ANSWER PAPER REPRODUCTION ON BOARD BAG TE SUBJECT PAPER TOPIC IGCSE BIOLOGY Oem) re i REPRODUCTION - IGCSE er TIPSQuestion 1 During birth the following processes happen: 1. Breaking of the amniotic sac 2. Contraction of the muscles in the uterine wall 3. Cutting of the umbilical cord In which order do these processes usually occur? A 23-1 B 2-1-3 CG 34142 D 3-42-41Marking Scheme ‘The correct answer is B because: In the weeks before birth the baby turns so that the head is lying down towards the’ cervix. Birth begins when the string muscles in the wall of the uterus start contracting. This is the start of labour. At first the contractions of the muscles stretch the cervix.,This is the point that the amniotic sac breaks After a few hours, when the cervix is wide enough the head of the baby will pass through and the contractions will push the baby out through the vagina Once the baby is born it wil start to breathe for itself and no longer need to get its ‘oxygen from the placenta via the umbilical cord. The umbilical cord is cut just above the point it joins the baby (forming the belly button). “Cd taQuestion 2 ‘The diagrams show 3 different species of pollen grains as they appear under a microscope. ‘The diagrams are all to the same scale. 2] 2 . ee Se Which pollen grains are involved in insect pollination? A tand2 B 2and3 © 2only D AllofthemS xX q te \ / S The pollen in picture 1 has a larger surface area with ‘wings’ are ‘to be seen inQuestion 3 The table below shows some advantages and disadvantages of sexual and asexual reproduction. Which row is correct? advantage of sexual reproduction | advantage of asexual reproduction A less population growth only one parent needed B more energy efficient gametes oa nbs eqaered by the c no transfer of gametes pres Ta — parent D more genetic variation fasterMarking Scheme The correct answer is D because: ‘© More genetic variation within a population / species means that the species is more likely to survive any changes in the Ais incorrect as while only one parent reproduction, of sexual B &C are incorrect as none of "4Question 4 Students were discussing how to remember the difference between two groups of cells, ‘many, minute and motile’ or ‘few, fat and fixed’ What group of cells were they referring to? A. Male and female gametes B Animal and plant cells © Red and white blood cells D Xylem and phloem cellsMarking Scheme ‘The correct answer is A because: ‘© ‘Many, minute and motile’ refers to sperm cells. They are produced in very large numbers and are much smaller than the ovum (the egg) - they are much less energy intensive to produce which is why more of them can be made. They also have a tail to swim to the ovum. ‘© ‘Few, fat and fixed’ refers to an ovum (egg cell). Generally only one egg is released each month in the menstrual cycle. They are much larger than sperm cells and are unable to move independently, instead they rely on the ciliated cells in the oviduct to waft them through to the uterus. ‘A. common misconception here is that these statements are referring to animal and plant. calls, students often think of animal cells being smaller and motile and plant cellsibeing large and fixed. “Cd taQuestion 5 ‘The graph shows the usage of different forms of contraception in four groups of 100 women. Each group used a different form of contraception. pill device (IUD) body Which is the least effective method of contraception? A Naturaling Scheme ‘The correct answer is A because: ‘® The definition of natural methods is one that doesn't use any This would include the monitoring of body temperature. ‘* Monitoring body temperature can be used as a form of temperature rises slightly just before ovulation and ther be avoided at this time. Bis incorrect as _| this would be the contraceptive. controlling fertility with artificial Cis incorrect as Dis incorrect asQuestion 6 The statements below are about different hormones in the human body. 1 Produced by the pancreas. 2 Causes the voice to deepen at puberty. 3 Causes an egg to mature in the menstrual cycle. 4 Promotes the development of stronger muscles. Which of these statements are correct for testosterone? A 1and2 B 2and4 Cc 3and4 D 4onlyMarking Scheme, The correct answer is B because testosterone is the male hormone that cat ‘sexual characteristics during puberty. These include development of and the voice to deepen. Ais incorrect as while it does cause the voice to deepen it produced by the pancreas (it's Cis incorrect as while it does promote the Dis incorrect asQuestion 7 There are a number of hormones that control fertility in women. Which one of these maintains the lining during pregnancy? A Oestrogen B Progesterone Cc FSH D_ TestosteroneMarking Scheme, ‘The correct answer is B because progesterone is produced by the corpus ‘ovulation. This maintains the lining of the uterus until the placenta can be continue production of progesterone until birth. {no fertilisation occurs, the corpus luteum breaks down which progesterone so that the lining of the uterus is no longer mai Ais incorrect as Cis incorrect as Dis incorrect asQuestion 8 HIV is an STI. What are the main direct effects on the body of HIV? 1 Reduced antibody production 2 Reduction in red blood cells 3 Reduction in white blood cells 4 Reduced volume of blood plasma Which of these statements would be correct for HIV? A ‘and2 B 2and4 Cc 3and4 D tand3Marking Scheme The correct answer is D because: ‘* HIV infects lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) eventually leadi in their number. As the lymphocytes produce antibodies which response to infection, the reduction in antibody production ts reduced abilty to fight infection (at this point a person has ‘* HIVis a sexually transmitted disease; that is the HIV vit to another via body fluids. Ais incorrect as while HIV will reduce anti juction, not dir decrease the I Bis incorrect as neither of be correct for. of HIV. Cis incorrect as while, cells it juce 7 AQuestion 9 ‘The diagram shows the female reproductive system. After ejaculation, which pathway will the male gamete take to fuse with the egg? A Vagina cervix —- uterus — oviduct B Ovary — oviduct — uterus — cervix Vagina — uterus — cervix — oviduct D Ovary — uterus — cervix — vaginaMarking Scheme, ‘The correct answer is A because ejaculation takes place in the vagina; from travels through the cervix, into the uterus and then to the oviduct where (if released) an egg can be fertilised. B&Dare incorrectas _| they would both be correct paths of ——— —— G \_/ <Question 10 ‘The diagram shows a human sperm cell. The sperm cell has many mitochondria in the mid section. (Cot memerane. Nudeus How do the mitochondria help the sperm carry out its function? A They carry the genetic information from the male parent. B They release energy for movement. € They help the sperm enter the egg. D_ They make proteins.Marking Scheme, The correct answer is B because: ‘© Mitochondria are the site of aerobic respiration. ‘* Aerobic respiration releases the energy needed to power the tail oft itcan make its journey to the ovum in the oviduct. Ais incorrect as the nucleus contains the genetic info Cis incorrect as Dis incorrect asQuestion 11 ‘The diagram below shows a flower. Which of these processes have taken place? pollination fertilisation A no = no yes yes: yes D yes ne.king Scheme The correct answer is D because:: * Pollination has taken place as there are pollen grains on the tops of the stigma and a pollen tub has grown down the style. © Fertilisation hasn't taken place as the pollen tube has not connected with the ovum and there is no pollen grain nucleus visible in the ovary. This question needs you to study the diagram carefully. MaKe suré you take time to look through diagrams thoroughly.Question 12 ‘An experiment was set up with four test tubes as shown and placed in the dark. GB = é B ie Hid oc ase oc In which conditions would the seeds germinate first? ‘oygen removed aeMarking Scheme ‘The correct answer is B because germination is the start of the growth of a seed, Three essential factors are needed for successful germination: © Water - allows the seed to swell and start growing, provides a solvent for essential nutrients to diffuse around the seed. ‘© Oxygen - allows for aerobic respiration to release the energy from stored sugars (needed to fuel growth). ‘© Warmth - germination increases as the temperature increases (up to an optimum temperature), the number of successful collisions between enzymes and substrates increases . Ais incorrect as the temperature is too low for successful collisions between enzymes and their substrates. Cis incorrect as there is no water for the stored sugars to dissolve in, and the temperature is too low. Disi ct as there is no oxygen for aerobic respiration to release energy to fuel growth. — laQuestion 13 The diagram shows the menstrual cycle. This is a 28 day cycle. ‘Which time range in the cycle is the woman most likely to get pregnant? A Days 1-4 Days 7 - 10 Days 13-16 Days 20 - 23Marking Scheme, The correct answer is € because: ‘© Ovulation happens after the LH surge which occurs around day 14 (i first day of a period in a new cycle). ‘© Sperm will survive in a woman's body for 2 -3 days so once may be sperm in the fallopian tube to fertilise the egg. Aisincorrect as _| around this time the egg has Bis incorrect as Dis incorrect asQuestion 14 For germinating seeds were placed in different temperature and light conditions. as shown in the table below. ‘sample temperature / °C its ‘A seedling was removed from each experiment after 7 days. Which seedling was from sample 2? BlMarking Scheme, ‘The correct answer is C because: © The seedling is tall and green in this sample. © This shows that the seedling had light as the leaves were © The temperature was high enough to allow for enzyme Ais incorrect as this sample is short and yellow, Bis incorrect as Dis incorrect as.Question 15 ‘The graph shows the levels of two hormones involved in the menstrual cycle and the thickness of the uterus lining. i ‘Thickness of. tlerus lining “ Temeldays, ‘Which of these statements is supported by evidence in the graph? ‘Within 5 day of ovulation, the uterus lining gets thinner. Alarge increase in progesterone always results in the thickening of the uterus lining. Each time the oestrogen concentration increases the uterus lining gets thicker. At ovulation the thickness of the lining is thickest.ing Scheme The correct answer is D because: '* Ovulation takes place generally around day 14 of the menstrual cycle. the lining of the uterus is at its thickest. '* Progesterone is produced by the corpus luteurn to maintain the ‘an egg is fertilised. Ais incorrect as ovulation takes place at day be day 19, the lining of the day 28. Bis incorrect as the uterus lining is Cis incorrect as