jkpo;ehl;bd; Mw;Wg; gs;sj;jhf;Ffs; (k) flw;fiuNahug; gFjpfspy; fhzg;gLk; kz;
- tz;ly; kz;
90. jPg;ghiwfs; rpijtiltjd;%yk; cUthFk; kz; - fhpry; kz;
91. hPfh; kz; (Regur Soil) vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kz; tif
92. fhpry; kz;zpy; gUj;jp ed;F tsh;tjhy; ___________ vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - gUj;jp kz;
93. nrk;kz;zpy; ___________ mjpfstpy; fhzg;gLtjhy; nrk;kz; rptg;G epwj;Jld; fhzg;gLfpwJ.
- ,Uk;G Mf;irL
94. Njapiy (k) fhgp gaphpLtjw;F Vw;w kz; - ruis kz;
95. jkpo;ehl;bd; Nrhokz;lyf; flw;fiu gFjpfspy; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk; kz; - cth; kz;
96. ___________ Mz;L Vw;gl;l Rdhkp miyfs; mjpf msT kzy; gbTfis jkpof flw;fiu
gFjpfspy; gba itj;Js;sd. - brk;gh; 26 2004
97. Njrpa td nfhs;if Mz;L - 1988
98. 2017 Mk; Mz;L khepy td mwpf;ifapd; gb jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s fhLfspd; gug;gsT
- 26>281 r.fp.kPl;lh;
99. ,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fhLfspy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;fspg;G ___________ rjtPjkhFk;. - 2.99%
100. jkpofj;jpy; cs;s fhLfs; ___________ tiffshf gphpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. - 5
101. ntg;gkz;ly gRikkhwhf; fhLfspy; fhzg;glhj kuq;fs; kNfhfdp> Fuq;F Njf;F> fUNtyk;>
cy;yp fhrpah> gyh> kh - fUNtyk;
102. kpj ntg;g kz;ly kiyf;fhLfs; Midkiy ePyfphp> godp kiyfspy; Rkhh; 1000 kPl;lh;
caukhd gFjpfspYk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,t;tif fhLfs; ___________ vdTk;
miof;fg;gLfpwJ. - Nrhyh];
103. ntg;gkz;ly ,iyAjph;f;fhLfspy; fhzg;gLk; kuq;fspy; jtwhdJ? gl;L kuk;> ,ytk;> flk;gh>
Fuq;F Njf;F lhfj; Njf;F> thif> ntf;fhsp kuk; (k) rpu]; - Fuq;F Njf;F
104. flY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; rpjk;guj;jpw;F mUNf mike;Js;s rJg;G epyf;fhlhf cs;sd. - gpr;rhtuk;
105. cyfpd; 2-tJ kpf nghpa rJg;G epyf;fhlhf cs;sd - gpr;rhtuk;
106. jh;kGhp> ,uhkehjGuk;> tpUJefh; khtl;lq;fspy; ve;j tif fhLfs; mike;Js;sd.
- ntg;gkz;ly Kl;Gjhf;fhLfs;
107. jkpo;ehl;by; mjpff;fhLfisf; nfhz;l khtl;lk; - jh;kGhp
108. fPo;fz;ltw;wpy; mugpf; flypy; fyf;Fk; MW vJ? - nghpahh;
109. jkpo;ehl;by; mjpf gug;gstpy; khq;FNut; fhLfs; fhzg;gLk;; khtl;lk; vJ? - flY}h;
110. fPo;f;fz;ltw;Ws; kz; mhpg;gpdhy; mjpf msT ghjpf;fg;gl;l khtl;lk; - ,uhkehjGuk;
111. jkpo;ehl;by; mjpf gug;gstpy; fhLfisf; nfhz;l khtl;lk; - jh;kGhp
112. jkpo;ehl;bd; khepy tpyq;F _________ MFk;. - tiuahL
113. KJkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; kw;Wk; epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- ePyfphp (1940)
114. Kz;le;Jiw tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUney;Ntyp (1962)
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115. Nfhbaf;fiu tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- ehfg;gl;bdk; (1967)
116. ,e;jpuhfhe;jp tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- Nfhak;Gj;J}h; (1976)
117. fsf;fhL tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;J cs;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUney;Ntyp (1976)
118. tsehL fUg;G khd;fs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- J}j;Jf;Fb (1987)
119. kiy mzpy; tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- tpUJefh; (1988)
120. fd;dpaFkhhp tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- fd;dpaFkhhp (2007)
121. rj;jpakq;fyk; tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- <NuhL (2008)
122. Nkfkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- Njdp (k) kJiu (2009)
123. Nfhbaf;fiu tdtpyq;F ghJfhg;gfk; kz;lyk; (m) kz;lyk; (M) fhzg;gLk; khtl;lk;
- jQ;rhT+h;> jpUth&h;> ehfg;gl;bdk; (2013)
124. nfhilf;fhdy; tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpz;Lf;fy; (k) Njdp (2013)
125. fq;ifnfhz;lhd; Gs;spkhd; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUney;Ntyp (2013)
126. tl fhtphp tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jh;kGhp (k) fpU\;zfphp (2014)
127. ney;iy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUney;Ntyp (2015)
128. Ntl;;lq;Fb gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;J cs;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- rptfq;if (1977)
129. goNtw;fhL Vhp gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUts;Sh; (1980)
130. fhpf;fpsp gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;J cs;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- fhQ;rpGuk; (1989)
131. fQ;rpuq;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- ,uhkehjGuk; (1989)
132. $j;jd;Fsk;> $lq;Fsk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUney;Ntyp (1994)
133. nts;NshL gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- <NuhL (1997)
134. Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- fhQ;rpGuk; (1998)
135. cjakhh;j;jhz;lGuk; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUth&h; (1998)
136. Nky; nry;tD}h; - fPo nry;tD}h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l
Mz;L - ,uhkehjGuk; (1998)
137. tLT+h; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- jpUth&h; (1999)
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138. fhiuntl;b gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;J cs;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- mhpaY}h; (2000)
139. jPh;j;jq;fs; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;J cs;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- ,uhkehjGuk; (2010)
140. rf;fu Nfhl;il Vhp gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L
- ,uhkehjGuk; (2012)
141. CRL Vhp gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; (k) epWtg;gl;l Mz;L - tpOg;Guk; (2015)
142. kiyfs; (m) Fd;Wfspd; xU gFjpNah (m) ghiwfNsh rhpe;J tPo;jy; __________ vdg;gLfpwJ.
- epyr;rhpT
143. jkpo;ehl;by; epyr;rhptpdhy; mjpfk; ghjpf;fg;gLk; gFjp - ePyfphp
144. njd;dpe;jpa nts;sg;ngUf;F Vw;gl;l Mz;L - 2015 etk;gh; (k) brk;gh;
145. jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j ePh;tsk; vt;tsT kjpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sJ. - 1.587 million fd mb
146. jkpo;ehl;bd; rkPgj;jpa fhl;L jP tpgj;J Vw;gl;l Mz;L - khh;r; 11 2018
147. 2004 Mk; Mz;L brk;gh; 26 Rdhkp miyfshy; ghjpf;fg;gl;l ,e;NjhNdrpahtpd; Rkj;uh jPtpd;
________ hpf;lh; msT gjpthfps;sd. - 8.9 hpf;lh;
148. kpjkhd mgha jd;ik cs;s kz;lyk; mike;Js;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
149. nrg;lk;gh; 26 2001 Vw;gl;l epy mjph;T GJr;Nrhp (k) jkpo;ehl;bd; flw;fiuNahug; gFjpfspy;
__________ hpf;lh; msthf gjpthdJ - 5.6 hpf;lh;
150. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s ghyhW gs;sj;jhf;F gFjpfspy; epy mjph;T 3.8 hpf;lh; msthf gjpthd
Mz;L - [Pd; 7 2008
151. mhpaY}h; khtl;lj;jpy; fhtphpg; gLifg; gFjpapy; xU kpjkhd epy mjph;T Vw;gl;L 3.5 hpf;lh;
msthf gjpthd Mz;L - Mf];l; 12 2011
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49. guk;gpFsk; (k) m+opahW gFjpapy; cs;s VO MWfspd; ePhpidg; ngw;W mq;Fs;s VO
ePh;j;Njf;fq;fisAk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,izf;Fk; vjph;fhy Nehf;fj;jpd; tpisthf cUthd jpl;lk;
- guk;gpf;Fsk; mopahW jpl;lk;
50. jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j Nkw;gug;G ePhpd; msT - 24>864 million
51. njd;dpe;jpahtpd; new;fsQ;rpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; nly;lh__________ - fhtphp nly;lh
52. jkpo;ehl;L kf;fspd; 2-tJ Kf;fpa czTg; gaph; - rpWjhdpaq;fs;
53. jkpo;ehl;bd; khd;nr];lh; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
54. Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> jpUg;G+h;> <NuhL khtl;lq;fs; nerTj;njhopy; %yk; khepy nghUshjhuj;jpw;F Kf;fpa
gq;fspg;ig mspj;Js;sd. vdNt ,g;gFjp __________ vdf; Fwpg;gplg;gLfpwJ.
- jkpo;ehl;bd; [Tsp gs;sj;jhf;F
55. jkpo;ehl;bd; nerTj;jiyefuk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ - f&h;
56. ehl;bd; gl;L cw;gj;jpapy; 4-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
57. Njhy; gjdpLk; njhopyfq;fspy; Kjd;ik khtl;lk; cs;sJ - NtY}h;
58. Njhy; Muha;r;rp epWtdk; (k) Ma;tfk; (CLRI) mike;Js;sJ - nrd;id
59. jkpof muR epWtdkhd jkpo;ehL nra;jpj;jhs; (k) fhfpj epWtdk; (TNPL) mike;Js;s khtl;lk;
- f&h;
60. jkpo;ehL nra;jpj;jhs; (k) fhfpj epWtdk; (TNPL) mike;Js;s ,lk;
- fhfpjGuk; (f&h; khtl;lk;)
61. jkpo;ehL nra;jpj;jhs; (k) fhfpj epWtdk; (TNPL) Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1979
62. Muzp Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; ahit? - gl;L
63. fhQ;rpGuk; Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs;fs; ahit? - gl;L
64. khT miuf;Fk; ,ae;jpuk; Nfhuh gl;L Nrit Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w khtl;lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
65. Xtpaq;fs;> fiyeak; kpf;f jl;Lfs; jiyahl;b nghk;ikfs;> tpiz Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w
khtl;lk; - jQ;rhT+h;
66. Nfhapy; eiffs; Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w ,lk; - ehfh;Nfhtpy;
67. <NuhL Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - kQ;rs;
68. ntz;gl;L (Nryk;gl;L) FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; ve;j khtl;lj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
- Nryk;
69. Nghh;itfs; Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; ve;j ,lj;jpw;F mspf;fg;gl;lJ.
- gthdp
70. kJiu Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - Rq;Fb Nriy
71. Rthkp kiy Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - ntz;fyr; rpiyfs;
72. ehr;rpahh;Nfhtpy; Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jp nghUs; - Fj;J tpsf;F
73. gj;jkil gha; Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jp nghUs; - gha;
74. ePyfphp Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - ghuk;ghpa G+j;ijay;
75. kfhgypGuk; Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - rpw;gq;fs;
76. rpWkiy Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - kiy thio
77. Vj;Njhnkhop Gtpapay; FwpaPL ngw;w cw;gj;jpg; nghUs; - Njq;fha;
78. cyfstpy; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jpapy; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
79. jkpo;ehl;bd; rpnkz;l; cw;gj;jp Miyfs; ,aq;Ffpd;w ,lk; - mhpaY}h; (k) Myq;Fsk;
80. jkpo;ehL (k) Me;jpug;gpuNjr khepyq;fs; ,ize;J ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy;
___________ % Vw;Wkjp nra;fpd;wd. - 59.6%
81. ehl;bd; nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; Kjd;ikahf cs;s khepyk; - fh;ehlf
82. ehl;bd; nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; 2-tJ nghpa Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
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83. jfty; njhopy;El;gk; (k) jfty; njhopy;El;g rpwg;Gg; nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fshd illy; G+q;fh 2>
illy; G+q;fh - 3 (k) caphp kUe;jfg; Nghd;wit mike;Js;s ,lk; - nrd;id
84. jfty; njhopy;El;gk; (k) jfty; njhopy;El;g rpwg;Gg; nghUshjhu kz;lyq;fshd illy;
G+q;fh - 4> mike;Js;s ,lk; - Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
85. njhopy;Jiw cw;gj;jpapy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;F ehl;bd; cw;gj;jpapy; Vwj;jho _________ %
nfhz;Ls;sd. - 11 Kjy; 12%
86. ,e;jpahtpd; nkd;nghUs; Vw;Wkjpapy; jkpo;ehl;bd; gq;fspg;gpd; rjtPjk; - 17%
87. ,e;jpa khepyq;fspy; Rw;Wyhj;Jiwapy; Kjd;ikahd khepyk; - jkpo;ehL
88. xU ehl;bd; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l gFjpapy; thOk; kf;fspd; vz;zpf;ifNa __________ vdg;gLfpwJ.
- kf;fs; njhif
89. kf;fs; njhifg; gz;Gfs; gw;wpa Gs;sptptu Ma;Tfs; ___________ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- kf;fl; njhifapay;
90. 2011 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
__________ MFk;. - 7.21 Nfhb (7.21>47>030)
91. 2001 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehl;bd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
_________ MFk;. - 6.24 Nfhb
92. 2011 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpd; nkhj;j kf;fs; njhifapy;
jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fs; njhif _________ MFk;. - 5.96%
93. mjpf msT efh;g;Gw kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;L Kjy; ,lj;jpy; cs;s khepyk; - nrd;id
94. 2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kpff;Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhifiaf; nfhz;l khtl;lk;
- ePyfphp
95. 2011-Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fslh;j;jp rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F
___________ MFk;. - 555
96. 2001-Mk; Mz;L kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpo;ehl;bd; kf;fslh;j;jp rJu fpNyh kPl;lUf;F
___________ MFk;. - 480
97. 2011 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb Njrpa ruhrhp kf;fslh;j;jp ___________ MFk;.
- 382
98. ,e;jpahtpd; kf;fslh;j;jpapy; jkpo;ehL ___________ ,lj;jpy; cs;sJ. - 12-tJ ,lk;
99. 2011-Mk; Mz;L Fiwe;j msT kf;fslh;j;jp nfhz;Ls;s khtl;lk; - ePyfphp
100. __________ vd;gJ 1000 Mz;LfSf;F ,izahf cs;s ngz;fspd; vz;zpf;ifiaf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. - ghypd tpfpjk;
101. 2001 ghypd tpfpjk; mjpfk; nfhz;l khtl;lk; - ePyfphp
102. 2001 Fiwthd ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l khtl;lk; - jh;kGhp
103. 2011 kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpofj;jpd; fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; __________ MFk;.
- 80.09%
104. 2001-kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb jkpofj;jpd; fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; __________ MFk;.
- 73.45
105. jkpo;ehl;bd; kpfg; nghpa ePh;kpd;rf;jp jpl;lk; - Nkl;^h;
106. jkpo;ehl;bYs;s nghp;a (k) rpwpa JiwKfq;fspd; vz;zpf;if - 3 (k) 15
107. ,wf;Fkjp (k) Vw;Wkjp kjpg;GfSf;F ,ilapYs;s NtWghL __________ vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.
- th;j;jfrkepiy
108. Kk;ig kw;Wk; by;ypia mLj;j ,e;jpahtpd; %d;whtJ nghpa tpkhd epiyak; __________
MFk;. - nrd;id
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109. ,e;jpahtpy; nghJ - jdpahh; $l;L eltbf;ifapd; fPOs;s nkhj;j rhiy jpl;lq;fspy;> 20%
mjpfkhf gq;fspf;Fk; jkpo;ehL __________ ,lj;ijg; ngw;Ws;sJ. - 2tJ
110. 2011 kf;fs;njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb ,e;jpahtpd; fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; __________ MFk;.
- 74.04%
111. 2011 mjpf mstpy; fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; ngw;w khtl;lk; - fd;dpahFkhhp
112. 2011 kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;gpd;gb kpff; Fiwe;j fy;tpawpT nfhz;Ls;s khtl;lk;
- jh;kGhp
113. nghJj;Jiw (k) jdpahh;Jiw $l;lzp ,af;f jpl;lj;jpd; fPo; (PPP) nkhj;j rhiyj; jpl;lq;fspy;
20% gq;fspg;Gld; 2-tJ ,lj;jpy; cs;s ehL - ,e;jpah
114. jkpo;ehl;bd; kpf ePskhd Njrpa neLQ;;rhiy vz; - NH 44 (627.2km)
115. jkpo;ehl;bd; kpff; Fiwthd ePsq;nfhz;l Njrpa neLQ;rhiy vz;
- NH 785 (kJiu to ej;jk;) 38 km
116. jkpo;ehl;bd; %d;W Kf;fpa JiwKfq;fshFk; - nrd;id> vz;Z}h; (k) J}j;Jf;Fb
117. jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s midj;J rpW JiwKfq;fSk; eph;tfpf;fg;gLfpwJ.
- jkpo;ehl;bd; fly;rhh; thhpaj;jhy;
118. ruf;Fg;ngl;lfq;fisf; ifahSk; ehl;bd; JiwKfq;fspy; 2-tJ nghpa JiwKfk; vd;W
miof;fg;gLtJ - nrd;id
119. jkpo;ehl;bd; nraw;if JiwKfkhf fhzg;gLtJ - nrd;id JiwKfk;
120. jkpofj;jpy; mjpf epyf;fhp (k) jhJf;fisf; ifahSk; JiwKfkhf cs;sJ.- vz;Z}h;
121. jfty; njhlh;G vd;gJ ,yj;jPd; thh;j;ijahd __________ vd;gjpypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ.
- fk;A+dpNfh;
122. „fk;A+dpNfh;‟ vd;gjd; nghUs; - gfph;jy;
123. ,e;jpahtpd; gl;lhR cw;gj;jpapd; jiyefh; vdf; fUjg;gLtJ - rptfhrp
124. ,e;jpahtpd; Vw;Wkjpapy; jkpofj;jpd; gq;fspg;G ___________ rjtPjk; - 12.2%
125. Nghplh; mtru fhy njhiyNgrp vz; - 1077
126. ,e;jpahtpy; rhiy tpgj;Jfspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; Kjyplk; cs;s khepyk;
- jkpo;ehL (2002 - 2012)
127. jkpo;ehl;bd; nghUshjhuj;jpy; Ntshz;ik Jiwapd; gq;F ___________ rjtPjj;ij tfpf;fpwJ.
- 21%
128. rhj;jD}h; miz __________ Mw;wpd; FWf;Nf fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ. - njd;ngz;iz
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8. „thd; epw tpRk;gpd; Nfhs; kPd; #o;e;j ,sq;fjph; QhapW‟ – vd;wg; ghly; tup ,lk; ngw;Ws;s E}y;
vJ? – rpWghzhw;Wg;gil.
9. rpWNfhs; kz;lyk; vq;Ff; fhzg;gLfpwJ? – ‘nrt;tha; kw;Wk; tpahod; Nfhs;fSf;F ,ilNa’
10. Nuhkhdpaf; flTspd; J}Jtupd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – ‘nku;fF
; up (Gjd;)’
11. ,ul;ilf; Nfhs;fs; vd;W miof;fg;gLgit vit? – ‘nts;sp kw;Wk; Gtp’
12. md;G kw;Wk; moiff; Fwpf;Fk; Nuhkhdpa flTspd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ?
– nts;sp (tPd];)
13. ePyf; Nfhs; my;yJ ePu;f;Nfhs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – Gtp
14. Gtp #upaid tpdhbf;F vt;tsT Ntfj;jpy; Rw;WfpwJ? – 30 fp.kP.
15. #upaDf;Fk; Gtpf;Fk; ,ilNaAs;s njhiyT vt;tsT? – 150 kpy;ypad; fp.kP.
16. Jizf; Nfhs;fs; ,y;yhjf; Nfhs;fs; vit? – Gjd; kw;Wk; nts;sp
17. #upa kz;lyj;jpy; Gtp vj;jidahtJ ngupaf; Nfhs; – 5
18. Nuhkhdpag; Nghu;ff
; lTs; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – nrt;tha; (khu;];)
19. nrt;tha; Nfhspd; Jizf; Nfhs;fspd; ngau; vd;d? – „Nghg]; kw;Wk; Bk];’
20. ,e;jpa tpz;ntsp Muha;rr ; p epWtdk; nrt;tha; Nfhspd; tspkz;lyk; kw;Wk; jiug;gFjpia
Muha;tjw;fhf ngau; vd;d? – kq;fs;ahd;.
21. kq;fs;ahd; ve;j Mz;L mDg;gl;lJ? – 2014
22. Nuhkhdpau;fspd; Kjd;ikf; flTspd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – tpahod; ([Pgplu;)
23. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpd; kpfg;ngupaf; Nfhs; vJ? – tpahod;
24. kpf mjpfkhd Jizf; Nfhs;fisf; nfhz;Ls;sf; Nfhs; vJ? – tpahod;
25. Nuhkhdpa Ntshz;ikf; flTspd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – rdp
26. rdp vj;jid Jizf; Nfhs;fis nfhz;Ls;sJ? – 62
27. njhiyNehf;fpahy; fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;l Kjy; Nfhs; vJ? – ANud];
28. ANud]; vd;w Nfhisf; fz;Lgpbj;jth; ahu;? – tpy;ypak; n`u;\y;’
29. ANud]; Nfhs; ve;j Mz;L fz;Lgpbf;fg;gl;lJ – 1781
30. fpNuf;f tpz; flTspd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – ANud];
31. gr;ir epwkhff; fhl;rpaspf;Fk; Nfhs; vJ? – ANud];
32. ANud]py; vj;jid Jizf;Nfhs;fs; cs;sd? – 27
33. ANud]; Nfhspd; kpfg;ngupaj; Jizf; Nfhs; vJ? – ill;lhdpah
34. fbfhur; Rw;wpy; Rw;Wk; Nfhs;fs; vit? – nts;sp kw;Wk; ANud];
35. Nuhkhdpaf; fly; flTspd; ngauhy; miof;fg;gLk; Nfhs; vJ? – neg;bA+d;
36. neg;ba+d; Nfhspy; vj;jid Jizf; Nfhs;fs; cs;sd? – 14
37. neg;ba+dpd; kpfg;ngupaj; Jizf; Nfhs; vJ? – ANud];
38. cUSk; Nfhs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – ANud];
39. Fspu;e;j Nfhs; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – neg;bA+d;
40. FWq;Nfhs;fs; vq;F fhzg;gLk; ? – neg;ba+d; Nfhs;fSf;F mg;ghy;
41. epyTg; GtpapypUe;J vj;jid fpNyh kPl;lu; njhiytpy; mike;Js;sJ? – 3>84>400 fp.kP
42. epyitg; gw;wp Muha;tjw;fhf ,e;jpahthy; mDg;gg;gl;l Kjy; tpz;fyk;; vJ? – re;jpuhad; - 1
43. re;jpuhad; - 1 ve;j Mz;L mDg;gl;lJ? – 2008
44. kpfTk; ntg;gkhd Nfhs; vJ? – nts;sp
45. vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw N`yp vd;w thy;tpz;kPd; Gtpf;F mUfpy; tUk;?
– 76 tUlq;fSf;F xU Kiw
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46. N`yp thy;tpz;kPd; Gtpf;F mUfpy; filrpahf ve;j Mz;L te;jJ? – 1986
47. N`yp thy;tpz;kPd; kPz;Lk;; ve;j Mz;L tpz;zpy; Njhd;Wk;? – 2061
48. Gtpapd; tbtk; vd;d? – Nfhsk;
49. Gtpapd; RoYk; Ntfk; epyeLf;Nfhl;Lg; gFjpapy; vt;tsT? – 1670 fp.kP/kzp
50. Gtpapd; RoYk; Ntfk; JUtg;gFjpapy; vt;tsT? – Rop
51. Gtp Nkw;fpypUe;J fpof;fhf xU Kiw Ros;tjw;F vt;tsT Neuk; vLj;Jf; nfhs;fpwJ?
– 23 kzp Neuk;> 56 epkplq;fs;> 4.09 tpdhbfs;
52. Gtp tpdhbf;F vt;tsT Ntfj;jpy; #hpaid Rw;wp tUfpwJ? – 30 fp.kP.
53. rkg;gfypuT ehl;fs; vit? – khu;r; 21 kw;Wk; nrg;lk;gu; 23
54. tl miu Nfhsj;jpy; kpf ePz;lg; gfy; nghOij nfhz;Ls;s ehs; vJ? – [Pd; 21
55. njd; miuf;Nfhsj;jpy; kpf ePz;lg; gfy; nghOijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; ehs; vJ? – brk;gh; 22
56. tspkz;lyj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; Kjd;ik thAf;fs; vit? – iel;u[d; kw;Wk; Mf;]p[d;
57. Nguz;lk; cUthff; fhuzkhd epfo;T vJ? – ngUntbg;G
58. ,Uthd; nghUl;fSf;F ,ilapyhd njhiyit msf;f cjTk; msT vJ? – xsp Mz;L
59. #upaf; FLk;gj;jpd; ikak; vJ? – #upad;
60. Gtpapd; rha;Tf; Nfhzk; vd;d? – 𝟐𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 °
61. Gtpapd; Nkw;gug;gpd; kPJ xspgLk; gFjpiaAk;> xspg;glhj gFjpiaAk; gpupf;Fk; Nfhl;bw;F ………
vd;W ngau;. – xspu;T tl;lk;.
62. Gtp jd; mr;rpy; Roy;tij ……… vd;W miof;fpNwhk;. – Roy;jy;
63. kfuNuifapy; #upaf;fjpu;fs; nrq;Fj;jhf tpOk; ehs;? – brk;gh; 22
64. #upaf;FLk;gk; mlq;fpAs;s tpz;kPd; jpus; kz;lyj;jpd; ngau; vd;d? – ghy;ntsp
65. kdpjd; jd; fhybiag; gjpj;Js;s xNu tpz;nghUs; vJ? – re;jpud;
66. ve;j Nfhshy; jz;zPhpy; kpjf;f ,aYk; – rdp
9. epyg;gug;Gk; ngUq;fly;fSk;
1. ,uz;L ngupa epyg;gug;Gfis ,izf;ff; $ba / ,uz;L ngupa ePu;g;gug;Gfisg; gpupf;f $baJ
………. vd;W miof;fg;gLk;. – epyr;re;jp
2. cyfpy; vj;jid fz;lq;fs; cs;sd? – 7
3. cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa fz;lk; vJ? – Mrpah
4. cyfpd; kpfr; rpwpa fz;lk; vJ? – M];jpNuypah
5. Gtpapy; vj;jid ngUq;fly;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd – 5
6. kpfg; nghpag; ngUq;fly; vJ? – gRgpf;
7. kpfr; rpwpag; ngUq;fly; vJ? – Mu;bf;
8. cyfpd; ePskhd kiyj;njhlu; vJ? – Mz;b];
9. cyfpNyNa cau;e;j gPlg+kp vJ? – jpngj;
10. cyfpd; $iu vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – jpngj; gPl g+kp
11. ,e;jpahtpy; fdpkq;fs; epiwe;j gPlg+kp vJ? – Nrhl;lh ehfGup gPlg+kp
12. njd;dpe;jpahtpy; cs;s ………… gplg+kp vupkiyg; ghiwfshy;; MdJ – jf;fhzg;gPlg+kp
13. gz;ila ehfhPfq;fspy; njhl;byhf tpsq;fpaJ vJ? – Mw;Wr; rkntspfs;
14. Gtpapd; kpfg;ngupa kw;Wk; Mokhdg; ngUq;fly; vJ? – gRgpf; ngUq;fly;
15. gRgpf; ngUq;fly; ve;j tbtj;jpy; fhzg;gLfpwJ – Kf;Nfhzk;
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16. cyfpd; kpf mokhd mfop vJ? – kupahdh mfop
17. gRgpf; vdg;ngaupl;ltu; ahu;? – ngu;bdhz;L nkfy;yd;
18. gRgpf; vd;gjd; nghUs; vd;d? – mikjp
19. ml;yhz;bf; ngUq;flypd; tbtk; vd;d? – 𝑺
20. Gtpapd; %d;whtJ ngupag; ngUq;fly; vJ? – ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;
21. ,e;jpag; ngUq;flypd; tbtk; vd;d? – Kf;Nfhzk;
22. tq;fhs tpupFlhitAk; ghu;f; tisFlhitAk; ,izg;gJ vJ? – ghf; ePu;r;re;jp
23. me;jkhd; jPitAk;> epf;Nfhghh; jPitAk; gpupg;gJ vJ? – 10° fhy;tha;
24. kpfr; rpwpag; ngUq;fly; vJ? – Mu;l;bf; ngUq;fly;
25. kyhf;fh ePu;rr; e;jpia ,izg;gJ vJ? – grpgpf; ngUq;fly; kw;Wk; ,e;jpag; ngUq;fly;
26. ciwe;j fz;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – mz;lhu;bfh
27. nly;lh ………. epyj;Njhw;wk; MFk;. – ,uz;lhk; epiy
28. jPT fz;lk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – M];jpNuypah
29. ru;tNjr kiyfs; jpdk; vg;NghJ nfhz;lhg;gLfpwJ? – brk;gh; 11
30. nrd;id nkupdh flw;fiu ve;jtif epyj; Njhw;wk;? – %d;whk; epiy
10. tsq;fs;
1. cyfpd; kpfg; ngupa #upa xsp kpd; rf;jp jpl;lq;fspy; xd;whd fKjp #upa xsp kpd;rf;jp jpl;lk;
ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? - ,uhkehjGuk;.
2. fKjp #upa xsp kpd; rf;jp jpl;lk; ve;j Mz;L epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ? – 2016
3. Kg;ge;jy; fhw;whiyg; gz;iz ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? – fd;dpahFkup
4. n[a;rhy;ku; fhw;whiyg; gz;iz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – ,uh[];jhd;
5. gpukd; Nty; kw;Wk; jhy;fhd; fhw;whiyg; gz;iz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – kfhuh\;buh
6. jhkd; N[hjp fhw;whiyg; gz;iz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – xb]h
7. J}a;ikahd Mw;wy; vJ? – fhw;whw;wy;
8. kypthd kw;Wk; kpfTk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sf; $ba Mw;wy; vJ? – ePh; kpd;dhw;wy;
9. mjpfstpy; ePh; kpd;rf;jp cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL vJ? – rPdh
10. njfphp miz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – cj;ju;fhz;l;
11. njfpup miz ve;j ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ? – ghfpujp
12. =iryk; kw;Wk; ehfu;[Pdrhfu; miz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? kw;Wk; ve;j ejpapd; kPJ
fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ? – Me;jpuh kw;Wk; fpU\;zh ejp
13. ru;jhu; rNuhtu; miz ve;j ejpapd; kPJ fl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ kw;Wk; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ?
– eu;kjh ejp kw;Wk; F[uhj;
14. nfha;dh miz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – kfhuh\;buh
15. ,Lf;fp miz ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – Nfush
16. cyfpd; kpfg;ngupa ePu;kpd; rf;jp jpl;lk; ve;j ehl;by; cs;sJ? – rPdh
17. GJg;gpf;f ,ayh tsq;fs; vj;jid tifg;gLk;? – 3
18. Gtpapd; NkNyhl;by; gue;j mstpy; fhzg;gLk; cNyhfq;fSs; ,Uk;G vj;jidahtJ
cNyhfkhFk;? – 4
19. kdpjdhy; Kjd; Kjypy; mwpe;J gad;gLj;jg;gl;l cNyhfk; vJ? – jhkpuk;
20. jkpofj;jpy; vq;F ,Uk;Gj; jhJ fpilf;fpwJ? – fQ;rkiy
21. kdpj Efu;tpy; Kjyplk; gpbf;Fk; cNyhfk; vJ? – ,Uk;G
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22. ntg;gk; kw;Wk; kpd;rhuj;jpid vspjpy; flj;Jk; cNyhfk; vJ? – jhkpuk;
23. jhkpu cw;gj;jpapy; cyfstpy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL vJ? – rpyp
24. cyfpy; mjpfstpy; jq;fk; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; ehL vJ? – rPdh
25. cyfstpy; mjpf jq;f ,Uk;G nfhz;Ls;s ehL vJ? – M];jpNuypah
26. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mjpfstpy; jq;fk; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ? – fu;ehlfh
27. vil Fiwe;j> fbdkhd kw;Wk; tpiyf; Fiwe;j cNyhfk; vJ? – mYkpdpak;
28. cyfstpy; fl;Lkhdg; gzpf;F gpugykhd cNyhfk; vJ? – mYkpdpak;
29. kpd;rhuk; kw;Wk; ntg;gj;jpid vspjpy; flj;Jk; cNyhfk; vJ? – mYkpdpak;
30. kpd;rhu fk;gp tlq;fs; vjpy; jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ – mYkpdpak;
31. ghf;i]l; cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpy; Kd;ddp tfpf;Fk; ehL vJ? – M];jpNuypah
32. jkpo;ehl;by; vq;F ghf;i]l; gbTfs; mjpfstpy; cs;sd? – Nru;tuhad; kiy
33. cyfpy; nts;sp cw;gj;jpapy; Kd;dzp tfpf;Fk; ehL vJ? – nkf;]pNfh
34. rhk;gy; epwKila> fbdkhd> gsgsg;Gila kw;Wk; cilaf; $ba cNyhfk; vJ? – khq;fdP];
35. ryitj; J}s; jahupg;gpy; gad;gLk; cNyhfk; vJ? – khq;fdP];
36. khq;fdP]; cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL vJ? – njd;dhg;gphpf;fh
37. k];Nfhitl; kw;Wk; gNahill; vjDila jhJf;fs;? – ikf;fh
38. kpd; njhopy;fspy; fhg;Gg; nghUshf gad;gLtJ vJ? – ikf;fh
39. ikf;fh cw;gj;jpapy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; ehL vJ? – rPdh
40. Nghu;l;Nyz;l; rpnkz;l; vjpypUe;J jahupf;fg;gLfpwJ? – Rz;zhk;Gf; fy;
41. Kjypy; cUthFk; epyf;fup vJ? – Kw;wh epyf;fup my;yJ gPl;
42. fhu;gd; mstpidf; nfhz;L epyf;fupapid vj;jid tifahfg; gpupf;fyhk;? – 4
43. jw;NghJ ehk; gad;gLj;Jk; epyf;fupahdij vj;jid Mz;LfSf;F Kd; Njhd;wpa gbT MFk;?
– 300
44. epyf;fup cw;gj;jpapy; cyfpy; Kd;dzp tfpf;Fk; ehL vJ? – rPdh
45. fUg;Gj; jq;fk; vd miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – ngl;Nuhypak;
46. ,e;jpahtpy; vq;F ngl;Nuhypak; cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLfpwJ?
- 1.m];]hkpYs;s jpf;gha; 2. Kk;igapYs;s nly;lhgFjp> 3. fhtphp nly;lh gFjp.
47. jkpo; ehl;by; ngupa mstpyhd Rz;zhk;Gf; fy; ,Ug;G vq;F cs;sJ?
- 1. ,uhkehjGuk;> 2. jpUney;Ntyp> 3. mupaY}h;> 4. Nryk;> 5.Nfhak;Gj;J}h;> 6.kJiu
48. ,e;jpahtpy; 95% ikf;fh vq;F fpilf;fpwJ? - 1.Me;jpug; gpuNjrk; 3 [hu;fz;l;> 2.,uh[];jhd;.
49. ,e;jpahtpy; nkhj;j ,Ug;gpy; 95% ,Uk;Gj; jhJf;fs; vq;F fpilf;fpd;wd?
– 1. [hu;fz;l;> 2. Xb]h> 3. kj;jpag;gpuNjrk;> 4. rj;jP];fu;> 5. fu;ehlfh 6.Nfhth
50. ,e;jpahtpy; ghf;i]l; cw;gj;jp nra;Ak; Kf;fpa khepyq;fs; vit?
– 1.xb]h> 2.F[uhj; 3.[hu;fz;l;> 4. kfhuh];buh> 5.rj;jP]f; h;> 6.jkpo;ehL> 7.kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
51. ,e;jpahtpy; mjpfsT ,aw;if tsk; vq;F mike;Js;sJ?
– 1.fpU\;zh kw;Wk; Nfhjhtup nly;lh> 2.m];]hk;> F[uhj; kw;Wk; Kk;igapd; rpy flNyhug;
gFjpfs;
52. ………. kpd; kw;Wk; kpd;dZj;Jiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; jtph;f;f Kbahj fdpkq;fSs; xd;W.
– ikf;fh
53. epyf;fupapypUe;J cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gLk; kpd;rhuk;? – ntg;grf;jp
54. ghf;i]l; jhJtpypUe;J gphpj;njLf;fg;gLk; cNyhfk; vJ? – mYkpdpak;
55. kpd;rhu Ngl;lupfs; jahupf;f gad;gLtJ vJ? – khq;fdP];
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11. Rw;Wyh
1. Rw;Wyh gazp vd;w nrhy; ve;j nrhy;ypypUe;J te;jJ? – ^upad;
2. Rw;Wyh tiffspy; kpfg; goikahd Rw;Wyh vJ? – rkar;Rw;Wyh
3. mq;Nfhu;thl; Nfhtpy; vq;F cs;sJ? – fk;Nghbah
4. fpwp];j;Jtu;fs; ve;j ,lj;jpw;F Gdpj ahj;jpiu nry;fpd;wdu;? – n[UrNyk;
5. fh];Nuhdhkp vd;why; vd;d? – fyhr;rhur; Rw;Wyh
6. mNkrhd; kiyf;fhLfs; Mg;gpupf;f td gazk; kw;Wk; ,kakiy rpfuq;fspy; kiyNaw;wk;
Mfpait ve;j tifahd Rw;Wyhtpw;F vLj;Jf;fhl;L? – #oy; Rw;Wyh
7. rhuehj; ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – cj;jug;gpuNjrk;
8. it\;zt Njtp Nfhtpy; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ? – [k;K fh\;kPh;
9. nrapz;l; gpuhd;rp]; Nrtpau; Njthyak; vq;F cs;sJ? – Nfhth
10. iedplhy;; ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ? – cj;jpufhz;l;
11. lhu;[pypq; vd;w kiytho;jsk; mike;Js;sd khepyk; vJ? – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
12. fhq;lhf; vd;gJ vjd; jiyefuk;? – rpf;fpk;
13. Nkfhyah khepyj;jpd; jiyefuk; vd;d? – \py;yhq;
14. rpk;yh vq;F cs;sJ? – ,khr;ry;gpuNjrk;
15. jhioahu; ePh; tPo;rr ; p ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? – jpz;Lf;fy;
16. gpupT ePh;tPo;r;rp my;yJ uh[h uhzp kw;Wk; ,b ePh;tPo;r;rp vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ePh;tPo;rr; p vJ?
– N[hf; ePh;tPo;rr
; p.
17. N[hf; ePh;to P ;rr
; p ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – fu;ehlfh.
18. Neubahfj; jilapd;wp ePh;tpOk; ePh;tpo;rr ; p vJ? – Nehfhspfha; ePh;tPo;rr ; p
19. Nehfhsp fha; ePh;tPo;r;rp ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – Nkfhyah
20. jyf; Nfhzk; ePh;tPo;rr ; p mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – Me;jpuh
21. ,e;jpahtpd; eahfuh vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – mjpug;gs;sp ePh;tPo;rr ; p
22. mjpug;gs;sp ePu;tPo;rr ; p ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ? – Nfush
23. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ntspNaw;Wk; fhuzp vJ? – nfsutk;
24. Rw;Wyhg; gazpfis ftu;e;J ,Of;Fk; fhuzp vJ? – Nrit trjpfs;
25. fpu; Njrpa g+q;fh ve;j khepyj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ? – F[uhj;
26. fhrpuq;fh Njrpa g+q;fh mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – mrhk;
27. Re;jutd Njrpag+q;fh mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – Nkw;F tq;fhsk;
28. gj;uh td ruzhyak; vq;F mike;Js;sJ? – fu;ehlfh
29. cj;jpufhz;l; khepyj;jpd; Gfo; ngw;w Njrpa g+q;fh vJ? – fhu;ngl; Njrpa g+q;fh
30. uhe;jk;gh; Njrpa g+q;fh mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – ,uh[];jhd;
31. fhd;`h Njrpa g+q;fh vq;F cs;sJ? – kj;jpag; gpuNjrk;
32. ethg;fQ;r; gwit ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – cj;jpugpuNjrk;
33. Fkufk; gwit ruzhyak; vq;F cs;sJ? – Nfush
34. F[uhj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w gwit ruzhyak; vJ? – ey;rNuhtu; gwit ruzhyak;
35. guj;g+u; gwit ruzhyak; ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – ,uh[];jhd;
36. Me;jpug; gpuNjrj;jpd; Gfo;ngw;w ruzhyak; vJ? – cg;gsg;ghL gwit ruzhyak;
37. kahdp gwit ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – kfhu\;buh
38. #upad; kiwAk; fhl;rpiaf; fhz vJthd fly; xq;fy; ghiw nfhz;l flw;fiu vJ?
– tw;fiy flw;fiu
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39. tw;fiy flw;fiu ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – Nfush
40. mFjh flw;fiu ve;j khepyj;jpy; cs;sJ? – Nfhth
41. Xk; flw;fiu mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – fu;ehlfh
42. ju;fhyp flw;fiu vq;F cs;sJ? – kfhuh\;buh
43. kuhup flw;fiu mike;Js;s khepyk; vJ? – Nfush
44. ePy uj;jpd epwj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; fly; ePu; nfhz;l flw;fiu vJ? – jD\;Nfhb
45. ,aw;ifapd; nrhu;f;fk; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – [t;thJ kiy
46. gr;ir kiy vJ? – Nfhj;jfpup
47. kiyfspd; uhzp vJ? – Cl;b
48. cau; tpspk;G nfhz;l kiy vJ? – Mid kiy
49. cau;e;j Nkfq;fs; FtpAk; gFjp vd;w Gidg; ngau; nfhz;l kiy vJ? – Nkfiy
50. njw;fpd; ifyh\; vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – nts;saq;fphp kiy
51. kiyfspd; ,sturp vJ? – nfhilf;fhdy;
52. Viofspd; Cl;b (m) VupfhLfs; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; kiy vJ?– Vw;fhL
53. 14 nfhz;il Crp tisTfis cila kiy vJ? – Vyfpup
54. 70 nfhz;il Crp tisTfs; nfhz;l kiy vJ? – nfhy;yp kiy
55. epy ePu;tPo;rr
; p (m) Nkfiy ePu;tPo;rr; p vd;W miof;fg;gLk; ePu;tPo;rr
; p vJ? mJ ve;j khtl;lj;jpy;
cs;sJ? – RUsp ePu;tPo;r;rp (k) Njdp khtl;lk;
56. Fuq;F ePu;tPo;r;rp ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? – Nfhak;Gj;J}h;
57. ju;kGup khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s ePu;tPo;rr ; p vJ? – xNfdf;fy;
58. Mfha fq;if ePu;tPo;rr ; p ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? – ehkf;fy;
59. Fk;gf;fiu ePu;tPo;rr ; p mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? – Njdp
60. jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s kUj;Jt MNuhf;fpaj;jpw;F ngau; ngw;w ePu;tPo;rr ; p vJ?
– Fw;whyk;
61. fpof;Fj; njhlu;r;rp kiyahd Nru;tuhad; Fd;Wg; gFjpapy; mike;Js;s ePu;tPo;rr ; papd; ngau; vd;d?
– fpspa+u; ePu;tPo;rr; p
62. jkpo; ehl;by; vt;tsT rjtPj fhLfs; cs;sd? – 17.6%
63. fsf;fhL tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? – jpUney;Ntyp
64. KJkiy tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; vq;F cs;sJ? – ePyfpup
65. Nfhak;Gj;J}u; khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; vJ? – ,e;jpuhfhe;jp
66. Kz;le;Jiw ruzhyak; vq;F cs;sJ? – jpUney;Ntyp khtl;lk;
67. Nfhbaf;fiu tdtpyq;F ruzhyak; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ? – ehfg;gl;bdk;
68. Ntle;jhq;fy; gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? – fhQ;rpGuk;
69. rptfq;if khtl;lj;jpy; cs;s gwitfs; ruzhyj;jpd; ngau; vd;d? – Ntl;lq;Fb.
70. nty;Nyhl; gwitfs; ruzhyak; ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? – <NuhL
71. fhiuntl;b gwitfs; ruzhyak; mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? – mupaY}u;
72. Kf;$u;j;jp Njrpa g+q;fh (k) KJkiy Njrpa g+q;fh ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Js;sJ? – ePyfphp
73. nrd;idapy; cs;s Njrpa g+q;fh vJ? – fpz;b Njrpa g+q;fh
74. kd;dhu; tisFlh flw;g+q;fh mike;Js;s khtl;lk; vJ? – ,uhkehjGuk;
75. gy tz;z kzy;fisf; nfhz;lf; flw;fiu vJ? – fd;dpahFkup
76. ,uhNk];tuk; flw;fiu vjw;Fg; Gfo;ngw;wJ? – miyaw;wf; flw;fiu
77. mikjpahd kw;Wk; Mokw;w flw;fiu vJ? – Kl;Lf;fhL flw;fiu
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78. fhQ;rpGuk; khtl;lj;jpy; vd;ndd;d flw;fiufs; cs;sd?
– 1.Kl;Lf;fhL flw;fiu> 2. Nfhtsk; flw;fiu> 3. kfhgypGuk; flw;fiu.
79. ePh; tpisahl;L nghOJ Nghf;fpw;fhd flw;fiu vJ? – rpy;tu; flw;fiu
80. rpy;tu; flw;fiu ve;j khtl;lj;jpy; cs;sJ? – flY}u;
81. cyfpd; ,uz;lhtJ kpf mofpa ePz;l flw;fiu vJ? – nkupdh flw;fiu
82. ,uTk; gfYk; kdpju;fshy; epiwe;j mofhd flw;fiu vJ? – vypal; flw;fiu
83. miyaw;w flw;fiu vJ> – ,uhNk];tuk; flw;fiu
84. fl;llf;fiy kw;Wk; njhy; nghUs; flw;fiu vd;W miof;fg;gLtJ vJ? – kfhgypGuk; flw;fiu
85. vypal; flw;fiu vq;F cs;sJ? – nrd;id
86. %d;W $WfisAk; xd;whf ,izf;Fk; Nfhl;ghL ………… vd miof;fg; gLfpwJ? – A3
87. fh];l;Nuhdkp vd;gJ Rw;Wyhtpd; ………. mk;rj;ijf; Fwpf;fpwJ? – fyhr;rhu Rw;Wyh
88. TAAI vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d? – Travel Agents Association of India
89. ITC vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d? – Inclusive Tours by Charter
90. IATA vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d? – International Air Transport Association
91. IATO vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d? – Indian Association of Tour Operation
92. TTTHA vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d? – Tamilnadu Tour Travel and Hospitality Association
93. TTDC vd;gjd; tpupthf;fk; vd;d? – Tamilnadu Tourism Development Corporation
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19. Gtpapy; ,Jtiu gjpthd kpf mjpfgl;r ntg;gepiy vd;d? – 𝟓𝟔. 𝟕°𝑪
20. Gtpapy; ,Jtiu kpf mjpfg;gl;r ntg;gepiy vq;F ve;j Mz;L gjpthdJ?
– fypNghh;dpahtpYs;s fphPd;yhe;J kiyj;njhlu; 1913 – [Piy 10
21. Gtpapy; ,Jtiu gjpthd Fiwe;j gl;rntg;g epiy vd;d? – 89.2°𝐶 (1983 [Piy 21)
22. Gtpapy; ,Jtiu Fiwe;jgl;r ntg;gepiy vq;F gjpthdJ?
– mz;lhu;f;fhtpy; cs;s Nrhtpaj; Nth];lf; epiyak;
23. kiog;nghopT vjdhy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ? – kiokhzp
24. fhw;wpd; mOj;jk; vjdhy; msf;fg;gLfpwJ? – fhw;wOj;jkhzp
25. fly; kl;lj;jpy; cs;s epiyahd fhw;wOj;jj;jpd; msT vd;d? – 1013.25 kp.ghh;
26. Fiwe;j fhw;wOj;j kz;lyk; ………. vd;w vOj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLfpwJ? – 𝑳
27. mjpf mOj;j kz;lyk; …………. vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ? – vjpu; Rwhtspf; fhw;Wfs;
28. fhw;wOj;jkhzp ……… vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ? – mzpuha;L fhw;nwOj;jkhzp
29. <ug;gjk; tspkz;lyj; njhFjpapy; vj;jid rjtPjk; tiu ,Uf;Fk;? – 0 Kjy; 5 rjtpjk;
30. <ug;gjj;jpd; msT epyeLf; Nfhl;bypUe;J JUtj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; NghJ vd;d MFk;?
– FiwAk;
31. xU Fwpg;gpl;l fd msTs;s fhw;wpy; cs;s ePuhtpapd; vilf;F ……… vd;W ngau;.
– cz;ikahd <ug;gjk;
32. fhw;wpd; <ug;gjj;ij msf;Fk; fUtpapd; ngau; vd;d? – <uepiykhzp (i`f;Nuh kPl;lu;)
33. cyfpNyNa Kjy; Kjyhf fhyepiy tiuaq;fspd; njhFg;ig ntspapl;ltu; ahu;?
– my;;-gyh`p (mNugpa ehL)
34. fpilkpl;lkhf efUk; thAtpw;F ……….. vd;W ngau;? – fhw;W
35. nrhq;Fj;jhf efUk; thAtpw;F ………….. vd;W ngau;? – fhw;Nwhl;lk;
36. ………….. ehl;bd; ngUk; gFjpapy; fhw;wpd; Ntfk; Fiwthf cs;sJ? – gpNurpy;
37. fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij mstpl gad;gLk; fUtpapd; ngau; vd;d? – gpNahNghu;L msit
38. gpNahNghu;L msit ve;j Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lJ? – 1805
39. fhw;wpd; Ntfj;ij msf;f ………. vd;w fUtp gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ? – mdpkhkPl;lu;
40. Gtpg; ngUk; Mw;wy; vd;d? – ntg;gk;
41. …………. vd;gJ FWfpa fhyj;jpy; tspkz;lyj;jpy; Vw;gLk; khw;wq;fisf; $WtJ MFk;.
– thdpiy
42. mdpkhkPll ; u; kw;Wk; fhw;Wkhzp %yk; ………… kw;Wk; ………….. Mfpait msf;fg;gLfpd;wd.
– Ntfk;> jpir
43. rk msTs;s ntg;gepiyia ,izf;Fk; fw;gid NfhL? – rkntg;gf;NfhL
44. rk msT kioAs;s ,lq;fis ,izf;Fk; NfhL? – rkkio msTf; NfhL
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6. jkpo; ehl;bd; rkPgj;jpa fhl;Lj; jP tpgj;J ve;j Mz;L / vq;F eilngw;wJ?
– 2018 Fuq;fdp kiy
7. jkpo;ehl;;by; vj;jid rjtPj epyg;gFjp twl;rpf;Fs;shFk; gFjpahFk;? – 64% epyg;gFjp
8. jkpofj;ij rkPgj;jpy; jhf;fpa kpf Nkhrkhd Gay; vJ? – f[h
9. Rdhkp vd;w nrhy; ve;j nkhopr; nrhy;ypypUe;J ngwg;gl;lJ? – [g;ghd;
10. cau; mOj;jj;jhy; #og;gl;l FiwtOj;jg; gFjpapy; cUthFk; fhw;W ………….. vd;W
miof;fg;gLfpwJ? – Gay;
11. fz;lwpjy;> jLj;jy; kw;Wk; midj;jy; Mfpait vjDila 3 mk;rq;fs; MFk;. – jP
12. Nguplu; Nkyhz;ikapd; epiyfs; vj;jid gbepiyfisf; nfhz;Ls;sJ? – 6
13. Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;l Mz;L? – 2005.
14. Njrpa Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;? – gpujku;
15. jkpo; ehL Nguplu; Nkyhz;ik Mizaj;jpd; jiytu; ahu;? – Kjyikr;ru;
16. Nguplu; mtrufhy njhiyNgrp vz; vd;d? – 1077
17. ehl;by; elf;Fk; rhiy tpgj;Jfspy; Kjyplk; tfpf;Fk; khepyk;? – jkpo;ehL
18. epy eLf;fg; gFjpapy; KOtJk; mike;Jss ehL vJ? – Ig;ghd;
19. mjpf epyeLf;fg; gFjpfisf; nfhz;Ls;s ehL vJ? – ,e;NjhNd\pah
20. Mopg; NguiyahdJ vj;jid kPl;lu; cauj;jpw;F vOk;Gk;? – 10 kP Kjy; 30 kPl;lu;
21. “tpO! %bf;nfhs;! gpbj;Jf;nfhs;!” vd;gJ vjw;fhd jahu; epiy – epyeLf;fk;
22. jP tpgj;jpd; NghJ miof;f Ntz;ba vz; vJ? – 112
23. ePy;! tpO! cUs;! vd;gJ vjw;fhd mwpTWj;jy; - jP
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6tJ Kjy; 10 tJ tiu - Fbikapay;
tl ,e;jpah fjf;
mrhk; rj;upah
kzpg;G+h; kzpg;Gup
xbrh xbrp
fh;ehlfh af;\fhdk;
Me;jpugpuNjrk; Fr;rpg;Gb
Nfush fjfsp
jkpo;ehL gujehl;bak;
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2. Njrpar; rpd;dq;fs;
3. ngz;fs; Nkk;ghL
2011 Mk; Mz;L kf;fs; njhifapd;gb
,e;jpahtpd; fy;tpawpT tPjk; - 74.04.
Mz;fs; fy;tpawpT tPjk; - 82.14.
ngz;fs; fy;tpawpT tPjk; - 65.46.
Mz; - ngz; fy;tpawpT ,ilntsp tPjk; - 16.68.
Kjy; ngz;fs; gs;spapd; Kjy; ngz; Mrpupau; - rhtpj;upgha; G+Ny.
N[hjpuht; G+Ny> rhtpj;upgha; G+Ny Kjy; ngz;fs; gs;spia Jtq;fpa Mz;L – 1848.
Kjy; kfspu; gy;fiyfofj;ij njhlq;fpatu; - kfu;\pfhu;Nt> 1916> GNd.
kj;jpa mikr;ruitapy; gjtp tfpj;j Kjy; ngz;> I.ehtpd; Kjy; ngz; jiyth;
- tp[ay\;kp gz;bj;.
Kjy; ngz; kj;jpa ntspAwT mikr;ru; - R];kh Rtuh[;.
khepyj;jpy; ,sk; taJ mikr;ru; - R];kh Rtuh[;.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; ngz; MSeu; - rNuh[pdp ehAL.
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4. kdpj cupikfSk; If;fpa ehLfs; rigAk;
1950 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J brk;gu; 10 kdpj cupikfs; jpdkhf filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpwJ.
Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ – 1993> mf;Nlhgu; 12> GJnly;yp.
khepy kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; mikf;fg;gl;lJ – 1997> Vg;uy; 17.
1978 – ru;tNjr ngz;fs; Mz;L.
1979 – ru;tNjr Foe;ijfs; Mz;L.
gpupT 39(f) - MNuhf;fpakhf Foe;ijfs; tsu toptifr;nra;fpwJ
gpupT 45 – 6 taJ tiu midj;J Foe;ijfSf;Fk; Muk;g fhy Foe;ij guhkupg;G
kw;Wk; fy;tpia toq;f muR Kay;fpwJ.
Foe;ij njhopyhsu; jilr; rl;lk; - 1986.
rpwhu; ePjpr;rl;lk; - 2000.
ehd;fhtJ cyf kfspu; khehL - 1995> nga;[pq;.
UNIFEM - ngz;fSf;fhd If;fpa ehLfspd; Nkk;ghl;L epjp mikg;G – 1995.
,e;J tpjit kWkzr;rl;lk; - 1856.
,e;J jpUkzr;rl;lk; - 1955 (ngz;fs; jpUkz taJ 21).
,e;J thupR rl;lk; - 1956.
tujl;rid jilr; rl;lk; - 1961.
ngz;fis Nfyp nra;tjw;F vjpuhd rl;lk; - 1997.
mehfupfkhf rpj;jupj;jYf;fhd rl;lk; - 1999.
njhopw;rhiy rl;lk; - 1948.
Njhl;lj; njhopyhsu;fs; rl;lk; - 1951.
Ruq;fr; rl;lk; - 1952.
kfg;NgW eyr;rl;lk; - 1961.
FLk;g td;KiwapypUe;J ngz;fis ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk; - 2005.
Nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk; ,aw;wg;gl;lJ - 1988.
Nkhl;lhu; thfdr; rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ - 1989.
mtru fhy vz; - 108.
rhiy tpgj;JfSf;fhd vz; - 103.
,e;jpa jz;lidr; rl;lk;> 304 A gpupT - Xl;Leupd; ftdf;Fiwthy; Vw;gLk; ,wg;Gf;F
fhty;Jiwahy; tof;F gjpT nra;ag;gLk;.
rhiy ghJfhg;G thuk; - [dtup khjk; Kjy; thuk;.
fhe;jp njhlu;tz;bapypUe;J js;sptplg;gl;l ,lk; - gPl;lu; khupl; ];gu;f;. ([Pd; 7> 1893)
I.eh rig njhlq;fg;gl;lJ - mf;Nlhgu; 24> 1945. (I.eh rig ehs;)
ney;rd; kz;Nlyhtpd; fl;rp - Mg;gpupf;f Njrpa fhq;fpu];.
cyfshtpa kdpj cupikfs; Nguwpf;if epiwNtw;wg;gl;lJ – ghup];> brk;gu; 10> 1948.
(kdpj chpikfs; jpdk;)
cyfshtpa kdpj cupikfs; Nguwpf;if cWg;Gfs; - 30.
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,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; cs;s mbg;gil cupikfs; - 6.
1. rkj;Jt cupik – (ruj;J 14 – 18)
2. Rje;jpu cupik – (ruj;J 19 – 22)
3. Ruz;lYf;F vjpuhd cupik – (ruj;J 23 – 24)
4. rka kw;Wk; kdr;rhd;W Rje;jpuj;jpw;fhd cupik – (ruj;J 25 – 28)
5. rpWghd;ikapdUf;fhd gz;ghL kw;wk; fy;tp cupikfs; – (ruj;J 29 – 30)
6. murpayikg;G top jPu;TfhZk; cupik – (ruj;J 32)
Rje;jpu cupikfs; - 6.
1. Ngr;Rupik 2. MAjkpd;wp $Lk; cupik
3. rq;fq;fs; mikf;Fk; cupik 4. ,e;jpahtpy; ve;jg; gFjpapYk; trpf;Fk; cupik
5. ,e;jpah KOtJk; Rje;jpukhf elkhLk; cupik 6. ve;j njhopiyAk; nra;Ak; cupik.
ePjpg;Nguhiz – xU nraiy nra;a (m) jLf;f ePjpkd;wj;jpy; toq;Fk; vOj;Jg;G+u;t cj;juT.
xU Fbkfdpd; mbg;gil cupikfs; kPwg;gl;lhy; mf;Fbkfd;
ruj;J 32 gb cr;rePjpkd;wk; (m) ruj;J 226 gb cau;ePjpkd;wj;ijNah ehlyhk;.
,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; %d;whk; ghypdj;jtu; SI - gpupj;jpfh ah\pdp.
mbg;gilf; flikfis ,e;jpa murpayikg;gpy; Nru;j;jJ - 1976 k; Mz;L 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;.
mbg;gil flikfs; - 11.
1. murpayikg;G> Njrpa fPjk;> Njrpaf;nfhb Mfpatw;iw kjpj;jy;
2. tpLjiyg; Nghuhl;l jpahfq;fis kjpj;jy;
3. ,iwahz;ik> xw;Wik> xUikg;ghl;il ghJfhj;jy;
4. ehl;Lg;gzpahw;Wjy;
5. rNfhjuj;Jtk;> ngz;fis kjpj;jy;
6. gz;ghl;L kugpid ghJfhj;jy;
7. ,aw;if tsq;fis ghJfhj;jy;
8. mwptpay; czu;T> kdpjNeak;> gFj;jwpT tsu;j;jy;
9. nghJr; nrhj;Jf;fis ghJfhj;jy;
10. ehl;bd; Nkk;ghl;bw;F KaYjy;
11. 14 taJ tiu cs;s Foe;ijfSf;F ngw;Nwhu;fs; fy;tp tha;g;ig jUjy;.
%j;j Fbkf;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;Nwhu; eyd;fs; guhkupg;Gr; rl;lk; – 2007.
Njrpa kdpj cupikfs; Mizak; epWtg;gl;lJ – 1993> mf;Nlhgu; 12.
I.eh. tiuaiwg;gb 18 taJ tiuAs;stu;fs; Foe;ijfs;
I.eh. rig Foe;ijfs; cupikfs; gpufldj;ij Vw;Wf;nfhz;lJ – etk;gu; 20> 1989.
6 Kjy; 14 taJ tiuAs;s Foe;ijfSf;F ,ytr kw;wk; fl;lhaf;fy;tp toq;Fk; cupik
– ruj;J 21A.
,e;jpa ehlhSkd;wk; fy;tp cupikr; rl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;jpaJ – 2009.
fy;tp cupikr;rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; – Vg;uy; 1> 2010.
Mgj;J fhyj;jpy; cjtpl jkpof murpdhy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;l nrayp – fhtyd; SOS nrayp.
ghypay; Fw;wq;fspypUe;J Foe;ijfis ghJfhf;Fk; rl;lk; – 2012.
rl;lj;jpy; kuz jz;lid toq;f topnra;ag;gl;lJ – 2018> Vg;uy;.
Foe;ijfSf;fhd cjtp vz; – 1098.
‘gr;gd; gr;rht; me;Njhyd;’ mikg;G jiytu; – ifyh\; rj;ahu;j;jp.
14 taJf;Fl;gl;l ve;j Foe;ijAk; Mgj;jhd Ntiyfspy; <LgLj;jf; $lhJ vd $Wk; ruj;J –24.
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jkpo;ehL ,e;J thupRupik rl;lk; – 1989 (ngz;fSf;f nrhj;jpy; rk cupik).
kj;jpa muR ,e;J thupRupik rl;lk; – 2005.
jfty; mwpAk; cupikr; rl;lk; – 2005> mf;Nlhgu;.
jfty; toq;fg;gl Ntz;ba fhy msT – 30 ehl;fs;.
‘xU kdpjDila cupik mr;RWj;jg;gLk;NghJ> xt;nthU kdpjDila cupikAk;
Fiwf;fg;gLfpwJ’ vd;W $wpatu; – [hd;. F. nfd;db.
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kjuh]; fpuhk gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; - 1950.
kjuh]; gQ;rhaj;J rl;lk; - 1958.
500f;Fk; Nkw;gl;l kf;fs;njhifia nfhz;l fpuhkk; - fpuhk Cuhl;rp.
fpuhk Cuhl;rpapd; Ma;thsu; - khtl;l Ml;rpau;.
fpuhk rig $l;lq;fs; tUlj;jpw;F 4 Kiw $l;lg;gLk;.
1. [dtup 26 2. Nk 1 3. Mf];L 15 4. mf;Nlhgu; 2.
jw;NghJ 2022y; khh;r; 22 (cyf jz;zPh; jpdk;>) etk;gu; 1 (khepy cs;shl;rp jpdk;) Mfpa ,U
jpdq;fSk; Nru;e;J tUlj;jpw;F fpuhk rig $l;lq;fs; MW Kiw $l;lg;gLk;.
efu;;gG
; w cs;shl;rp
fpuhk Rauh[;[paj;ij tpUk;gpatu; - fhe;jp.
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s khefuhl;rpfs; vz;zpf;if - 21.
ngupahu; <.Nt.uh <NuhL efuhl;rp jiytuhf gjtp tfpj;j Mz;L - 1917.
1919y; efuhl;rp epu;thf tuyhw;wpy; Kjy;Kiwahf Foha; %yk; FbePu; tpepNahfk; nra;jtu;
- ngupahu;.
gy;te;j;uha; Nkj;jh FO – 1957 - %d;wLf;F gQ;rhaj;J Kiwia gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
mNrhf;Nkj;jh FO (1977 – 1978) - ,uz;L mLf;F Kiwia gupe;Jiu nra;jJ.
G.V.K. uht; FO (1985) – jpl;lf;FOthy; epakpf;fg;gl;lJ.
L.M. rpq;tp FO (1986) – 73 kw;Wk; 74 tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;> 1992.
6. kf;fshl;rp
kf;fshy; kf;fSf;F kf;fNs elj;Jk; Ml;rp kf;fshl;rp - Mgpufhk; ypq;fd;.
kf;fshl;rpapd; gpwg;gplk; - fpNuf;fk;.
Democracy - fpNuf;f nrhy; (nghUs; : kf;fs; mjpfhuk;> (Ml;rp).
Neub kf;fshl;rp - Rtpl;ru;yhe;J.
gpujpepjpj;Jt kf;fshl;rp - v.fh. ,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;J> USA.
ehlhSkd;w kf;fshl;rp - ,e;jpah> ,q;fpyhe;J
mjpgu; kf;fshl;rp - USA, fdlh.
kf;fshl;rp mikg;gpy; KbntLf;Fk; mjpfhuk; nfhz;ltu;fs; - kf;fs;
cyf kf;fshl;rp jpdk; - nrg;lk;gu; 15 (2007 y; I.eh. mwptpj;jJ).
cyfpd; vOjg;gl;l ePskhd> kpfg;ngupa murikg;G - ,e;jpa murikg;G rl;lk;.
cyfpNyNa Kjd; Kjypy; ngz;fSf;F Xl;Lupik mspj;j ehL - epA+rpyhe;J (1893).
murhq;f mikg;Gfs;
cau;Fbahl;rp - cau;Fb tu;f;fj;jpdu; Ml;rp mjpfhuj;jpy; ,Uj;jy;. v.fh. ,q;fpyhe;J> ];ngapd;.
Kbahl;rp - xU eguhy; (muru;) Ml;rp mikf;fg;gLjy;. v.fh. G+lhd;> Xkd;> fj;jhu;.
jdpegu; Ml;rp
– KO mjpfhuk; nfhz;l xU eguhy; Ml;rp mikf;fg;gLjy;. v.fh. tlnfhupah> rTjp mNugpah.
rpW FO Ml;rp – kf;fspd; rpW FO xd;W ehl;il fl;Lg;gLj;Jjy;. v.fh. Kd;dhs; Nrhtpaj;
A+dpad;> rPdh> ntdp#yh> tlnfhupah.
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kjFUkhu;fspd; Ml;rp – kjFUkhu;fshy; mikf;fg;gLk; Ml;rp. v.fh thl;bfd;.
kf;fshl;rp – Fbkf;fshy; thf;fspf;fg;gl;L Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpupjpepjpfs; v.fh. ,e;jpah>
mnkupf;fh> gpuhd;];.
FbauR – kf;fsplNkh (m) Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l gpujpepfsplNkh mjpfhuk; ,Uj;jy;. v.fh ,e;jpah>
M];jpNuypah.
ehLfs; - ehlhSkd;wq;fspd; ngau;fs;
,];Nuy; - nfnd]l;
n[u;kdp – ge;nj];lhf;
nld;khu;f; - Nghf;bq;
ehu;Nt - ];lhu;bq;
If;fpa mnkupf;f ehLfs; - fhq;fpu];
[g;ghd; - lal;
gpupl;ld; - ghu;ypnkd;l;
mjpgu; Ml;rpapy; mikr;ruit – fpr;rd; Nfgpndl;
kj;jpa> khepy muRfSf;fpilNaahd cwTfs;
1. rl;lkd;w cwTfs; - (ruj;J 245 – 255)
2. epu;thf cwTfs; - (ruj;J 256 – 263)
3. epjp cwTfs; - (ruj;J 268 – 294)
kj;jpa muR rl;lkpaw;wk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ – kj;jpag;gl;bay;
khepy muR rl;lkpaw;wk; mjpfhuk; cs;sJ – khepyg;gl;bay;
kj;jpa muRk;> khepy muRk; ,ize;J rl;lkpaw;Wk; mjpfhuk; - nghJg;gl;bay;
kj;jpag;gl;bay; - 100 Jiwfs; (v.fh ntspAwT> ghJfhg;G> MAjg;gil> njhiynjhlu;G> etc.)
khepyg;gl;bay; - 61 Jiwfs; (v.fh nghJ xOq;F> fhty;Jiw> rpiwj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> etc.)
nghJg;gl;bay; - 52 Jiwfs; (v.fh fy;tp> tdq;fs;> kf;fs;njhif fl;Lg;ghL> etc.)
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cyfpNyNa kpfg;ngupa [dehaf ehL - ,e;jpah.
,e;jpahtpy; kf;fshl;rpapd; mbg;gil
- ,iwahz;ik> rkju;kk;> kjr;rhu;gpd;ik> kf;fshl;rp kw;Wk; FbauR.
GJnly;ypapy; cs;s ehlhSkd;w fl;blj;ij tbtikj;jtu;
- vl;tpd; Yhl;bad;];> n`u;gu;l; Ngf;fu; (1912 – 13).
ehlhSkd;wk; fl;b Kbj;j Mz;L – 1927.
gpujkiu epakpg;gtu; - FbauRj; jiytu;.
nghJj; Nju;jiy elj;JtJ - ,e;jpa Nju;jy; Mizak;.
ehlhSkd;w ,U mitfs; - 1. uh[;argh (Nkyit)> 2. Nyhf;rgh (fPoit).
kf;fsitapd; Kjy; nghJj;Nju;jy; (Rje;jpuj;jpw;F gpd;)
– mf;Nlhgu; 25> 1951 Kjy; gpg;utup 21> 1952 tiu.
Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; Kjy; gpujku; - [t`u;yhy; NeU.
,e;jpa tuyhw;wpd; Kjy; nghJj;Nju;jy; - 1920 (gpupl;b\;).
murpay; fl;rpfs;.
,e;jpah kf;fshl;rp ehlhf Md Mz;L – 1950.
fl;rp Kiwfspd; tiffs; - 3.
1. xUfl;rp Kiw v.fh : rPdh> tlnfhupah> fpA+gh.
2. ,Ufl;rp Kiw v.fh : gpupl;ld;> mnkupf;f If;fpa ehLfs;.
3. gyfl;rp Kiw v.fh : ,e;jpah> gpuhd;];> ];tPld;> ehu;Nt.
,e;jpahtpy; cs;s fl;rpfspd; tiffs; - Njrpa fl;rpfs;> khepyf;fl;rpfs;> RNal;ir fl;rpfs;.
,e;jpahtpy; Nju;jiy elj;Jk; Rje;jpukhd rl;lg;gbahd murpay; mikg;G
- ,e;jpa Nju;jy; Mizak; jiyikaplk; GJnly;yp.
Nju;jypy; fl;rpfSf;F rpd;dj;ij xJf;FtJ - ,e;jpa Nju;jy; Mizak;.
vjpu;f;fl;rp jiytupd; me;j];J – Nfgpndl; mikr;rUf;F ,izahdJ.
Nju;jy; Mizak; ve;j rpd;dq;fis toq;Ftij epWj;jpAs;sJ? – tpyq;Ffspd; rpd;dk;
tpjptpyf;fhf tpyq;Ffspy; toq;fg;gLk; rpd;dk; - ahid> rpq;fk;.
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NOTA it mwpKfk; nra;j 14tJ ehL - ,e;jpah.
VVPAT – Voters Verified Paper Audit Trial (thf;fhsu; rupghu;f;Fk; fhfpj jzpf;if Nrhjid). 2014
Neub Nju;jy; Kiw – 1. kf;fsit cWg;gpdu;fis (MP) Nju;e;njLj;jy;
2. rl;lg;Nguit (MLA) Nju;e;njLj;jy;
3. cs;shl;rp mikg;G Nju;jy;.
kiwKf Nju;jy; - FbauR jiytu; Nju;jy;.
FbauRj; jiytiu Nju;e;njLf;Fk; Nju;jy; FOtpy; ,lk; ngw;wtu;fs;>
1. ghuhSkd;w ,U mitapd; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l cWg;gpdu;fs;
2. khepy (k) A+dpad; gpuNjrj;jpd; Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl;l rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs;.
2017 gb mq;fPfupf;fg;gl;l Njrpa fl;rpfspd; vz;zpf;if – 7 (jw;NghJ – 8).
nghJfzf;F FOtpd; jiytu; - vjpu;fl;rp jiytu;.
kj;jpaf; fz;fhzpg;G Mizaj;jpd; jiytu; kw;Wk; cWg;gpdu;fis Nju;e;njLg;gjpy; Kf;fpa gq;F
– vjpu;f;fl;rp jiytu;.
Nfgpndl; mikr;rUf;F ,izahdtu; - vjpu;f;fl;rp jiytu;.
nghJ eyd;fis ghJfhf;f> Cf;Ftpf;f jPtpukhf nray;gLk; FO – mOj;jf;FO. (mnkhpf;fh)
[dehafj;jpd; ehd;F Jhz;fs;- rl;lkd;wk;> epu;thfj;Jiw> ePjpj;Jiw> Clfk;.
jdpkdpj njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; - fbjq;fs;> njhiyg;Ngrp> miyg;Ngrp> kpd;dQ;ry;> njhiyefy;.
ntF[d njhlu;G rhjdq;fs; - nra;jpj;jhs;fs;> thndhyp> njhiyf;fhl;rp.
mr;R ,ae;jpuj;ij fz;Lgpbj;jtu; - N[`d;d];> Fl;ld;gu;f; (1453).
mfpy ,e;jpa thndhyp Muk;gpf;fg;gl;lJ – 1936.
Mfhrthzp vd;W ngau;khw;wk; nra;ag;gl;lJ – 1956.
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 196
murpay; epu;za rigapd; jiytu; - Dr. uhN[e;jpu gpurhj;.
murpay; epu;za rigapd; Jizj;jiytu; - H.C. Kfu;[p> V.T. fpU\;zkhr;rhup.
,e;jpa murpayikg;ig ,j;jhypghzpapy; ifg;gl vOjpatu; - gpNuk; gp`hup eNud; iu[lh.
NeUtpd; Fwpf;Nfhs; jPu;khdk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l ehs; - [dtup 22> 1947.
KfTiuapy; ‘rkju;kk;> rkarhu;gpd;ik> xUikg;ghL’ Mfpait Nru;f;fg;gl;lJ
– 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;> 1976.
1789k; Mz;L gpnuQ;R Gul;rpapd; Kof;fk; - Rje;jpuk;> rkj;Jtk;> rNfhjuj;Jtk;.
mbg;gil cupikfspypUe;J nrhj;Jupikia (gpupT – 31) ePf;fpa rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
- 44tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;> 1978.
nrhj;Jupik jw;NghJ cs;sJ – gFjp XII, gpupT 300A, rl;lcupik.
murikg;gpd; ‘,jak; kw;Wk; Md;kh’ vd B.R. mk;Ngj;fu; $WtJ – gpupT 32.
gpupT 20 – Fw;wq;fs; (k) jz;lidfspypUe;J ghJfhg;G
gpupT 21 – tho;f;if (k) jdpegu; Rje;jpuk; ghJfhg;G
(neUf;fb epiyapd; NghJk; epWj;jpitf;f KbahJ).
muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghL – gFjp IV, rl;lg;gpupT 36-51.
,e;jpa murpayikg;gpd; ‘GJikahd rpwg;gk;rk;’ vd B.R. mk;Ngj;fu; $WtJ
- muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghL.
njhlf;ff;fy;tp mbg;gil cupikahf gpupT 21A tpy; Nru;j;jJ - 86tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;> 2002.
muR newpKiwAWj;Jk; Nfhl;ghL ngwg;gl;l ehL - mau;yhe;J.
mbg;gil flikfs; ngwg;gl;l ehL - u\;ah.
mbg;gil flikfs; gw;wp Muha mikf;fg;gl;l FO - ];tud; rpq; FO> 1976.
mbg;gil flikfs; - gFjp IV A, gpupT 51 A.
kj;jpa – khepy cwTfis Muha jkpof murhy; mikf;fg;gl;l FO
- P.V. uh[kd;dhu; FO> 1969.
FbauR jiytuhy; epjpf;FO mikf;fg;gLjy; - ruj;J 280.
kj;jpa- khepy cwTfis Muha ,e;jpuhfhe;jp mikj;j FO - R.S. ru;f;fhupah FO> 1983.
mYtyf nkhopfs; - gFjp XVII, ruj;J 343-351.
mYtyf nkhopfs; rl;lk; - 1963.
,e;jpahtpy; Njrpa mtru epiyfs; mwptpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1962>1971>1975.
khepy mtru epiyapd; mjpfgl;r fhyk; - 3 Mz;Lfs;.
murpayikg;G rl;lj;jpUj;jk; gw;wp Fwpg;gpLtJ - gFjp XX, rl;lg;gpupT 368.
rpwpa murpayikg;G - 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;.
M.N. ntq;flhrya;ah FO - 2000.
M.M. G+Q;rp Mizak; - 2007.
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8. kj;jpa muR
ARMY, NAVY, AIRFORCE, SSC-GD, POLICE VELLORE CAMPUS – 7200 400 395 / 398, TRICHY CAMPUS– 81110 70706 / 708 Page 198
9. khepy muR
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rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F xU Mq;fpNyh ,e;jpaiuAk;> rl;lNkyitf;F 1/6 gq;F cWg;gpdu;fisAk;
epakpf;fpwhu;. - MSeh;.
ngUk;ghd;ik fl;rpapd; jiytiu Kjyikr;ruhf epakpg;gtu; - MSeu;
mikr;ruitapd; jiytu; - Kjyikr;ru;.
Kjyikr;rhpd; gjtpf;fhyk; - rl;lkd;wj;jpy; ngUk;ghd;ik gyk; cs;s tiu.
Kjyikr;ruhf gjtp Vw;Fk;NghJ rl;lkd;w cWg;gpduhf ,y;yhtpl;lhy; 6 khjj;jpw;Fs;
rl;lkd;wj;jpw;F cWg;gpduhf Nju;e;njLf;fg;gl Ntz;Lk;.
khepy rl;lkd;wk; vd;gJ – MSeu;> rl;lkd;w Nkyit> rl;lkd;w Nguit (fPoit).
rl;lkd;w Nkyitf;fhd Nju;jy; - kiwKf Nju;jy;.
rl;lkd;w Nkyit cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if – min 40 – max 1/3 (MLA).
rl;lkd;w Nkyit cWg;gpdu;fs; -1/3 gq;F cs;shl;rp mikg;Gfs;> 1/3 gq;F rl;lkd; cWg;gpdu;fs;>
1/12 gq;F gl;ljhupfs;> 1/12 gq;F Mrpupau;fs;> 1/6 gq;F MSeuhy; epakpf;fg;gLfpd;wdu;.
rl;lkd;w Nkyit – epiyahd mit.
1/3 gq;F cWg;gpdu;fs; 2 Mz;LfSf;F xUKiw Xa;T ngWtu;
Nkyit cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs;.
jiyik mYtyu; - mitj;jiytu; (mit cWg;gpdu;fshy; Nju;e;njLg;gLfpwhu;).
khepy murhq;fj;jpd; rl;lq;fis cUthf;Fgtu;fs; - rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; (MLA’s).
fl;rpapy; ,y;yhj egu; Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapl;lhy; mtu; - RNal;ir Ntl;ghsu;.
rl;lkd;w Nju;jypy; Nghl;bapLk; taJ - 25.
rl;lkd;w Nju;jypy; thf;fspf;Fk; taJ – 18.
rl;lkd;w cWg;gpdu;fs; vz;zpf;if – min 60 – max 500 (jkpo;ehL – 235).
rl;lkd;wj;ij Kd;$l;bNa fiyf;Fk; mjpfhuk; ngw;wtu; - MSeu;.
rl;lkd;w $l;lj;jpw;F jiyik Vw;gtu; - rgheahfu;.
jkpo;ehl;by; cs;s rl;lkd;w njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if – 234.
ngUk;ghd;ik ngWtjw;fhd njhFjpfspd; vz;zpf;if – 118.
rl;lkd;wk; Mz;bw;F 2 my;yJ 3 Kiw $l Ntz;Lk;
rl;lkd;wj;jpy; Kf;fpa gzp - rl;lk; ,aw;Wjy;.
rl;lkd;wk; khepyg;gl;bay; kw;Wk; nghJg;gl;baypy; cs;s Jiwfspy; rl;lkpaw;Wk;.
khepy muR mikg;G gw;wp $WtJ – gFjp VI, ruj;J 152-237.
[k;K> fh\;kPu; khepyj;jpw;F rpwg;G me;j];J toq;Fk; rl;lg;gpupT – 370 (jw;NghJ ePf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ).
MSeu; epakdk; Fwpj;J MNyhrid toq;fpa FO – ru;f;fhupah FO.
khepy murpd; jiytu; - Kjyikr;ru;.
<uit rl;lkd;wq;fis nfhz;lit – gPfhu;> fu;ehlfh> kfhuh\;buh> cj;jpug;gpuNjrk;>
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> njYq;fhdh.
jkpofj;jpy; cs;s mikr;ru;fspd; vz;zpf;if – 36 (15% of 234).
MSeUf;F MNyhrid toq;f Kjyikr;riu jiytuhf nfhz;l mikr;ruit ,Uf;Fk;
- ruj;J 163 (1).
MSeuhy; Kjyikr;ru; epakpf;fg;gLtij $WtJ – rl;lg;gpupT 164 (1).
khepy murpd; cz;ikahd mjpfhu ikakhf tpsq;FtJ – fhgpndl; (mikr;ruit).
tpjhd; gup\j; - rl;lNkyit.
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rl;lNkyit cWg;gpdu;fspd; gjtpf;fhyk; - 6 Mz;Lfs;.
jkpo;ehL rl;lNkyit (ePf;fk;) kNrhjh – 1986
,r;rl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;j ehs; - 1986> etk;gu; 1.
rl;l Nkyit cUthf;fk; (m) ePf;fk; gw;wp $Wk; rl;lg;gpupT – 169.
,e;jpahtpy; jw;NghJs;s cau;ePjpkd;wq;fspd; vz;zpf;if – 25.
Me;jpug;gpuNjrk;> mkuhtjpapy; Gjpa ePjpkd;wk; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 2019 [dtup.
jdp cau;ePjpkd;wj;ij ngw;Ws;s A+dpad; gpuNjrk; - nly;yp.
VO tlfpof;F khepyq;fspd; nghJthd cau;ePjpkd;wk; - fTfhj;jp cau;ePjpkd;wk;.
cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpd; ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuk; - ruj;J 226> 227.
ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuj;ij Fiwj;j rl;lj;jpUj;jk; - 42tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;> 1976.
cau;ePjpkd;wj;jpw;F kPz;Lk; ePjpg;Gduha;T mjpfhuj;ij toq;fpa rl;lj;jpUj;jk;
- 43tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk;> 1977.
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uhl;f;sp/g; NfhL> vy;iyf;fl;Lg;ghl;L NfhL - ,e;jpah kw;Wk; ghfp];jhd; ,ilNa cs;sJ.
,e;jpah kw;Wk; ,yq;ifia gpupf;Fk; ePu;rr; e;jp – ghf;ePu;rr
; e;jp.
ru;tNjr #uparf;jp $l;lzpia mikj;Js;s ehLfs; - ,e;jpah> gpuhd;R.
AUSINDEX - ,e;jpah (k) M];jpNuypahtpw;F ,ilNaahd flw;gil gapw;rp.
BRICS cWg;G ehLfs; - gpNurpy;> u\;ah> ,e;jpah> rPdh (k) njd;dhg;gpupf;fh
BRICS d; jiyikafk; - \hq;fha;> rPdh.
IBSA tpd; cWg;GehLfs; - ,e;jpah> gpNurpy;> njd; Mg;upf;fh.
BCIM tpd; cWg;GehLfs; - tq;fhsNjrk;> rPdh> ,e;jpah> kpahd;ku;.
BIMSTEC tpd; cWg;GehLfs; - tq;fhsNjrk;> ,e;jpah> kpahd;ku;> ,yq;if> jha;yhe;J> G+lhd;>
Neghsk;.
BBIN tpd; cWg;GehLfs; - tq;fhsNjrk;> G+lhd;> ,e;jpah> Neghsk;.
\hq;fha; xj;Jiog;G epWtdk; (sco) cWg;G ehLfs; - ,e;jpah> f[f];jhd;> fpu;fp];jhd;>
ghfp];jhd;> u\;ah> j[pfp];jhd;> c];ngfp];jhd;.
OPEC (ngl;Nuhypak; Vw;Wkjp nra;Ak; ehLfspd; $l;likg;G) epWtd ehLfs;
- <uhd;> <uhf;> Fitj;> rTjp mNugpah> ntdpRyh.
,e;jpah cWg;gpduhf cs;s cyf mikg;Gfs; - rhuf; (SSRC)> G - 20, IBSA jw;NghJ BRICS,
BCIM, MGC, BIMSTEC, RCEP, EAS, GCC, BBIN, SCO.
mjpf ehLfSld; jdJ vy;iyia gfpu;e;J nfhz;Ls;s eHLfs; - rPdh> u\;ah
ghfp];jhd; (gYrp];jhd;) ehl;il Nru;e;j Kf;fpa ,e;jpa tpLjiy Nghuhl;l tPuu;
- fhd; mg;Jy; fhgh;fhd; (vy;iyfhe;jp)
2011 y; tq;fhs Njrj;jpw;F Fj;jiff;F tplg;gl;l ,e;jpa gFjp - Bd;gpfh
,e;jpahtpypUe;J G+lhDf;F nrd;w Gj;jJwtp - FUgj;krk;gth
,e;jpahitAk; fhj;kz;LitAk; (Neghsk;) ,izf;Fk; ,izg;G - kNfe;jpuuh[; khh;f; (204 km)
COMCASA xg;ge;jk; - ,e;jpah (k) mnkhpf;fh ,ilNa ,uhZt $l;lhz;ikf;fhd jfty;
njhlh;G xg;ge;jk;.
epidtpy; nfhs;f!
jkpofj;jpy;> mjpf fy;tpawpT tpfpjk; - fd;dpahFkup> FiwT – ju;kGup> mjpf ghypd
tpfpjk; - ePyfpup> FiwT – jUkGup.
rkj;Jtk; vd;gJ ‘rkkhf elj;JtJ kl;Lky;y ntFkjp mspg;gjpYk; rkj;Jtk; ,Ug;gJ’
vd;W $wpatu; - Nguhrpupau; yh];fp.
‘rl;lj;jpd; Ml;rp’ vd;w nrhy;iy $wpatu; - V.tp. ilrp.
rkj;Jtk; gw;wp $Wk; rl;lg;gpupT – tpjp 14 -18.
rl;lg;gpupT 14 - rl;lj;jpd; Kd; midtUk; rkk;.
rl;lg;gpupT 15 - ghFghl;il jil nra;fpwJ.
rl;lg;gpupT 16 - nghJ Ntiytha;g;gpy; midtUf;Fk; rk tha;g;G.
rl;lg;gpupT 17 - jPz;lhikia xopf;fpwJ.
rl;lg;gpupT 18 - gl;lq;fis mspj;J NtWgLj;Jjiy jil nra;fpwJ.
,e;jpa njhiynjhlu;G xOq;FKiw Mizak; - TRAI.
MAs; fhg;gPl;L xOq;FKiw kw;Wk; ,e;jpahtpd; Nkk;ghl;L Mizak; - IRDAI.
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Efu;Nthu; ghJfhg;G rl;lk; - 1986
rl;l mstPl;L rl;lk; - 2009.
,e;jpa ju epu;za gzpafk; - 1986.
mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fs; rl;lk; - 1955.
fWg;G re;ijg;gLj;Jjy; jLg;G kw;wk; mj;jpahtrpa nghUl;fspd; guhkupg;G nghUl;fspd;
rl;lk; - 1980.
FbAupikapd; tiffs; - 2.
1. ,aw;if FbAupik - gpwg;ghy; ,aw;ifahf ngwf;$bait.
2. ,ay;G FbAupik - ,ay;ghf tpz;zg;gpj;J ngWk; FbAupik.
,e;jpa FbAupik rl;lk; - 1955.
1955 Mk; Mz;L ,e;jpa FbAupik rl;lg;gb FbAupik ngWk; topfs; - 5.
FbAupikia ,oj;jYf;fhd topfs; - 3.
ntspehL tho; ,e;jpau; jpdk; (gputhrp ghujpa jpdk;)
– [dtup 9 (fhe;jp ,e;jpah jpUk;gpa ehs;).
murpayikg;gpd; gFjp –II, 5 Kjy; 11 tiuapyhd tpjpfs; ,e;jpa FbAupik gw;wp
$WtJ.
1773k; Mz;L xOq;FKiw rl;lk; gb 1774y; fy;fj;jhtpy; cs;s tpy;ypak; Nfhl;ilapy;
cr;rePjpkd;wk; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;lJ.
,jd; Kjy; jiyik ePjpgjp – ru; vyp[h ,k;/Ng.
1801 – kjuh]; cr;rePjpkd;wk;.
1824 – gk;gha; cr;rePjpkd;wk;.
1862 – fy;fj;jh> gk;gha;> kjuh]; cau;ePjpkd;wq;fs;.
Fbikapay; Nky; KiwaPl;L ePjpkd;wk; - rju; jpthdp mjhyj;.
Fw;wtpay; Nky; KiwaPlL ; ePjpkd;wk; - rju; eprhkj; mjhyj;.
ehl;bd; kpfg;goikahd ePjpkd;wk; - fy;fj;jh> cau;ePjpkd;wk;.
ehl;bd; kpfg;ngupa ePjpkd;wk; - myfhghj; cau;ePjpkd;wk;.
$l;lhr;rp ePjpkd;wk; mika toptif nra;jJ – 1935 k; Mz;L ,e;jpa muR rl;lk;.
,e;jpa cr;rePjpkd;wk; njhlq;fg;gl;l ehs; - [dtup 28> 1950.
cr;rePjpkd;wk; - mj;jpahak; IV, gFjp V, rl;lg;gpupT 124 – 147.
cau;ePjpkd;wk; - mj;jpahak; VI, gFjp VI, rl;lg;gpupT 214 – 237.
Kjy; Nyhf; mjhyj; (kf;fs; ePjpkd;wk;) eilngw;w ,lk; - 1982> F[uhj;.
tpiuT ePjpkd;wq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 2000.
FLk;g ePjpkd;wq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1984.
, - ePjpkd;wq;fs; Njhw;Wtpf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 2005.
Njrpa rl;l Nritfs; mjpfhuk; (NALSA) – 1987.
,uz;L (m) mjw;F Nkw;gl;l khepyq;fs; xNu cau;ePjpkd;wj;ij nfhz;bUf;fyhk;
- 7tJ rl;lj;jpUj;jk; (1956 v.fh. gQ;rhg;> `upahdh> rz;bfu;).
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6tJ Kjy; 10 tJ tiu – nghUshjhuk;
1. ப ொருளொதரம் ஓர் அறிமுகம்
1. ப ொருளொதொரத்தின் தந்தத - ஆடம் ஸ்மித்
2. Mlk; ];kpj; Nfhl;ghL - nry;t ,yf;fzk;
3. Mlk; ];kpj; Gj;jfk; -“ed;ndwp fUj;J
- czh;T nfhs;if”
- “ehLfspd; nry;tk;”
4. nghUshjhu tiffs;
5. nghUshjhuj; Jiwfs; - 3.
1. Kjy; epiy njhopy;Jiw - 1. Ntshz;ik
- 2. kuk; ntl;Ljy;
- 3. kPd;gpbj;jy;
- 4. fhy; eil tsh;j;jy;
- 5. vz;nza; tsk; vLj;jy;
- 6. jhJnghUs; Nrfhpj;jy;
2. ,uz;lhtJ epiy njhopy;fs; - 1. fdpk> Ntshz;> fhL rhh;e;j njhopw;rhiy
2. czT gjg;gLj;jy;
3. %d;whk; epiy njhopy;fs; - 1. Nghf;Ftuj;J
- 2. njhiy njhlh;G
- 3. tq;fp
- 4. th;j;jfk;
6. fOj;Jg;gl;il
1. Kjy; epiy njhopy; - rptg;G epw fOj;Jg; gl;il
2. ,uz;lhk; epiy njhopy; - ePy epw fOj;Jg; gl;il
3. %d;whk; epiy njhopy; - nts;is epw fOj;Jg; gl;il
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cw;gj;jp fhuzpfs;
8.
2. tup
1. tup tpjpfs; - 1. rkj;Jt tpjp
- 2. cWjpg;ghl;L tpjp
- 3 trjp tpjp
- 4. rpf;fd tpjp
3. thp tiffs;
1. nrhj;J tup
1. GST (ruf;F kw;Wk;
2. tUkhd tup
Nrit tup)
3. gj;jpuq;fs; kPjhd tup
2. Nrit tup
4. epWtd tup
3. kjpg;G $l;L tup (VAT)
(or) tpw;gid tup
4. fyhy; tup
5. ,wf;Fkjp tup
6. nghOJ Nghf;F tup
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4. kj;jpa tUkhdr; rl;lk; - 1963.
3. gzk;
1. gzk; thh;j;ij – “nkhNdl;lh [PNdh” vd;w Nuhk; thh;j;ij.
2. &gha; thh;j;ij – rk];fpUj nrhy; “&gpah”
3. gzk; mr;rbg;gJ – RBI (uprh;t; / tq;fp)
4. ehzak; mr;rbg;gJ – epjp mikr;rfk;> ,e;jpa muR
5. RBI njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1935
6. etPd ehza Kiwapd; je;ij – n\h;\h R+u;
7. Mq;fpy ehzak;:
(i) jq;f ehzak; - fNuhypdh
(ii) nts;sp ehzak; - VQ;N[ypdh
(iii) nrk;G ehzak; - fg;&d;
(iv) ntz;fy ehzak; - bd;dp
8. gztPf;fk; - tpiyfs; cah;T> gz kjpg;G FiwT
9. gzthl;lk; - tpiyfs; FiwT> gz kjpg;G cah;T
10. gz Nkhrb jLg;G rl;lk; - 2002
11. Coy; jLg;G rl;lk; - 1988
12. gpdhkp ghpth;j;jid jLg;G rl;lk; - 1988.
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ehL nryhtzpapd; ngau; ehL nryhtzpapd; ngau;
,e;jpah &gha; rTjp mNugpah upahy;
,q;fpyhe;J gTz;L M];jpNuypah lhyu;
INuhg;gpa xd;wpak; A+Nuh kNyrpah upq;fpl;
fdlh lhyu; ghfp];jhd; &gha;
[g;ghd; nad; ,yq;if &gha;.
rPdh Athd;
gz kjpg;G Fiwg;G:
,e;jpahtpy; nryhtzp kjpg;G Fiwg;G epfo;Tfs;
1. nrg;lk;gh; - 29 - 1949
2. [Pd; - 6 - 1966
3. [Piy - 1 - 1991
,e;jpa &gha; 1947-ypUe;J %d;W Kiw.
gzk; kjpg;G ePf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ehs; etk;gh; 08 – 2016.
4. Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk;
jpl;lf;FO
njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 15> khh;r; 1950
jiyth; - gpujkh;
Ie;jhz;L jpl;lk; USSR (u\;ah) khjphp
jpl;lf;FO xopf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 2014
Njrpa tsh;rr ; p FO cUthf;fg;gl;l Mz;L – Mf];L – 06> 1952
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Rje;jpu nghd;dhz;L
r%f ePjp kw;Wk;
9k; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (1997-2002) 7% 5.6%
rkj;Jtk;
tsh;rr
; pailjy;
ehl;bd; cs;ehl;L
10k; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (2002-2007) 8.0% 7.2% cw;gj;jpia
,ul;bg;ghf;Fjy;
vy;yhj; JiwapYk;
11k; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (2007-2012) 8.1% 7.9%
mjpf tsh;rr ; p
12k; Ie;jhz;Lj; jpl;lk; (2012-2017) 8%
5. nghUshjhu mikg;Gfs;
1. upru;t; tq;fp:
njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L - 1935
njhlf;fj;jpy; jiyikafk; - fy;fj;jh
jw;NghJ jiyikafk; - Kk;ig (1937)
jw;NghJ fth;dh; - rf;jp fhe;j jh];
Kjy; fth;dh; - M];gphpd; ];kpj;
lhf;lu; gp.Mh;. mk;Ngj;fhpd; “gzj;jpd; rpf;fYk; mjd; jPh;Tk;” (The problem of the rupee and
its solution) vd;w Muha;r;rpf; fl;Liuapd; mbg;gilapy; jhd; ,e;jpa uprh;t; tq;fpapd;
mbg;gilr; rl;lk; 1934 –y; cUthf;fg; gl;Ls;sJ.
Njrpakakhf;Fjy;:
1969 – 50 Nfhbf;F Nky; itg;Gj; njhif nfhz;l 14 tq;fpfs; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ld.
1980 – 200 Nfhbf;F Nky; itg;Gj; njhif nfhz;l 6 tq;fpfs; Njrpakakhf;fg;gl;ld.
2. epjp Mizak;:
ruj;J 280
5- tUlj;jpw;F xU Kiw epakdk;
epjpf;FO Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l Mz;L jiytH nray;gLk; fhyk;
KjyhtJ 1951 K.C. epNahfp 1952 – 57
gjpehd;F 2013 Dr.Y.V. nul;b 2015 – 20
gjpide;J 2017 N.K. rpq; 2020 – 25
3. NABARD:
njhlq;fg;gl;l Mz;L – 1982
ghpe;Jiu – rptuhkd; fkpl;b
4. epjp MNahf;:
National Institution for Transforming India vd;gjd; RUf;fNk epjp MNahf; vd;gjhFk;.
,e;jpahtpy; epjpMNahf; [dthp - 1>2015 md;W mikr;ruitf; FOtpd; %yk; mikf;fg;gl;lJ.
epjp MNahf; mikg;gpd; jiyth; - ,e;jpa gpujkh;
epjp MNahf; mikg;gpd; cWg;gpdh;fs; - kj;jpa mikr;rh;fs;
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eph;thfj; jiyth; - Jizj; jiyth;
epjpMNahf;fpd; Kjy; Jiz jiyth; - mutpe;j; gdfhpah
ePz;lfhy 10 Mz;LfSf;F Nky; xU fhyk; gFjpahff; fUjg;gLtJ. - tpA+fj;jpl;lkply;
6. Ntiytha;g;G
1. ciog;ghsh; FO - 15 taJ Kjy; 60 taJ tiu
2. Ntiytha;g;G mYtyfk; mikj;jth; - ngNuh]; - \h - Jf;sf;
3. ,UNty; gl;L fpuhkk; - tpOg;Guk; khtl;lk;
4. ,UNty; gl;L fpuhkk; - ];Nyl;lh; fpuhkk; vd;W miof;fg;gLfpwJ
5. tptrha Jiwapy; mjpf Ntiytha;g;G cs;sJ.
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1. gRik Gul;rp – czT jhdpaq;fs; cw;gj;jp mjpfhpj;jy;
gRik Gul;rp je;ij – M.S. Rthkpehjd;
2. gUt fhyk;:
1) fhhp/g; - [Pd; - nrg;lk;gh;
2) uhgp – mf;Nlhgh; - [dthp
3) iraJ – Vg;uy; - Nk
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v/F efuk; vd;wiof;fg;gLtJ - Nryk;
“jkpofj;jpd; Eiothapy;” - J}j;Jf;Fb
,e;jpahtpd; kUj;Jtj; jiyefuk; vdg;gLtJ> ,e;jpahtpd; tq;fp jiyefuk; vdg;gLtJ>
Mrpahtpd; nll;uha;l; jiyefuk; vdg;gLtJ - nrd;id
8. Njrpa tUtha;
1. GDP (nkhj;j cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp)
Xh; Mz;by; ehl;bd; Gtpapay; vy;iyf;Fs; cs;s cw;gj;jp nra;ag;gl;l gz;lq;fs; gzpfspd;
nkhj;j re;ij kjpg;G
epjp Mz;L – Vg;uy; 1 Kjy; khh;r; 31
GDP = C + I + G + (X - M)
1934 Mk; Mz;by; “irkd; F];el;” vd;gtuhy; GDP apd; etPd fUj;J Kjd; Kjypy;
cUthf;fg;gl;lJ.
2. NDP - epfu cs;ehl;L cw;gj;jp
NDP = GDP - Nja;khdk;
3. GNP - nkhj;j ehl;L cw;gj;jp
4. NNP - epfu ehl;L cw;gj;jp
NNP = GNP – Nja;khdk;
5. PCI – jyh tUkhdk;
nkhj;j ehl;L tUkhdk;
jyh tUkhdk; =
nkhj;j kf;fs; njhif
6. PI – jdpegh; tUkhdk;
7. DI – nrytpljFe;j tUkhdk;
8. jhjhgha; nesNuh[p Gj;jfk; - “tWikAk; gphpl;lDf;F Xt;thj Ml;rpAk;”
,e;jpahtpy; Kjypy; jdpegh; tUkhdk; Fwpj;J Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shh;.
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9. jpl;lq;fs; kw;Wk; rl;lq;fs;
kf;fs; njhif
kf;fs; njhif fzf;nfLg;G – 2011
mjpf kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jp nfhz;l khepyk; gPfhh;
Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif mlh;j;jp nfhz;l khepyk; mUzhryg;gpuNjrk;
Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif khepyk; rpf;fpk;
mjpf kf;fs; njhif khepyk; cj;jpugpuNjrk;
Fiwe;j kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l A+dpad; gpuNjrk; ,yl;rj;jPT
mjpf kf;fs; njhif nfhz;l A+dpad; gpuNjrk; nly;yp
mjpf ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l khepyk; Nfush
Fiwe;j ghypd tpfpjk; nfhz;l khepyk; `upahdh
mjpf vOj;jwpTf; nfhz;l khepyk; Nfush
Fiwe;j vOj;jwpTf; nfhz;l khepyk; gPfhh;
t.
msTfs; jkpo;ehL ,e;jpah
vz;
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,e;jpahtpy; Rw;Wr; #oy; rl;lk;
t.vz; rl;lk; nray;ghL
Rw;Wr;#oy; ghJfhg;G> fhLfs; kw;Wk; ,aw;if
1 Njrpa gRik jPh;g;gha rl;lk; (2010)
tsq;fisg; ghJfhf;fpwJ.
2 gy;Yaph;ik ghJfhg;Gr; rl;lk; (2002) gy;Yaph;ikfisg; ghJfhj;jy;
tho;ehs; vjph;g;ghh;gG
; MAl;fhyk; (Mz;Lfs;)
Mz;L Mz;fs; ngz;fs; nkhj;jk;
2011 62.6 64.2 63.5
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,e;jpahtpd; fy;tpawpT
nkhj;j fy;tpawpT
Mz;L Mz;fs; ngz;fs;
ngw;wth;
2011 82.1% 65.5% 74.04%
cyfg; Gtpg;gug;gpy; 2.4% gug;gsT (k) cyf tUthapy; 1.2% tUthia ngw;Ws;sJ - ,e;jpah
cyfg; kf;fs; njhifapy; jd;dj;Nj nfhz;Ls;s ,lk; - 17.5%
cyf kf;fs; njhifapy; 6y; xUtu; - ,e;jpau;.
1961 Mz;L ,e;jpa kf;fs; ngUf;f tPjk; 1.96% mjhtJ 2% MFk;.
2001 Mz;L kf;fs; njhif xU gpy;ypad; - 100 Nfhb msitf;fle;jJ.
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