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Changing Digital
Geographies
Technologies, Environments and People
Jessica McLean
Changing Digital Geographies
 Jessica McLean

Changing Digital
Geographies
Technologies, Environments
and People
Jessica McLean
Department of Geography and Planning
Macquarie University
Sydney, NSW, Australia

ISBN 978-3-030-28306-3 ISBN 978-3-030-28307-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28307-0

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
Switzerland AG, part of Springer Nature 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse
of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and
transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by
similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with
regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover credit: Photo by Katie McLean

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Acknowledgements

Thank you to Rachael Ballard and Joanna McNeil at Palgrave

Macmillan for their excellent editorial support.
Thank you to Macquarie University for employing me during the
writing of this book.
Thank you to the research participants who so generously shared
their knowledge, time and energy during interviews for this book.
Thank you to the Critical Development and Indigenous Geographies
research cluster, Department of Geography and Planning Macquarie
University, for reading, commenting on and critiquing the chapter on
decolonising digital geographies.
Thank you to Dr. Linda Steele, University of Technology Sydney, for
reading, critiquing and sharing useful research materials, for the chapter
on people with disabilities and digital geographies.
Thank you to Dr. Sophia Maalsen, University of Sydney, for crucial
early conversations about digital geographies and for walking along
winding academic roads with me, real and more-than-real.
Thank you to Alan Vaarwerk at Kill your Darlings for publishing my
essay Those Anthropocene Feelings that helped to extend my thinking for
Chapter 8 Feeling the Digital Anthropocene.

v
vi      Acknowledgements

Thank you to my family for helping out with Lorenzo and my aca-
demic world overall—Mum, Dad, Rachel, Sharon, Daniel, Guida,
Lizzy, Dan B., Gabe, Josh, Katie, Nomie, Han, Josh B., Joe, Sophie,
Eloise, Jacinta, Dominic, Abel, Aidan, Mae, Josie and Anna. And to
Kelly Yates, Abbie Hartley, Phoebe Bailey, Liz Starr and Linda Martin
for same.
Big thanks to Katie McLean for generously taking the cover image
and making it fit for purpose.
Thanks to Rohan Mackenzie for careful reviewing and editing of
Chapter 1, and for patient conversations during the making of this
book.
And this book is for Lorenzo, my son, who has been challenging and
changing my digital geographies for a few years now, in the most sur-
prising and excellent ways.
 Contents

1 Introduction 1

2 Framing the More-Than-Real in the Anthropocene 23

3 Digital Action, Human Rights and Technology 47

4 Digital Rights and Digital Justice: Defining

and Negotiating Shifting Human–Technology Relations 65

5 Decolonising Digital Technologies? Digital

Geographies and Indigenous Peoples 91

6 Changing Climates Digitally: More-Than-Real

Environments 113

7 Delivering Green Digital Geographies? More-Than-Real

Corporate Sustainability and Digital Technologies 139

8 Feeling the Digital Anthropocene 159

vii
viii      Contents

9 Feminist Digital Spaces 177

10 Australian Feminist Digital Activism 203

11 ‘It’s Just Coding’: Disability Activism In, and About,

Digital Spaces 229

12 Conclusion: Thinking with the More-Than-Real 247

Appendix 257

Index 259
 List of Figures

Fig. 3.1 Prof Kim Weatherall’s tweet about #MyHealthRecord

and human rights from the Human Rights and Technology
Conference 51
Fig. 3.2 Screenshot of the AHRC tweeting Kathy Baxter
at the Human Rights and Technology conference 52
Fig. 3.3 Twitter exchange between Prof. Deb Verhoeven and me
on how AI works 54
Fig. 3.4 Dr. Fiona Martin challenging the ‘4 Ds’ at the Human
Rights and Technology Conference 55
Fig. 3.5 Photo of Prof. Genevieve Bell and the revolutions
from the Human Rights and Technology Conference
(taken by author) 56
Fig. 4.1 Screenshot of ‘Stop the Forced Closure of Aboriginal
Communities in Australia @sosblakaustralia’ Facebook page 75
Fig. 6.1 Mike Cannon-Brookes’ response to PM video on energy
companies and production 117
Fig. 6.2 The climate action that supporters of the Climate Council
are interested in pursuing (originally published in McLean
and Fuller 2016) 126
Fig. 7.1 Screenshot of Optus Sustainability Scorecard (2018) 144

ix
x      List of Figures

Fig. 7.2 Digital technologies providing fuel savings—image

from pdf of Fujitsu report (Fujitsu 2014, 18) 151
Fig. 8.1 Feeling the Anthropocene—Eric Holthaus
(Twitter screenshot, May 2018) 168
Fig. 8.2 The generative potential of the Anthropocene
(Twitter screenshot, May 2018) 169
Fig. 8.3 Hope and despair in the Anthropocene—Farai Chideya
(Twitter screenshot, May 2018) 169
Fig. 9.1 The interface of everyday sexism (https://everydaysexism.com/) 189
Fig. 10.1 Screenshot of Counting Dead Women campaign page
on Facebook 208
Fig. 10.2 Facebook page for DTJ—screenshot of banner 209
Fig. 10.3 eSafety Commission publication ‘Skills and strategies
for coping with cyber abuse’ 215
 List of Tables

Table 5.1 A sample of the #Indigenousdads offerings 103

Table 6.1 Activities undertaken by environmental NGOs in digital
spaces and their possible outcomes 128
Table 7.1 Sample of digital corporations in Australia and their
claims of sustainability 143
Table 7.2 Global carbon emissions associated with digital
technologies—from Bronk et al. (2010) 153
Table 10.1 A sample of Australian digital feminisms 205
Table 11.1 Dynamics of universal design in digital technologies
(developed from interviews with disability activists
and Elias 2011) 234

xi
 1
Introduction

Changing Digital Geographies

Digital geographies are constantly changing as individuals, community
groups and institutions take advantage of these amorphous contexts.
Users of digital technologies are subject to, and participants in creat-
ing, innumerable digital changes, while corporations continue to render
devices and software obsolete to increase profits, and governments are
slowly becoming involved in regulating the digital. Digital technologies
are providing new opportunities for communication and connection,
while simultaneously deepening problems associated with isolation,
global inequity and environmental harm, contributing to shifting digital
geographies.
The work of those trying to achieve digital, environmental and social
justice also refigures the digital. For instance, GetUp! in Australia is ‘an
independent movement of more than a million people working to build
a progressive Australia and bring participation back into our democracy’
that has used digital technologies to produce political changes. In a con-
versation with Lyn Goldsworthy, GetUp! Board Member, I learnt about

© The Author(s) 2020 1

J. McLean, Changing Digital Geographies,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28307-0_1
2    
J. McLean

how digital work is at the core of their interventions and I mentioned

the growing membership of this organisation:

Yeah, well, and is that not surprising? I mean, it is a citizen-led organiza-

tion. The GetUp! executive does not decide in a vacuum what it should
work on. I mean, I found it quite difficult initially because I come from
a “long-term strategic, pick up an issue and then follow it through until
you win” approach. And it took me a little while to realize that GetUp!’s
role is to galvanize issues and galvanize the public to become involved
in those issues. And then if someone else picks them up to finish them
off, fine. But our job is more the one-year, two-year, three-year work…
not saying quick fix because that’s not the right word, but it’s that ini-
tial get-everybody-engaged work. (Lyn Goldsworthy interview, November
2018)

GetUp!’s work is funded by donations from citizens, and spans cam-

paigns as diverse as bringing refugees to Australia, to pushing for solar
power to become the bulk of energy consumption. The progressive
politics that GetUp! advocates has attracted repeated political attacks,
including the creation of a counter-activist group called ‘Advance
Australia’ in 2018, founded by conservative individuals who wanted to
curtail GetUp!’s reach. In the lead up to the Federal election in 2019,
Advance Australia created an inflatable mascot called ‘Captain GetUp!’
with a Twitter account that was meant to satirise GetUp!’s approach.
The Twitter presence of Captain GetUp! states that it ‘has arrived to
tell you what to think and how to act this election!’ With fewer than
two thousand followers, Captain GetUp! has not achieved significant
reach, except as an object of ridicule itself; a parody account for Captain
Getup! has more followers than the original. The parody of the satire
out-performed it, and Getup! continues to grow as an organisation.
The polar possibilities that shape digital geographies—of generative
and destructive processes in digital spaces—produce a space that could be
understood as ‘more-than-real’. Here, I am using the ‘more-than-real’ idea
as a political strategy and to examine how digital technologies, humans
and environments interact to produce changing digital geographies.
As a political strategy, the more-than-real idea carries the potential to
 1 Introduction    
3

build on arguments on the materiality of the digital and the agency

of non-human digital actors. In 1987, Brian Massumi, speaking to
Deleuze and Guattari in an article on the simulacrum, touched on the
idea of the ‘more-than-real’:

The reality of the model is a question that needs to be dealt with…The

alternative is a false one because simulation is a process that produces the
real, or, more precisely, more real (a more-than-real) on the basis of the
real. (Massumi 1987, 93)

Massumi is arguing that there is no real and simulation that exist in

opposition to, or distinct from, each other, and that we make, and
remake, the real from already ‘real’ things. In effect, a simulation, or
representation, is as real as the original ‘real’—except that there never
is an original. At the time of Massumi’s writing on the realer than real,
digital geographies were only emerging but the patterns of thinking
about reality and ways of being that he stipulates resonate with this
space.
The ‘more-than-real’ is assembled from multiple elements and pro-
duces powerful effects; as a concept, the more-than-real is inspired
by geographers’ work on the more-than-human (for example see
Whatmore 2002). More-than-human work emphasises material inter-
connections of humans and non-humans in the world, and challenges
the binary thinking that dominates western thought. Similarly, the
more-than-real concept inverts the diminishing that accompanies use
of the terms ‘virtual’ and ‘immaterial’ as applied to digital spaces, mov-
ing away from tendencies to place these realms as inferior and subor-
dinate to the ‘real’. Drawing on Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick’s writing in
Touching Feeling (2003), the more-than-real sits besides thinking about
the ‘real’ and digital geographies, not beyond or behind such work, in
an effort to think through dilemmas of digital spaces in a nondualistic
way. Following Sedgwick, rather than reproducing binaries and resist-
ing nondualistic thought, the more-than-real sits with ideas about how
digital geographies are made, and are making us. The more-than-real
concept does political, cultural, social and environmental work in
assembling facets that cut across space/time compressions to produce
4    
J. McLean

polar activity—excesses of productive and destructive forces of social

change with material entanglements (McLean 2016). The more-
than-real, then, is also building on new materialist thinking on the
political ecology of things, including Jane Bennett’s (2009) landmark
‘Vibrant Matter’ and conceptualisations of digital spaces as forming a
sort of public sphere (Papacharissi 2002).
In thinking through changing digital geographies, I offer an analy-
sis of digital spaces as more-than-real, rather than unreal, recognising
the affective and emotional forces that co-produce the digital, contrib-
uting to the growing digital geographic literature. Ash et al. (2019)
co-edited a wide-reaching volume on ‘Digital Geographies’ and argued
that there is value in drawing on previous thinking about shifts in geo-
graphic work to inform the current wave of digital studies. Reminiscent
of thinking relating to the earlier cultural turn in geography, Ash et al.
(2019, 5) suggest that it is useful to think of digital geographies ‘as a
turn towards the digital as object and subject of inquiry in geography,
and as a simultaneous inflection of geographical scholarship by ­digital
phenomena’. Conceptualising a digital turn, rather than arguing for a
new sub-discipline within geography, suggests that digital g­ eographies
are an inflection, rather than a transformation, of geographic thought
and practice. I argue that we do not yet know the extent of the shifts
that digital geographies may offer, as important questions are being
formed about how digital geographies work, and how societies and
environments are remaking these spaces. For instance, do we consider
emotion, affect and ontologies as central to this digital turn? And how
are we remaking the digital through social movements and cultural
practices, that in digital spaces combine the personal with the politi-
cal, the everyday with concerns relating to digital justice? We can con-
tinue to interrogate what digital geographies mean for navigating and
producing global environmental changes, and perhaps whether we can
decentre the human in understanding digital rights in this research
area. Building on earlier work by Pickerill (2003) and Kitchin and
Dodge (2011), this book aims to contribute to this growing and timely
conversation.
Latour analyses human and technology relations in ‘Love your mon-
sters: Why we must care for our technologies as we do our children’ and
 1 Introduction    
5

offers the narrative of Frankenstein’s misadventure with his creation as

a metaphor for how humans engage with technology. Latour (2014)
exhorts humans to take better care of technologies and avoid repetition
of Frankenstein’s mistaken abandonment of his charge. Similarly, this
metaphor can be applied to our digital technologies, inviting corpo-
rations, governments and individuals to not neglect the unwieldy and
powerful technologies that co-produce our digital lives. The technolo-
gies that comprise the digital are made of ‘entanglements of all those
things that were once imagined to be separable—science, morality,
religion, law, technology, finance and politics’ (Latour 2014, no page
numbers). These entanglements are, in some ways, making monsters of
humans, the digital and non-humans, of multiple sorts. It is appropriate
to think about the ways that digital monsters emerge in the more-
than-real, and to delineate the who, what, where, why and how of these
digital geographies, however nebulous, that form them.
Some standout digital monsters are framed as the ‘frightful five’ by
Manjoo (2017) and are collectively worth trillions: Amazon, Apple,
Alphabet (owner of Google), Facebook and Microsoft. These particular
digital monsters are not subject to strong government regulations and
are deeply entrenched in aspects of everyday lives, in most parts of the
Global North and increasingly so in the Global South. The limitations
of the digital are visible in the exacerbation of uneven geographies of
representation and participation in the digital (Graham et al. 2015).
The Global North continues to dominate digital information technol-
ogies in terms of making, and being the subject of, most digital data.
Ballatore et al. (2017) identify digital hegemonies in representations
of place with respect to the Global South, signified by less locally pro-
duced digital content than the North in Google searches. The North
is finding new ways to continue exploiting the South, but the South(s)
are also finding new ways to assert agency (Milan and Treré 2019) and
countering neocolonial digital geographies is happening on multiple
fronts. Further digital dilemmas emerge if we fetishise big data sets that
can potentially seduce researchers and policy-makers alike with the
scale and scope of data to analyse (for example, see big data analysis by
Stephens-Davidowitz 2017). Big data is a seductive pool of informa-
tion for analysis but Kwan (2016) urges that geographers use caution
6    
J. McLean

with these sources of information and what they mean, and for us to
consider the impact of algorithms that drive aspects of big data genera-
tion. Similarly, Milan and Treré (2019, 328) argue that we must under-
stand Big Data from the South and that this ‘entails the engagement
with a plurality of uncharted ways of actively (re)imagining processes of
data production, processing, and appropriation’. Attempting to decentre
the Global North is a key part of this transformation.
The most well-known damaging aspects of the digital might be
the troll—that digital creature which emerges at particular spaces
and times, to fight disparate and sometimes organised campaigns,
in groups such as 4chan or Anonymous (Coleman 2014). These
trickster characters, similar to hackers (Nikitina 2012), are slippery
­
aspects of digital spaces. Coleman (2014) ethnographically followed
the work of Anonymous and found that her insider–outsider status
in relation to the group became part of the narrative of who and what
Anonymous is. Rather than being a one-dimensional digital devi-
ant, Anonymous works in tricky ethical spaces according to Coleman
(2014), some damaging, others not so. We could point to Donald
Trump’s Twitter use as a monstrous spectacle relying on incivility and
hyperbole (Lee and Xu 2018). Other digital monsters might include
the Australian government—keeping metadata for two years after it
has been created and having massive digital failures with the census and
datafication of social payments (Galloway 2017).
The social media presence that corporations enable and individuals
cultivate can be monstrous in their addictive qualities built from classical
conditioning, while our employers can also be framed as introducing dig-
ital dilemmas with their reliance on the tentacles of the digital, extend-
ing into private domains and outside of formal work hours, producing
troublesome ‘intimate geographies of the digital’ (Richardson 2016, 14).
I have briefly contributed to conceptualisations of the limitations of
the digital by offering versions of digital monsters here, so that we can
reflect upon, and think of, ways that the digital works, and to high-
light the breadth and depth of troublesome digital ways of being. The
more-than-real can produce polarised and contradictory relations that
are at least partly shaped by emotion and affect in human–technology
relations. After all, as Ahmed (2013, 18) attests ‘Emotions are shaped
 1 Introduction    
7

by contact with objects’. It is also important to think of ourselves, and

our desire (and need?) to be digitally engaged, wherever and whenever,
as monstrous habits—as tenuous and troubling as this ‘our’ category
might be.
But it also matters that to do something digitally can involve little
physical or externalised action: the critiques of armchair activism, or
slacktivism (Goldsborough 2011), have struck on something here—
although they have not taken their argument to the point of full expla-
nation for why some digital actions are sometimes so effective, even if
they seemingly do not require significant effort. To sign a petition, like
something on Facebook, or post a tweet using a particular hashtag, does
not require the same level of deliberate exertion as joining a protest on
a public street, blockading a farm property to stop intrusive gas explo-
ration, or becoming part of a picket line. And it is that relative ease,
of activism through the digital, that enables even the smallest surges of
emotion and affect to generate something—those digital gestures—and
then cumulatively, individual minor acts coalesce to form moments,
and possibly movements, that stem from, but are not limited to, the
more-than-real.
Returning to the story of Frankenstein and the monster, Latour sees
Frankenstein’s problem as arising from a lack of care for that which he
created and failed to attend to:

Frankenstein lives on in the popular imagination as a cautionary tale

against technology. We use the monster as an all-purpose modifier to
denote technological crimes against nature. When we fear genetically
modified foods we call them “frankenfoods” and “frankenfish.” It is tell-
ing that even as we warn against such hybrids, we confuse the monster
with its creator. We now mostly refer to Dr. Frankenstein’s monster as
Frankenstein. And just as we have forgotten that Frankenstein was the
man, not the monster, we have also forgotten Frankenstein’s real sin.

Dr. Frankenstein’s crime was not that he invented a creature through

some combination of hubris and high technology, but rather that he
abandoned the creature to itself. (Latour 2014, paragraphs 3–4, italics in
original)
8    
J. McLean

Analogously, if humans fail to ethically engage with the digital—

considering questions of justice and sustainability as we expand our
digital lives—the more-than-real can potentially slip further away, out
of any semblance of control. The more-than-real concept comes from
concern about the unfurling of digital geographies without check. The
language we use in everyday life for the digital invokes its immateriality:
including terms like the virtual and the opposite of ‘IRL’ (in real life).
If the digital is not framed as a version of the real, then attempting to
negotiate and control it, to manage its unwieldy possibilities, is next to
impossible.
Tendencies to un-real digital spaces are evident in commentary on
the power, or otherwise, of digital activism. For instance, Gladwell
(2010) wrote an oft-cited essay on the paucity of online activism and
confused social media interactions as ‘not real’. He wrote that ‘The
evangelists of social media…seem to believe that a Facebook friend is
the same as a real friend and that signing up for a donor registry in
Silicon Valley today is activism in the same sense as sitting at a segre-
gated lunch counter in Greensboro in 1960’ (Gladwell 2010, paragraph
19, emphasis added). Gladwell goes on to say that Facebook reinforces
people’s sense of having contributed to social change by pursuing
superficial change. He argues that digital activism motivates people to
‘do the things that people do when they are not motivated enough to
make a real sacrifice’. Again, the binary demarcation of the digital as not
real and ineffective is produced in the term ‘real sacrifice’. Digital spaces
are paradoxical and networked and yet binaries emerge at certain times
when thinking about, and talking of, digital engagements and entangle-
ments. Or, as Karpf (2016) suggests, it is tempting to either celebrate
the glorious potentials of digital activism or bemoan rampant clictiv-
ism, as Gladwell does above. Another example of not-realing appears
in Pesce’s (2017) essay on the way Facebook is morphing everyday lives
when he argues that ‘The real world is about to disappear. It all begins
with fake news’. Pesce is stating that we are on a precipice of reality
falling away, with all that is solid melting into air, as Marx and then
Berman assuaged, and that fake news is the beginning of this. Fake news
is, of course, a product of the digital. Still, this dystopic forecast assumes
that a singular ‘real’ ever existed, something Deleuze and Guattari,
 1 Introduction    
9

and Massumi, contest, and places the digital as an all-powerful agent of

change rather than as technologies that are already being reckoned with.
I offer the more-than-real in a similar way to how the more-than-human
has offered a new language for relational analysis of human–nature con-
nections. Further, I depict digital spaces as more-than-real, rather than
unreal, to elevate recognition of the affective and emotional forces that
co-produce the digital. The desire to do something in digital spaces pro-
duces social, cultural, economic and environmental changes that are
real, and can challenge normative spatial relations, sometimes in surpris-
ing ways, as this book will show. The not-realing of digital spaces can
lead to a misunderstanding of what is happening there as the amplifi-
cation of emotion and affect forms ad hoc publics (Bruns and Burgess
2011) or more persistent issue publics (Kim 2009). The role of emotion
and affect in the digital is, at first glance, confusing and the more-than-
real may provide another tool for working with these messy, compli-
cated terrains.
Frequently, corporations, governments and individuals tend to
­minimise the impacts of digital spaces when thinking about global envi-
ronmental changes since we conceive of the digital as intangible and
not substantive. My work joins the critical geographic thinking that
is already happening in this space; for example, Büscher (2016) gives
insights into the way nature 2.0 is conceptualised and engaged with in
conservation action. He defines nature 2.0 as ‘co-creative’ technologies
with two-way relations where information is produced, consumed and
communicated at the same time, such as crowdfunding to produce a
conservation result like more protected areas. Nature 2.0 has the poten-
tial to increase democratic processes in society through enabling people
to take control and initiate social, environmental and cultural changes.
Büscher (2016) gives the case of the ‘elephant corridor’ where online
hopes for supporting and creating a new space to protect elephant hab-
itat resulted in the crowdfunding ‘of €430,000 for the establishment of
an elephant conservation and migration corridor from Chobe National
Park in Botswana via the Caprivi Strip in Namibia to the Kafue flats
in Zambia’ (Büscher 2016, 164). However, this did not translate into
an effective conservation outcome for elephants and Büscher concludes
that in nature 2.0 ‘it is harder to see the disjunctures and hierarchies but
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Mohawk, 336
Moldavia, 293
Mona, 88, 89, 92, 93
Monarch, 82, 83, 110
Mona’s Isle, 87, 88, 91, 92, 94, 95, 150
Mona’s Queen, 90, 93
Mongolia, 293
Monitor, 329
Monitoria, 349
Monkey, 311
Montana, 248
Mooltan, 261, 293
Morea, 293
C. W. Morse, 48
Moselle, 53
Munster, 204
Mute, 35
Narragansett, 45
Natchez, 54
Navahoe, 351
Nebraska, 248
Nemesis, 316
Neptune, 315
Nevada, 248
New Jersey, 219
New Orleans, 35, 42
Newhaven, 109
Niagara, 152, 245
Nicholai, 169
Nicolaieff, 363
Niger, 313
Nile, 98
Nimrod, 316
Nitocris, 316
Nix, 319
Norfolk, 300
Norman, 183
Normandy, 109, 113, 114
North American, 255
North Carolina, 340
North River, 35, 36, 41
Northampton, 315
Northman, 100
Northumberland, 315
Norwich, 49
Nottingham, 97
Novelty, 217
Oberon, 351
Ocean, 140
Oceanic, 252, 287, 288
Ogden, Francis B., 218
Ohio, 188
Old Colony, 47
Olive Branch, 35, 43
Olympic, 289
Ontario, 53
Oregon, 48, 49, 188, 250, 282
Orient, 295
Oriental, 178
Orlando, 315
Orleans, 107
Oroonoko, 53
Orvieto, 292
Oscar, 64
Osterley, 292
Otaki, 310
Otranto, 292
Pacific, 157, 161, 188, 204, 264
Pakeha, 298
Pallas, 266, 331
Pallion, 349
Paragon, 35, 41, 44
Paris, 107, 108, 109
Parisian, 281
Pas de Calais, 105
Patriarch, 296
Patricia, 305
Paul Paix, 349
Pawnee, 339
Penelope, 315
Pennsylvania, 254
Pericles, 297
Peru, 187
Perseverance, 23, 36, 38, 45
Persia, 243, 271, 293
Perth, 87
Peterhoff, 373
Peveril, 93
Philadelphia, 44
Phlegethon, 316
Phœnix, 29, 123, 135
Pilgrim, 47
Pioneer, 53
Plymouth, 47
Pole Star, 371
Powerful, 100
Powhatan, 45
President, 146-148, 169
President Grant, 305
President Lincoln, 305
Prince of Orange, 66
Prince of Wales, 93, 96
Princess Alice, 373
Princess Charlotte, 66
Princess Ena, 116
Princess Margaret, 116
Princess of Wales, 106
Princesse Clementine, 309
Princesse Elisabeth, 309
Prinz Heinrich, 304
Prinz Hendrick, 332
Prince Regent Luitpold, 304
Propeller, 162
Propontis, 306
Providence, 47
Puritan, 47
Q.E.D., 211
Quebec, 140
Queen, 105
Queen, The, 254, 309
Queen Alexandra, 309
Queen of the Isle, 89
Queen Victoria, 93, 96
Rainbow, 197, 280
Rangatira, 298
Rariton, 35
Rathmore, 120
Rattler, 312, 337
Recruit, 319
Regent, 70
Release, 174
Rennes, 108
Republic, 288
Rhadamanthus, 311
Rhaetia, 302
Rhenus, 269
Rhode Island, 90
Richmond, 35, 41, 43, 45
Richmond, John W., 46
Rising Empire, 186
Rising Star (or Sun), 126-133
Rob Roy, 72
Robert Bruce, 96
Robert Burns, 111
Robert F. Stockton, 218
Robert Fulton, 44, 51
Roodezee, 361
Rose (Dublin), 97, 98
Rose (L. & N.W.R.), 119
Rose (Merchantman), 127
Rosstrevor, 120
Rothesay Castle, 106
Rotomahana, 281
Rouen, 107
Rowan, 101
Royal George, 83
Royal Tar, 176
Royal William (Canadian), 134, 136
Royal William (Dublin Co.), 144
Ruahine, 186, 292
Rugia, 302
Russia, 241, 246
Safa-el-bahr, 374
St. George, 72, 94, 95
St. John, 48
St. Louis, 291
St. Malo, 113
St. Patrick, 72
St. Paul, 291
Salamander, 307, 312, 319, 320
Sampo, 369
Sans Pareil, H.M.S., 358
Sapphire, 335
Sarah Sands, 231, 235
Satsuma, 335
Saturnia, 255
Savannah, 30, 122-126, 136, 199
Scotia, 104, 120, 246, 369
Sea-Horse, 72
Sea King, 173
Sea Swallow, 327
Seraing, 321
Sexta, 306
Shamrock, 97, 119
Shannon, 97, 262
Sharkie, 372
Shenandoah, 170, 174, 175, 194
Sirius, 138-144
Smith, F. P., 216
Snaefell, 91, 92
Solent, 116
Sophia Jane, 94
Sorata, 295
South-Western, 113, 116
Southampton, 113, 114, 115, 116
Sprague, 199
Spreewald, 305
Standart, 371
Stanley, 119
Stella, 116
Stockton, Robert F., 218
Suevic, 300
Sultan, 314, 315
Superb, 96
Sussex, 109
Swan of the Exe, 383
Swift, 73
Syren, 300
Talbot, 72
Tartar, 336
Tasmanian, 184
Taureau, 329
Tay, 64
Telica, 187
Terror, 334
Teucer, 346
Teutonic, 287
Thames, 66, 86, 191, 202
Theodor, 247
Thermopylæ, 296
Thetis, 166, 319
Thor, 348
The Three Brothers, 173
Thunder, 264
Thunderer, 333
Titanic, 289
Toronto, 218
Town of Liverpool, 73
Transit, 111
Transporter, 301
Trent, 262, 277
Trident, 82, 83, 317
Trinculo, 351
Trouville, 109
Trusty, 331
Turbinia, 308
Tynwald, 89, 90, 93
Ulster, 204
Ultonia, 283
Umbria, 281, 282
Unicorn, 151
Union, 45
United Kingdom, 134
Valetta, 260
Vandalia, 52
Vanderbilt, 172
C. Vanderbilt, 49
Velox, 309
Vera, 116
Vernon, 167, 169
Vesta, 159
Vesuvius, 35, 45
Viceroy, 162
Victoria, 105, 109, 116, 263, 269, 319
Victoria and Albert, 314, 371
Victorian, 281, 309
Viking, 93
Violet, 119
Viper, 308, 323
Virginia, 254, 340
Virginian, 281, 309
Vixen, 323
Vulcan, 195
Waldensian, 183
Walk in the Water, 51
Waratah, 297
Warrior, 315, 320, 333
Washington, 35, 154
Waterloo, 72
Watersprite, 111
Waterwitch, 96, 208, 321
Watt, 140
Wave Queen, 107
Waveney, 335
Waverley, 114, 115
Wellington, 167
Weser, 302, 319
West Virginia, 340
Wildfire, H.M.S., 110
William Cutting, 44, 45
William Fawcett, 111
William Hutt, 214
William M. Mills, 52
William the Fourth, 95
Wilmington, 340
Winans, 380
Winchester, 374
Wisconsin, 248
Wolf, 115, 116
Wonder, 112, 113
 Wyoming, 248
Ysabel Secunda, 135
Zambesi, 294
Zwartezee, 361
Shire Line, 300
Shoreham Harbour, 106
Shorter, Capt., 207
Siemens-Martin steel process, 280
Sierra Leone-West Indies service, 261
Simonson of New York, 173
Slidell, Mr., 262
Sligo Steam Navigation Co., 101
Smack, journey by, Scotland to London, 85
Smeaton, John, 86
Smith, Caleb, of Liverpool, 177
Smith, Sir Francis Pettit, 215
Smith, Capt. George, 79
Smith, Junius (or Julius), 138
Smith, Capt. “Target,” and twin screws, 325
Smith’s Dock, North Shields, 351
Smith’s screw propeller, 222, 245
Société des Forges et Chantiers, Havre, 109
South African trade, 183
South America, Pacific Coast trade, 187; service with England, 191
South American States, ingratitude of, 127
South-Eastern and Chatham Railway Co.’s steamboats, 105; complain of
L.B. & S.C.R. Co., 106; first railway to order turbine steamer, 309
South Kensington Science Museum, exhibits in: Symington’s engine, 59;
model of the Charlotte Dundas, 61; engines of the Comet, 64
South of England Steam Navigation Co., 110, 111
Southampton-Channel Islands service, 110
Southampton-Havre and Honfleur service, 109, 110
Southampton-Morlaix service, 111
Southampton-St. Malo service, 113, 115
Southampton-South Pacific ports, 191
South-Western Steam Packet Co., 111, 112
Spain, steamers to, 176
Spanish-American War, sailing vessel in, 174; auxiliary cruisers, 291
Spanish Government purchase Royal William, 135
Spanish Navy and Chilian Revolution, 127
Speed of early steamboats, 24, 33
Stainton, Joseph, 57
Stanhope, Lord, and Fulton’s inventions, 27
State Line, 253
Steam auxiliary to sailing, development of, 164-192
Steamboat companies and railways, competition in America, 45
Steamboat, Fulton’s, impressions of, 32, 33, 34
Steam condensation, 200
Steam-engines: steam experiment of Hero of Alexandria (120 b.c.), 9; of
Giovanni Branca, 9; of the Marquis of Worcester, 9; of Blasco de Garay,
10; of Salomon de Caus, 10; of Dr. Denis Papin, 11; of Thomas Savery, 11;
of Jonathan Hulls, 12; of Jouffroy d’Abbans, 15; of James Rumsay, 20; of
John Fitch, 21; of Robert Fulton, 31; Symington the inventor of the marine
engine, 56; his engine, 58; first horizontal direct-acting engine, 59; Bell’s
engines, 62; Robertson’s engines, 62, 64; Napier’s engines, 72; side-lever
type, 72. See also Engines
Steam-frigates, 315
Steam-heating of ships introduced, 157
Steam-pressures, 307
Steam-ship companies’ antagonism to railway-owned vessels, 104
Steam-ships, competition between sailers and steamers, 44; increase from
1820, 75; British ships in 1838, 77; change of ownership and renaming, 78;
first to fire a gun in war, 135; development and progress, 259; Lloyd’s
summary quoted for size of large vessels, 291-393; repairs to ships, 300;
built in halves, 301; first in the Royal Navy, 311; eccentric designs, 375 et
seq.; future development, 387
Steel, Messrs., of Greenock, ships built by, 134, 151, 157
Steel ships, the building of, 279-310; first steel steamer, 279; first ocean
steamer, 281;
Steel, toughened, 243
Steering-gear, steam, 109, 241
Steering screw-propelled vessels, 220
Steers, Mr. George, 158, 161
Stern-wheelers, 15
Sterns, rounded, 158
Stettin, Vulcan Shipbuilding, &c., Works at, and shipbuilding, 302; floating
dock, 353
Stevens, Col. John, constructs a steamboat, 25; and screw-propellers, 29,
192, 207-210; and stiffeners for sagging hulls, 46, 194
Stevens, Robert, 29
Stevens, Robert Livingston, 30, 44
Stevens Institute, Hoboken, original screw-engine at, 209
Stockton, Commodore Robert F., 219
Sturdee, Mr. John, 326
Submarines, Fulton’s, experiments with, 24, 26; early submarines, 375;
transport of Japanese submarines, 301
Suez, Isthmus of, passage of the, 179
Suez-Bombay service of the East India Co., 180
Suez Canal, opening of, 181; mails carried via, 182; limits size of vessels,
291
Suez route to India, 164 et seq.
Swan, Hunter, and Wigham Richardson, Ltd., 283, 365
Swan-shaped yacht, 383
Swedish State Railways ferry across the Baltic, 365
Sydney-Melbourne mail, 107
Symington, William, of Falkirk, and Fulton, 28; builds first British steamer, 56;
his engine, 58, 59
Tank steamers, 348, 351
Taylor and Davies’ engine, 313
Taylor, James, of Cumnock, 58
Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Co., 246
Tetrahedral principle of construction, 388
Thames, the, first steam-vessel to enter, 66; first built on, 69; shipbuilding on
the, 233-234
Thames Iron Works and Shipbuilding Co., 203, 233, 260, 322, 333, 371, 372,
377
Thames passenger steamers, overcrowding, 79; rivalry of companies, 80;
ferry-steamers, 367. See also London
Thames Steamboat Co., 367
Thompson’s (George, & Co.) Aberdeen Line, 296
Thomson, J. & G., 254, 281
Thorneycroft, Messrs., Thames Works, 234; jet-propelling lifeboats, 324;
torpedo boats, 336
Tobin, Sir John, 145
Tod and McGregor, 237, 239, 240
Torpedo, Fulton and the, 26
Torpedo boats, 336
Towing. See Tugboats
“Tramp” steamers, 343
Transasiatic railway ferry, 365
Transatlantic Co., 138
Transatlantic steam service, the beginnings of, 98, 122-148; first steamer to
cross, 122; sail with steam auxiliary, 122; first crossing from West, 134;
Canadian claims, 135; early steam voyages, 138-144
“Trent Affair, the,” 262, 277
Trevithick, Richard, and iron ships, 195
Triple-hulled boats, 388
Tsushima, Battle of, 335, 339
Tubular vessels, 235
Tugboats, 341-342; the first steam tug, 69
Turbine-driven steamers, 281, 307-309; first on the Thames, 83; turbines of
the Dreadnought, 335
Turret steamers, 345
Turrets, 329, 340
Twin screws. See Screw
Twin steamers, 376-379
Tyne, the, iron screw steamers built on, 215; the ferries, 366
Union Co. (London-Leith), 84
Union Line founded, 182; vessels as transports, Crimean War, 183; Brazil
and South African trade, 183
Union Steamship Co. of New Zealand, 281
United States, first iron vessels for the, 193; U.S. mails and American
vessels, 153. See also America, Transatlantic
Vail, Stephen, 123
Valentia, 137
Valentia Transatlantic Steam Navigation Co., 137
Valparaiso-Cobija steamers, 186
Valparaiso-Panama service, 187
Valturius’ “De Re Militari,” 4
Vanderbilt, Commodore, 173
Vickers, Sons & Maxim, 301, 369; new battleship, 340
Victoria, Queen, first steam-ship journey, 82; visit to Isle of Man, 90; royal
yachts, 371
Victoria floating dock, 363
Volga, River, ferry, 364
Waddell, James Tredell, career of, 174-175
Waghorn, Thos., Bengal pilot, and Suez route to India, 166-167
Wagstaff, 162
Walliker, Mr. J. F., on engines, 306
Wallis’s yard, 82
Wallsend, floating docks built at, 357, 361, 362
Wallsend Slipway and Engineering Co., Ltd., engines by, 285
Walpole, Webb, and Bewley, Messrs., Dublin, 98
Ward, Mr. John, 194; on the evolution of the steam-ship, 228
Warships, construction of, 336; British-built for foreign Powers, 338; of the
future, 340; Wooden v. iron, 329
Water-ballast, 212, 347
Waterford Commercial Steam Navigation Co., 74
Waterford trade, 75
Watermen and Lightermen, Worshipful Co. of, 79
Watson, Colin, 64, 65
Watt, George, 58
Watt, James, and Ogden’s engine, 219
Watt, James, the younger, and reversing machinery, 70
Watt, James, & Co., engines for Pacific, 205; engines for Great Eastern, 276
Watt’s, James, steam-engine, 86
Wave-line theory of construction, 236, 316
Webb, William H., American shipbuilder, 47
Weir, Robert, 57
Weld, Mr. and Mrs., 68
Welland Canal, 52
West Indian fruit trade, 299
West Indies, R.M.S.P. Co.’s service, 189
Westervelt and Mackay, Messrs., 154
Weymouth and Channel Islands Steam Packet Co., 112
Weymouth-Channel Islands service, 110, 112
“Whalebacks,” 55
Wheel-boats, early, 2, 4
Wheelwright, Wm., 186
White, J. Samuel, Cowes, 336
White, Mr. Thomas, West Cowes, 111
White, Sir William H., on the Great Eastern, quoted, 278
White Star-Dominion Line and Canadian trade, 289
White Star Line, 241, 251-253, 287-290
Wigram and Green, Messrs., 81
Wilkinson, J., and iron barge, 195
Williams, Mr. C. W., Dublin, 72
Williamson, Capt., and turbine boat, 308
Wilson, (“Frigate Wilson”), of Liverpool, 72, 100, 144
Wilson, of London, engines by, 306
Wilson, Thomas, shipbuilder, 195
Wimshurst, Mr., Blackwall, 217
Winans’ cigar ship, 380
Wireless telegraphy, 121, 288
Wood, C., shipbuilder, 151
Wood, James, & Co., Messrs., of Port Glasgow, 81
Wood, John, & Co., of Glasgow, 62, 87, 151
Wood construction of steam-ships, 191, 193
Wooden ships, length of, 193; sagging hulls, 46, 194
Worcester, Marquis of, “Century of Inventions,” 9
Workman & Clark, Messrs., Belfast, 99
Yachts, auxiliary power in, 371; steam-yachts, 371; royal yachts, 371-374;
private yachts, 374-375
Yarrow & Co., Messrs., 234, 374
Yarrow boilers, 388
Zoelly turbine, 307
 Printed by Ballantyne & Co. Limited
Tavistock Street, Covent Garden, London

Uniform with this Volume

AILING SHIPS
THE STORY OF THEIR DEVELOPMENT
FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE
PRESENT DAY
By E. KEBLE CHATTERTON

With a Coloured Frontispiece by Chas. Dixon, and over 130

Illustrations from Photographs, Models, &c. Extra Royal 8vo, 380
pages, in designed cover, cloth gilt, 16s. net.
“This is a book that can be read with both pleasure and profit by any one
who takes an interest in ships and the sea, which means every English man,
woman, and child ... its author has set down all that is and ever has been known
concerning those vessels which have navigated the ocean under sail. The text is
helped out by a series of really beautiful illustrations.... From the Seaman’s point
of view the book is above all praise, as no man can write lovingly of ships and not
deal in the technicalities of the craft of the mariner. This has been done here with
a certainty and sureness of touch which is the outcome of an absolutely perfect
knowledge of the subject, and at the same time with such clearness and
simplicity of style that the land-lubber can read and understand.... There is no
unnecessary wealth of detail in this book, but at the same time no important facts
are slurred over, no important change in build or rig is ever missed. It is this that
makes of it such eminently satisfactory reading.... A work of such special and
remarkable value that it is certain to survive as a classic on this particular
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“It is the full and complete history of the Sailing Ship from early Egyptian
times to the present, written, not by a “dry-as-dust” or a book-worm, but by a man
who is passionately devoted to the sea.... The volume, as might only be expected
of the publishers, is beautifully printed, and is filled with excellent illustrations
showing every shape of the development of sailing ships. It is impossible to do
justice to Mr. Chatterton’s book within a small space.... There is nothing left to be
desired in the matter of plans, pictures, or index, and we can only offer our hearty
congratulations to the author on a very fine piece of work.”—The World.
“It is not only a book that the average British boy will gloat over and revel in
to his heart’s content, but it is even one that his elders will find abundant interest
in—sufficient to chain their attention once they essay to dip into its pages. The
book itself is made beautiful with a hundred and thirty illustrations, while it is not
often that one comes across a work got up in such excellent style, or that does
such real credit to its publishers.”—United Service Gazette.
“Mr. Chatterton has the right temper and inclinations for writing a book of this
sort.... He has a practical knowledge of sailing, and an evident passion for what
Stevenson called “the richest kind of idling”—hanging about harbours and docks
and picking up sea-lore from communicative “shellbacks.” Besides this, he is a
scholar in naval learning.... The illustrations in the book are excellent ... this book
should be in every naval library.”—Spectator.
“We need only say that the whole book is as interesting as a romance, and
as informing as an encyclopædia, while not a single page can be called dull or
dry. The numerous illustrations are excellent and appropriate, and the whole
book deserves the highest praise and commendation.”—Bookseller.
“A monument of research.”—Daily Mail.
“Interesting and instructive ... both timely and welcome.”—Times.
“Admirable ... his criticisms are always those of the seaman as well as of the
expert.”—Westminster Gazette.
“Beautifully printed and copiously illustrated. ‘Sailing Ships and their Story’
will be found most interesting and instructive to every lover of the sea.... The
work is one that should be found in the library of every yachtsman.”—Yachting
World.
“Must be considered ... a standard work.”—Yachting Monthly.
“Mr. Keble Chatterton’s final chapter on the development of the fore and aft
rig will be of special interest to yachtsmen.”—Daily News.
“This is a heartfelt book ... it will long hold first place as an authoritative
work.”—Nation (New York).
 “A work full of fascination, and abounding with accurate information.”—The
Field.
“It is just the sort of book to have for handy reference on board the yacht
when one sits on deck in the gloaming of the second dog-watch smoking a pipe
and arguing with a nautical friend. It is a book, too, for the marine artist, its one
hundred and thirty illustrations being technically correct.”—The Dial (Chicago).
“Mr. Chatterton has produced a valuable book.”—Daily Chronicle.
“Altogether it is the most absorbing historical work of its kind I have ever
read.”—Collier’s Weekly.
“... Likely to be recognised as a standard work on the subject....”—Court
Journal.
“There isn’t one ‘dry’ or uninteresting page in the whole treatise.”—Maritime
Review.
“A work that will prove a veritable classic of the sea, and make of him the
standard historian of the sailing ship.”—Nautical Magazine.
“To compress the history of the development of the sailing vessel from the
rude dug-out of prehistoric Nile explorers to the iron clippers of to-day into some
three hundred pages is a feat of which Mr. Chatterton may well be proud.”—
Naval and Military Record.

SIDGWICK & JACKSON, LTD.

3 ADAM STREET, ADELPHI, LONDON,
W.C.
 Transcriber’s Notes
Inconsistencies in spelling, hyphenation, formatting,
etc. have been retained, except as mentioned
below. French and German accents have not
been changed or added unless listed below. The
inconsistent and unusual use of units (knots for
both distance and speed, yards for both length
and area, etc.) is as in the source document.
List of Illustrations: numbers 128 (Cartagena Dock)
and 129 (Baikal) are in reverse order in the list
compared to the text. This has not been rectified
so as to not mix up the photo credits. Some other
discrepancies between the list and the captions
have been rectified, as mentioned below.
Page 147, table: the contradicting units (feet,
inches) are as printed in the source document.
Page 229, ... the ‘three grand requirements (of
marine engines): the closing quote mark is
lacking.
Page 361 (and Index), ... the powerful Dutch tugs
Roodezee and Zwartezee ...: they were called the
Roode Zee and the Zwarte Zee.
Changes made
Footnotes and illustrations have been moved out of
text paragraphs; some ditto signs have been
replaced with the dittoed text. Page references
under illustration giving the page number opposite
which the illustration was printed have been
deleted.
Some obvious minor typographical and punctuation
errors have been corrected silently.