SIMPLIFIED HANDWRITTEN NOTES ON ENGLISH GRAMMAR

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT pdf TENSES 8& TYPES,pdf VERB BASIC TO ADVACE pdf

ACTIVE PASSTVE.pdf ADJECTIVE & TYPES pdf ADVERBS & TYPES.pdf ARTICLES.pdf

CLAUSE AND TYPES.pdt CONJUNCTIONS pdf NARRATION pdf Noun & TYPES pdf

PREPOSITIONS,pdf PRONOUN AND TYPES,pdf SENTENCE AND TYPES,pdf

HIGHLY USEFUL FOR ALL CLASSES AND COMPETITIVE EXAMS

BUYJUST@29
 TENSES AMD 7YPES 1

TENSES
The tense of a verb indicates the timing of an action or event. (fazA 5T HTGH aTf T

Averb isa word that describes the process of performing a particular action or event.

There are three forms of verb:

() Present (2) Past (3) Past Participle.
There are three basic tenses that relote to three divisions of time. These ore:

Va) The Present Tense.

6) The Past Tense.
kE) The Future Tense.

Each of these three main tenses hos four forms:

Simple or Indeinite
(H) Continuous or Progressive
(H) Perfect
( Perfect Continuous

S(a) The Present Tense.

WTHE SIMPLE PRESENT (OR THE PRESENT INDEFINITE):

Stuctures:
. Simple Sentences: S+V +0 TS+ V.+s /es + 0
She goes to school daily. aE tlaT hH At
Negativee Sentences: S + donot + V4 +0 4T S+ does not V,t 0
She does not go to school daily. az AAT h t ~
"lnterrogative Sentences: Does + S+ V, +0+? 4T Do + S +V + 0+?
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VERB AND TyPES - Basic to Advance

VERB 0s a wod oA phase that descnbes an action,

Condition oA er PeANence . Fo eyample - Walk, go, cat eto.

Types of Venb

VERB

Fintechange Accahing Noh-Finite(veabs domt chae

to subject |Terse) acondiy to Tense<subye)
"Infinitive
" Ghend
SMain Venbs telping Vads
Auzilony)
Thansiive tastne
Veb
Mocals Ppiney esent Past Perfect
Pasticiple Pastinpe

S+V+0
$H Mylat,Modals onplete
Modls
Tensive Si Need be Cm could
veke alusy " Dare "May,Might
take obyect Usedto
lwith them shoutd, Mt,
ought to ete
Yolse dont
2take objeck oih hem.
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PRONDUN AND TYPES -}d4 4 a

DEFINITION: Apronoun is used in the place ofa noun. It substitutes the noun in a paragraph or
piece of writing to avoid repetition of the noun. They can be used in singular and plural forms.

¿, Me, you, He, She, They, Them are pronouns.

Persons of Pronoun:
First Person Pronoun I, Me,Mine (singular) we, Ours, Us (plural)
" Second Person Pronoun You, Yours, You(plural)
" Third Person Pronoun He, She, It, Him, Hers(singular) They, Them, Theirs (plural)

Types of Pronounsj
.Personal Pronouns CftaHdlH Personal pronouns are used for a specifc object or person
ond they chonge their forms to indicate the ditferent genders, numbers, cose, and persons

Personal Pronoun exomples: He, His, Him, Her, Hers, She, Them, etc.
SMART FACTS
Cases of Pronouns:
Th1s is yours bag X
Subjective Cose: He is playing. This is ho bag. v Possesve Ady
Pohoyh.
Objective Case: He will help me. This ba9 is youS V Posseuive
Possessive Case:This house is ours.
9,he and Jou e good fiend. X
STRUCTURE OF Pronouns-Psons You, he and e good fiends w
(nenerl cae 2. 3 I
specihc Cae ’ 23 you, he and 9 mwdened hesX
Cyime,
Sin ete .9 you and he mu>dued
hev
Demonstrative pronouns are used to demonstrote or
$2. Demonstrative (HaTa)Pronouns :
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Active and Passive Voice

When we change the active voice into passive voic or possive voice
into octive voic
without changing the meaning is called voice change..

Kind of Voice Cme, Jimb, sit, un zut Thy Sendenceswhih

$aves
There are three kinds of voice in Palive voILe EaConlain:. Tysnsihve a
English grammar. os
hctive Voice ncay Veb n be Chanyee
2Passive Voice naiy IMto pauve voice
3Quasi-passive Voice
|. Active voice: yn the active voice, the subject alwoys "does" the action of the sentence.
Chronologically, the subject will come before the verb in the sentence.

Venb t aE j 4 ng (Ac hive Voice) et

Example:
9 wte a lelles.

2. Passive voice: Averb is in the passive voice when its form shows that something is
done to the person or thing denoted by the subject. The passive voice is a style of
writing where what would be the object of a sentence becomes the subject of the
sentence. ona2y at gaj¬ (min ) 1 ex onn (obiec+)
main Elai

Example:
A lettu is wlen by me

Active Pasi ve aT q Subject ebyeet i aE

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ADVERB AND TYPES ( fArurfaehu)

Adverbs are words that ore used in sentences to describe or modify the meaning ofo
verb, on adjective, or another adverb. They include a deseription in the sentence to
make it more thorough and engaging. farqnta)yUr d r, tà faAT JYUI arat

f4T GT~ Adverb aT g t f t sft Verb, Adjective, Preposition, adverb, odverbiol

phrose srk fhet sentence t i afda |a (intensify) vfrattr fery fbur
AAT EAT YAYaT Noun, Pronoun T Interjection à qfft AAIHAA: a

Note og F5Adverbs aT yAtaT Noun s4aT Pronoun aat Modify a z f r aaT }I

d- Even, only almost, at least zAt!
Ex. () Mohan walks fast. (modiies the verb)
(i) The crow Hew just (Adv.) over my head. (Modifies the preposition)
()l arrived there just (Adv) ofter (Conj) the match

Adverb yA: FSTAT Adverbs t tar rat aYer AT&

A, Simple Adverb
B. Relative Adverb
C. Interrogotive Adverb

V[imple Adverbs: za Adverbs ast JAd arf HqEY aieT aTAT }I

Cot Adverbs of Time: -t adverbs 4Y a aart TTf H¿ When reply

Some adverbs of time are: Now, before, soon, doily, then, yesterday, last month, doy,
week, recently, shortly, ago, at present, presently, late, lately, yet, already, ever etc.
 ADJEC TIVE & TYPES

Adjectives ore used to describe or modify nouns and pronouns in a phrase. They typically
express quality, size, shape, duration, sentiments, contents, and other characteristics of the
noun or pronoun.faeut T 34ìat f t araAter ATGd ST H¥at aT afar T 3at

Examplea

hove ten books in my bag. (How many?)

u like that grey cor. (Which one?)
There is o little sugar in the box. (How much?)
v Types of adjectives:

L.Descriptive Adjectives/ Qualitative Adjectives

Adescriptive adjective is a term thot characterizes a noun or pronoun. This category includes
the vast majority of adjectives. These adjectives provide information obout the nouns or
pronouns they modify or describe. Descriptive adjectives ore also known as qualitative
adjectives. Participles are also included in this type of adjective when they modify a noun.

Examples:
ol have a blue pen.
ol am happy.

Descriptive Adj. is divided into two types.

Attributive Ad.
(SENTENCE &TYPES
Asentence is the most signifcant unit of ony language. In English, it storts with a
capital letter and concludes with a full stop, question mark, or exclomotion point. It is
often characterised as a phrase or set of words that represents a complete notion
through a statement/order, an inquiry, or on exclamation, araa fhzt st srer Ha

Types of Sentences
Structurally, sentences are of four types:

wSimple sentence HIaR cr4

. Compound. sentence rSg qay (Hyaq alay)
S. Complex sentence, and
KCompound-complex sentence. vratAfay
I. Simple sentence Contains single çanse.
A simple sentence must have a single clause (a single verb) which is independent, and
it cannot take another clause. C# HIRUT aT LhcT S4GIA (eG fb)

Example: He writes a letter. (One clause one verb)

Prediate
-hey stated a buihesl .
2. Compound sentence ) (Painipl claye+ GoAdiate cauy)
 ARUCLE S 1

SArticles
Articles are words that define a noun os particular or non-speciic. tfZrcà e ett

> There are three Articles: "A, An and The"

> They are also known as determiners,
> Generally they ore used before nouns.

Types of Articles?
A. Indefinite Article
Vá. Definite Aiticle

Indefinite Articles S
They do not refer to or define any specifc person or thing. à fart fafz af T ag

> "A ond An" are called the indefinite articles. They are the weakened forms of one.
Exomples:
saw an old man,

He bought o book.

Definite ArticleJt refer to or deine ony speciic person or thing. 4g fat fafz af

> t particularize a person or thing.

> The' is colled definite article. It is the weakened form of this' or 'that.
Examples:
This is the bóok which I bought yesterday.
The water ofsanga is sacred.

Position of Articles
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S Subjecd vab Agerment
Subjec qnd
Subject venb agreememt meng that q
veb must be both singula os both plyel. A singulan
Subyect takes a singules vub while a plual subject
takes a plurel v eab.

Hc sings q Song
Sing Sub.
Theg Sing Song

Aes of Subject-yut AgreeMet tat we

Thee ere Some
by one:
ale going to dicuss oe
as well as, and not,
ike, with,
in addiion to, besides, unlke,

Camply -
She as wel) ay he porent is comiy hue.
Cig) Jtudvub)
They besides Mohah ivev hee.
Rives
S
Sine
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CClause &Types (3varER)

A group of words with a subject and a finite verb makes up a clause. There is just one

verb and one subject in it, Aclause's verb must b¹ clear and distinct, even if the
subject is implied or not. v# bdt a a finite verb alo Pe¡t HE LG 34a14H

Clause = subject + verb (predicate)

Example:
He passed IAS exam last year. (One clause sentence)
When I met him, I recognized him. (Two clause sentence)
When I met him, I recognized him, and he welcomd me. (Three clause sentence)

Types of Clauses:
E Principal Clause
rCoordinate Clause (Independent Clause)
rSub-ordinate (Dependent Clause):
Noun Clause
Adjective Cláuse
Adverbial Clouse

e Principol Clause:(ndependent Clause)- These fom complete sentences that con

function as the major element of any complex or compound sentence and have a
Subject (Noun/Pronoun), Finite Verb, and Obieçt. Principal and Independent Clauses
are titled differently but have the same functionality.
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Congunctions.
conjunctin is a wORd that is used to goin |
onnect

Examgla: - conyuntin
Mahan is ntellgen (and)_Smat.
shyam wokked haud but) failed.
[kinds of Gnyonc tins:-}
4. co-OAdirating onjunc tisy
2.
Sub-okdinaing janctin
3.
Caudative Conjuncti
Same evel oo worda Sentences ost aG st
Fos Example - He is a
tall boy.
He )s a Smt He is a t l and snmt boy
Co-oAchat
Yet Coajuncha

SFaN BoyS)

2 she is beauiks ane) intelig ent .

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(NARRATION: DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Narration or indirect speaking is what is meant by reported speech. Direct speech is a

remark that is written precisely how it is spoken. To show exactly what is stoted,
quote marks are always used in such a stotement, although in reported speech,
different words or elements of speech, such as the conjunction 'thot' or the preposition
if, are used to express the same idea. Let's look at some direct and indirect speech

- Subject sabject
Direct speech: Anil said, "'am going to the market"

Reposting Repekled
Vers speech
(Speec)
mdirect speed
Reported 'speech: Anil said that she was going to the market.

Thee ae two putt of Direct speech:

Reposting venb| speech - out side Ha imveated Gmmey
Repon ted speech- naide the lnweate Gmmas

GNorration Rules
THERE ARE SOME CHANGES WHICH WILL BE APPLIED WHILE CHANGING ANY
DIRECT STATEMENT TO ANy INDIRECT STATEMENT: fbt sft yHHYA tht
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PARTS OFSPEECH : NOUN AND ITS TYPES

DEFINITION:
Noun isa naming word or noun is the name of aperson, place, animal, feeling , emotion or thing.

SKinds of Nouns : Noun u THIR

Proper Noun af araa #) : AProper Noun refers to the name of a person, place or

d Ravi, Rewari, Mery etc. SMART FACT

Phope Noun Must be sBastel

Ex. ) Jotin is my son. with a capital le tes.
" nenesaly Aaicle A|AN|the
LName of a PersbN
(ii) He lives at Hisar. ae not used before a popr
LName of g plce Noun.
(ii) Delhi is the Capital of India.

2. Common Noun(ataarua HA) :A common noun refers to every person, place or thing of a
same class. It is not o name of any particular person or thing or place.nfRarvG HAT c t af

tt:City, Boy; Ginl, Book Student, Teacher et. SNART ÇACr

Commm noun can be. Singly
Ex. ) Chondigorh is o beoutiful city.
c plural. Aaicles A<AN|the
(i) He is the king of the state. Can be used before a Gmm
Noun.
S3. Collective Noun ((HEaTLa H) : A collective Noun is the name of a group of persons or
things taken together and spoken of as a whole or as o unit.ARIEG AT ht 4T T t
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\Pae posi kions

Thee is a book on tho table

Noun
Prepoitron .

kiinds of Prepositions
S4 Prepositions of Dizectton-f To, Toudi, fron,
a) at, on, in to, p,
couh alng 9Coois,
ogsinst
To oñ Use eu(Deslinaton) ant
eTn) 1- 9 qm going to school.

9 am going toucads schoo.

Eo etecion:
3 am going tousnd the slalin to seceive my
biiens.