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Chapter 2 Beginning the Problem-Solving Process

True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

1. A computer program is considered to be a solution to a problem, but one that is implemented with a
computer.
2. The purpose of analyzing a problem is to determine the goal of solving the problem, and the items that are
needed to achieve that goal.
3. When analyzing a problem, you always search first for the input, and then for the output.
4. When planning the algorithm, you must create both a flowchart and pseudocode.
5. A problem can have more than one solution.
6. Though you may have solved a problem similar to the one you are solving now, you should avoid using
that problem’s algorithm to solve the current problem.
7. You can desk-check an algorithm using its pseudocode but not its flowchart.
8. Most algorithms end with an instruction to print, display, or store the output items.
9. Pseudocode is a standardized language for writing algorithms.
10. It is a good practice to be consistent when referring to the input, output, and processing items in the IPO
chart.
11. The final step in the problem-solving process is to implement the program.
12. As a programmer, it is important to distinguish between information that truly is missing in the problem
specification, and information that simply is not stated, explicitly, in the problem specification.
13. After the instruction to enter the input items, you usually provide instructions to process those items,
typically by performing some calculations on them, to achieve the problem’s required results.
14. Let’s say you have not solved a similar problem to the one you are working on and you cannot find a
portion of an existing algorithm that you can use. You can reasonably conclude that not enough
 information is present in the problem specification for you to solve it.
15. You can use a desk-check table to help you desk-check an algorithm. The table should contain one
column for each input item shown in the IPO chart, but, to avoid confusion, should not contain any
columns for the output items.
16. The term “data-checking” means that you use pencil and paper, along with sample data, to walk through
each of the steps in the algorithm manually, just as if you were the computer.
17. When the programmer is satisfied that the algorithm is correct, he or she then translates the algorithm into
a language that the computer can understand. Programmers refer to this step as tracing the algorithm.
18. Most algorithms begin with an instruction that enters the input items into the computer.
19. During the planning step, programmers write the steps that will transform the input into the output.
20. As with the output, the input typically is stated as nouns and adjectives in the problem specification.
21. Before you begin the desk-check, you first choose a set of sample data for the output values.
 22. Pseudocode is a tool programmers use to help them test an algorithm.
23. Algorithms use standardized symbols to show the steps the computer needs to take to accomplish the
program’s goal.
24. After analyzing the problem, you start planning an algorithm.
25. Asymmetric data is data that the program is not expecting the user to enter.

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.

26. The first step in solving a familiar problem is to the problem.

a. minimize c. deconstruct
b. analyze d. transform
27. Which of the following is the correct order of the problem solving process, from the first to the last?
a. review, plan, implement, modify, evaluate
b. review, plan, evaluate, implement, modify
c. plan, review, implement, evaluate, modify
d. plan, implement, evaluate, review, modify
28. A coded algorithm is called a .
a. calculator c. solution
b. program d. processor
29. Programmers refer to the goal as the , and the items needed to achieve the goal as the _.
a. input, output c. growth, seed
b. output, input d. seed, growth
30. An algorithm is .
a. a group of unrelated problems joined together to form a cluster
b. a complete analysis of the problem and the possible solutions
c. the necessary input for solving a problem
d. a set of step-by-step instructions that transforms the problem’s input into its output
31. A item represents an intermediate value that the algorithm uses when transforming the input into the
output.
a. temp c. processing
b. variable d. passover
32. In programming terms, a numbered list of steps is called .
a. pseudocode c. desk-checking
b. code d. precode
33. A(n) uses symbols to show the steps the computer needs to take to accomplish the program’s goal.
a. algorithm c. diagram
b. hierarchy chart d. flowchart
34. The different symbols in a flowchart are connected with lines called .
a. connectors c. flowlines
b. markers d. pointers
35. The oval symbol in a flowchart is called the symbol.
a. start/stop c. intermediary
b. input/output d. terminal
36. The rectangles in a flowchart are called symbols.
a. intermediary c. process
b. terminal d. space
37. You analyze the problem to determine the goal of solving the problem, that is, the .
a. input c. answer
b. algorithm d. output
38. The input and output typically are stated as and in the problem specification.
a. nouns, adjectives c. adverbs, nouns
b. verbs, adjectives d. adverbs, verbs
39. Programmers use a(n) chart to organize and summarize the results of a problem analysis.
a. IPO c. I/O
b. hierarchy d. PPO
40. The step is the most difficult of the problem-solving steps, primarily because most problem
specifications contain either too much information or too little information.
a. analysis c. review
b. plan d. implement
41. Giving directions to someone, and writing down each direction on paper in your own words is an example
of .
a. a flowchart c. an IPO chart
b. pseudocode d. an input
42. The input/output symbol in a flowchart is represented by a .
a. circle c. triangle
b. square d. parallelogram
43. data is data that the programmer is expecting the user to enter.
a. Invalid c. Symmetric
b. Valid d. Asymmetric
44. During the step, programmers write the steps that will transform the input into the output.
a. modifying c. review
b. planning d. evaluate
45. refers to translating the algorithm into a language that the computer can understand.
a. Compiling c. Coding
b. Loading d. Debugging
46. Before you begin the desk-check, you first choose a set of sample data for the values.
a. input c. terminal
b. processing d. output
47. You can draw an IPO chart by hand or by using the feature in a Word processor.
a. IPO c. table
b. chart d. draw
48. In response to the question “What is your hourly rate”, a user of a program enters $10,000. A good
program should treat this as .
a. valid data c. unreasonable data
b. invalid data d. unethical data
49. The question “What information will the computer need to know to print, display, or store the output
items?” will help you determine the .
a. input c. processing
b. output d. algorithm
50. Desk-checking, also called , means that you use pencil and paper, along with sample data, to walk
through each of the steps in an algorithm manually, just as if you were the computer.
a. pencil pushing c. table-top checking
b. hand-verification d. hand-tracing
ch02
Answer Section

TRUE/FALSE

1. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 39

2. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 40
3. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 40
4. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 46
5. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 46
6. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 46
7. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 49
8. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 44
9. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 45
10. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 45
11. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 40
12. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 42
13. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 43
14. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 48
15. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 49
16. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 40
17. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 40
18. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 43
19. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 54
20. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 41
21. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 49
22. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 45
23. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 45
24. ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: 43
25. ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: 51

MULTIPLE CHOICE

26. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 38

27. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 39
28. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 40
29. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 40
30. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 43
31. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 44
32. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 45
33. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 45
34. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 46
35. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 46
36. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 46
37. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 40
38. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 41
39. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 41
40. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 42
41. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 45
42. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 46
43. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 51
44. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 54
45. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 54
46. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 49
47. ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: 41
48. ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: 51
49. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: 41
50. ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: 40
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Limber 4⅖ in. { Carriage 3 3 20
Howitzer { Ammunition, &c. 32 3 1 6
} 7 26

{ Carriage 13 3 2
32 Pounder Brass
{ Limber 10 11
} 23 3 13

{Howitzer 12 2 }
24 Pounder Brass {Carriage 12 2 13 }
Howitzer {Side-arms 25 } 39 1 11
Gen. Millar’s {Limber 8 2 4 }
{Ammunition 24 4 3 2 }
{Stores 2 23 }
{Limber 8 2 4 }
24 Pounder Brass {Ammunition 24 4 3 2 }
Howitzer {Stores 2 27 } 35 1 20
Ammunition {Body 10 3 4 }
Waggon {Ammunition 36 6 3 24 }
{Stores 3 2 15 }
 No. of Weight. Total.
Nature of Carriage. cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs.
Rounds.
lb. lb.
{ Howitzer 6 2 }
12 Pr. Brass { Carriage 9 3 14 }
Howitzer { Side-arms 23 } 29 17
Gen. Millar’s { Limber 8 21 }
{ Ammunition 36 3 2 20 }
{ Stores 2 23 }
{ Limber 8 1 3 }
12 Pr. Brass { Ammunition 36 3 2 20 }
Howitzer { Stores 2 27 } 31 2 13
Ammunition { Body 8 3 22 }
Waggon. { Ammunition 64 6 1 12 }
{ Stores 3 2 13 }
3 Pr. Colonial { Gun 3 }
service Gun { Carriage 4 3 } 12 15
4 feet { Limber, Stores, &c. 34 5 12 }
{{ Car 3 3 14
{{ Stores, &c. 60 2 2 10
}} 6 1 24

1 Pr. Mountain { Gun 2 2 }

service Gun { Carriage 2 3 2 }8 1 22
drawn by two { Four small boxes 2 20 }
mules { Stores, &c. 72 2 2 }
Carried on the { Two large boxes 2 4
backs of 2
{ Ammunition, &c. 112 1 3 25
}2 2 1
mules
{ Limber 8 9 }
Forge Waggon { Body 9 2 25 }
with lockers, { Bellows 2 15 } 24 11
&c. { Anvil 1 2 18 }
{ Smith’s tools, &c. 4 }
Forge cart, Cavalry, complete; 11 2 16 2 16
} 11
 including frame, &c.zz
Flanders waggon Ammunition 15 2 } 15 2
Store Limber { Limber 8 9
Carriage { Body, &c. 10 3 7
} 18 3 16

{ Limber 7 2 4 }
Ball cartridge { Body lb.oz. 7 26 }
Waggon { 20 Boxes at 12 4 2 21 } 34 2 7
Gen. Millar’s { 20,000 Rounds 16 2 27 }
{ 2,000 Flints &
3 13 }
Boxes
Sling Cart 16 1 17 } 16 1 17
{ Gyn 9 2 22
Large Gyn
{ Blocks and Tackles 2 3 25
} 12 2 19

{ Gyn 7 3 3
Common Gyn
{ Blocks and Tackles 2 3 1
} 10 2 4

Traversing Platform (Iron) 51

Platform Carriage (24 Pounder) Iron 21 2 18
} 72 2 18
 No. of Weight. Total.
Nature of Carriage. cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs.
Rounds.
lb. lb.
Devil { Large
28 2 7
Carriage carriage } 36 15
complete { Small Ditto 7 2 8
{ Carriage 18 0 26
Sling Waggon
{ Limber 9 1 1
} 27 1 27

Large Pontoon { Carriage 13 3 20 }

Carriage { Two pontoons 9 1 9 } 45 20
Blanshard’s { Appurtenances 21 3 19 }
Small Pontoon { Carriage 9 }
Carriage { Five pontoons 5 } 21 1 23
Blanshard’s { Appurtenances 7 1 23 }
Small boat for { Carriage 7 5
Pontoon bridge { Wooden boat 3 2
} 10 2 5

Baggage cart 9 0 7
Hand cart 4 3 4
French cart 5 2 13
Ball Cartridge cart 7 3 4

Diameter. Weight.
WHEELS.
Class. feet. cwt. qrs.
Guns, Howitzers, &c.
inches. lb.
per pair.
or Heavy 6-Pounder Wheel,
used by 12-Pr. Gun and
Limber, by 9-Pr. and heavy
1 5 4 2 4
6-Pr. Gun carriage, and by
heavy 5½ inch, and 24-Pr.
Howitzer Carriage
2 or Light 6-Pr. Wheel, used by 5 3 3 18
Limbers of the above, and by
light 6-Pr. heavy 3-Pr., light
5½ inch and 12-Pr. Howitzer
 carriage and Limber, and by
Body and Limber of
ammunition Waggon
3 used by Light 3-Pr. 4 4 2 1
4 used by mountain Guns, &c. 3 3 22
24 Pr. Gun and 10-inch Howitzer 5 8 1 12
18 Ditto 8-inch ditto 5 7
Limber to the above 3 10 3 2 10
Platform Waggon, hind 5 5 1 26
Ditto ditto fore 4 4 2
Devil Carriage, hind 7 12 1 18
Ditto ditto fore 5 5 1 26
Sling cart, Gun or Mortar 5 6 8 3 10
Flanders Waggon, hind 5 3 3 18
Ditto ditto fore 4 2 2 3 20
Hand cart 4 4 2 1
 Weight of Carriages for Iron guns, Heavy howitzers, &c.,
also Weight of Traversing platforms.
Garrison, with Traversing
Travelling.
Nature of trucks, &c., complete. Platforms.
Ordnance. Gun
Limber. Wood. Iron. Wood. Iron.
Carriage.

cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs.

Guns. cwt. qrs. lb. cwt. qrs. lb. cwt. cwt.
lb. lb.
42 Pr. 16 3 13 26 1 23 51
32 15 1 2 23 2 23
24 23 3 25 7 1 27 13 2 23 21 2 19
18 18 1 26 7 1 27 12 3 1 18 3 19 19
12 12 22 6 11 11 2 7 17 16 19
9 11 2 6 6 11 10 1 13 15 1 7
6 9 20 14 19
3 6 1 24
Millar’s Howitzers.
10 in. 31 2 9 7 1 27 16 25 1 5
8 24 1 13 7 1 27 14 18 1 18

5½ 11 2 23 6 10 15 1 24

Carronades. Block Trail.

68 Pr. 17 2 25
42 10 1 21
32 8 3 24 11 3
24 7 3 21 10 3 20
18 6 3 20 9 2 10
12 6 1 8 1 12

Carriages, Dwarf traversing Carriages,

Traversing
Nature of Garrison, Platforms. Garrison,
Weight Platforms,
Ordnance. Wood, Common
Wood. Iron. common.
Sliding. Wood.
 Guns. cwt. cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs. cwt. qrs.
lb. lb. lb. lb. lb.
68 Pr. 112 16 0 26
56 Pr. 98 18 2 22 31 1 26
8 in. 65 13 1 0 26 0 21 52 0 5 13 3 11 25 1 2
32 Pr. 56 12 1 23 26 0 21 52 0 5 13 3 0 25 1 2
 Weight and Dimensions of Trucks, for Land Service.
Fore. Hind.
Nature
of Diameter. Width Diameter. Width
Weight of Weight of
Trucks. of of
Truck. Hole. sole. a pair. Truck. Hole. sole. a pair.

cwt. qrs.
ft. in. in. in. cwt. qrs. lb. ft. in. in. in.
lb.
42
1 7 7·5 6·62 3 0 20 1 4 7·5 5· 2 0 4
Pr.
32 1 7 7·5 6·62 3 0 20 1 4 7·5 5·5 2 0 4
24 1 7 6·5 5· 2 1 26 1 4 6·5 4·5 1 2 5
18 1 7 6·5 5· 2 1 26 1 4 6·5 4·5 1 2 5
12 1 7 6·5 5· 2 1 26 1 4 6·5 4·5 1 2 5
9 1 7 6·5 5· 2 1 26 1 4 6·5 4·5 1 2 5
6 1 6 5·5 4·25 1 3 4 1 4 6·5 3·5 1 1 6
3 1 6 5·5 4·25 1 3 4 1 4 6·5 3· 1 1 6

Weight and Dimensions of Mortar beds.

OLD PATTERN.

Nature of Bed Dimensions.

Weight.
Land service. Length. Breadth. Height.
cwt. qrs. lb. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
13 Inch Iron 35 2 22 5 5½ 3 1 2 1
10 Inch Iron 16 1 16 4 4 3 1 1 7
8 Inch Iron 7 2 27 3 3 3 1 1 3
5½ Inch Wood 1 10 2 7 1 3 9
4⅖ Inch Wood 3 5 2 5 1 3

NEW PATTERN.

Nature of Bed Dimensions.

Weight.
Land service. Length. Breadth. Height.
cwt. qrs. lb. ft. in. ft. in. ft. in.
 13 Inch Iron 35 2 20 6 1 3 2¾ 2 ½
10 Inch Iron 17 3 16 4 4 3 1 1 7
8 Inch Iron 8 3 3 3 3 3 1 1 3
The Breadth and Length of each Bed are measured from the extremities of the
traversing bolts.
 PA R T I V.

RANGE, ELEVATION, ETC., OF BRASS ORDNANCE.

SOLID SHOT. COMMON CASE SHOT.

Med. 12 Pr. Light 12 Pr. Med. 12 Pr. Light 12 Pr.

Elevation. 9 Pr. Ditto 6 Pr. Elevation. 9 Pr. Ditto 6 Pr.
Long 6 Pr. Heavy 3 Pr. Long 6 Pr. Heavy 3 Pr.
degrees. yards. yards. degrees. yards. yards.
P. B. 300 200 P. B. 150 100
¼ 400 300 ¼ 175 125
½ 500 400 ½ 200 150
¾ 600 500 ¾ 225 175
1 700 600 1 250 200
1¼ 775 650 1¼ 275 225
1½ 850 700 1½ 300 250
1¾ 925 750 1¾ 325 275
2 1000 800 2 350 300
2¼ 1050 850
2½ 1100 900
2¾ 1150 950
3 1200 1000
3¼ 1250 1050
3½ 1300 1100
3¾ 1350 1150
4 1400 1200

24 Pr. Howitzer. 12 Pr. Howitzer. 5½ in. Howitzer.

Charge 2½ lb. Charge 1½ lb. Heavy | Light
2 lb. Charge 1 lb.
Com. Shells. C. Case. Com. Shells. C. Case. Com. Shells.
Elev- Elev- Elev- Elev- Elev-
Fuze.* Range. Range. Fuze.* Range. Range. Range. Range.
ation. ation. ation. ation. ation.
deg. 10ths yds. deg. yds. deg. 10ths yds. deg. yds. deg. yds. yds.
P. B. 250 P. B. 150 1 1 400 P. B. 100 P. B. 250 150
¼ 300 ¼ 175 1¼ 1½ 450 ¼ 125 1 400 300
½ 350 ½ 200 1½ 2 500 ½ 150 2 550 450
¾ 400 ¾ 225 1¾ 2½ 550 ¾ 175 3 700 600
1 1 450 1 250 2 3 600 1 200 4 850 750
1¼ 1½ 500 1¼ 275 2¼ 3½ 650 1¼ 225 5 975 850
1½ 2 550 1½ 300 2½ 4 700 1½ 250 6 1100 950
1¾ 2½ 600 1¾ 325 2¾ 4½ 750 1¾ 275 7 1225 1050
2 3 650 2 350 3 5 800 2 300 8 1350 1150
2¼ 3½ 700 2¼ 375 3¼ 5½ 850 9 1450 1200
2½ 4 750 2½ 400 3½ 6 900 10 1550 1250
2¾ 4½ 800 3¾ 6¼ 950 11 1650 1300
3 5 850 4 7 1000 12 1750 1350
3¼ 5½ 900 4¼ 7½ 1025
3½ 6 950 4½ 7¾ 1050
3¾ 6½ 1000 4¾ 8 1075
4 7 1025 5 8¼ 1100
5¼ 8½ 1125
5½ 8¾ 1150
* Fuze—Old pattern.
 Ranges, Elevation, &c., of 8-inch Howitzer.
Shrapnell
Common Shells. Ricochet firing.
Shells.
Charge. Fuze. Elevation. Range. Fuze. Elevation. Charge. Elevation. Range. Fuze.
lb. inches deg. yards. inches deg. lb. deg. yards. inches
4 ·3 2 450 .. .. .. .. .. ..
·4 2½ 600 ·3 2⅝ 1 9·5 400 ·85
·52 3 750 ·5 3½ 1·5 6· 400 ·8
·65 3¾ 900 ·7 4½ 1·5 9· 600 1·
·8 4½ 1050 ·9 5⅝ 2 6·25 600 ·9
·95 5⅜ 1200 1·1 6⅞ 2·5 5·5 600 ·75
1·1 6¼ 1350 1·35 8¼ 2 8·5 800 1·2
1·3 7¼ 1500 1·6 9¾ 2·5 6·25 800 1·
1·5 8¼ 1650
1·75 9⅜ 1800 1 34·5 1170
2· 10½ 1950 2 34·5 2010
2·3 11¾ 2100
2·6 13 2250 3 5 900
3· 14⅜ 2400 3 10 1200
3·4 15¾ 2550 3 15 1930
3·9 17¼ 2700

32 Pr. Brass Howitzer.

Common Common Shrapnell Common Common Shrapnell
Range. Range.
Case. Shell. Shell. Case. Shell. Shell.
Elev- Elev- Elev- Elev- Elev- Elev-
Yards. Fuze. Fuze. Yards. Fuze. Fuze.
ation. ation. ation. ation. ation. ation.
200 PB 1150 4⅜ ·8 4¼
300 1° 1200 4⅞ ·9 4⅝ ·8
400 2° ¾ ·2 PB 1250 5½ ·9 5°
450 ⅞ ·2 ¼ ·2 1300 .. .. ·9 5¼ ·9
500 1° ·2 ½ 1350 .. .. 1·0 5⅝
550 1¼ ·3 1° 1400 .. .. 1·0 6° 1·0
600 1⅜ ·3 1¼ 1450 .. .. 1·1 6¼
650 1½ ·3 1⅝ ·3 1500 — 7½ 1·1 6⅝
700 1¾ ·4 2° 1550 1·2 7°
750 2° ·4 2¼ 1600 1·3 7¼
800 2¼ ·5 2½ ·4 1650 1·4 7⅝
850 2½ ·5 2¾ 1700 1·5 8°
900 2¾ ·6 3° ·5 1750 1·6
950 3° ·6 3¼ 1800 — 9½ 1·7
1000 3¼ ·7 3½ ·6 1850 1·8
1050 3⅝ ·7 3¾ 1900 1·9
1100 4° ·8 4° ·7 2000 2·0
 Range, Elevation, &c., of Brass Ordnance.
SHRAPNELL SHELLS.

12 Pr. Medium. 9 Pr. Light 6 Pr.

Shell filled 10 lb. 13¼ oz. Shell filled 8 lb. 1¼ oz. Shell filled 5 lb. 7¼ oz.
Shell empty 5 lb. 10 oz. Shell empty 4 lb. 9½ oz. Shell empty 3 lb. 2 oz.
Number of Balls 63 Number of Balls 41 Number of Balls 27
Letter & Eleva- Range. Letter & Eleva- Range. Letter & Eleva- Range.
Length tion. Length tion. Length tion.
of Fuze. from to of Fuze. from to of Fuze. from to
in.10ths. deg. yds. yds. in.10ths. deg. yds. yds. in.10ths. deg. yds. yds.
B ·2 1⅜ 660 960 B ·2 1⅜ 640 920 1 380 640
C ·3 1⅞ 820 1110 C ·3 1⅞ 800 1060 B ·2 1¼ 570 800
D ·4 2¼ 960 1230 D ·4 2¼ 930 1180 C ·3 1⅝ 720 930
E ·5 2¾ 1080 1340 E ·5 2¾ 1050 1290 D ·4 2¼ 845 1045
·6 3¼ 1195 1445 ·6 3¼ 1160 1390 E ·5 2⅞ 955 1145
·7 3¾ 1301 1545 ·7 3¾ 1260 1480 ·6 3⅜ 1060 1240
·8 4⅜ 1415 1645 ·8 4⅜ 1360 1570 ·7 4 1160 1330
·9 5⅛ 1520 1740 ·9 5⅛ 1455 1655 ·8 4⅝ 1255 1415
1 · 5¾ 1620 1830 1 · 5¾ 1550 1740 ·9 5¼ 1345 1500
1 ·1 6⅜ 1720 1920 1 ·1 6⅜ 1640 1820 1 · 5⅞ 1430 1580
1 ·2 7 1815 2005 1 ·2 7 1725 1895 1 ·1 6⅝ 1510 1655
1 ·3 7⅝ 1905 2085 1 ·3 7⅝ 1805 1965 1 ·2 7¼ 1585 1725
1 ·4 8¼ 1990 2160 1 ·4 8¼ 1885 2035 1 ·3 7⅝ 1655 1785
1 ·5 8⅞ 2070 2230 1 ·5 8¾ 1960 2100 1 ·4 8¼ 1720 1840
1 ·6 9⅜ 2140 2290 1 ·6 9⅜ 2030 2160 1 ·5 8⅞ 1780 1890
1 ·7 10 2200 2340 1 ·7 10 2095 2215 1 ·6 9⅝ 1835 1940
1 ·8 10¾ 2165 2275 1 ·7 10¼ 1885 1980
1 ·8 11 1953 2020

SHRAPNELL SHELLS.

Part 2 of 2

24 Pr. Howitzer. 12 Pr. Howitzer.

S. filled 21 lb. 4 oz. S. filled 10 lb. 13¼ oz.

S. empty 11 lb. 1 oz. S. empty 5 lb. 10 oz.
No. of Balls 129 No. of Balls 63
Letter & Eleva- Letter & Eleva-
Length tion. Range. Length tion. Range.
of Fuze. of Fuze.
in.10ths. deg. yds. in.10ths. deg. yds.
·1 1 450 ·1 1¼ 450
·1½ 1¼ 500 ·1½ 1½ 500
B ·2 1½ 550 B ·2 1¾ 550
·2½ 1¾ 600 ·2½ 2 600
C ·3 2 650 C ·3 2¼ 650
·3½ 2¼ 700 ·3½ 2½ 700
D ·4 2½ 750 D ·4 2¾ 750
·4½ 2¾ 800 ·4½ 3 800
E ·5 3 850 E ·5 3¼ 850
·5½ 3¼ 900 ·5½ 3½ 900
·6 3½ 950 ·6 3¾ 950
·6½ 3¾ 1000 ·6½ 4 1000
·7 4 1050 ·7 4¼ 1025
·7½ 4¼ 1100 ·7½ 4½ 1050
·8 4½ 1125 ·7¾ 4¾ 1075
·8½ 4¾ 1150 ·8 5 1100
·9 5 1175 ·8¼ 5¼ 1125
·9½ 5¼ 1200 ·8½ 5½ 1150
·8¾ 5¾ 1175
·9 6 1200
 Ricochet Practice with Brass Ordnance.
Chg. = Charge.
Ele. = Elevation.

Solid Shot. Common Shells.

12 Pr. 9 Pr. 24 Pr. 12 Pr. 5½ in. 5½ in. 4⅖ in.

Howitzer
Medium Gun. Howitzer Howitzer Mortar Mortar
heavy
Range Shell, 16 Shell, 16 Shell, 16
in Gun. Shell, 8 lb. Shell, 8 lb.
lb. lb. lb.
yards.
Chg. Ele. Chg. Ele. Chg. Ele. Chg. Ele. Chg. Ele. Chg. Ele. Chg. Ele.
lb. lb.
oz. deg. oz. deg. deg. oz. deg. deg. oz. deg. oz. deg.
oz. oz.
6 7½
400 9 4¾ 12 5 8 14½ 5 14½
8 4 8 8
6 6½ 7 5 8 9 12 7
5 7 6 6¼ 10 7½
5 6¾ 11 6 10 9
500 12 5¼ 8 11
14 5
7 6½ 9 7¾ 6 7
1
600 6 7½ 12 6½ 8 6 6¾

1
5 9½ 4¾ 10 5 12 9

Note.—When Shot are fired from the 24 Pounder and 12 Pounder Howitzers, the Elevation
must be about half a degree more than when Shells are used.

CHARGES FOR THE ROYAL NAVY.

For Boats.
lb. oz.
{ 24 Pounder 2 8
Cartridges
{ Howitzer { Heavy 2 0
{ 12 Pounder
filled with { { Light 1 4
Powder { Gun { 1 8
6 Pr. Light
{ { 0 4
{ Carronade 12 Pounder 1 0
 Charges for the Royal Navy.
High; Medium; Low: equivalent to Distant; Full;
Reduced.
Gun. High. Medium. Low. Proof.
cwt. lb. lb. lb. lb.
18-
42 6 4½ 3 15
Pounder.
” ” 38 6 4½ 3 15
” ” 22 3 2 7
” ” 20 3 2 7
” ” 15 2 — 5
24-
50 8 6 4 18
Pounder.
” ” 48 8 6 4 18
” ” 33 6 4 12
” ” 20 2½ — 6
32-
64 10 8 6 21½
Pounder*.
” ” 58 10 8 6 21½
” ” 56 10 8 6 21½
” ” 46 8 6 — 21½
” ” 48 }
8 6 5 21½
” ” 50 }
” ” 50 A 8 6 4 18
” ” 45 B 8 7 5 16
” ” 42 C 6 4 2½ 14
” ” 41 6 4 2½ 12
” ” 40 6 4 2½ 12
” ” 32 5 3 and 4 2½ 10
” ” 25 4 2½ 9
” ” 25 4 2½ 9
42-
84 14 10 5 25
Pounder.
” ” 75 14 10 5 25
 ” ” 67 — 10 6 23
56-
98 16 10 5 28
Pounder.
” ” 87 14 10 5 25
68-
112 20 10 5 30
Pounder.
” ” 95 16 12 8 28
” ” 87 14 10 6 25
8-Inch
65 10 8 5 20
Gun.
” ” 60 10 8 5 20
” ” 52 8 — 5 16
” ” 50 — 8 5 14
10-Inch
112 16 — — 25
Gun.
” ” 86 12 — 6 20
* Charge of powder, for firing 32-pounder shells, 8 lb.

In changing the charge from Distant to Full, add ¼ degree

elevation as far as 1000 yards,
and half a degree beyond that range.
Double Shotting.—Double shotting may be employed with 32-
pounder guns of
56 cwt. charge 6 lb. up to 400 yards.
42 ” ” 4 lb. ” 300 ”
25 ” ” 2½ lb. ” 200 ”

With double shot and reduced charge, give double the elevation,
and half a degree additional,
for the reduced charge.
 Range, Charge, Elevation, &c., of Iron Ordnance.

P.B. = Point Blank

Diam. = Diameter
Diam. Charge Range in yards.
Nature. Weight. Length. of the of
bore. powder. P.B. 1° 2° 3° 4° 5° 6°
GUNS. cwt. ft. in. in. lb. oz.
42 Pr. 85 10 9·60 14 400 940 1340 1620 1840 2050 2250
32 Pr. 63 9 7 6·41 10 10½ 380 760 1130 1455 1730 1950 2160
56 9 6 6·41 10 10½ 380 760 1130 1455 1730 1950 2160
48 8 6·41 8 330 680 1015 1300 1540 1740 1840
40 7 6 6·35 6 340 675 985 1260 1500 1700 1800
* 32 6 6 6· 3 5 330 670 945 1210 1450 1640 1730
* 25 6 6· 3 4 225 485 735 995 1260 1500 1630
25 5 4 6· 3 4 225 485 735 995 1260 1500 1630
24 Pr. 50 9 6 5·82 8 360 755 1125 1417 1670 1850 2000
48 9 5·82 8 360 755 1125 1417 1670 1850 2000
40 7 6 5·82 8 340 730 1080 1377 1620 1800 1950
33 6 6 5·82 6 260 530 805 1082 1350 1560 1760
18 Pr. 42 9 5·29 6 360 730 1080 1377 1600 1780 1960
38 8 5·29 6 340 710 1075 1347 1560 1730 1900
12 Pr. 34 9 4·62 4 360 720 1075 1337 1540 1700 1850
29 7 6 4·62 4 340 710 1040 1307 1500 1650 1800
9 Pr. 26 7 6 4· 2 3 330 685 1015 1278 1460 1600 1730
6 Pr. 17 6 3·66 2 320 655 985 1238 1400 1520 1610
CARRONADES.
68 Pr. 36 6 4 8·05 5 10½ 270 540 812 1042 1240 1420 1570
42 22 4 6 6·84 3 8 240 515 810 983 1180 1350 1880
32 17 4 6·25 2 10 235 485 705 905 1100 1260 1400
24 13 3 9 5·68 2 225 435 650 826 1000 1150 1300
18 10 3 4 6·16 1 8 220 430 620 787 950 1100 1250
12 6 2 8 4·62 1 205 375 580 738 880 1000 1100
* Bored-up guns.
 Carronades.

Nature 68 Pr. 42 32 24 18 12

lb. oz. lb. oz. lb. oz. lb. lb. oz. lb.
Charge
5 8 3 8 2 10 2 1 8 1
yards.
P. B. 450 400 330 300 270 230

1 Degree 650 600 560 500 470 400

2 ” ” 890 860 830 780 730 580

3 ” ” 1000 980 900 870 800 740

4 ” ” 1100 1020 970 920 870 810

5 ” ” 1280 1170 1080 1050 1000 870

Range, &c., of Iron Ordnance.

SHRAPNELL SHELLS.

68 Pr.Carronade. 8 in. Howitzer. 24 Pr. Gun. 18 Pr. Gun.

lb. oz. lb. oz. lb. oz. lb. oz.
Charge 4 0 Charge 4 0 Charge 5 0
Charge 4 8
S. filled61 4 S. filled 61 13 S. filled 21 5
S. filled 15 11
S. S. S. S.
32 2 32 2 11 0 8 6
empty empty empty empty
No. of Balls No. of Balls No. of Balls No. of Balls
337 337 128 90
Elevation. Fuze. Elevation. Fuze. Elevation. Fuze. Elevation. Fuze. Range.
deg. tenths. deg. tenths. deg. tenths. deg. tenths. yards.
2½ 4 2¾ 3½ 1¼ 2 1¼ 2 650
3½ 6 3 6 1¾ 3½ 2 4 900