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CHAPTER 8
PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS
AMONG THE ELEMENTS
Problem Categories
Biological: 8.134, 8.146, 8.150.
Conceptual: 8.48, 8.55, 8.56, 8.69, 8.91, 8.92, 8.103, 8.111, 8.114, 8.119, 8.123, 8.124, 8.129, 8.130, 8.131, 8.134,
8.137, 8.142.
Descriptive: 8.19, 8.21, 8.22, 8.37, 8.38, 8.39, 8.40, 8.41, 8.42, 8.43, 8.44, 8.45, 8.46, 8.47, 8.51, 8.52, 8.53, 8.54, 8.61,
8.62, 8.63, 8.64, 8.67, 8.68, 8.69, 8.70, 8.71, 8.72, 8.73, 8.74, 8.75, 8.76, 8.77, 8.78, 8.79, 8.80, 8.81, 8.83, 8.84, 8.85,
8.86, 8.89, 8.90, 8.93, 8.94, 8.95, 8.96, 8.97, 8.99, 8.106, 8.108, 8.113, 8.115, 8.116, 8.117, 8.118, 8.120, 8.121, 8.123,
8.125, 8.128, 8.132, 8.133, 8.134, 8.135, 8.136, 8.138, 8.139, 8.141, 8.143, 8.146, 8.147, 8.151, 8.152, 8.153.
Difficulty Level
Easy: 8.19, 8.21, 8.22, 8.24, 8.30, 8.31, 8.37, 8.38, 8.39, 8.40, 8.43, 8.45, 8.46, 8.47, 8.48, 8.51, 8.52, 8.56, 8.61, 8.62,
8.74, 8.78, 8.83, 8.84, 8.92, 8.99, 8.107, 8.124, 8.128, 8.131, 8.133, 8.146.
Medium: 8.20, 8.23, 8.25, 8.26, 8.27, 8.28, 8.29, 8.32, 8.41, 8.42, 8.44, 8.53, 8.54, 8.55, 8.57, 8.58, 8.63, 8.64, 8.67,
8.68, 8.69, 8.71, 8.72, 8.73, 8.75, 8.76, 8.77, 8.81, 8.82, 8.85, 8.86, 8.87, 8.88, 8.89, 8.90, 8.91, 8.94, 8.96, 8.97, 8.98,
8.100, 8.101, 8.102, 8.105, 8.106, 8.108, 8.109, 8.111, 8.114, 8.116, 8.118, 8.119, 8.120, 8.121, 8.122, 8.123, 8.126,
8.127, 8.129, 8.130, 8.132, 8.134, 8.135, 8.137, 8.138, 8.139, 8.140, 8.145.
Difficult: 8.70, 8.79, 8.80, 8.93, 8.95, 8.103, 8.104, 8.110, 8.112, 8.113, 8.115, 8.117, 8.125, 8.136, 8.141, 8.142,
8.143, 8.144.
 
8.19 Hydrogen forms the H ion (resembles the alkali metals) and the H ion (resembles the halogens).
8.20 Strategy: (a) We refer to the building-up principle discussed in Section 7.9 of the text. We start writing the
electron configuration with principal quantum number n  1 and continue upward in energy until all electrons
are accounted for. (b) What are the electron configuration characteristics of representative elements,
transition elements, and noble gases? (c) Examine the pairing scheme of the electrons in the outermost shell.
What determines whether an element is diamagnetic or paramagnetic?
Solution:
(a) We know that for n  1, we have a 1s orbital (2 electrons). For n  2, we have a 2s orbital (2 electrons)
and three 2p orbitals (6 electrons). For n  3, we have a 3s orbital (2 electrons). The number of
electrons left to place is 17  12  5. These five electrons are placed in the 3p orbitals. The electron
2 2 6 2 5 2 5
configuration is 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p or [Ne]3s 3p .
(b) Because the 3p subshell is not completely filled, this is a representative element. Without consulting a
periodic table, you might know that the halogen family has seven valence electrons. You could then
further classify this element as a halogen. In addition, all halogens are nonmetals.
(c) If you were to write an orbital diagram for this electron configuration, you would see that there is one
unpaired electron in the p subshell. Remember, the three 3p orbitals can hold a total of six electrons.
Therefore, the atoms of this element are paramagnetic.
Check: For (b), note that a transition metal possesses an incompletely filled d subshell, and a noble gas has
a completely filled outer-shell. For (c), recall that if the atoms of an element contain an odd number of
electrons, the element must be paramagnetic.
8.21 (a) and (d); (b) and (f); (c) and (e).
CHAPTER 8: PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS 265
8.22 Elements that have the same number of valence electrons will have similarities in chemical behavior.
Looking at the periodic table, elements with the same number of valence electrons are in the same group.
Therefore, the pairs that would represent similar chemical properties of their atoms are:
(a) and (d) (b) and (e) (c) and (f).
2 2 5 2 6
8.23 (a) 1s 2s 2p (halogen) (c) [Ar]4s 3d (transition metal)
2 2 10 3
(b) [Ar]4s (alkaline earth metal) (d) [Ar]4s 3d 4p (Group 5A)
8.24 (a) Group 1A (b) Group 5A (c) Group 8A (d) Group 8B

Identify the elements.
8.25 There are no electrons in the 4s subshell because transition metals lose electrons from the ns valence subshell
before they are lost from the (n  1)d subshell. For the neutral atom there are only six valence electrons. The
element can be identified as Cr (chromium) simply by counting six across starting with potassium (K,
atomic number 19).
What is the electron configuration of neutral chromium?
8.26 You should realize that the metal ion in question is a transition metal ion because it has five electrons in the
3d subshell. Remember that in a transition metal ion, the (n1)d orbitals are more stable than the ns orbital.
Hence, when a cation is formed from an atom of a transition metal, electrons are always removed first from
the ns orbital and then from the (n1)d orbitals if necessary. Since the metal ion has a 3 charge, three
electrons have been removed. Since the 4s subshell is less stable than the 3d, two electrons would have been
lost from the 4s and one electron from the 3d. Therefore, the electron configuration of the neutral atom is
2 6
[Ar]4s 3d . This is the electron configuration of iron. Thus, the metal is iron.
8.27 Determine the number of electrons, and then “fill in” the electrons as you learned (Figure 7.23 and
Table 7.3 of the text).
2 2 10 6
(a) 1s (g) [Ar]4s 3d 4p (m) [Xe]
2 2 10 6 2 14 10
(b) 1s (h) [Ar]4s 3d 4p (n) [Xe]6s 4f 5d
2 2 6 10
(c) 1s 2s 2p (i) [Kr] (o) [Kr]5d
2 2 6 2 14 10
(d) 1s 2s 2p (j) [Kr] (p) [Xe]6s 4f 5d
2 6 2 10 14 10
(e) [Ne]3s 3p (k) [Kr]5s 4d (q) [Xe]4f 5d
2 10 6
(f) [Ne] (l) [Kr]5s 4d 5p
8.28 Strategy: In the formation of a cation from the neutral atom of a representative element, one or more
electrons are removed from the highest occupied n shell. In the formation of an anion from the neutral atom
of a representative element, one or more electrons are added to the highest partially filled n shell.
Representative elements typically gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable noble gas electron configuration.
When a cation is formed from an atom of a transition metal, electrons are always removed first from the ns
orbital and then from the (n1)d orbitals if necessary.
Solution:
(a) [Ne] (e) Same as (c)
6 2 4
(b) same as (a). Do you see why? (f) [Ar]3d . Why isn't it [Ar]4s 3d ?
9 2 7
(c) [Ar] (g) [Ar]3d . Why not [Ar]4s 3d ?
10 2 8
(d) Same as (c). Do you see why? (h) [Ar]3d . Why not [Ar]4s 3d ?
266 CHAPTER 8: PERIODIC RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE ELEMENTS
8.29 This exercise simply depends on determining the total number of electrons and using Figure 7.23 and Table
7.3 of the text.
6 9
(a) [Ar] (f) [Ar]3d (k) [Ar]3d
5 10
(b) [Ar] (g) [Ar]3d (l) [Kr]4d
7 14 10
(c) [Ar] (h) [Ar]3d (m) [Xe]4f 5d
3 8 14 8
(d) [Ar]3d (i) [Ar]3d (n) [Xe]4f 5d
5 10 14 8
(e) [Ar]3d (j) [Ar]3d (o) [Xe]4f 5d
3 3 3 3
8.30 (a) Cr (b) Sc (c) Rh (d) Ir
8.31 Two species are isoelectronic if they have the same number of electrons. Can two neutral atoms of different
elements be isoelectronic?
 2 3
(a) C and B are isoelectronic. (b) Mn and Fe are isoelectronic.
 2
(c) Ar and Cl are isoelectronic. (d) Zn and Ge are isoelectronic.
With which neutral atom are the positive ions in (b) isoelectronic?
8.32 Isoelectronic means that the species have the same number of electrons and the same electron configuration.
2   3  2 3  2 
Be and He (2 e ) F and N (10 e ) Fe and Co (24 e ) S and Ar (18 e )
8.37 (a) Cs is larger. It is below Na in Group 1A. (d) Br is larger. It is below F in Group 7A.
(b) Ba is larger. It is below Be in Group 2A. (e) Xe is larger. It is below Ne in Group 8A.
(c) Sb is larger. It is below N in Group 5A.
8.38 Strategy: What are the trends in atomic radii in a periodic group and in a particular period. Which of the
above elements are in the same group and which are in the same period?
Solution: Recall that the general periodic trends in atomic size are:
(1) Moving from left to right across a row (period) of the periodic table, the atomic radius decreases due to
an increase in effective nuclear charge.
(2) Moving down a column (group) of the periodic table, the atomic radius increases since the orbital size
increases with increasing principal quantum number.
The atoms that we are considering are all in the same period of the periodic table. Hence, the atom furthest to
the left in the row will have the largest atomic radius, and the atom furthest to the right in the row will have
the smallest atomic radius. Arranged in order of decreasing atomic radius, we have:
Na > Mg > Al > P > Cl
Check: See Figure 8.5 of the text to confirm that the above is the correct order of decreasing atomic radius.
8.39 Pb, as can be seen in Figure 8.5 of the text.
8.40 Fluorine is the smallest atom in Group 7A. Atomic radius increases moving down a group since the orbital
size increases with increasing principal quantum number, n.
2 1
8.41 The electron configuration of lithium is 1s 2s . The two 1s electrons shield the 2s electron effectively from
the nucleus. Consequently, the lithium atom is considerably larger than the hydrogen atom.
8.42 The atomic radius is largely determined by how strongly the outer-shell electrons are held by the nucleus.
The larger the effective nuclear charge, the more strongly the electrons are held and the smaller the atomic
radius. For the second period, the atomic radius of Li is largest because the 2s electron is well shielded by the
filled 1s shell. The effective nuclear charge that the outermost electrons feel increases across the period as a
result of incomplete shielding by electrons in the same shell. Consequently, the orbital containing the
electrons is compressed and the atomic radius decreases.

8.43 (a) Cl is smaller than Cl . An atom gets bigger when more electrons are added.

(b) Na is smaller than Na. An atom gets smaller when electrons are removed.
2 2
(c) O is smaller than S . Both elements belong to the same group, and ionic radius increases going
down a group.
3 2
(d) Al is smaller than Mg . The two ions are isoelectronic (What does that mean? See Section 8.2 of
the text) and in such cases the radius gets smaller as the charge becomes more positive.
3 
(e) Au is smaller than Au for the same reason as part (b).
In each of the above cases from which atom would it be harder to remove an electron?
8.44 Strategy: In comparing ionic radii, it is useful to classify the ions into three categories: (1) isoelectronic
ions, (2) ions that carry the same charges and are generated from atoms of the same periodic group, and
(3) ions that carry different charges but are generated from the same atom. In case (1), ions carrying a greater
negative charge are always larger; in case (2), ions from atoms having a greater atomic number are always
larger; in case (3), ions have a smaller positive charge are always larger.
Solution: The ions listed are all isoelectronic. They each have ten electrons. The ion with the fewest
protons will have the largest ionic radius, and the ion with the most protons will have the smallest ionic
radius. The effective nuclear charge increases with increasing number of protons. The electrons are attracted
3
more strongly by the nucleus, decreasing the ionic radius. N has only 7 protons resulting in the smallest
3 2
attraction exerted by the nucleus on the 10 electrons. N is the largest ion of the group. Mg has 12
2
protons resulting in the largest attraction exerted by the nucleus on the 10 electrons. Mg is the smallest ion
of the group. The order of increasing atomic radius is:
2   2 3
Mg < Na < F < O < N
 2
8.45 The Cu ion is larger than Cu because it has one more electron.
8.46 Both selenium and tellurium are Group 6A elements. Since atomic radius increases going down a column in
2 2
the periodic table, it follows that Te must be larger than Se .
8.47 Bromine is liquid; all the others are solids.
− −
8.48 H is larger. Both H and He have 2 electrons (they are isoelectronic), but they have different numbers of
−
protons in the nucleus. Since H has only 1 proton, the two electrons will experience less nuclear charge, and
−
H will be larger than He.
8.51 Ionization energy increases across a row of the periodic table and decreases down a column or group. The
correct order of increasing ionization energy is:
Cs < Na < Al < S < Cl
8.52 The general periodic trend for first ionization energy is that it increases across a period (row) of the periodic
table and it decreases down a group (column). Of the choices, K will have the smallest ionization energy.
Ca, just to the right of K, will have a higher first ionization energy. Moving to the right across the periodic
table, the ionization energies will continue to increase as we move to P. Continuing across to Cl and moving
up the halogen group, F will have a higher ionization energy than P. Finally, Ne is to the right of F in period
two, thus it will have a higher ionization energy. The correct order of increasing first ionization energy is:
K < Ca < P < F < Ne
You can check the above answer by looking up the first ionization energies for these elements in Table 8.2 of
the text.
8.53 Apart from the small irregularities, the ionization energies of elements in a period increase with increasing
atomic number. We can explain this trend by referring to the increase in effective nuclear charge from left to
right. A larger effective nuclear charge means a more tightly held outer electron, and hence a higher first
ionization energy. Thus, in the third period, sodium has the lowest and neon has the highest first ionization
energy.
8.54 The Group 3A elements (such as Al) all have a single electron in the outermost p subshell, which is well
2
shielded from the nuclear charge by the inner electrons and the ns electrons. Therefore, less energy is
needed to remove a single p electron than to remove a paired s electron from the same principal energy level
(such as for Mg).
8.55 To form the 2 ion of calcium, it is only necessary to remove two valence electrons. For potassium, however,
the second electron must come from the atom's noble gas core which accounts for the much higher second
ionization energy. Would you expect a similar effect if you tried to form the 3 ion of calcium?
8.56 Strategy: Removal of the outermost electron requires less energy if it is shielded by a filled inner shell.
Solution: The lone electron in the 3s orbital will be much easier to remove. This lone electron is shielded
from the nuclear charge by the filled inner shell. Therefore, the ionization energy of 496 kJ/mol is paired
2 2 6 1
with the electron configuration 1s 2s 2p 3s .
2 2 6
A noble gas electron configuration, such as 1s 2s 2p , is a very stable configuration, making it extremely
difficult to remove an electron. The 2p electron is not as effectively shielded by electrons in the same energy
level. The high ionization energy of 2080 kJ/mol would be associated with the element having this noble gas
electron configuration.
2 2 6 1
Check: Compare this answer to the data in Table 8.2. The electron configuration of 1s 2s 2p 3s
2 2 6
corresponds to a Na atom, and the electron configuration of 1s 2s 2p corresponds to a Ne atom.
8.57 The ionization energy is the difference between the n   state (final) and the n  1 state (initial).
2 2
1 1
E  E  E1  (2.18  1018 J)(2) 2    (2.18  1018 J)(2) 2  
 1
2
1
E  0  (2.18  1018 J)(2)2    8.72  1018 J
1
1 kJ 6.022  1023
In units of kJ/mol: (8.72  1018 J)    5.25  103 kJ/mol
1000 J 1 mol
Should this be larger than the first ionization energy of helium (see Table 8.2 of the text)?
8.58 The atomic number of mercury is 80. We carry an extra significant figure throughout this calculation to
avoid rounding errors.
 1 1 
E  (2.18  10 18 J)(802 )     1.395  10
14
J/ion
2
1 2 
1.395  1014 J 6.022  1023 ions 1 kJ

E     8.40  106 kJ/mol
1 ion 1 mol 1000 J
8.61 See Table 8.3 of the text.

(a) K < Na < Li (b) I < Br < F < Cl (c) Ca < Ba < P < Si < O
8.62 Strategy: What are the trends in electron affinity in a periodic group and in a particular period. Which of
the above elements are in the same group and which are in the same period?
Solution: One of the general periodic trends for electron affinity is that the tendency to accept electrons
increases (that is, electron affinity values become more positive) as we move from left to right across a
period. However, this trend does not include the noble gases. We know that noble gases are extremely
stable, and they do not want to gain or lose electrons. Therefore, helium, He, would have the lowest electron
affinity.
Based on the periodic trend discussed above, Cl would be expected to have the highest electron affinity.

Addition of an electron to Cl forms Cl , which has a stable noble gas electron configuration.
8.63 Based on electron affinity values, we would not expect the alkali metals to form anions. A few years ago
most chemists would have answered this question with a loud "No"! In the early seventies a chemist named
J.L. Dye at Michigan State University discovered that under very special circumstances alkali metals could be
coaxed into accepting an electron to form negative ions! These ions are called alkalide ions.
1
8.64 Alkali metals have a valence electron configuration of ns so they can accept another electron in the ns
2
orbital. On the other hand, alkaline earth metals have a valence electron configuration of ns . Alkaline earth
metals have little tendency to accept another electron, as it would have to go into a higher energy p orbital.
8.67 Basically, we look for the process that will result in forming a cation of the metal that will be isoelectronic
1
with the noble gas preceding the metal in the periodic table. Since all alkali metals have the ns outer

electron configuration, we predict that they will form unipositive ions: M . Similarly, the alkaline earth
2 2
metals, which have the ns outer electron configuration, will form M ions.
8.68 Since ionization energies decrease going down a column in the periodic table, francium should have the
lowest first ionization energy of all the alkali metals. As a result, Fr should be the most reactive of all the
Group 1A elements toward water and oxygen. The reaction with oxygen would probably be similar to that of
K, Rb, or Cs.
What would you expect the formula of the oxide to be? The chloride?
8.69 Let’s consider the second row of the periodic table. As we move from Li to Ne, the number of core electrons
2
(1s ) remain constant while the nuclear charge increases. The electrons that are added across the row are
valence electrons which do not shield each other well. Therefore, moving across a period of the table, the
valence electrons experience a greater effective nuclear charge. Of the elements in a given row, the valence
electrons of the noble gas would experience the greatest effective nuclear charge and hence, noble gases tend
not to give up electrons.
When adding an electron to a noble gas, the electron would be added to a larger orbital in the next higher
energy level (n). This electron would be effectively shielded by the inner, core electrons and hence the
electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and this added electron would be low. Therefore, noble gases
tend to not accept additional electrons.
8.70 The Group 1B elements are much less reactive than the Group 1A elements. The 1B elements are more
stable because they have much higher ionization energies resulting from incomplete shielding of the nuclear
1
charge by the inner d electrons. The ns electron of a Group 1A element is shielded from the nucleus more
effectively by the completely filled noble gas core. Consequently, the outer s electrons of 1B elements are
more strongly attracted by the nucleus.
8.71 Across a period, oxides change from basic to amphoteric to acidic. Going down a group, the oxides become
more basic.
8.72 (a) Lithium oxide is a basic oxide. It reacts with water to form the metal hydroxide:
Li2O(s)  H2O(l) 
 2LiOH(aq)
(b) Calcium oxide is a basic oxide. It reacts with water to form the metal hydroxide:
CaO(s)  H2O(l) 
 Ca(OH)2(aq)
(c) Sulfur trioxide is an acidic oxide. It reacts with water to form sulfuric acid:
SO3(g)  H2O(l) 
 H2SO4(aq)
8.73 LiH (lithium hydride): ionic compound; BeH2 (beryllium hydride): covalent compound; B2H6 (diborane, you
aren't expected to know that name): molecular compound; CH4 (methane, do you know that one?): molecular
compound; NH3 (ammonia, you should know that one): molecular compound; H2O (water, if you didn't know
that one, you should be ashamed): molecular compound; HF (hydrogen fluoride): molecular compound. LiH
and BeH2 are solids, B2H6, CH4, NH3, and HF are gases, and H2O is a liquid.
8.74 As we move down a column, the metallic character of the elements increases. Since magnesium and barium
are both Group 2A elements, we expect barium to be more metallic than magnesium and BaO to be more
basic than MgO.
8.75 (a) Metallic character decreases moving left to right across a period and increases moving down a column
(Group).
(b) Atomic size decreases moving left to right across a period and increases moving down a column
(Group).
(c) Ionization energy increases (with some exceptions) moving left to right across a period and decreases
moving down a column.
(d) Acidity of oxides increases moving left to right across a period and decreases moving down a column.
8.76 (a) bromine (b) nitrogen (c) rubidium (d) magnesium

  2 2 3 
8.77 (a) S e  S (b) Ti  Ti  e
2   2  
(c) Mg  e  Mg  (d) O  O e
3− 2− − + 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+ 6+ 7+
8.78 P , S , Cl , K , Ca , Sc , Ti , V , Cr , Mn
8.79 Ionic compounds are usually combinations of a metal and a nonmetal. Molecular compounds are usually
nonmetalnonmetal combinations.
(a) Na2O (ionic); MgO (ionic); Al2O3 (ionic); SiO2 (molecular);
P4O6 and P4O10 (both molecular); SO2 or SO3 (molecular);
Cl2O and several others (all molecular).
(b) NaCl (ionic); MgCl2 (ionic); AlCl3 (ionic); SiCl4 (molecular);
PCl3 and PCl5 (both molecular); SCl2 (molecular).
8.80 According to the Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (1966-67 edition), potassium metal has a melting point
of 63.6C, bromine is a reddish brown liquid with a melting point of 7.2C, and potassium bromide (KBr) is
a colorless solid with a melting point of 730C. M is potassium (K) and X is bromine (Br).
8.81 (a) matches bromine (Br2), (b) matches hydrogen (H2), (c) matches calcium (Ca),
(d) matches gold (Au), (e) matches argon (Ar)
 2 3 3 
8.82 O and N Ar and S Ne and N Zn and As Cs and Xe
8.83 Only (b) is listed in order of decreasing radius. Answer (a) is listed in increasing size because the radius
increases down a group. Answer (c) is listed in increasing size because the number of electrons is increasing.
8.84 (a) and (d)
8.85 The equation is: CO2(g)  Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaCO3(s)  H2O(l)

The milky white color is due to calcium carbonate. Calcium hydroxide is a base and carbon dioxide is an
acidic oxide. The products are a salt and water.
8.86 Fluorine is a yellow-green gas that attacks glass; chlorine is a pale yellow gas; bromine is a fuming red
liquid; and iodine is a dark, metallic-looking solid.
8.87 (a) This reaction represents the first ionization of sodium (Na) and the electron affinity of chlorine (Cl).
 
Na(g)  Na (g)  e ΔH  495.9 kJ/mol
 
Cl(g)  e  Cl (g) ΔH  349 kJ/mol
 
Na(g)  Cl(g)  Na (g)  Cl (g) ΔH  147 kJ/mol
(b) This reaction represents the first and second ionizations of calcium (Ca) and the electron affinity of
bromine (Br).
 
Ca(g)  Ca (g)  e ΔH  589.5 kJ/mol
+  
Ca (g)  Ca (g)  e ΔH  1145 kJ/mol
 
2Br(g)  2e  2Br (g) ΔH  2(325 kJ/mol)
 
Ca(g)  2Br(g)  Ca (g)  2Br (g) ΔH  1085 kJ/mol
8.88 (a) This reaction represents the first and second ionizations of magnesium (Mg) and the electron affinity of
fluorine (F).
 
Mg(g)  Mg (g)  e ΔH  738.1 kJ/mol
+  
Mg (g)  Mg (g)  e ΔH  1450 kJ/mol
 
2F(g)  2e  2F (g) ΔH  2(328 kJ/mol)
 
Mg(g)  2F(g)  Mg (g)  2F (g) ΔH  1532 kJ/mol
(b) This reaction represents the first, second, and third ionizations of aluminum (Al) and the first and
second electron affinities of oxygen (O).
 
2(Al(g)  Al (g)  e ) ΔH  2(577.9 kJ/mol)
+  
2(Al (g)  Al (g)  e ) ΔH  2(1820 kJ/mol)
2+  
2(Al (g)  Al (g)  e ) ΔH  2(2750 kJ/mol)
 
3(O(g)  e  O (g)) ΔH  3(141 kJ/mol)
  2
3(O (g)  e  O (g)) ΔH  3(844 kJ/mol)
 2
2Al(g)  3O(g)  2Al (g)  3O (g) ΔH  12,405 kJ/mol
8.89 (a) (i) Both react with water to produce hydrogen;

(ii) Their oxides are basic;
(iii) Their halides are ionic.
(b) (i) Both are strong oxidizing agents;
(ii) Both react with hydrogen to form HX (where X is Cl or Br);
 
(iii) Both form halide ions (Cl or Br ) when combined with electropositive metals (Na, K, Ca, Ba).
8.90 Fluorine
2 4
8.91 Sulfur has a ground state electron configuration of [Ne]3s 3p . Therefore, it has a tendency to accept one
 2
electron to become S . Although adding another electron makes S , which is isoelectronic with Ar, the
increase in electron repulsion makes the process unfavorable.
 
8.92 H and He are isoelectronic species with two electrons. Since H has only one proton compared to two
 
protons for He, the nucleus of H will attract the two electrons less strongly compared to He. Therefore, H
is larger.
8.93 Na2O (basic oxide) Na2O  H2O  2NaOH

BaO (basic oxide) BaO  H2O  Ba(OH)2
CO2 (acidic oxide) CO2  H2O  H2CO3
N2O5 (acidic oxide) N2O5  H2O  2HNO3
P4O10 (acidic oxide) P4O10  6H2O  4H3PO4
SO3 (acidic oxide) SO3  H2O  H2SO4
8.94 Oxide Name Property

Li2O lithium oxide basic
BeO beryllium oxide amphoteric
B2O3 boron oxide acidic
CO2 carbon dioxide acidic
N2O5 dinitrogen pentoxide acidic
Note that only the highest oxidation states are considered.
8.95 Element State Form

Mg solid three dimensional
Cl gas diatomic molecules
Si solid three dimensional
Kr gas monatomic
O gas diatomic molecules
I solid diatomic molecules
Hg liquid liquid (metallic)
Br liquid diatomic molecules
  
8.96 In its chemistry, hydrogen can behave like an alkali metal (H ) and like a halogen (H ). H is a single
proton.
8.97 The reactions are:

(a) Li2O  CO2  Li2CO3
(b) 2Na2O2  2CO2  2Na2CO3  O2
(c) 4KO2  2CO2  2K2CO3  3O2
8.98 Replacing Z in the equation given in Problem 8.57 with (Z  ) gives:

 1 
En  (2.18  1018 J)(Z    
 n2 
For helium, the atomic number (Z) is 2, and in the ground state, its two electrons are in the first energy level,
so n  1. Substitute Z, n, and the first ionization energy into the above equation to solve for .
 1
E1  3.94  1018 J  (2.18  10 18 J)(2    
 12 
3.94  1018 J
(2  )2 
2.18  1018 J
2  1.81
  2  1.35  0.65
8.99 Noble gases have filled shells or subshells. Therefore, they have little tendency to accept electrons
(endothermic).
4 3
8.100 The volume of a sphere is r .
3

The percentage of volume occupied by K compared to K is:
4
(133 pm)3
volume of K + ion 3
 100%   100%  20.1%
volume of K atom 4
(227 pm)3
3

Therefore, there is a decrease in volume of (100  20.1)%  79.9% when K is formed from K.
4 3
8.101 The volume of a sphere is r .
3

The percent change in volume from F to F is:
4
(133 pm)3
volume of F ion 3
 100%   100%  630%
volume of F atom 4
(72 pm)3
3

Therefore, there is an increase in volume of (630  100)% or 530% as a result of the formation of the F ion.
8.102 Rearrange the given equation to solve for ionization energy.

1
IE  h  mu 2
2
or,
hc
IE   KE

The kinetic energy of the ejected electron is given in the problem. Substitute h, c, and  into the above
equation to solve for the ionization energy.
(6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

IE   (5.34  1019 J)
9
162  10 m
19
IE  6.94  10 J
We might also want to express the ionization energy in kJ/mol.
6.94  1019 J 6.022  1023 photons 1 kJ

   418 kJ/mol
1 photon 1 mol 1000 J
To ensure that the ejected electron is the valence electron, UV light of the longest wavelength (lowest energy)
should be used that can still eject electrons.
8.103 (a) Because of argon’s lack of reactivity.

(b) Once Ar was discovered, scientists began to look for other unreactive elements.
(c) Atmosphere’s content of helium is too low to be detected.
8.104 We want to determine the second ionization energy of lithium.

 2 
Li 
 Li e IE2  ?
The equation given in Problem 8.57 allows us to determine the third ionization energy for Li. Knowing the
total energy needed to remove all three electrons from Li, we can calculate the second ionization energy by
difference.
Energy needed to remove three electrons  IE1  IE2  IE3
First, let’s calculate IE3. For Li, Z  3, and n  1 because the third electron will come from the 1s orbital.
IE3  E  E  E3
 1   1 
IE3   (2.18  10 18 J)(3) 2   (2.18  1018 J)(3) 2  
2 
    12 
17
IE3  1.96  10 J
Converting to units of kJ/mol:
6.022  1023 ions

IE3  (1.96  1017 J)   1.18  107 J/mol  1.18  104 kJ/mol
1 mol
Energy needed to remove three electrons  IE1  IE2  IE3

4 4
1.96  10 kJ/mol  520 kJ/mol  IE2  (1.18  10 kJ/mol)
3
IE2  7.28  10 kJ/mol
8.105 The first equation is: X  H2  Y. We are given sufficient information from the decomposition reaction
(the reverse reaction) to calculate the relative number of moles of X and H. At STP, 1 mole of a gas occupies
a volume of 22.4 L.
1 mol
0.559 L   0.0250 mol H 2
22.4 L
2 mol H
0.0250 mol H 2   0.0500 mol H
1 mol H 2
Let M be the molar mass of X. If we assume that the formula for Y is either XH, XH2, or XH3, then if
Y  XH, then
mol H 0.0500 mol
1 
mol X 1
1.00 g 
M (g/mol)
M  20.0 g/mol  the element Ne (closest mass)
if Y  XH2, then
mol H 0.0500 mol
 2 
mol X 1
1.00 g 
M (g/mol)
M  40.0 g/mol  the element Ca (closest mass)
if Y  XH3, then
mol H 0.0500 mol
 3 
mol X 1
1.00 g 
M (g/mol)
M  60.0 g/mol  ? (no element of close mass)
If we deduce that the element X  Ca, then the formula for the chloride Z is CaCl2 (why?). (Why couldn’t
X be Ne?) Calculating the mass percent of chlorine in CaCl2 to compare with the known results.
(2)(35.45)
%Cl   100%  63.89%
[40.08  (2)(35.45)]
Therefore X is calcium.
8.106 X must belong to Group 4A; it is probably Sn or Pb because it is not a very reactive metal (it is certainly not
reactive like an alkali metal).
Y is a nonmetal since it does not conduct electricity. Since it is a light yellow solid, it is probably
phosphorus (Group 5A).
Z is an alkali metal since it reacts with air to form a basic oxide or peroxide.
+ 3+ 4+ 2+
8.107 (a) Cu (b) Fe (c) Mn (d) Rh
 
8.108 Na 
 Na  e IE1  495.9 kJ/mol
 
This equation is the reverse of the electron affinity for Na . Therefore, the electron affinity of Na is
495.9 kJ/mol. Note that the electron affinity is positive, indicating that energy is liberated when an electron
is added to an atom or ion. You should expect this since we are adding an electron to a positive ion.
8.109 The plot is:

5.50
5.00
I11
IE11
log (ionization energy)
4.50
4.00
3.50
3.00
IIE
1 1
2.50
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
Number of ionization energy
1 1
(a) IE1 corresponds to the electron in 3s IE7 corresponds to the electron in 2p
6 2
IE2 corresponds to the first electron in 2p IE8 corresponds to the first electron in 2s
5 1
IE3 corresponds to the first electron in 2p IE9 corresponds to the electron in 2s
4 2
IE4 corresponds to the first electron in 2p IE10 corresponds to the first electron in 1s
3 1
IE5 corresponds to the first electron in 2p IE11 corresponds to the electron in 1s
2
IE6 corresponds to the first electron in 2p
(b) It requires more energy to remove an electron from a closed shell. The breaks indicate electrons in
different shells and subshells.
8.110 The reaction representing the electron affinity of chlorine is:

 
Cl(g)  e 
 Cl (g) H  349 kJ/mol
It follows that the energy needed for the reverse process is also 349 kJ/mol.
 
Cl (g)  h 
 Cl(g)  e H  349 kJ/mol
The energy above is the energy of one mole of photons. We need to convert to the energy of one photon in
order to calculate the wavelength of the photon.
349 kJ 1 mol photons 1000 J
   5.80  1019 J/photon
1 mol photons 6.022  1023 photons 1 kJ
Now, we can calculate the wavelength of a photon with this energy.
hc (6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

     3.43  107 m  343 nm
 19
E 5.80  10 J
The radiation is in the ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
2 6 3 5
8.111 Considering electron configurations, Fe [Ar]3d  Fe [Ar]3d
2 5 3 4
Mn [Ar]3d  Mn [Ar]3d
2 5
A half-filled shell has extra stability. In oxidizing Fe the product is a d -half-filled shell. In oxidizing
2 5
Mn , a d -half-filled shell electron is being lost, which requires more energy.
8.112 The equation that we want to calculate the energy change for is:
 
Na(s) 
 Na (g)  e H  ?
Can we take information given in the problem and other knowledge to end up with the above equation? This
is a Hess’s law problem (see Chapter 6).
In the problem we are given: Na(s) 

 Na(g) H  108.4 kJ/mol
 
We also know the ionization energy of Na (g). Na(g) 
 Na (g)  e H  495.9 kJ/mol
 
Adding the two equations: Na(s) 
 Na (g)  e H  604.3 kJ/mol
8.113 The hydrides are: LiH (lithium hydride), CH4 (methane), NH3 (ammonia), H2O (water), and HF (hydrogen
fluoride).
The reactions with water: LiH  H2O  LiOH  H2
CH4  H2O  no reaction at room temperature.
 
NH3  H2O  NH4  OH
 
H2O  H2O  H3O  OH
 
HF  H2O  H3O  F
The last three reactions involve equilibria that will be discussed in later chapters.
2 2
8.114 The electron configuration of titanium is: [Ar]4s 3d . Titanium has four valence electrons, so the maximum
oxidation number it is likely to have in a compound is 4. The compounds followed by the oxidation state of
titanium are: K3TiF6, 3; K2Ti2O5, 4; TiCl3, 3; K2TiO4, 6; and K2TiF6, 4. K2TiO4 is unlikely to exist
because of the oxidation state of Ti of 6. Titanium in an oxidation state greater than 4 is unlikely because
of the very high ionization energies needed to remove the fifth and sixth electrons.
8.115 (a) Mg in Mg(OH)2 (d) Na in NaHCO3 (g) Ca in CaO

(b) Na, liquid (e) K in KNO3 (h) Ca
(c) Mg in MgSO47H2O (f) Mg (i) Na in NaCl; Ca in CaCl2
2 
8.116 The unbalanced ionic equation is: MnF6  SbF5 
 SbF6  MnF3  F2
4 3  2
In this redox reaction, Mn is reduced to Mn , and F from both MnF6 and SbF5 is oxidized to F2.
4 reduction 3
We can simplify the half-reactions. Mn 
 Mn
 oxidation
F 
 F2
4  3
Balancing the two half-reactions: Mn e 
 Mn
 
2F 
 F2  2e
4  3
Adding the two half-reactions: 2Mn  2F 
 2Mn  F2
We can now reconstruct the complete balanced equation. In the balanced equation, we have 2 moles of Mn
ions and 1 mole of F2 on the products side.
2K2MnF6  SbF5 
 KSbF6  2MnF3  1F2

We can now balance the remainder of the equation by inspection. Notice that there are 4 moles of K on the

left, but only 1 mole of K on the right. The balanced equation is:
2K2MnF6  4SbF5 
 4KSbF6  2MnF3  F2
8.117 (a) 2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s)  3O2(g)

(b) N2(g)  3H2(g)  2NH3(g) (industrial)
NH4Cl(s)  NaOH(aq)  NH3(g)  NaCl(aq)  H2O(l)
(c) CaCO3(s)  CaO(s)  CO2(g) (industrial)
CaCO3(s)  2HCl(aq)  CaCl2(aq)  H2O(l)  CO2(g)
(d) Zn(s)  H2SO4(aq)  ZnSO4(aq)  H2(g)
(e) Same as (c), (first equation)
8.118 To work this problem, assume that the oxidation number of oxygen is 2.
Oxidation number Chemical formula
1 N2O
2 NO
3 N2O3
4 NO2, N2O4
5 N2O5
2
8.119 Examine a solution of Na2SO4 which is colorless. This shows that the SO4 ion is colorless. Thus the blue
2
color is due to Cu (aq).
8.120 The larger the effective nuclear charge, the more tightly held are the electrons. Thus, the atomic radius will
be small, and the ionization energy will be large. The quantities show an opposite periodic trend.
8.121 Zeff increases from left to right across the table, so electrons are held more tightly. (This explains the electron
affinity values of C and O.) Nitrogen has a zero value of electron affinity because of the stability of the half-
filled 2p subshell (that is, N has little tendency to accept another electron).
8.122 We assume that the m.p. and b.p. of bromine will be between those of chlorine and iodine.
Taking the average of the melting points and boiling points:

101.0C  113.5C
m.p.   6.3C (Handbook: 7.2C)
2
34.6C  184.4C
b.p.   74.9C (Handbook: 58.8 C)
2
The estimated values do not agree very closely with the actual values because Cl2(g), Br2(l), and I2(s) are in
different physical states. If you were to perform the same calculations for the noble gases, your calculations
would be much closer to the actual values.
8.123 (a) 2Rb(s)  2H2O(l)  2RbOH(aq)  H2(g)

(b) 2Rb(s)  Cl2(g)  2RbCl(s)
(c) 2Rb(s)  H2(g)  2RbH(s)
8.124 There is a large jump in energy between IE2 and IE3. This indicates that the element has two valence
electrons. This representative element is an alkaline earth metal.
8.125 Physical characteristics: Solid; metallic appearance like iodine; melting point greater than 114C.
Reaction with sulfuric acid:
2NaAt  2H2SO4  At2  SO2  Na2SO4  2H2O
8.126 (a) It was determined that the periodic table was based on atomic number, not atomic mass.
(b) Argon:
(0.00337  35.9675 amu)  (0.00063  37.9627 amu)  (0.9960  39.9624 amu)  39.95 amu
Potassium:
(0.93258  38.9637 amu)  (0.000117  39.9640 amu)  (0.0673  40.9618 amu)  39.10 amu
 
8.127 Na(g)  Na (g)  e I1  495.9 kJ/mol
Energy needed to ionize one Na atom:
495.9  103 J 1 mol

  8.235  1019 J/atom
1 mol 23
6.022  10 atoms
The corresponding wavelength is:
hc (6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

    2.42  107 m  242 nm
I1 8.235  1019 J
8.128 Z  119
2 14 10 6 1
Electron configuration: [Rn]7s 5f 6d 7p 8s
8.129 Both ionization energy and electron affinity are affected by atomic size  the smaller the atom, the greater the
attraction between the electrons and the nucleus. If it is difficult to remove an electron from an atom (that is,
high ionization energy), then it follows that it would also be favorable to add an electron to the atom (large
electron affinity).
Noble gases would be an exception to this generalization.
8.130 There is a large jump from the third to the fourth ionization energy, indicating a change in the principal
quantum number n. In other words, the fourth electron removed is an inner, noble gas core electron, which is
difficult to remove. Therefore, the element is in Group 3A.
8.131 Helium should be named helon to match the other noble gases: neon, argon, xenon, krypton, and radon. In
addition, the ending, -ium, suggests that helium has properties similar to some metals (i.e., sodium,
magnesium, barium, etc.). Since helium in an unreactive gas, this ending in not appropriate.
8.132 (a) SiH4, GeH4, SnH4, PbH4

(b) Metallic character increases going down a family of the periodic table. Therefore, RbH would be more
ionic than NaH.
(c) Since Ra is in Group 2A, we would expect the reaction to be the same as other alkaline earth metals
with water.
Ra(s)  2H2O(l)  Ra(OH)2(aq)  H2(g)
(d) Beryllium (diagonal relationship)
0 0 1 2
8.133 2H 2  O 2  2H 2 O (H2 is a reducing agent.)
0 0 1 1
2Li  H 2  2Li H (H2 is an oxidizing agent.)
8.134 Coulomb’s Law states that the potential energy (E) between two ions is directly proportional to the product of
their charges and inversely proportional to the distance of separation between them.
Q Q
E  k cation anion
r
In this case the charges of the ions are the same, so any difference in binding energy is due to the distance of
2+
separation (r) between the ions. Mg is the smallest ion of the group and thus will have the greatest
2+
tendency for binding to phosphate. Ba is the largest ion of the group and thus will have the lowest
tendency for binding to phosphate.
8.135 (a) F2 (b) Na (c) B (d) N2 (e) Al
8.136 The importance and usefulness of the periodic table lie in the fact that we can use our understanding of the
general properties and trends within a group or a period to predict with considerable accuracy the properties
of any element, even though the element may be unfamiliar to us. For example, elements in the same group
or family have the same valence electron configurations. Due to the same number of valence electrons
occupying similar orbitals, elements in the same family have similar chemical properties. In addition, trends
in properties such as ionization energy, atomic radius, electron affinity, and metallic character can be
predicted based on an element's position in the periodic table. Ionization energy typically increases across a
period of the period table and decreases down a group. Atomic radius typically decreases across a period and
increases down a group. Electron affinity typically increases across a period and decreases down a group.
Metallic character typically decreases across a period and increases down a group. The periodic table is an
extremely useful tool for a scientist. Without having to look in a reference book for a particular element's
properties, one can look at its position in the periodic table and make educated predictions as to its many
properties such as those mentioned above.
8.137
16
14
12
10
8
11
Atomic Radius (m)  10
6
Effective nuclear charge
0
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Atomic Number
11
Note that the atomic radius values (in meters) have been multiplied by 1  10 , so that the effective nuclear
charge and radius data would fit better on the same graph. As we move from Li to Ne, the number of core
2
electrons (1s ) remain constant while the nuclear charge increases. The electrons that are added across the
row are valence electrons which do not shield each other well. Therefore, moving across a period of the
table, the valence electrons experience a greater effective nuclear charge and the atomic radius decreases.
8.138 The first statement that an allotropic form of the element is a colorless crystalline solid, might lead you to
think about diamond, a form of carbon. When carbon is reacted with excess oxygen, the colorless gas, carbon
dioxide is produced.
C(s)  O2(g)  CO2(g)
When CO2(g) is dissolved in water, carbonic acid is produced.

CO2(g)  H2O(l)  H2CO3(aq)
Element X is most likely carbon, choice (c).
8.139 Referring to the Chemistry in Action in Section 8.6 of the text, Mg will react with air (O2 and N2) to produce
MgO(s) and Mg3N2(s). The reaction is:
5Mg(s)  O2(g)  N2(g)  2MgO(s)  Mg3N2(s)
MgO(s) will react with water to produce the basic solution, Mg(OH)2(aq). The reaction is:
MgO(s)  H2O(l)  Mg(OH)2(aq)
The problem states that B forms a similar solution to A, plus a gas with a pungent odor. This gas is ammonia,
NH3. The reaction is:
Mg3N2(s)  6H2O(l)  3Mg(OH)2(aq)  2NH3(g)
A is MgO, and B is Mg3N2.
8.140 The ionization energy of 412 kJ/mol represents the energy difference between the ground state and the
dissociation limit, whereas the ionization energy of 126 kJ/mol represents the energy difference between the
first excited state and the dissociation limit. Therefore, the energy difference between the ground state and
the excited state is:
E  (412  126) kJ/mol  286 kJ/mol
The energy of light emitted in a transition from the first excited state to the ground state is therefore
286 kJ/mol. We first convert this energy to units of J/photon, and then we can calculate the wavelength of
light emitted in this electronic transition.
286  103 J 1 mol

E    4.75  1019 J/photon
1 mol 23
6.022  10 photons
hc (6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

    4.19  107 m  419 nm
19
E 4.75  10 J
 
8.141 (a) Cl (g)  Cl(g)  e
 
Cl(g)  Cl (g)  e
  
Cl (g)  Cl (g)  2e
The first reaction is the opposite of the electron affinity of Cl. The second reaction is the first ionization
of Cl. See Tables 8.2 and 8.3 of the text for ionization energy and electron affinity values.
ΔH  349 kJ/mol  1251 kJ/mol  1600 kJ/mol
 
(b) K (g)  e  K(g)
 
K(g)  e  K (g)
  
K (g)  2e  K (g)
The first reaction is the opposite of the first ionization energy of K. The second reaction is the electron
affinity of K. See Tables 8.2 and 8.3 of the text for ionization energy and electron affinity values.
ΔH  418.7 kJ/mol  (48 kJ/mol)  467 kJ/mol
8.142 In He, r is greater than that in H. Also, the shielding in He makes Zeff less than 2. Therefore, I1(He) < 2I(H).

In He , there is only one electron so there is no shielding. The greater attraction between the nucleus and the lone
electron reduces r to less than the r of hydrogen. Therefore, I2(He) > 2I(H).
8.143 Air contains O2 and N2. Our aims are first to prepare NH3 and HNO3. The reaction of NH3 and HNO3 produces
NH4NO3.
To prepare NH3, we isolate N2 from air. H2 can be obtained by the electrolysis of water.
electrical
2H 2 O(l )  2H 2 ( g )  O 2 ( g )
energy
Under suitable conditions,

N2(g)  3H2(g)  2NH3(g)
To prepare HNO3, we first react N2 with O2 (from air or water).

N2(g)  O2(g)  2NO(g)
Next, 2NO(g)  O2(g)  2NO2(g)
Then, 2NO2(g)  H2O(l)  HNO2(aq)  HNO3(aq)
Finally,
NH3(g)  HNO3(aq)  NH4NO3(aq)  NH4NO3(s)
We will study the conditions for carrying out the reactions in later chapters.
8.144 We rearrange the equation given in the problem to solve for Zeff.
IE1
Z eff  n
1312 kJ/mol
520 kJ/mol
Li: Z eff  (2)  1.26
1312 kJ/mol
495.9 kJ/mol
Na: Z eff  (3)  1.84
1312 kJ/mol
418.7 kJ/mol
K: Z eff  (4)  2.26
1312 kJ/mol
As we move down a group, Zeff increases. This is what we would expect because shells with larger n values are
less effective at shielding the outer electrons from the nuclear charge.
Z eff 1.26
Li:   0.630
n 2
Z eff 1.84
Na:   0.613
n 3
Z eff 2.26
K:   0.565
n 4
The Zeff/n values are fairly constant, meaning that the screening per shell is about the same.
8.145 N2, because Li reacts with nitrogen to form lithium nitride. This is the only stable alkali metal nitride.
6Li(s)  N2(g)  2Li3N(s)
8.146 Please see the website, www.webelements.com. Click on the “Biology” tab above the periodic table, and
then click on each of the listed elements. A brief summary of the biological role of each element is provided.
8.147 (a) Astatine lies within the region of the periodic table separating metals and nonmetals, suggesting that it
is a metalloid and would have significant metallic characteristics.
(b) 9.3175 eV × (1.602 × 10-19 J/eV) × (1 × 103 J/kJ) × (6.022 × 1023 mol1) = 898.9 kJ/mol
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of France. The deaths of John of Coimbra, king of Cyprus, and
of the duke of
Brittany, which last is succeeded by his brother Arthur count de
Richemont
CHAP. LXXIII.
King Charles is dangerously ill. On his recovery, he sends to
inform the duke
of Burgundy that he shall take under his ward the estates of the
youth of
Rodemac. The duke's answer. Of the storms of wind, frost, and
snow in this
season 417
CHAP. LXXIV.
The duke of Burgundy, at the request of the town of Ghent,
goes thither. A
great feast is made there 420
CHAP. LXXV.
The death of the king of Arragon. His bastard Fernando
succeeds to the throne
of Naples. Of pope Pius, and the events that happened about
that time; such as
the death of the duke of Brittany, and the embassy from
England to the duke of
Burgundy 424
CHAP. LXXVI.
The duke of Burgundy makes his entry into Ghent, and is
magnificently entertained
by the town. The king of France sends to summon the duke of
Burgundy
to attend the trial of the duke d'Alençon 427
HERE BEGINNETH
THE NINTH VOLUME

OF THE
CHRONICLES
OF
ENGUERRAND DE MONSTRELET.
CHAP. I.
THE KING OF FRANCE, BEING SATISFIED THAT THE
ENGLISH HAD BROKEN THE TRUCE, DECLARES WAR
AGAINST THEM.—VERNEUIL IS TAKEN BY A MILLER,
WHOM AN ENGLISHMAN HAD BEATEN.
The king of France, having received full information of the warfare
carried on by the English against Scotland, which was included in
the truce, and of that against the Spaniards by sea, who were also
included in it, as well as that on his own subjects of Dieppe, la
Rochelle, and elsewhere, ever since the signing of the truce, without
making any restitution whatever for the damages done by them,
more especially in the capture of Fougeres from the duke of Brittany,
for which they refused to make any reparation, although often
summoned by the king so to do, as well by ambassadors to king
Henry as to those who had the government of Normandy: having,
therefore, maturely deliberated on all these grievances in his council,
and knowing that he had fully acquitted himself of his duty in
endeavouring to preserve peace, he declared war against England
by sea and land.
During the truce, the english garrisons of Mantes, Verneuil, and
Laigny had gone on the high roads between Orleans and Paris, and
had robbed and murdered all passengers and merchants that fell in
their way. In like manner did the English of Neufchâtel, Gournay, and
Gerberoy, on the roads between Paris, Abbeville, and Amiens: they
also made inroads over the country, seizing all they could lay hands
on, and murdering gentlemen in their beds, who had sworn
allegiance to the king of France; such as the lord de Maillebois, the
lord de St Remy, Olivier de Noirequerque, and several more.
On the other hand, such tradesmen and labouring farmers as had,
on the faith of the truce, returned to their occupations, houses, and
villages, were continually harrassed and put to death by the English,
who called them false Armagnac-traitors.
These were the fine exploits of the English during the existence of
the truce. They were called Vizards, from wearing masks and
frightful disguises over their other clothes, when they went on any
such expeditions, to prevent them being discovered.
To put an end to all these deceitful proceedings of the English, the
king of France assembled a large body of men at arms, as did the
duke of Brittany, on their frontiers. The garrison of Fougeres made a
sally on these last,—but they were repulsed so valiantly that they lost
upwards of six score in killed and taken.
At this time a miller in the town of Varneuil[1] was beaten by an
Englishman going the rounds. In revenge, he went to the bailiff of
Evreux, and promised, on certain conditions, to admit him and his
men into the town. In consequence of this, sir Pierre de Brésé,
seneschal of Poitou, the said bailiff of Evreux, Jacques de Clermont
and others, collected their men with all haste, and appeared before
the walls of Verneuil by break of day on the 29th day of July.
The miller was on guard this night, and dismissed the watch sooner
than usual because it was Sunday, that they might attend mass and
then breakfast. The French, by the aid of the miller, fixed their
ladders to his mill, and, by this means, entered the town without any
one knowing, or even suspecting it. Six score English were in
garrison, some of whom were killed or made prisoners, and the rest
fled in haste to the castle.
On the morrow, the miller drew off most part of the water from the
ditches of the castle, which was then vigorously attacked and
defended,—but at last it was taken by storm. Many gallant deeds
were done, particularly by the seneschal, who acquired greater
renown than any other, although all fought well, for they had not any
heavy artillery,—and numbers of the English were killed, wounded,
and taken. The remainder took shelter in the tour grise, which was
impregnable so long as provisions did not fail, being very thick and
high, and detached from the castle, surrounded with ditches full of
water. Notwithstanding its strength, the French attacked it on all
sides,—and while they were thus engaged, the count de Dunois
arrived with the lord de Culant and many other knights and esquires.
The first had been lately appointed lieutenant-general of the armies
of the king of France,—and the lord de Culant had been made grand
master of the household.
Having had information that lord Talbot was on his march to relieve
his countrymen in the tower, and was arrived at Breteuil[2], they soon
departed, leaving sir Florent Dilliers, who remained to manage the
siege, with about eight hundred combatants.
The count de Dunois kept advancing until he met lord Talbot near to
Harcourt[3], who, when he perceived the French, fortified himself so
strongly, with stakes and the baggage-carts which carried his stores,
that they could no way injure him. At nightfall, he retreated in haste
to Harcourt. All the ensuing day the French were drawn up in battle-
array in the expectation of an engagement, but Talbot would not quit
the town.
The following knights were this day created: the lord de Herbault, sir
John de Bar lord of Baugey, and John Daulon, equerry of the king's
stables; and the French, finding that Talbot would not come out of
Harcourt, withdrew that evening to Evreux.
On the sixth day of August, in this year, the king of France advanced
toward Amboise, to cross the river Loire, and march his army into
Normandy to support the besiegers of Verneuil. The count de Dunois
and his company remained two days in Evreux.
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Verneuil,—a town in Normandy, diocese of Evreux.
[2] Breteuil,—a town in Normandy, near Conches.
[3] Harcourt,—a town in Normandy, election of Conches, ten
leagues from Rouen.
CHAP. II.
THE COUNT DE ST POL APPEARS BEFORE NOGENT,
WHICH SURRENDERS TO HIM.—THE CAPTURE OF
POINT-AUDEMER.
On Friday, the 8th day of August, in this year, the count de St Pol,
with about four hundred[4] horse, came before the castle of Nogent,
of whom twenty or thirty of the most valiant of the van, at the first
shock, forced their way into the lower court, and gained the barriers.
Fearing the cannon of the English, they instantly retreated, to wait for
their companions,—but not before the portcullis had been rapidly let
down, and inclosed two of their number, who were made prisoners.
On the approach of the main army, the place was courageously
attacked on the side toward the fields, when many were killed and
wounded on each side. The governor for king Henry was called Jean
le Fevre, born near to Louviers, who had with him about thirty
companions in arms.
On the Saturday, the place surrendered between eleven and twelve
o'clock, on condition that the garrison should march away in safety
unarmed, except the governor, who was to wear his sword. They
deposited all their effects in the church of St Peter, whence they
afterward came to seek and carry them away whither they pleased.
The conquerors, perceiving on the Sunday that the place was not
tenable, decamped, but not before they had set fire to it, and burnt it
to the ground.
The same Friday, the count de Dunois marched from Evreux with a
large company of knights and esquires, and two thousand five
hundred combatants. Two days after, the counts d'Eu and de St Pol,
the lords de Saveuses, de Roye, de Moy, de Rambures, and others,
to the number of three hundred lances, and from fourteen to fifteen
hundred archers, passed Pont de l'Arche, and continued their march
until they formed a junction, on the 12th before Pont Audemer, with
the count de Dunois and his army. The count de Dunois was posted
on the side toward Rouen, and the counts d'Eu and de St Pol nearer
to Honfleur, on the other side of the river Rille, which runs by the
town,—and each lord drew up his men to the attack of the place.
That part of it near to the quarters of the count de St Pol was so
courageously attacked that it was carried by storm, notwithstanding
the very gallant defence of the English. Many brilliant acts were done
by the count de Dunois' men, who entered the place at the same
time with the others, crossing the ditches with water up to their
necks.
Four hundred and twenty English retreated into a strong house at the
end of the town under their captains, Montfort, treasurer of
Normandy, and Foucques Ebon, who surrendered themselves
prisoners to the counts de Dunois and de St Pol.
Twenty-two new knights were made on this occasion, such as the
lord de Moy, the son of the vidame of Amiens, the son of the lord de
Rambures, and others. Thus was Pont Audemer replaced under the
obedience of the king of France.
King Charles came to Vendôme on this day, the 12th, and remained
there until the 18th day of August, when he marched for Chartres,
and arrived there on the 22d.
FOOTNOTES:
[4] Four hundred. In the original it is four thousand,—but this
number appeared to me too great.
CHAP. III.
THE ENGLISH INVADE SCOTLAND TWICE, AND ARE
AS MANY TIMES REPULSED[5].—THE TOWER OF
VERNEUIL SURRENDERS TO THE KING OF FRANCE.
—OTHER MATTERS.
It was evident that Heaven was against the English,—and they were
deserving of it, for it is a fact that they have alway encroached on
their Christian eighbours, as well in the kingdom of France as in
Scotland, Ireland, Wales, and elsewhere. Many violences have most
unjustly been done by them, by reason of their not having the words
of our Saviour Jesus Christ before their eyes, 'Render unto Cæsar
the things that be Cæsar's and unto God the things that be God's.'
Among their various plans of annoyance to their neighbours, they
carried one about this time into effect, namely, an invasion of
Scotland. The earl of Salisbury sent two lords of great renown,
natives of England, sir Thomas de Hanton, knight, and the lord
Percy, son to the earl of Northumberland, to wage war against
Scotland. They had with them fifteen thousand combatants and a
numerous body of peasants, and, crossing the river Solway, entered
Scotland, where they remained three days, having advanced six
miles of that country, equal to three french leagues.
When the earl of Douglas heard of this inroad, he collected, without
delay, six thousand Scots, and attacked the English on the plain in
open day. The battle was well fought on both sides, and many were
killed and wounded; but it was won by the Scots, who kept the field,
and made many prisoners: in the number were sir Thomas de
Hanton and Percy: the rest escaped as quickly as they could, to
carry the melancholy news to lord Salisbury. He was very much
grieved, and not without cause, but not cast down; for he instantly
raised a greater army than before, consisting of sixty thousand men,
thinking to destroy the whole kingdom of Scotland.
When the earls of Murray and of Ormond heard of the English
having crossed the Solway with a large army, they, having the fear of
God before their eyes, and finding the English determined thus
conjunctly to destroy their country, took measures to oppose them;
for it is perfectly lawful that every one should fight for his country.
They soon, with the aid of other scots lords, assembled a force of
thirty-two thousand able warriors, and, falling on the english camp
unawares, put them to the rout, with great slaughter and loss in
prisoners and wounded. They were pursued as far as the Solway,
wherein many were drowned. The English lost in these two invasions
from twenty to twenty-four thousand men in killed and prisoners.
The Scots gave all the merit of this signal defeat to God, and not to
human force, for which they celebrated a thanksgiving; and, to
prevent the English from being in future so eager to invade their
country, they resolved to continue the pursuit into England. Having
crossed the Solway, they destroyed the country, full twenty leagues
in length, and six in breadth, as far as the strong town of Newcastle,
without leaving a town or house on their road unburnt. On this
expedition, a knight of great power in Scotland was slain, called sir
John Vbouailles; and the Scots then returned unmolested home.
The account of these battles was given to the writer of the
Chronicles of St Denis, at that abbey, by three scots priests of the
diocese of Dunblaine, of which church one was a canon, and
affirmed it for true before the holy shrine of St Denis, in the manner
above related, and in the presence of the monks of that abbey.
On the 12th of August, the king of France came to Vendôme, grandly
accompanied by men at arms, as well lords, knights and esquires, as
others. He remained there until the 18th; and, during this time, the
lord de Lohéac, marshal of Brittany, sir Geoffry de Couren[7], and
Joachim Rohault and others, attacked the town of St Jacques de
Beuvron with great vigour from nine in the morning until night, and,
with heavy and small artillery, kept up a continual fire on the walls. It
was, however, gallantly defended; but on the morrow; the English
capitulated for its surrender, on being allowed to march away in
safety with their effects.
On the 22d of the said month, the king of France entered Chartres;
and, on the next day, the garrison of the tower of Verneuil
surrendered themselves prisoners. They were but thirty, of whom the
greater part were renegado French,—several having escaped a little
before, carrying off all their valuables, owing to the negligence of
those who had the guard during the night. Sir Florent was very much
blamed for this, as the king had sent him orders, by one of his
heralds, to be very attentive in guarding the place. The king, on the
departure of the principal leaders, made matters easy to those who
had remained, from the consideration that the place was
impregnable but from want of provisions; and he concluded a treaty
with the lords de Presigny and de Baugey, for their paying a
moderate ransom, on delivering up the tower to the king.
At this time, or a little after, Joachim de Rohault, with these lords who
had gained St Jacques de Beuvron, took, after an attack of ten
hours, the town of Mortain[8]. The count de Dunois, with the count de
St Pol and those who had been at the capture of Pont Audemer,
marched to lay siege to the city of Lisieux; but when those within the
city observed the great force brought against it, and which it was
impossible for them to resist,—fearing also that, should it be taken
by storm, they would lose every thing,—they held several
conferences together, and, by the advice of their bishop, offered to
surrender the place to the king of France. The bishop managed so
honourably and ably that not the smallest damage was done to any
individual, but each peaceably enjoyed his property as before the
surrender. Several small places round Lisieux surrendered to the
count de Dunois at the same time.
FOOTNOTES:
[5] Under the years 1446, 47, 48, 49, 50, in Andrew's History of
Great Britain, &c.
'An invasion of Scotland is attempted by the English, led by the
earl of Northumberland and Magnus Reidman. They are defeated
at Sark[6] by the Scots, under the command of the lord Douglas
and his brother the earl of Ormond.'
I see from Douglas's Peerage that it ought to be Archibald earl of
Murray, (and not lord Douglas) third son to James VII. earl of
Douglas. The earl of Ormond was his next brother.
The following extract is from Hutchinson's History of
Northumberland, page 233, vol. ii.
'Henry earl of Northumberland, in the 14th Henry VI. made an
unsuccessful irruption into Scotland,—and at Piperden was
defeated by the earl of Angus, with the loss of 1500 men.
'In the 29th of the same reign he entered Scotland again, and
engaged, near the river Sark, a large body of Scots under the
command of sir William Wallace of Craigey, where he again had a
defeat, and narrowly escaped being made prisoner,—his son
choosing to throw himself into the hands of the enemy to save his
father.'
[6] Sark,—a river in Scotland formed of two branches, the white
and black, falls into the Eden four miles below Carlisle.
[7] De Couren. Couvren.——MS. Du Cange.
[8] Mortain,—a town in Normandy, on the river Lances, on the
borders of Maine.
CHAP. IV.
THE KING OF FRANCE SUMMONS MANTES TO
SURRENDER,—WHICH IT DOES, AND IS TAKEN
POSSESSION OF, IN THE NAME OF THE KING, BY THE
COUNT DE DUNOIS, HIS LIEUTENANT-GENERAL.
On the 26th of this same month of August, and on the morrow of the
feast of St Louis, the king left Chartres with a noble company, and
fixed his quarters at Château-neuf-en-Timerais[9], and, the same
day, sent his heralds to summon the garrison of Mantes,—which
town was held and occupied against his will. While the heralds were
on their embassy, the counts de Dunois and St Pol arrived with five
or six hundred combatants, the same day, before the town of
Mantes, and summoned the inhabitants to return to their obedience
to the king of France. They at first refused, from fear of the garrison,
although in their hearts they were well inclined to obey the
summons,—and the lieutenant-general ordered preparations for an
immediate attack.
The inhabitants noticed this, but were fearful that the english
garrison, amounting to two hundred and sixty men, under the
command of sir Thomas Hos[10], knight, and chancellor for the king
of England in these parts, would make a defence. He was indeed not
in the town; but his lieutenant, Thomas de Sainte Barbe, bailiff of the
place, was present, and determined on resistance as long as he
could. The inhabitants, therefore, foreseeing the ruin of their town,
caused the bailiff to be informed, that if he would not enter into a
capitulation for the surrender of the place, they should certainly do
so. This they would not have dared to say, if they had not felt
themselves the strongest; and the better to force the English to
terms, they seized the tower and gate called the Port-au-Saint, with
the whole of that quarter, and then went in a body to the lieutenant-
general, and concluded with him a treaty for the surrender of their
town.
The English were desirous of making resistance, and would have
opposed the French, had not this tower and its defences been
occupied by the townsmen. A copy of the capitulation was sent
them, about four o'clock in the afternoon, by a herald accompanied
by fifty men at arms, who were received by the inhabitants, and
posted in this tower, to guard them against the English, should there
be occasion. Although the lieutenant-governor had accepted the
terms for himself and his companions the bailiffs, the count de
Dunois remained with his army in order of battle before the walls
from morning to evening, when he entered the place with a strong
detachment, to guard the inhabitants from pillage and other
mischiefs, which men at arms were accustomed to do on similar
occasions,—and also to confirm the townsmen in their loyalty and
obedience toward the king.
FOOTNOTES:
[9] Château-neuf-en-Timerais,—a town in Perche, election of
Verneuil.
[10] Sir Thomas Hos. Q.
CHAP. V.
THE KING OF FRANCE MAKES HIS ENTRY INTO
VERNEUIL.—THE RECEPTION HE RECEIVES.—THE
SENESCHAL OF POITOU UNDERTAKES AN
[11]
EXPEDITION AGAINST THE CASTLE OF LOIGNY .—
IT SURRENDERS TO THE KING, AND SEVERAL
ENGLISH ARE TAKEN IN IT.—VERNON SURRENDERS
TO THE KING.
On the 27th of August in this year, the king of France made his entry
into Verneuil, with much pomp and grandly attended. He was
received there as magnificently as possible, for the churchmen and
chief inhabitants came out in procession to meet him, dressed in
their best clothes and hoods. The populace issued out also in
crowds to welcome his arrival: they made bonfires, and strewed the
streets with flowers in the best manner they could, singing carols day
and night.
The king remained some time in Verneuil, and thither came the
bishops of Lisieux and Auxerre to do him homage. During this
interval, the seneschal of Poitou formed a plan to gain the castle of
Loigny, held by an esquire of Normandy, called the lord de Sainte
Marie, as governor for sir Francis de Surienne, called the
Arragonian, the owner of this castle, and who had married sir
Francis's daughter. Although the seneschal did not come before the
place personally, he had practised with the governor (who had under
his command two hundred combatants quartered in the lower court);
so that when the French appeared, they were admitted into the
dungeon, without the knowledge of the men at arms sent by sir
Francis for its defence, or of his lady, who was in the castle.
The English, when they saw the French, thought to defend
themselves; but finding they were too weak in numbers, they
desisted, and were, with their horses in the lower court, and all their
effects, seized in the name of the king of France, except the lady of
sir Francis, who departed with her baggage, much enraged at the
treachery of her son-in-law. The lord de Sainte Marie was re-
appointed to the government of the castle, on the terms he had held
it before.
On the same day, the captain of Robert de Flocques, bailiff of
Evreux, was sent with a certain number of men at arms to summon
the garrison and inhabitants of Vernon to submit themselves to the
king of France, by sending to him the keys of the town. The
governor, John Ormond, an esquire, son to the earl of Ormond in
Ireland, replied, that he would willingly do so,—and, by way of
derision and mockery, sent for all the old keys he could from the
locksmiths in the town, and presented them to the pursuivant who
had brought the summons; but he made answer, that they were too
old to be of use to such a place, and departed, to make his report of
what had passed to the count de Dunois, who was not far off with the
main army.
On the morrow morning, the 28th, came the lieutenant-general,
attended by the counts de St Pol and d'Eu, the lord seneschal of
Poitou, and several other captains, with a large body of franc
archers, (an institution lately established in France) attacked, and
instantly gained possession of a small island, on which they raised a
battery of cannon, although they did not fire them, but some sharp
skirmishings took place between the archers,—and the English lost
the bridge, when their governor was pierced through both his cheeks
with an arrow, to their great dismay. Seeing, therefore, the great
force that was brought against them, and that numbers of towns and
castles had of late surrendered, they, in conjunction with the
inhabitants, demanded from the count de Dunois passports for four
or six persons to hold a parley respecting the summons that had
been sent them.
This was agreed to; and the following persons were selected by the
governor and inhabitants to wait on the count de Dunois, namely,
John Abaron[12], an Englishman, captain of the troops in the town,
master Guillaume d'Aguenet, a most determined partisan of the
English, Regnault de Bordeaux and others,—and d'Aguenet was
appointed spokesman. Having made the usual salutations to the
lieutenant-general, he thus addressed him,—'My lord, you have
summoned us to surrender the town of Vernon to the king your lord:
tell us on what grounds you have made this demand.' The count de
Dunois, with coolness and dignity becoming the representative of a
king, answered most eloquently, (for he was one of the most
eloquent men in all France) that the said town of Vernon, and its
dependances, belonged to the king his lord by rightful inheritance;
that it had been taken from him more by violence than otherwise,
with great part of his kingdom, during the life of the late king his
father; and he then recited, in a style that would have done credit to
a doctor, a history of the war between the kings of France and
England, and the innumerable evils that had resulted from it: that the
king of France, moved by his great charity, had consented to certain
truces, in the hope that, during their continuance, means might be
found to establish a permanent peace,—but that the English had,
through their disorderly love of conquest, in the interval, gained by
force the town of Fougeres from the duke of Brittany, a relative and
subject of the king, and especially named in the said truces. He then
related all the conferences that had taken place on the occasion, and
their result, which have been already mentioned.
'The king, therefore, having maturely considered this conduct with
his council, captains and allies, and witnessing the infidelity of the
English, has raised a sufficient army to regain all that legally belongs
to him, and has appointed me his lieutenant-general to carry his
intentions into execution: I therefore have summoned, and do now
summon, you to restore this town to its rightful lord, to avoid the
perils you will run into from your rebellion and disobedience, and that
you may not attribute the evils that will ensue from your refusal to
your lawful lord and mine, whose benign grace is willing to receive
you again as his subjects.'
At the close of this speech, the English and the other deputies
withdrew to consult how they should act. In the discussion, great
disputes arose; for the French, considering king Charles as their
lawful king, and feeling that what the lieutenant had said was
founded in reason, wanted to surrender, but the English would not.
After much altercation, the townsmen declared that they would
surrender, whether the English would or no, if a fair treaty were
offered for the tower, in which the English should be included if they
were agreeable to it.
The English, perceiving they could not resist the will of the
inhabitants, so plainly discovered, demanded letters, under the town-
seal, declaratory that the surrender was agreed to without their
consent, which were given them.
The deputies returned to the count de Dunois, who concluded a
treaty, with the assent of the lords in his company, by which the town
and castle of Vernon were surrendered,—in which were twelve score
English, under the command of the son of the earl of Ormond. They
marched away in safety with their baggage,—and the inhabitants
remained peaceably in the town, without losing an article of their
effects.
The king afterwards gave this town and castle to the count de
Dunois, for the great services he had rendered him, and in the
expectation that he would do more in conquering Normandy, or
wherever else he might be employed.
FOOTNOTES:
[11] Loigny,—a village in Beauce.
[12] John Abaron. Q.
CHAP. VI.
THE KING OF FRANCE COMES TO THE TOWN OF
EVREUX, WHERE HE IS HANDSOMELY RECEIVED,
AND GOES THENCE TO LOUVIERS.—THE CASTLE OF
ANJOU SUBMITS TO THE KING.—GOURNAY
SURRENDERS ALSO.—JOHN HOWEL YIELDS UP THE
CASTLE OF LA ROCHE-GUYON TO ITS LORD, AND
TURNS TO THE FRENCH.
About the end of August, the king departed from Verneuil, and
made his entry into the city of Evreux with great pomp. He was
sumptuously received by the inhabitants, who went out in procession
to meet him, made bonfires, sang carols, and hung all the streets
with tapestry through which he passed. He slept one night only in
Evreux, and on the morrow went to Louviers, where he was equally
well received. He was accompanied by the count du Maine, brother
to the king of Sicily and the queen of France, the count de Clermont,
eldest son to the duke of Bourbon, the viscount de Longmaigne,
eldest son to the count d'Armagnac, the count de Castres, son to the
count de la Marche, the youngest son of the house of Albreth, John
lord of Lorraine, many other great lords and barons, and knights and
esquires without number.
The king had two hundred lances for his body-guard, and his usual
archers, without including four armies he had in the field,—namely,
the army of the duke of Brittany, another under the command of the
count de Dunois lieutenant-general, the army of the counts d'Eu and
de St Pol, and that of the duke d'Alençon. The king was very active
in supplying these armies with every thing they might want, as well
with money as bombards, artillery, and all kinds of stores; and
couriers were constantly passing and repassing between him and
them, to convey orders and intelligence.
During this time, William de Chance, governor of Pontoise, marched
a body of men before the castle of Anjou, and summoned Portugal,
the governor, to surrender it to the king of France. Portugal, hearing
how the whole country, with its towns and castles, was submitting
daily to king Charles, and knowing the impossibility of any effectual
resistance, capitulated for its surrender,—when de Chance was
appointed, by the king of France, the governor.
Sir Louis de Luxembourg, count de St Pol, marched, on a Sunday,
from Vernon, to lay siege to Gournay. On his march, he was met by
some of the townsmen, who came to make an offer to yield up the
place, which was under the guard of William Harper, lieutenant to
William Coram, an Englishman. The lieutenant, fearful of the event of
a siege, and knowing also how the tide of war was turned,—and that
all the towns and castles were surrendering to the French,—having
also in mind that prudent maxim, 'Felix quem faciunt aliena pericula
cautum,'—went out with one of the inhabitants, called Raoullet
Pailleavoine, and some others, to the count de St Pol, on his arrival
before the place, and confirmed the treaty that had been made at
Longueville.
It was articled that the town and castle should be surrendered to the
count de St Pol, notwithstanding that the lord de Moy and William de
Chance, ignorant of the count's enterprise, had attempted to take it
by storm, and had opened batteries against its walls. The moment
they were informed of the count's intentions, they abandoned their
enterprise,—and the king of France gave it to the count, with all its
dependances, for his life. He appointed, therefore, as governor of the
castle and town, sir George de Croix, lord of Blainsel.
While this treaty was carrying on, the count d'Eu remained at Andeli
sur Seine[13], and thence went to quarter himself and his forces at
Pont Saint Pierre[14], where he staid three days, when he crossed
the Seine to besiege Harcourt[15].
On Monday, the 29th of August, all the lords who had been at the
surrender of Vernon joined the king at Louviers, to arrange their
plans for further conquests. During their assembly, the lord de
Jalognes, marshal of France, and the lord of Roche-Guyon, marched
a large body of men at arms to conquer the castle of La Roche-
Guyon[16]. To effect this, they detached about thirty men by water,
well supplied with cannon and ammunition, who approached the
place as if intending to besiege it, making as much noise as though
they had been two hundred, and remained before it for three days,
constantly skirmishing with the garrison; but although this garrison
did not consist of more than sixteen men, the French gained no
advantage over them.
On Thursday the 3d of September, the lords de Jalognes and de la
Roche-Guyon appeared before it with their forces; and when John
Howel, the english governor, saw so numerous a body that it would
be vain for him to oppose it, at the same time fearing the event of a
siege, and considering the right the king had to reconquer his
kingdom, entered into a treaty with these lords conditionally to
surrender the castle, unless he should be relieved by the king of
England or his lieutenant in Normandy, within fifteen days; and that
he and his men should have free liberty to march away with their
baggage whither they pleased.
Intelligence of this was sent to the duke of Somerset, lieutenant of
Normandy, in Rouen, who tampered with the messenger to introduce
four and twenty English into the castle, and put Howel to death. On
his return, he attempted to gain over some of the garrison to his
purpose, of admitting the twenty-four Englishmen to execute his
damnable design; but knowledge of this plan coming secretly to the
ears of Howel, he sent in haste for the lord de la Roche-Guyon, who
had withdrawn himself and his forces until the fifteenth day should
arrive, to whom he surrendered the place. The garrison marched
away, under passports, with their effects; but Howel was so indignant
at the plot formed against his life that he became a Frenchman, and
took the oaths of allegiance, on condition that he should enjoy the
landed property of his wife, who was a native of France,—and the
lord de la Roche-Guyon continued him in the government of his
castle.
FOOTNOTES:

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Chemistry An Introduction to General Organic and

8.24 (a) Group 1A (b) Group 5A (c) Group 8A (d) Group 8B

8.39 Pb, as can be seen in Figure 8.5 of the text.

8.47 Bromine is liquid; all the others are solids.

1.395  1014 J 6.022  1023 ions 1 kJ

8.61 See Table 8.3 of the text.

8.76 (a) bromine (b) nitrogen (c) rubidium (d) magnesium

8.84 (a) and (d)

8.85 The equation is: CO2(g)  Ca(OH)2(aq)  CaCO3(s)  H2O(l)

8.89 (a) (i) Both react with water to produce hydrogen;

8.93 Na2O (basic oxide) Na2O  H2O  2NaOH

8.94 Oxide Name Property

8.95 Element State Form

8.97 The reactions are:

8.98 Replacing Z in the equation given in Problem 8.57 with (Z  ) gives:

8.102 Rearrange the given equation to solve for ionization energy.

(6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

We might also want to express the ionization energy in kJ/mol.

6.94  1019 J 6.022  1023 photons 1 kJ

8.103 (a) Because of argon’s lack of reactivity.

8.104 We want to determine the second ionization energy of lithium.

Converting to units of kJ/mol:

6.022  1023 ions

Energy needed to remove three electrons  IE1  IE2  IE3

8.109 The plot is:

8.110 The reaction representing the electron affinity of chlorine is:

Now, we can calculate the wavelength of a photon with this energy.

hc (6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

In the problem we are given: Na(s) 

8.115 (a) Mg in Mg(OH)2 (d) Na in NaHCO3 (g) Ca in CaO

8.117 (a) 2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s)  3O2(g)

Taking the average of the melting points and boiling points:

8.123 (a) 2Rb(s)  2H2O(l)  2RbOH(aq)  H2(g)

Energy needed to ionize one Na atom:

495.9  103 J 1 mol

The corresponding wavelength is:

hc (6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

8.132 (a) SiH4, GeH4, SnH4, PbH4

8.135 (a) F2 (b) Na (c) B (d) N2 (e) Al

When CO2(g) is dissolved in water, carbonic acid is produced.

Element X is most likely carbon, choice (c).

286  103 J 1 mol

hc (6.63  1034 J  s)(3.00  108 m/s)

Under suitable conditions,

To prepare HNO3, we first react N2 with O2 (from air or water).

THE NINTH VOLUME

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