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Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

1. Changing evaluations of an attribute is easier than changing the strength of a belief regarding that attribute.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

2. In the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) model, the belief ratings do not vary across the brands under consideration,
while the evaluation ratings do.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

3. The basic premise of balance theory is that consumers are motivated to maintain perceived consistency in the relations
found in a triad that is composed of observer, person, and object.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

4. Impulse purchases can be explained from the experiential perspective.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

5. High levels of humor can cause consumers to fail to pay attention to the product being advertised.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

6. The term message effects is used to describe how the appeal of a message and its construction affect persuasion.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

7. The value-expressive function of attitudes provides a positive expression of the type of person a consumer perceives
himself or herself to be and the values that he or she holds.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

8. Research confirms that social media's influence on consumer loyalty is not significant.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

9. The utilitarian function of attitudes enables consumers to express their core values, self-concept, and beliefs.
a. True

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

b. False
ANSWER: False

10. The attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) model combines information about a number of beliefs and evaluations
pertaining to an object's attributes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

11. Buying a product because it delivers a specific benefit is an example of the value-expressive function of attitudes.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

12. According to social judgment theory, for a message to fall within the latitude of acceptance, the information presented
must be perceived as being far away from the original attitude position.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

13. In the high-involvement hierarchy, a consumer forms feelings about a product before developing beliefs and thoughts
about product features.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

14. In the context of the ABC approach to attitudes, the statement "I really like my smartphone" is an example of the
behavior component of attitude.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

15. The theory of planned action expands upon the attitude-toward-the-object model by including a subjective norm
component.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

16. One of the key premises of balance theory is that consistency in the triad (composed of observer, person, and object) is
maintained when the multiplication of the signs in the sentiment and unit relations results in a negative value.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

17. The one-to-many communications model does not work well for traditional advertising media.
a. True
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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

b. False
ANSWER: False

18. As the length of time between attitude measurement and overt behavior grows, the predictive ability of attitudinal
models strengthens.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

19. In a basic communication model, noise represents all the stimuli in the environment that assist the communication
process.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

20. The extent to which a company actively monitors its customers' attitudes over time is referred to as behavioral
intentions modeling.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

21. In the context of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), thoughts that support the main argument presented are
known as counterarguments.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

22. Attitude change tends to be relatively enduring when it occurs in the central route.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

23. The attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) approach is a noncompensatory model.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

24. If consumers are not involved with a message or lack either the motivation or ability to process information, the
peripheral route to persuasion will be followed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

25. According to the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), if consumers find that an incoming message is particularly
relevant to their situation, the central route to persuasion is activated.
a. True
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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

b. False
ANSWER: True

26. The behavioral intentions model explicitly focuses on a consumer's attitude toward the behavior of buying rather than
the attitude toward an object.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

27. In the context of the changing communication paradigm, communication is seen as a process that enables the flow of
information among consumers and firms in a one-to-many approach.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

28. According to the elaboration likelihood model of persuasion, information such as music or the imagery presented
along with a message are examples of peripheral cues.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

29. The behavioral influence hierarchy suggests that in spite of strong environmental pressures, behaviors cannot occur
unless strong beliefs and affect have been formed.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

30. The ego-defensive function of attitudes enables consumers to develop positive attitudes toward products that enhance
their self-image.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

31. Attitudes motivate people to behave in relatively consistent ways.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

32. The knowledge function of attitudes works as a defense mechanism for consumers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

33. If the affect found in a schema can be changed, then the attitude toward a brand or product will change as well.
a. True

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b. False
ANSWER: True

34. In the context of the changing communication paradigm, information flow is no longer considered a "one-way street,"
in which consumers passively receive messages from marketers.
a. True
b. False
ANSWER: True

35. Balance theory is based on the inconsistency principle.

a. True
b. False
ANSWER: False

36. The matchup hypothesis states that:

a. the more strongly held an attitude is, the more difficult it is to change.
b. a source feature is most effective when it corresponds with relevant products.
c. attitudes are changed based on differing levels of consumer involvement.
d. consumers prefer consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors.
ANSWER: b

37. The statement "I always buy that brand" is an example of the _____ component of attitude.
a. cognitions
b. affect
c. behavior
d. trustworthiness
ANSWER: c

38. According to social judgment theory, assimilation occurs when:

a. the material presented toward the end of a message is most influential.
b. the material presented early in a message is most influential.
c. an incoming message falls within the latitude of rejection.
d. an incoming message falls within the latitude of acceptance.
ANSWER: d

39. Which of the following statements is true of sex appeals in advertising?

a. Consumers find sexually appealing ads largely ineffective.
b. The use of nudity is ineffective for products that have intimate appeal.
c. Both males and females tend to react negatively to female nudity in advertising.
d. Highly sexual ads tend to outperform non-sexual ads when they have highly arousing content.
ANSWER: d

40. Identify a true statement in the context of message appeals.

a. Highly explicit content tends to direct consumers' attention toward the product and increases product recall.

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

b. Fear appeals appear to be effective when advertisers show how difficult it is to implement the desired
response.
c. Sexually appealing ads are usually not persuasive because consumers consider them to be exploitative.
d. Humorous ads appear to be most effective when a consumer's attitudes are initially positive rather than
negative.
ANSWER: d

41. _____ are relatively enduring overall evaluations of objects, products, services, issues, or people.
a. Notions
b. Attitudes
c. Prejudices
d. Beliefs
ANSWER: b

42. According to the ABC approach to attitudes, the three components of attitudes are _____.
a. ability, behavior, and consciousness
b. affect, behavior, and cognitions
c. ability, belief, and cognitions
d. analysis, balance, and capabilities
ANSWER: b

43. The placement of information in a specific message at the beginning, middle, or end of the message impacts the recall
of the information and is a basic tenet of what is known as the _____.
a. source effect
b. serial position effect
c. linear regression effect
d. congruency effect
ANSWER: b

44. The ego-defensive function of attitudes:

a. makes consumers vulnerable to information that may be threatening.
b. allows consumers to simplify decision-making processes.
c. is based on the concept of reward and punishment.
d. works as a protection mechanism for consumers.
ANSWER: d

45. Which of the following terms refers to specific attempts to change attitudes?
a. Persuasion
b. Positioning
c. Attitude tracking
d. Monitoring
ANSWER: a

46. Which of the following is true of message construction?

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

a. Directly comparing one brand against specific competitors can be effective, especially when the brand being
promoted is not already the market leader.
b. Advertisements that allow consumers to arrive at their own conclusions tend to be more persuasive when the
audience has a low level of involvement with the product.
c. If marketers are attempting to reach a highly involved audience, important information should be placed later
in the message.
d. Consumers with low involvement are more motivated to attend to a larger number of arguments than are
highly involved consumers.
ANSWER: a

47. Alexa is a strong advocate of animal rights, and she supports several campaigns by organizations such as People for
the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA). In the given scenario, the _____ has enabled Alexa to support the cause that
she strongly advocates.
a. utilitarian function of attitudes
b. knowledge function of attitudes
c. value-expressive function of attitudes
d. ego-defensive function of attitudes
ANSWER: c

48. Which of the following statements is true in the context of attitude change theories and persuasion?
a. The attitude toward a brand or product is independent of a schema.
b. If the affect found in a schema can be changed, then the attitude toward a brand or product will change as well.
c. Changing evaluations of an attribute is usually easier than changing the strength of a belief regarding that
attribute.
d. A consumer's attitude toward a product remains unaffected by the consumer's feeling about the marketing
company.
ANSWER: b

49. Roderick wants to purchase a new computer for his daughter. He collects information about the prices and features of
the latest models available in the market. He plans to make the actual purchase only after extensively researching and
evaluating various models. In the context of the hierarchy of effects, which of the following best describes Roderick's
actions?
a. The behavioral influence hierarchy
b. The high-involvement hierarchy
c. The low-involvement hierarchy
d. The experiential hierarchy
ANSWER: b

50. Social judgment theory uses _____ to explain attitude change.

a. the central route and the peripheral route
b. latitudes of acceptance and latitudes of rejection
c. the utilitarian function and the hedonic function
d. high-involvement and low-involvement hierarchies
ANSWER: b

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

51. The ego-defensive function of attitudes allows consumers to choose products that:
a. protect their self-image.
b. minimize punishment and maximize rewards.
c. are familiar to them.
d. express their values.
ANSWER: a

52. In the context of the elaboration likelihood model, which of the following is true of the peripheral route?
a. A consumer is likely to be fully equipped to process information in a message.
b. A consumer is likely to expend considerable effort in comprehending a message.
c. A consumer is unlikely to pay attention to the expertise of the spokesperson of a message.
d. A consumer is unlikely to develop cognitive responses to a message.
ANSWER: d

53. Karen has always owned Pferd automobiles. When she decided to gift a car to her son, her brand loyalty made the
decision easy. She bought the latest model of Pferd hatchback for her son. In the context of the functional theory of
attitudes, this scenario reflects the _____ of attitudes.
a. ego-defensive function
b. value-expressive function
c. utilitarian function
d. knowledge function
ANSWER: d

54. Michelle wants to buy a new laptop. She wants a lightweight laptop with a long battery life. She selects a laptop model
on the Internet. Her belief ratings (b) and the evaluation ratings (e) for the model are as follows:
Criteria e b
Lightweight 3 9
Long battery life 4 6
Michelle's overall attitude score (Ao) toward the laptop model calculated using the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO)
model is _____.
a. 85
b. 51
c. 36
d. 15
ANSWER: b

55. Identify a true statement in the context of attitude–behavior consistency.

a. Sales promotion is not required if consumers have a positive attitude toward a product.
b. Attitudes are stronger predictors of behavior when the decision to be made is not classified as high
involvement.
c. Attitudes are stronger predictors of behavior when situational factors do not impede the product selection.
d. Attitudes are the most reliable predictors of behavior as they remain constant over time.
ANSWER: c

56. Identify a true statement in the context of social judgment theory.

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

a. Consumers do not compare incoming information to their existing attitudes about a particular object or issue.
b. For a message to fall within the latitude of acceptance, the information presented must be perceived as being
far from the original attitude position.
c. Social judgment theory states that human beings do not prefer consistency among their beliefs, attitudes, and
behaviors.
d. A message that is perceived as being far away from the original attitude position will fall within the latitude of
rejection.
ANSWER: d

57. The _____ explicitly focuses on a consumer's attitude toward the behavior of buying rather than the attitude toward an
object.
a. behavioral influence approach model
b. balance theory model
c. behavioral intentions model
d. elaboration likelihood model
ANSWER: c

58. Stella is surfing the Internet to look for affordable apartments in New York City. Every time she clicks on a link to a
webpage, she gets interrupted by floating ads. The ads stay on the screen for 30 seconds. She does not know how to
disable them and finds them extremely irritating and disruptive. In a basic communication model, these floating ads are an
example of _____.
a. feedback
b. noise
c. a source effect
d. a message effect
ANSWER: b

59. Pearl Beauty Inc., a leading cosmetics manufacturer, wants to introduce its new anti-aging cream in the market. The
target audience for the cream comprises women in their mid-30s. Pearl Beauty decides to sign up a well-known model in
her mid-30s to endorse and promote the product. According to the _____, using a model who is in her mid-30s is likely to
be far more effective than using someone much younger in the advertisement.
a. congruency effect
b. elaboration likelihood model
c. matchup hypothesis
d. primacy effect
ANSWER: c

60. Which of the following is the formula for predicting attitudes using the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) model?
a.

b.

c.

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

d.

ANSWER: b

61. According to social judgment theory, if a message is perceived as falling in the latitude of rejection, a _____ occurs.
a. source effect
b. contrast effect
c. primacy effect
d. recency effect
ANSWER: b

62. The balance theory approach is based on the:

a. pleasure principle.
b. consistency principle.
c. reality principle.
d. normative principle.
ANSWER: b

63. Which of the following statements is true in the context of source credibility?
a. Trustworthy sources cannot be persuasive even if they are experts.
b. The credibility of a spokesperson has a stronger influence than the credibility of a company.
c. The credibility of a company has a stronger influence than the credibility of a spokesperson.
d. Expert sources cannot be persuasive even if they are perceived as being untrustworthy.
ANSWER: b

64. In the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), nonproduct-related information presented in a message is referred to as
_____.
a. central cues
b. inconsistent cues
c. peripheral cues
d. abstract cues
ANSWER: c

65. According to the functional theory of attitudes, the _____ enables a consumer to protect himself or herself from
information that may be threatening.
a. utilitarian function of attitudes
b. value-expressive function of attitudes
c. ego-defensive function of attitudes
d. cognitive function of attitudes
ANSWER: c

66. The statement "I really like my new tablet computer" best reflects the _____ component of attitude.
a. cognitions
b. analysis

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c. behavior
d. affect
ANSWER: d

67. In the context of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), the attractiveness of the person delivering a message and the
expertise of the spokesperson of a message are examples of _____.
a. primacy effects
b. central cues
c. peripheral cues
d. recency effects
ANSWER: c

68. MarketNerd Inc., a marketing firm, is conducting a market research study on consumers' attitudes toward online
shopping websites. In order to achieve its research objectives, MarketNerd collects information from several social
networking sites and blog posts and uses the information to track consumers' evaluations of various shopping portals and
websites. This process is best described as _____.
a. attitude tracking
b. marketing audit
c. risk assessment
d. predictive analytics
ANSWER: a

69. The statement "I find that the batteries manufactured by this brand have the longest life" is an example of the _____
component of attitude.
a. cognitions
b. affect
c. behavior
d. trustworthiness
ANSWER: a

70. According to balance theory, the relations between the observer (consumer) and the other elements in a system are
referred to as _____.
a. unit relations
b. sentiment relations
c. central relations
d. peripheral relations
ANSWER: b

71. Ethan's colleague Mia is excited about attending a comic-con over the weekend. She mentions her plan to Ethan and
then goes on to tell him more about the event. Ethan has never attended a comic-con before, but he decides to go to the
event as it sounded like a fun thing to do. In the context of the hierarchy of effects, Ethan's behavior can be explained by
the _____.
a. high-involvement hierarchy
b. low-Involvement hierarchy
c. experiential hierarchy
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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

d. behavioral influence hierarchy

ANSWER: c

72. If B = behavior, BI = behavioral intention, = attitude toward performing the behavior, SN = subjective norm,
and w1, w2 = empirical weights, the formula for behavioral intentions model is _____.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANSWER: a

73. In the context of the hierarchy of effects, high-involvement decisions:

a. result in impulse purchases.
b. contain significant risk.
c. express core beliefs.
d. are routine and boring.
ANSWER: b

74. Mike has a passion for computer games. He owns three top-of-the-line gaming computers. He keeps himself updated
about the latest models and their features. In the context of the elaboration likelihood model, which of the following is
most likely to be activated when Mike comes across an advertisement for an advanced gaming computer that has been
introduced in the market?
a. The peripheral route to persuasion
b. The ego-defensive function of attitudes
c. The value-expressive function of attitudes
d. The central route to persuasion
ANSWER: d

75. William is planning a vacation. He wants travel packages that provide accommodation and sightseeing. He finds two
packages—X and Y—that meet these criteria. On a ten-point scale, he gives package X belief ratings of 8 and 7,
respectively, and package Y belief ratings of 9 and 5, respectively. Next, he gives these criteria evaluative ratings of 3 and
2, respectively. Finally, he calculates the overall attitude using the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) model and chooses
package X over package Y based on the score. The overall attitude score (Ao) of package X calculated using the ATO
model is _____.
a. 75
b. 56
c. 38
d. 22
ANSWER: c

76. Restaurant managers know that one way to get diners to relax and order more drinks is to play soft, soothing music.
Which of the following hierarchies explains this action of the diners?
a. The behavioral influence hierarchy

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Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

b. The experiential hierarchy

c. The low-involvement hierarchy
d. The high-involvement hierarchy
ANSWER: a

77. The theory of planned action expands upon the behavioral intentions model by including:
a. a schema-based affect.
b. the consistency principle.
c. sentiment relations and unit relations.
d. a perceived control component.
ANSWER: d

78. In balance theory, the object-person relation is referred to as a _____.

a. unit relation
b. sentiment relation
c. primary relation
d. secondary relation
ANSWER: a

79. Nathan is diabetic and has been advised by his doctor to reduce his sugar intake. He, however, discounts the negative
health consequences of sugar and frequently eats candies. This is an example of the _____.
a. ego-defensive function of attitudes
b. value-expressive function of attitudes
c. cognitive function of attitudes
d. utilitarian function of attitudes
ANSWER: a

80. Which of the following is true of the effects of the source of a message on consumer attitudes?
a. The persuasive effect of source likeability is more on consumers with a high need for cognition than on those
with a low degree of this trait.
b. The persuasive effect of source credibility tends to be highest when consumers lack the motivation to expend
effort attending to the details of an ad.
c. The credibility of the source of a message does not have any impact on the certainty with which consumer
attitudes are held.
d. Consumers with high involvement are not affected by the credibility of the source of a message.
ANSWER: b

81. Identify a true statement about the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) approach.

a. Changing evaluations of an attribute is usually easier than changing the strength of a belief regarding that
attribute.
b. Changing evaluations of an attribute does not involve convincing consumers that the attribute is not as positive
or negative as they may think.
c. Adding beliefs about new attributes may require a physical change to the product itself.
d. Adding a valued attribute to a product cannot change the overall attitude toward the product.
ANSWER: c
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82. Percy, a professional nature photographer, wants to buy a camera. When he comes across an ad for a camera in a
magazine, he carefully considers and evaluates the various attributes of the camera. He also weighs its advantages against
the price and assesses its usability under inclement weather conditions. In the given scenario, Percy is focusing on _____.
a. peripheral cues
b. central cues
c. abstract cues
d. relational cues
ANSWER: b

83. Victoria needs to collect her prescription on her way home. While she is at the pharmacy, she decides to buy milk.
Though the milk is not of the brand she usually buys, she buys it in order to avoid a trip to the grocery store. In the context
of the hierarchy of effects, Victoria's decision to purchase the milk at the pharmacy is an example of the _____.
a. high-involvement hierarchy
b. low-Involvement hierarchy
c. experiential hierarchy
d. behavioral influence hierarchy
ANSWER: b

84. Which of the following consumer attitude models is known as a compensatory model?
a. The balance theory model
b. The elaboration likelihood model
c. The attitude-toward-the-object model
d. The behavioral intentions model
ANSWER: c

85. Which of the following types of effect is said to occur when material presented later in a message has the most
impact?
a. A recency effect
b. A primacy effect
c. A source effect
d. A peripheral effect
ANSWER: a

86. The value-expressive function of attitudes:

a. allows consumers to simplify their decision-making processes.
b. enables consumers to convey their values, self-concept, and beliefs to others.
c. enables consumers to avoid facts or defend themselves from threatening information.
d. allows consumers to develop positive attitudes toward products that enhance their self-image.
ANSWER: b

87. Tom strongly believes that raising tax rates for the rich is the only way to steer the economy out of recession as it is
likely to generate greater tax revenues for the government. When his friend Sam pointed out that the government receives
greater tax revenues when tax rates are uniformly low for all Americans, Tom refused to accept Sam's input and change
his attitude. Interestingly, the input provided by Sam further strengthened Tom's initial attitude. This is an example of a

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_____.
a. message effect
b. source effect
c. recency effect
d. contrast effect
ANSWER: d

88. Which of the following best exemplifies the utilitarian function of attitudes?
a. A man buying a luxury car for his daily morning commute
b. A woman buying clothes of the same brand for years
c. A group of teenage boys indulging in binge drinking and smoking
d. A person donating to an environment protection organization
ANSWER: a

89. Roger is an ardent supporter of a famous soccer club. He always wears that team's jersey during league matches in
order to fit in and connect with the other fans of the club. This is an example of the _____ of attitudes.
a. knowledge function
b. utilitarian function
c. value-expressive function
d. ego-defensive function
ANSWER: b

90. Caroline wants to be a doctor, but she is unable to decide which school she should join. Her friends try to convince her
to apply to the top-ranking medical schools. She believes that her parents, who are doctors, want her to attend the same
medical school they attended. Caroline herself wants to apply to the medical school that her best friend attends. Caroline's
focus, in this case, is on what other people think she should do in addition to her own attitude toward specific schools.
Which of the following consumer attitude models best describes the given scenario?
a. Changing schema-based affect
b. The attitude-toward-the-object model
c. Social judgment model
d. The behavioral intentions model
ANSWER: d

91. What are some of the factors that weaken the attitude–behavior relationship?
ANSWER: Answers will vary. A number of factors can weaken the attitude–behavior relationship. Simply liking a
product doesn't mean that we will buy it. Maybe we don't have enough money to buy what we want. Other
factors also weaken the relationship. For example, as the length of time between attitude measurement and
overt behavior grows, the predictive ability of attitudinal models weakens. The specificity with which
attitudes are measured also has an impact on accuracy. Strong environmental pressures can also keep
consumers from performing intended behaviors. For example, when consumers feel rushed, decisions are
often made in haste. Finally, attitude–behavior models tend not to perform very well in impulse-buying
situations. Impulse purchases are sometimes hard to explain.

92. Briefly discuss the effect of fear appeal in marketing.

ANSWER: Answers will vary. The use of fear appeals can be effective in marketing. However, the level of fear that
results is very important. Overly high levels of fear may lead consumers to focus on the threat so much that
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they lose focus on the proposed solution. Paradoxically, if fear arousal is not strong enough, consumers may
either discount the message or develop more positive attitudes toward the behavior that is being discouraged.
Also, different consumers are likely to react in different ways to the exact same fear appeal, complicating the
issue further. As a result, it is very difficult to predict how an individual consumer will react to any fear
appeal. The context in which fear appeals are placed can also influence their effectiveness. For example,
attitudes toward a fear-inducing ad have been found to be less positive when the ad is embedded in a sad
television program than when the ad is placed in a happy (comedic) program. Fear appeals appear to be
effective when they (1) introduce the severity of a threat, (2) present the probability of occurrence, (3)
explain the effectiveness of a coping strategy, and (4) show how easy it is to implement the desired response.

93. Briefly explain the high-involvement hierarchy of effects.

ANSWER: Answers will vary. The high-involvement hierarchy of effects occurs when a consumer faces a high-
involvement decision or addresses a significant problem. High-involvement decisions are important to a
consumer and often contain significant risk. In this hierarchy, beliefs about products are formed first. The
consumer carefully considers various product features and develops beliefs and thoughts about each feature.
Next, feelings or evaluations about the product are formed. The consumer may begin to think the product is
good and will suit his needs based on the beliefs that have been formed. Finally, after beliefs and feelings are
formed, the consumer decides to act in some way toward the product. Here, a purchase decision is made. The
consumer decides to either buy the product or not.

94. Briefly discuss the role of humor in message appeal.

ANSWER: Answers will vary. Marketers frequently use humorous ads. In today's age of intense advertising clutter, ads
that are humorous can be effective. Advertisers tend to use humor in their ads intermittently because they
know that humor can get old after a while and no longer cut through the clutter. Humorous ads can attract
attention, create a positive mood, and enhance both attitude toward a brand and purchase intentions.
However, humor appeals can also decrease the credibility of a message source. Humor is more effective
when a consumer's need for cognition is low rather than high, and also when a consumer has a high need for
humor. The amount of humor to place in an advertisement is another issue. High levels of humor can cause
consumers to fail to pay attention to the product being advertised, and high levels can also limit information
processing.

95. How does the behavioral intentions model differ from the attitude-toward-the-object (ATO) model?
ANSWER: Answers will vary. The behavioral intentions model, sometimes referred to as the theory of reasoned action,
has been offered as an improvement over the ATO model. This model differs from the ATO model in a
number of important ways. First, rather than focusing explicitly on attitudes, the model focuses on intentions
to act in some way. Second, the model adds a component that assesses a consumer's perceptions of what
other people think they should do. This is referred to as the subjective norm. Finally, the model explicitly
focuses on the consumer's attitude toward the behavior of buying rather than the attitude toward the object.

96. List some of the questions an advertiser must consider when constructing a message.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. Advertisers must consider a number of issues when constructing a message. Following
are some of the questions that marketers must answer:

• Should an ad present a conclusion or should the consumer be allowed to reach his own conclusion?
• Should comparative ads that directly compare one brand against another be developed?
• Where should important information be placed?
• Should the message be straightforward and simple, or complex?

97. Discuss the importance of source credibility in advertisements.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16
Name: Class: Date:

Chapter 07: Attitudes and Attitude Change

ANSWER: Answers will vary. Source credibility plays an important role in advertising effectiveness. In general,
credible sources tend to be more persuasive than less credible sources. This effect tends to be highest when
consumers lack the ability or motivation to expend effort attending to the details of an ad (low involvement).
However, credible sources also influence highly involved consumers, especially if their credentials are
clearly communicated early in a message. The credibility of sources also impacts the certainty with which
consumer attitudes are held, with lower levels of credibility leading to higher levels of certainty. Credibility
consists of two elements: expertise and trustworthiness. Expertise refers to the amount of knowledge that a
spokesperson is perceived to have about the product or issue in question. Trustworthiness refers to a
perception of the extent to which a spokesperson is presenting a message that he or she truly believes, with
no reason to present false information.

98. In the context of the elaboration likelihood model (ELM), explain how attitudes are changed based on differing levels
of consumer involvement.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. The ELM illustrates how attitudes are changed based on differing levels of consumer
involvement. According to the ELM, a consumer begins to process a message as soon as it is received.
Depending on the level of involvement and a consumer's ability and motivation to process a message, the
persuasion process then follows one of two routes: a central route or a peripheral route.If consumers find that
the incoming message is particularly relevant to their situation (and thus highly involved), they will likely
expend considerable effort in comprehending the message. In this case, high-involvement processing occurs,
and the central route to persuasion is activated. Here, the consumer develops a number of thoughts (or
cognitive responses) regarding the incoming message that may either support or contradict the information.
Because the consumer is highly involved, and because he has made an effort to carefully attend to the
message, it is likely that the attitude change will be relatively enduring.If consumers are not involved with a
message or lack either the motivation or ability to process information, the peripheral route to persuasion will
be followed. In this route, consumers are unlikely to develop cognitive responses to the message (either
supporting arguments or counterarguments), and are more likely to pay attention to things like the
attractiveness of the person delivering the message, the number of arguments presented, the expertise of the
spokesperson, and the imagery or music presented along with the message.

99. Describe the ABC approach to attitudes. Provide an example statement for each component of attitudes.
ANSWER: Answers will vary. According to the ABC approach to attitudes, attitudes possess three components: affect,
behavior, and cognitions. Affect refers to feelings about an object, and cognitions refer to beliefs that a
consumer has about the object. Behavior refers to the overt behavior that consumers exhibit as well as their
intentions to behave. Following are the examples of each of the components:

• Affect: "I like Snapchat."

• Behavior: "I always look at Snapchats my friends send me."
• Cognitions: "Sending Snapchat videos is a good way for me to stay connected with friends."

100. Briefly describe the value-expressive function of attitudes.

ANSWER: Answers will vary. The value-expressive function of attitudes enables consumers to express their core values,
self-concept, and beliefs to others. Accordingly, this function of attitude provides a positive expression of the
type of person a consumer perceives himself or herself to be and the values that he or she holds. For
example, consumers who believe in the protection of the environment might support a group like
Greenpeace. It is easy to learn about consumers' values by looking at the bumper stickers they place on their
cars, the posters that place in their apartments, and the types of T-shirts they wear.

Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 17

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Title: Chroniques de J. Froissart, tome 03/13

1342-1346 (Depuis la trêve entre Jeanne de Montfort et
Charles de Blois jusqu'au siége de Calais)

Author: Jean Froissart

Editor: Siméon Luce

Release date: December 12, 2023 [eBook #72385]

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CHRONIQUES DE J. FROISSART, TOME 03/13 ***
 Note sur la transcription: L’orthographe
d’origine a été conservée et n’a pas été
harmonisée, mais quelques erreurs
introduites par le typographe ou à
l'impression ont été corrigées.
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Cliquez sur le numéro de page, par
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Table

CHRONIQUES

DE

J. FROISSART
PARIS.—TYPOGRAPHIE LAHURE
Rue de Fleurus, 9
 CHRONIQUES
DE

J. FROISSART
PUBLIÉ POUR LA SOCIÉTÉ DE L’HISTOIRE DE FRANCE

PA R SIMÉO N L UCE

TOME TROISIÈME

1342-1346

(DEPUIS LA TRÊVE ENTRE JEANNE DE MONTFORT ET CHARLES DE BLOIS

JUSQU’AU SIÉGE DE CALAIS)

A PARIS
CHE Z M M E V E JUL ES RENO UARD
H. LAURENS, SUCCESSEUR
L I B R A I R E D E L A S O C I É T É D E L’ H I S TO I R E D E F R A N C E
RUE DE TOURNON, Nº 6

M DCCC LXXII
 EXTRAIT DU RÈGLEMENT.
Art. 14.—Le Conseil désigne les ouvrages à publier, et choisit les
personnes les plus capables d’en préparer et d’en suivre la
publication.
Il nomme, pour chaque ouvrage à publier, un Commissaire
responsable chargé d’en surveiller l’exécution.
Le nom de l’Éditeur sera placé en tête de chaque volume.
Aucun volume ne pourra paraître sous le nom de la Société sans
l’autorisation du Conseil, et s’il n’est accompagné d’une déclaration
du Commissaire responsable, portant que le travail lui a paru mériter
d’être publié.

Le Commissaire responsable soussigné déclare que le tome III de

l’édition des Chroniques de J. Froissart, préparé par M. Siméon
Luce, lui a paru digne d’être publié par la Société de l’Histoire de
France.

Fait à Paris, le 5 février 1872.

Signé L. DELISLE.

Certifié,

Le Secrétaire de la Société de l’Histoire de

France,
J. DESNOYERS.
 SOMMAIRE.

CHAPITRE LI.
1342. ROBERT D’ARTOIS EN BRETAGNE[1] (§§ 181 à 192).

Édouard III donne de grandes joutes à Londres en l’honneur de la

comtesse de Salisbury[2] dont il est toujours épris. Douze comtes,
huit cents chevaliers, cinq cents dames et pucelles assistent à ces
joutes qui durent quinze jours.—Noms des principaux chevaliers,
tant d’Angleterre que d’Allemagne, de Flandre, de Hainaut et de
Brabant.—Toutes les dames et les damoiselles s’y montrent parées
de leurs plus beaux atours, sauf la comtesse de Salisbury qui s’y
rend dans le plus simple appareil, tant elle désire ne pas attirer sur
elle les regards du roi d’Angleterre. Jean, fils aîné de Henri vicomte
de Beaumont d’Angleterre, périt dans une de ces joutes de la main
du comte de Hainaut. P. 1 à 3, 197 à 201.
Édouard III envoie l’évêque de Lincoln proposer une trêve de deux
ans au roi David d’Écosse qui, après l’avoir d’abord refusée, finit par
l’accepter du consentement du roi de France son allié[3]. P. 4 à 7, 201
à 207.
Sur les instances de Jeanne de Flandre, comtesse de Montfort,
qui a profité de la trêve[4] conclue entre elle et Charles de Blois pour
aller en Angleterre demander du secours[5], Édouard III donne à
cette princesse son alliée une armée de mille hommes d’armes et de
deux mille archers sous les ordres de Robert d’Artois, pour retourner
en Bretagne. La flotte qui porte cette armée se compose de trente
six vaisseaux grands et petits; en quittant l’île de Guernesey, elle se
rencontre avec une flotte au service du roi de France que
commandent Louis d’Espagne, Charles Grimaldi et Ayton Doria. La
flotte française ne se compose que de trente deux vaisseaux
espagnols montés par mille hommes d’armes et trois mille Génois;
mais parmi ces trente deux vaisseaux il y a neuf galées, dont trois
plus fortes que les autres et montées par les trois amiraux en
personne. Louis d’Espagne, qui veut prendre sa revanche de l’échec
de Quimperlé, attaque les Anglais avec beaucoup d’impétuosité;
toutefois l’action n’avait pu s’engager que dans l’après-midi, et une
tempête qui survient, jointe à l’obscurité de la nuit, met fin à cette
lutte et sépare les combattants. Les amiraux français, qui craignent
d’être jetés à la côte avec leurs gros vaisseaux, gagnent à toutes
voiles la haute mer, tandis que Robert d’Artois, chef de la flotte
anglaise, réussit à jeter l’ancre dans un petit port, à quelque distance
de Vannes[6]. P. 7 à 11, 206 à 211.
Pendant que Louis d’Espagne est poussé par les vents contraires
jusque sur les côtes de Navarre et revient à grand peine à la
Rochelle, puis à Guérande, après avoir capturé sur sa route quatre
navires de Bayonne, la comtesse de Montfort et Robert d’Artois
mettent le siége devant Vannes. Une forte garnison tient cette ville
pour Charles de Blois sous les ordres de Hervé de Léon, d’Olivier de
Clisson, des seigneurs de Tournemine et de Lohéac. Les Anglais
pillent et brûlent tout le pays situé entre Dinan[7], la Roche-Piriou[8],
Gouelet-Forest, la Roche-Bernard[9] et Suscinio[10]. Gautier de Mauny
lui-même, après s’être tenu quelque temps à Hennebont, laissant
cette forteresse sous la garde de Guillaume de Cadoudal, accourt
sous les murs de Vannes avec Ivon de Trésiguidy, cent hommes
d’armes et deux cents archers, pour renforcer les assiégeants. La
ville est prise après un jour d’assaut, et Gautier de Mauny y entre le
premier. Hervé[11] de Léon, Olivier de Clisson, les seigneurs de
Tournemine, de Lohéac et les autres chevaliers du parti français
n’ont pas le temps de se retirer dans le château, mais ils parviennent
à se sauver. P. 11 à 16, 211 à 217.
Après la prise de Vannes, la comtesse de Montfort, Gautier de
Mauny et Ivon de Trésiguidy rentrent à Hennebont, tandis que les
comtes de Salisbury, de Pembroke, de Suffolk vont assiéger
Rennes. Quatre jours avant l’arrivée des Anglais devant Rennes
Charles de Blois avait quitté cette ville, y laissant bonne garnison et
s’était rendu avec sa femme à Nantes[12]. P. 11 à 17, 211 à 220.
Hervé de Léon et Olivier de Clisson font appel à Robert de
Beaumanoir, maréchal de Bretagne, et à tous les partisans de
Charles de Blois, pour reprendre Vannes à Robert d’Artois. Pierre
Portebeuf, capitaine de Dinan, leur amène mille hommes; le
capitaine d’Aurai, deux cents; Gérard de Mâlain, châtelain de la
Roche-Piriou, deux cents; Renier de Mâlain, châtelain du Faouët,
cent; le sire de Quintin, capitaine de Quimper-Corentin, cinq cents.
Robert d’Artois est bientôt assiégé dans Vannes par des forces qui
ne s’élèvent pas à moins de douze mille hommes; il est blessé à un
assaut et n’a que le temps de se sauver par une poterne pour
chercher un refuge à Hennebont. Édouard Spencer, fils de Hugh
Spencer, est aussi blessé à cet assaut et ne survit que trois jours à
sa blessure. Quant à Robert d’Artois, il repasse en Angleterre pour
se guérir, mais les fatigues de la traversée empirent sa situation, et il
meurt à Londres[13], où Édouard III lui fait faire de magnifiques
obsèques. P. 17 à 20, 220 à 224.

CHAPITRE LII.
1342 ET 1343. ÉDOUARD III EN BRETAGNE[14] (§§ 192 à 202).

Le roi d’Angleterre jure de venger la mort de Robert d’Artois. De

grands préparatifs sont faits dans les ports de Plymouth, de
Wesmouth, de Darmouth et de Southampton. Édouard III prend
bientôt la mer[15] avec deux mille hommes d’armes et six mille
archers, et, après avoir côtoyé la Normandie, les îles de Guernesey
et de Brehat, débarque en Bretagne, à quelque distance
d’Hennebont où se tient la comtesse de Montfort; puis il va mettre le
siége devant Vannes, que garde pour Charles de Blois une garnison
de deux cents chevaliers et écuyers sous les ordres[16] d’Olivier de
Clisson, de Hervé de Léon, de Geffroi de Malestroit, du vicomte de
Rohan et du sire de la Roche Tesson. Après un assaut infructueux,
le roi d’Angleterre laisse une partie de ses gens devant Vannes, puis
il va rejoindre avec le gros de ses forces les chevaliers anglais qui
assiégent Rennes. Là, il apprend que Charles de Blois, sa femme et
ses enfants se sont refugiés à Nantes, c’est pourquoi il se dirige
aussitôt de ce côté; arrivé sous les murs de cette ville, il y offre la
bataille à Charles de Blois, qui la refuse. Force lui est de se borner à
investir Nantes[17], et encore d’un côté seulement, car les Français
ont réussi à garder leurs communications du côté de la ville qui
regarde le Poitou, par où ils s’approvisionnent. De ce côté aussi, les
assiégés reçoivent des renforts amenés par Louis d’Espagne,
Charles Grimaldi et Ayton Doria, qui, avec leurs Espagnols, Génois,
Bretons et Normands, écumeurs de mer, ont passé la saison à
détrousser les marchands, aussi bien ceux du parti français que
ceux du parti anglais. Édouard III laisse devant Nantes la moitié de
ses forces, et avec l’autre moitié il va assiéger Dinan; ainsi, en une
saison et à la fois, en personne ou par ses gens, il met le siége
devant trois cités (Vannes, Rennes, Nantes) et une bonne ville
(Dinan). A un terrible assaut qui se livre sous les murs de Vannes,
Olivier de Clisson et Hervé de Léon[18] sont faits prisonniers du côté
des Français, le baron de Stafford du côté des Anglais. Le roi
d’Angleterre s’empare de Dinan et revient renforcer ceux de ses
gens qui assiégent Vannes. Sur ces entrefaites, Louis d’Espagne,
Charles Grimaldi et Ayton Doria surprennent la flotte anglaise, qui
était à l’ancre dans un petit port près de Vannes et la maltraitent.
Pour éviter le retour d’une surprise du même genre, Édouard III met
ses navires à couvert, partie dans le havre de Brest, partie dans
celui d’Hennebont. P. 20 à 29, 224 à 239.
Par l’ordre du roi de France son père, Jean, duc de Normandie, se
met à la tête d’une armée de dix mille hommes d’armes et de trente
mille gens de pied qui s’est rassemblée à Angers[19] et marche au
secours de son cousin Charles de Blois. A l’approche des Français,
les Anglais qui assiégeaient Nantes lèvent le siége de cette ville et
vont rejoindre devant Vannes le roi d’Angleterre.—Pendant le séjour
du duc de Normandie à Nantes, les Anglais livrent un assaut à la
ville de Rennes, qui dure un jour entier; ils y perdent beaucoup de
gens par suite de la vigoureuse résistance des assiégés qui ont à
leur tête leur évêque, le baron d’Ancenis, le sire du Pont, Jean de
Malestroit, Yvain Charruel et Bertrand du Guesclin, alors jeune
écuyer.—Le duc de Normandie quitte Nantes pour marcher avec son
armée au secours de Vannes assiégée par les Anglais: il établit son
camp en face des assiégeants; ce que voyant, Édouard III, qui a
besoin de toutes ses forces pour résister à un ennemi quatre fois
supérieur en nombre, fait lever le siége de Rennes[20]. Les cardinaux
de Palestrina et de Clermont[21] sont chargés par le pape Clément
VI[22] de s’entremettre de la paix entre les deux partis, que la disette
de vivres et la rigueur de la saison obligent à accepter cette
médiation[23]. Une trêve est conclue entre les deux rois de France et
d’Angleterre, qui doit durer jusqu’à la Saint Michel prochaine, et de là
en trois ans[24]. Le duc de Normandie retourne en France, et
Édouard III en Angleterre. P. 29 à 35, 239 à 247.

CHAPITRE LIII.
1343. EXÉCUTION D’OLIVIER DE CLISSON SUIVIE DE CELLE D’UN CERTAIN NOMBRE DE
CHEVALIERS BRETONS.—1344. EXÉCUTION DES SEIGNEURS NORMANDS COMPLICES DE
GODEFROI DE HARCOURT.—ÉDOUARD III FAIT DÉFIER LE ROI DE FRANCE[25] (§§ 202 à
204).

Olivier de Clisson, accusé de haute trahison, subit à Paris le

dernier supplice[26]; environ dix chevaliers ou écuyers de Bretagne
sont mis à mort quelque temps après l’exécution d’Olivier de
Clisson, comme complices de ce dernier[27]. Enfin, plusieurs
seigneurs de Normandie, accusés eux aussi de haute[28] trahison,
Guillaume Bacon[29], le sire de la Roche Tesson[30], Richard de
Percy[31], ont plus tard le même sort que les chevaliers bretons. P. 29
à 36, 239 à 250.
Édouard III fait reconstruire le château de Windsor[32], où l’on bâtit
une chapelle de saint Georges, et fonde l’Ordre de la Jarretière[33].
Irrité de l’exécution d’Olivier de Clisson et des autres chevaliers
bretons et normands, il met en liberté Hervé de Léon son prisonnier
et le charge d’aller de sa part défier le roi de France. P. 36 à 41, 250
à 257.

CHAPITRE LIV.
1345. PREMIÈRE CAMPAGNE DU COMTE DE DERBY EN GUIENNE[34]. (§§ 205 à 223).

Édouard III rompt la trêve de Malestroit; il envoie le comte de

Derby en Gascogne[35], Thomas d’Agworth[36] en Bretagne contre les
Français, le comte de Salisbury en Irlande contre les Irlandais. Parti
de Southampton avec des forces considérables, le comte de Derby
débarque à Bayonne, puis se rend à Bordeaux dont les habitants
l’accueillent avec enthousiasme. Pendant ce temps, le comte de
l’Isle, qui se tient à Bergerac à la tête des forces françaises, se
dispose à disputer aux Anglais le passage de la [Dordogne].—Derby,
en quittant Bordeaux[37] pour marcher contre Bergerac, s’arrête un
jour et une nuit à une petite forteresse qu’on appelle Montcuq[38]; et
le lendemain de cette halte, ses coureurs s’avancent jusqu’aux
barrières de Bergerac, qui n’est qu’à une lieue de Montcuq. Le matin
de ce même jour, Gautier de Mauny, dînant à la table du comte de
Derby, propose de livrer immédiatement l’assaut pour boire à souper
des vins des seigneurs de France. A la suite d’un premier assaut, les
Anglais emportent le premier pont ainsi que les barrières et se
rendent maîtres des faubourgs de Bergerac. Un second assaut
dirigé contre les remparts reste infructueux. Ce que voyant, Derby
fait venir de Bordeaux un certain nombre de navires avec lesquels il
attaque Bergerac par eau; il réussit à rompre sur une grande
étendue les palissades qui défendent la ville de ce côté. Le comte de
l’Isle, voyant que la place n’est plus tenable, fait déloger la garnison
et se sauve en toute hâte à la Réole. Les habitants de Bergerac
s’empressent de se rendre au comte de Derby et lui font féauté et
hommage au nom du roi d’Angleterre[39].—Derby, après s’être
rafraîchi deux jours à Bergerac, quitte cette ville pour aller attaquer
Périgueux; chemin faisant, il soumet Langon[40] dont la garnison se
retire sur Monsac[41], le Lac (les Lèches[42]), Maduran[43], Lamonzie[44],
Pinac[45], Lalinde[46], Forsach (Laforce[47]), la Tour de Prudaire[48],
Beaumont[49], Montagrier[50], Lisle[51], chef-lieu de la seigneurie du
comte de ce nom, Bonneval[52]. Après des tentatives infructueuses
contre Périgueux[53] et Pellegrue[54], Derby s’empare du château
d’Auberoche[55] dont les habitants se rendent sans coup férir[56] ainsi
que de la ville de Libourne[57] et rentre à Bordeaux. P. 41 à 62, 237 à
282.
Le comte de l’Isle, informé du retour de Derby à Bordeaux, met le
siége devant Auberoche et fait venir de Toulouse quatre machines
de guerre pour abattre les remparts du château. Les assiégés
d’Auberoche chargent un de leurs valets de porter à Derby une
dépêche qui l’informe de la détresse où ils se trouvent. Ce valet est
arrêté par les assiégeants qui, après avoir pris connaissance de la
dépêche dont il est porteur, le placent dans la fronde d’une de leurs
machines de guerre et le lancent avec son message pendu au
cou[58]. A la nouvelle du danger que court la garnison d’Auberoche,
Derby quitte en toute hâte Bordeaux[59], rallie sur sa route les gens
d’armes anglais, tant ceux qui se tiennent à Libourne sous Richard
de Stafford que ceux qui occupent Bergerac sous le comte de
Pembroke, et vient livrer bataille[60] aux Français à quelque distance
d’Auberoche. Défaite des Français: les comtes de l’Isle[61], de
Valentinois[62], de Périgord[63] et de Comminges[64], les vicomtes de
Villemur[65] et de Caraman[66], les sénéchaux de Rouergue, du
Querci[67] et de Toulouse[68], les seigneurs de la Barde et de Taride[69],
les deux frères Philippe et Renaud de Dion sont faits prisonniers;
Roger[70], oncle du comte de Périgord, le sire de Duras, Aymar de
Poitiers[71], les vicomtes de Murendon[72], de Bruniquel, de Tallard et
de Lautrec[73] sont tués.—Mécontentement du comte de Pembroke
qui n’arrive à Auberoche qu’après la bataille.—Derby laisse à
Auberoche une garnison sous les ordres d’un chevalier gascon
nommé Alexandre de Caumont et retourne à Bordeaux. P. 62 à 73,
292 à 295.

CHAPITRE LV.
1345 ET 1346.
BRUITS CALOMNIEUX CONTRE ÉDOUARD III.—SECONDE[74] CAMPAGNE DU
COMTE DE DERBY EN GUIENNE[75] (§§ 223 à 235).

«Vous[76] avez entendu parler ci-dessus de l’amour d’Edouard III

pour la comtesse de Salisbury. Toutefois, les Chroniques de Jean le
Bel parlent de cet amour plus avant et moins convenablement que je
ne dois faire, car, s’il plaît à Dieu, il ne saurait entrer dans ma
pensée d’inculper le roi d’Angleterre et la comtesse de Salisbury
d’aucun vilain reproche. Si les honnêtes gens se demandent
pourquoi je parle ici de cet amour, qu’ils sachent que messire Jean
le Bel raconte dans ses Chroniques que le roi anglais viola la
comtesse de Salisbury. Or, je déclare que je connais beaucoup
l’Angleterre, où j’ai longtemps séjourné, à la Cour principalement, et
chez les grands seigneurs de ce pays; et pourtant je n’ai jamais
entendu parler de ce viol, quoique j’aie interrogé là-dessus des
personnes qui l’auraient bien su, si jamais il en avait rien été.
D’ailleurs, je ne pourrais croire et il n’est pas croyable qu’un si haut
et vaillant homme que le roi d’Angleterre est et a été, se soit laissé
aller à déshonorer une des plus nobles dames de son royaume et un
de ses chevaliers qui l’a servi si loyalement et toute sa vie: aussi
d’ores en avant je me tairai de cet amour et reviendrai au comte de
Derby et aux seigneurs d’Angleterre qui se tenaient à Bordeaux.»
Vers la mi-mai[77] 1345, le comte de Derby quitte Bordeaux où il
vient de passer ses quartiers d’hiver[78], et, après avoir fait à
Bergerac sa jonction avec le comte de Pembroke, il marche contre la
Réole. Derby reçoit sur sa route la soumission des habitants de
Sainte-Bazeille[79]; il s’empare de la Roche Meilhan[80], et, après avoir
mis pendant quinze jours le siége devant Monségur[81], reçoit à
composition le capitaine de cette forteresse, se fait rendre
Aiguillon[82], emporte d’assaut Castelsagrat[83], après quoi il met le
siége devant la Réole. P. 73 à 80, 293 à 300.
La garnison qui défend pour le roi de France la ville et le château
de la Réole a pour capitaine un chevalier provençal nommé Agout
des Baux. Après quelques assauts, les habitants de la ville font leur
soumission[84] à Derby au nom du roi d’Angleterre, malgré tous les
efforts d’Agout des Baux, qui se retire alors dans le château avec
ses compagnons. Les assiégeants font miner ce château.—Sur ces
entrefaites, Gautier de Mauny est informé que son père est enterré à
la Réole. Le Borgne de Mauny, père de Gautier, dans un tournoi qui
s’était tenu à Cambrai, avait tué par mégarde un neveu de
l’évêque[85] de cette ville, jeune chevalier de la famille de Mirepoix[86];
et un jour que le Borgne de Mauny, au retour d’un pélerinage à
Saint-Jacques en Galice, était venu voir le comte de Valois qui
assiégeait alors la Réole[87], il avait trouvé la mort dans une
embuscade et par une vengeance des parents du jeune chevalier
tué à Cambrai.—Agout des Baux rend le château de la Réole au
comte de Derby, moyennant que lui et ses compagnons, originaires
de Provence, de Savoie et du Dauphiné, pourront aller où bon leur
semblera et conserveront leurs armes[88]. P. 80 à 91, 300 à 309.
Prise de Monpezat[89], de Castelmoron[90] et de Villefranche[91] en
Agenais par Derby,—de Miramont[92], de Tonneins[93] et de
Damazan[94] par les gens d’armes de Derby. P. 91 à 94, 309 à 312.
Le comte de Derby met le siége devant Angoulême[95] dont les
habitants prennent l’engagement de se rendre, s’ils ne sont pas
secourus dans un mois.—Tentatives infructueuses des Anglais
contre Blaye[96], Mortagne[97] en Poitou, Mirabel[98] et Aulnay[99].
Reddition d’Angoulême et rentrée de Derby à Bordeaux. P. 94 à 96,
312 à 313.

CHAPITRE LVI.
1344. BANNISSEMENT DE GODEFROI DE HARCOURT.—1345. MORT DE JACQUES
D’ARTEVELD ET DU COMTE DE HAINAUT.—1346. JEAN DE HAINAUT EMBRASSE LE PARTI DE
PHILIPPE DE VALOIS[100] (§§ 236 à 240).

Godefroi de Harcourt, frère du comte de Harcourt et sire de Saint-

Sauveur-le-Vicomte en Normandie, s’attire la haine de Philippe de
Valois qui le bannit du royaume[101]. Godefroi de Harcourt se réfugie
d’abord en Brabant[102] auprès du duc Jean son cousin; plus tard il
passe en Angleterre[103] où il fait hommage à Édouard III qui
l’accueille favorablement et lui assigne une pension. P. 96 et 97, 313
et 315.
Alliance étroite d’Édouard III et de Jacques d’Arteveld qui
entreprend de déshériter, non-seulement Louis, comte de Flandre,
mais encore Louis de Male, le jeune fils du dit comte, et de faire
ériger le comté de Flandre en duché au profit du prince de Galles[104],
fils aîné du roi d’Angleterre. Edouard III et son fils viennent à
l’Écluse[105] avec une flotte nombreuse pour mettre à exécution ce
projet. Les tisserands de Gand [excités sous main par Jean, duc de
Brabant[106], qui veut marier sa fille à Louis de Male], font alors de
l’opposition à Jacques d’Arteveld qui périt un jour dans une émeute
de la main d’un tisserand nommé Thomas Denis[107]. Édouard III est
transporté de fureur en apprenant la fin tragique de Jacques
d’Arteveld; il quitte l’Écluse et regagne son royaume[108]. Les bonnes
villes de Flandre envoient alors des députés à Londres pour se
disculper et calmer le ressentiment du roi anglais. Ces députés
déclarent que le désir des Flamands est de marier le jeune Louis de
Male, héritier présomptif de leur comté, à l’une des filles du roi
d’Angleterre; celui-ci se tient pour satisfait et rend aux bonnes villes
de Flandre son amitié[109]. P. 97 à 105, 315 à 321.
Siége et prise d’Utrech par Guillaume, comte de Hainaut. Ce
prince entreprend une expédition contre les Frisons; il est battu et
tué à Staveren[110]. «A la suite de ce désastre, les Frisons ne furent
plus inquiétés jusqu’en 1396.... En cette année, sur une marche
qu’on dit le Vieux Cloître, Guillaume, comte d’Ostrevant, fils du duc
Aubert, vengea grandement la mort de son grand oncle Guillaume
de Hainaut; il alla plus avant en Frise que personne ne fût allé
auparavant, ainsi qu’il vous sera raconté et déduit ci-après en
l’histoire, si moi Froissart, auteur et compilateur de ces Chroniques,
puis avoir le temps, l’espace et le loisir, et que je m’en puisse voir
suffisamment informé[111].» Après la mort du comte de Hainaut,
Jeanne sa veuve, fille aînée du duc Jean de Brabant, se retire dans
la terre de Binche[112] qui forme son douaire; et Jean de Hainaut, qui
vient de s’échapper à grand peine des mains des Frisons, gouverne
le comté en attendant que Marguerite de Hainaut, sœur du comte
défunt et femme de l’empereur Louis de Bavière, prenne
possession[113] de l’héritage de son frère. P. 105 à 107, 321 à 324.
En considération de son gendre le comte Louis de Blois, neveu du
roi de France, et sur les instances des seigneurs de Fagneulles, de
Barbenchon, de Senzeilles et de Ligny, Jean de Hainaut renvoie son
hommage au roi d’Angleterre[114] et prête serment de fidélité à
Philippe de Valois[115]. Le roi de France lui assigne une pension[116]
pour le dédommager de la perte de celle qu’il touchait sur la cassette
d’Édouard III. P. 107 et 108, 324 et 325.

CHAPITRE LVII.
1346. EXPÉDITION DE JEAN, DUC DE NORMANDIE, EN GUIENNE.—SIÉGE D’AIGUILLON[117]
(§§ 241 à 253).

A la nouvelle des succès du comte de Derby en Guyenne,

Philippe de Valois se prépare à la résistance; il met Jean son fils,
duc de Normandie, à la tête des forces chargées d’opérer au-delà de
la Loire contre les Anglais. Les plus grands seigneurs de France,
notamment les ducs de Bourgogne et de Bourbon, se rendent à
l’appel de Philippe de Valois. Jean, duc de Normandie, traverse
l’Orléanais, le Berry, l’Auvergne et arrive vers la fête de Noël 1345 à
Toulouse[118], rendez-vous général des forces françaises dont
l’effectif s’élève à six mille hommes d’armes et à quarante[119] mille
gens d’armes à lances et à pavais «qu’on nomme aujourd’hui gros
varlets[120].» Après la Noël, départ de Toulouse [121], prise de
Miramont[122], de Villefranche[123] et siége [d’Agen[124]] par le duc de
Normandie.—Le comte de Derby envoie à Aiguillon l’élite de ses
chevaliers, Gautier de Mauny entre autres, fait mettre le château
dans le meilleur état de défense et reprend Villefranche aux
Français.—Pendant le siége [d’Agen] par les Français, le sénéchal
de Beaucaire, le duc de Bourbon et une foule d’autres seigneurs
partent un soir du camp et, après avoir chevauché toute la nuit,
arrivent au lever du jour devant un lieu nommé Anthenis[125],
nouvellement rendu aux Anglais, dont ils s’emparent, grâce à une