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 Table of Content

Page No.
1. Ancient History................................................................................................................................................ 1 - 12
Stone Age & Indus Valley Civilization, Vedic Age, Mahajanapada & Rise of Magadh
Period, Buddhism & Jainism, Mauryan & Post Mauryan Empire, Gupta & Post Guptas Age
2. Medieval History............................................................................................................................................. 13 - 26
Delhi Sultanate, Mughal Empire, Later Mughals, Arabic Invasion, Southern Dynasty,
Maratha, Regional Kingdoms & Religious Movements
3. Modern History......................................................................................................................................... 27 - 45
Rise of East India Company & British Administration, Socio - Religious Reform
Movements, The Great Revolt of 1857, Pre Congress Phase, Indian National Congress &
Congress Sessions, National Movement (1885 - 1919), National Movement (1919 - 1939),
Freedom to Partition (1939-1947), Governor General & Viceroys, Other Dimensions, Post
Independence Events
4. World Geography.................................................................................................................................... 46 - 57
Solar System, Geomorphology, Climatology, Oceanography, Biogeography, Important
Locations around the World
5. Indian Geography.................................................................................................................................... 58 - 78
Physiographic Division & Locations of India, Indian Rivers & Water Resources, Soil
Distribution, Forest Distribution, Major Crops Grown in India, Mineral & Energy Resources,
Demography, Transport & Communication, Census Data
6. Polity........................................................................................................................................................... 79 - 107
Basic of Indian Constitution, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties, Directive
Principles of State Policy, Important Articles, Important Parts & Schedules, Important
Acts, Important Amendments, Central Government, State Government, Judiciary, Local
Government, Constitutional & Non Constitutional Bodies
7. Economy..................................................................................................................................................... 108 - 130
Economic Concepts & Theories, Methods of measuring National Income, Money &
Functions, Five Year Plans, Agriculture, Industrial Sector, Initiatives by Government,
Inflation & Employment, Economic Reforms since 1991
8. Biology........................................................................................................................................................ 131 - 154
Cell, Genetics & Evolution, Biomolecules, Zoology, Botany, Human Body, Human Diseases
9. Chemistry................................................................................................................................................... 155 - 178
Basic Concepts of Chemistry, Solutions, Properties of Elements & Compounds, Periodic
Table, Compounds & its uses, Acid, Base & Alkali, Gases & its Laws, Chemical Reaction,
Carbon & its Compounds, Metals & Non-Metals
10. Physics........................................................................................................................................................ 179 - 193
Units, Dimensions & Formula, Gravity, Motion & Forces, Wave & Optics, Heat, Electricity &
Magnetism, Laws & Principles, Measuring Instruments
11. Computer................................................................................................................................................... 194 - 205
Basics of Computers, Memory, Microsoft Office, Keyboard Shortcuts, Abbreviations,
Computer Fundamentals and Terminologies
12. Environmental Science........................................................................................................................... 206 - 211
Ecology & Functions of Ecosystem, Environmental Pollution & Problems, National Park,
Wildlife Sanctuary & Biosphere Reserve
13. Art and Culture......................................................................................................................................... 212 - 238
Architecture, Paintings, Language & Literature, Music, Dances, Fairs & Festivals
14. Static GK.................................................................................................................................................... 239 - 277
Awards & Honours, Books & Authors, Important Institutions, Committees &
Recommendations, Science & Technology, Days & Events, Government Policies &
Schemes, Famous People, Famous Places, Sports
CHAPTER꞉ 1

ANCIENT HISTORY
13. Which of the following rivers would you associate primarily
with the Harappan civilization? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
STONE AGE & INDUS VALLEY A) Sutlej B) Beas
CIVILIZATION C) Indus D) Chenab
14. The duration of the Mesolithic period is from about ______
1. Which of the following were NOT a part of a citadel in years ago to ______ years ago. [SSC CGL 2022]
Harrapan architecture? [SSC CPO 2022] A) 14000, 10000 B) 17000, 12000
A) Storehouses for grains B) Great Bath for important C) 12000, 10000 D) 10000, 7000
people
15. Which of the following Harappan town was located on
C) Fire altars for religious D) Residential buildings for Khadir Beyt in the Runn of Kutch and was divided into three
ceremonies masses
parts? [SSC CHSL 2023]
2. During which of the following period Ostriches were found A) Sotka-koh B) Chanhudaro
in India? [SSC CGL 2022] C) Surkotada D) Dholavira
A) Mesolithic B) Chalcolithic
16. Which of the following metal traces were found in
C) Neolithic D) Palaeolithic
chemical analyses of both Omani copper and Harappan
3. Which of the following type of house remains were found in artefacts suggesting a common origin?
Mehrgarh site of Harappan civilization? [SSC CGL 2022] [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Triangular or circular B) Rectangular or circular A) Tin B) Iron
C) Square or rectangular D) Circular or square C) Zinc D) Nickel
4. In which among the following period Catal Huyuk was one 17. In which of the following sites of Indus Valley Civilisation
of the most famous sites? [SSC CGL 2022] was ‘The Great Bath’ found? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Neolithic B) Mesolithic A) Kalibangan B) Dholavira
C) Palaeolithic D) Chalcolithic C) Lothal D) Mohenjo-Daro
5. Which of the following cities existed in the Indus Valley 18. The practice of erecting megaliths began about ______
Civilization? [SSC MTS 2022] years ago. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Harappa B) Sanchi A) 2500 B) 1000
C) Muziris D) Ayodhya C) 1500 D) 3000
6. In which of the following Indian states, Harappan cities 19. The Citadel and Great Bath can be traced to which site of
have NOT been found? [SSC CGL 2022] the Indus Valley Civilisation? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Uttarakhand B) Gujarat A) Harappa B) Mohenjo-Daro
C) Rajasthan D) Haryana C) Rakhigarhi D) Lothal
7. Which of the following sites of Indus Valley Civilization is 20. What was the shape of the Great Bath of Mohenjo Daro?
located in Punjab (India)? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Banawali B) Balu A) Rectangular B) Square
C) Kot Diji D) Ropar C) Elliptical D) Circular
8. Which of the following is also known as ‘New Stone Age’ in 21. How many signs used to be part of the longest inscription
the civilisation history of India? [SSC MTS 2022] found on Harappan seals? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Epipaleolithic B) Mesolithic A) 12 B) 90
C) Paleolithic D) Neolithic C) 79 D) 26
9. Most of the standard Harappan seals were made of 22. Which Director General of ASI is responsible for the
_______, a kind of soft stone that was square in shape with excavations leading to the discovery of two key city-sites of
a 2 × 2 dimension and was used for commercial purposes. the Indus Civilization, in the 1920’s? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Steatite B) Golden rutile A) Madho Sarup Vats B) John Hubert Marshall
C) Selenite D) Rhodonite C) James Burgess D) Mortimer Wheeler
10. Most Harappan seals made of _____. [SSC MTS 2022] 23. Ancient Harappan site ‘Lothal’ was found in which state of
A) Bricks B) Granite India ? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Steatite D) Brass A) Gujarat B) Rajasthan
11. Which of the following metals was used to make weapons C) Maharashtra D) Madhya Pradesh
and tools in Harappan cities? [SSC CGL 2022] 24. In which of the following cities of the Indus valley
A) Silver B) Gold civilization has a dockyard been found? [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Copper D) Iron A) Lothal B) Chanhudaro
12. Inamgaon, an important Archaeological site is situated on C) Kalibangan D) Dholavira
______ river. [SSC MTS 2022] 25. In which of the following sites of Harappan civilization
A) Indrayani B) Ulhas Jadeite stone was found? [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Ghod D) Kukadi

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A) Mahagadha B) Mehargadha [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Hallur D) Daojali Heading A) Ganga and Yamuna B) Alakananda and Bhagirathi
C) Ravi and Chenab D) Beas and Sutlej
26. The Harappan brought Gold from present-day _______ in
India. [SSC CGL 2022] 39. The Rigvedic name of river Chenab was ___________.
A) Telangana B) Tamil Nadu [SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) Karnataka D) Kerala A) Askini B) Sindhu
C) Parushni D) Vitasta
27. Which of the following sites of Harappan civilization is
located near Bolan Pass? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Mehrgarh B) Chirand
C) Gufkral D) Koldihwa MAHAJANAPADA & RISE OF
28. Dholavira, which was the ancient Harappan site was MAGADH PERIOD
divided into ________ parts. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) three B) five 40. Ajatasatru sent his minister named Vassakara to the
C) four D) two Buddha to get his advice on the matter related with attack on
29. According to the archaeologists, in Harappan cities the the _______. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Mallas B) Shakyas
part to the west was smaller and higher, was known as ______.
[SSC CGL 2022] C) Koliyas D) Vajjis
A) Citadel B) Olympus 41. In ancient times, the area to the south of the Ganga was
C) Lower town D) Colosseum known as ______. [SSC CGL 2022]
30. Which of the following is one of the animal motifs found A) Magadha B) Kosala
on the cylindrical seal of the Indus region? C) Anga D) Matsya
[SSC Selection Post 2022] 42. King Ajatashatru was a ruler of the ______ dynasty.
A) Humped bull B) Humped camel [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Sitting tiger D) Running dog A) Mauryan B) Haryanka
C) Shishunaga D) Nanda
43. Which of the following was the capital of Vajji gana during
VEDIC AGE Mahajanapadas period? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Vaishali B) Sothivati
31. There is a mention of the term ‘Ayas’ in Rigveda referring to C) Viratanagara D) Kashi
_______________. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
44. The ancient city of Champa is believed to be the capital of
A) cotton B) metal
_________ Mahajanapada. [SSC CGL 2022]
C) horse D) rice
A) Kashi B) Matsya
32. The Rig Veda is a collection of ________ hymns. C) Anga D) Vajji
[SSC GD Constable 2023]
45. Which of the following was the capital of Mahajanapada
A) 1028 B) 1076
C) 1124 D) 1152 Gandhara in 6th century BC? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Hastinapur B) Mathura
33. Which of the following varna was NOT entitled to the ritual C) Taxila D) Varanasi
of ‘Upanayana Samskara’ in the later Vedic period?
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ] 46. The iron implement site of Hastinapur was found in which
A) Kshatriya B) Brahmana the present-day state of India? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Vaishya D) Shudra A) Bihar B) Uttar Pradesh
C) Haryana D) Madhya Pradesh
34. Which of the following is the oldest Veda? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Rigveda B) Atharvaveda 47. Who among the following was the founder of the Kanva
dynasty? [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Samaveda D) Yajurveda
A) Narayana B) Susharman
35. As per the Rigvedic or Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 BC), C) Vasudeva D) Devabhuti
who among the following was a River Goddess?
[SSC MTS 2022] 48. With reference to the Sixteen Mahajanapadas, which
A) Agni B) Sindhu among the following was NOT a capital city?
C) Arika D) Usha A) Ujjain B) Avanti
C) Sravasti D) Kausambi
36. The Rig Veda consists of 1028 hymns, organised into ten
books known as ________. 49. According to the Brihat Samhita, what do you call the
A) Mandalas B) Padapa̅tha process of making scents, mouth perfumes and bath powders?
[SSC CGL 2022]
C) Anuda̅tta D) Su̅ktas
A) Jatuka B) Gandhayukli
37. The Atharvaveda is a collection of ________ khandas. C) Kamplcica D) Pattanga
[SSC CGL 2022]
A) 20 B) 10
C) 15 D) 5
38. In the Rigveda, there is a hymn in the form of a dialogue
between Sage Vishvamitra and two rivers that were
worshipped as goddesses. Which are these rivers?
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 63. Buddhacharita, a full-length biography of the Buddha was
BUDDHISM & JAINISM written by ___________. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Banabhatta B) Asvaghosha
C) Vasumitra D) Parsva
50. At the age of _______, Mahavira left home and went to
live in a forest. [SSC MTS 2022] 64. In ancient India, the Jatakas were written in which of the
A) 35 B) 27 following languages, around the middle of the first millennium
C) 33 D) 30 CE? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Pali B) Sanskrit
51. Which of the following is NOT a part of Buddhist stupas?
C) Aramaic D) Kharosthi
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Harmika B) Gopura 65. At which of the following places did Lord Buddha attain
C) Anda D) Chhatra Mahaparinirvana? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Kushinagar B) Lumbini
52. Who among the following was the 24th Tirthankara in C) Sarnath D) Bodh Gaya
Jainism, in ancient India? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Vasupujya B) Rishabahdev 66. According to Xuan Zang, the ___________ of Nalanda
C) Abhinandana D) Vardhamana Mahavira Buddhist monastery asks new entrants difficult questions
which were very difficult to answer [SSC GD Constable 2023]
53. The Therigatha is a Buddhist text, part of the ______ is a A) chief of monastery B) gatekeeper
collection of verses composed by bhikkhunis. C) youngest monk D) oldest monk
A) Vinaya Pitaka B) Mahavamsa
67. The Lion Capital was built to commemorate the historical
C) Dipavamsa D) Sutta Pitaka
event of _________ of Buddha. [SSC MTS 2022]
54. In Vaishali, the second Buddhist council was organized by A) Renunciation B) Enlightenment
________. C) His death or Parinirvana D) First sermon
A) shaven B) Anurudh
68. At which Buddhist site of India did Gautama Buddha first
C) sunidha D) kalashoka
preach the Dharma? [SSC MTS 2022]
55. Which of the following statements is correct? A) KushiNagar B) Barabar Caves
I. Gautama Buddha belonged to a small gana known as the C) Bodh Gaya D) Sarnath
Sakya gana and was a Kshatriya.
69. Xuan Zang and other pilgrims spent time studying in
II. Gautama Buddha passed away at Kusinara.
Nalanda, the most famous Buddhist monastery, located in
[SSC MTS 2022]
which of the following Indian state? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Only I B) Neither I nor II
A) Odisha B) Bengal
C) Only II D) Both I and II
C) Bihar D) Sikkim
56. Buddha delivered his first sermon which is called
_______, at Sarnath to his five disciples.
A) Niranjana B) Mahabhinishkramana MAURYAN & POST MAURYAN
C) Maha parinirvana D) Dharmachakra Pravartana
EMPIRE
57. The first Tirthankara of Jainism is believed to be
Rishabhanatha, who was born in ____________.
[SSC Selection Post 2022] 70. Kalinga is the ancient name of coastal______.
A) Pataliputra B) Ayodhya [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Tamil Nadu B) Orissa
C) Vaishali D) Varanasi
C) Kerala D) Andhra Pradesh
58. Buddha meditated for days on end under a peepal tree at
______, where he attained enlightenment. [SSC CHSL 2023] 71. Somewhat before the time of Mauryan empire, about
A) Sarnath B) Bodh Gaya __________ years ago, emperors in China began building the
Great Wall. [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Kushinagar D) Ujjain
A) 1200 B) 3500
59. Lord Buddha was born in ______. [SSC Selection Post 2022] C) 2400 D) 600
A) Lumbini, Nepal B) Bihar, India
72. The foundation of the Mauryan empire was laid by ______.
C) Bamyan, Afghanistan D) Cumilla, Bangladesh
[SSC CHSL 2023]
60. What was the name of the mother of Gautama Buddha? A) Kalashoka B) Chandragupta Maurya
[SSC Selection Post 2022] C) Bindusara D) Ashoka
A) Mahamaya B) Sihamoni
73. Pushyamitra, who was the commander of Brihadratha, the
C) Rukmani D) Geetanjali
last Mauryan emperor, killed the king and established a new
61. The Chinese Buddhist pilgrim, Xuan Zang, came to the dynasty. Which of the following was his dynasty?
Indian subcontinent about years ago. [SSC CGL 2022] [SSC CGL 2023]
A) 1100 B) 1700 A) Shunga B) Kanva
C) 2000 D) 1400 C) Satavahana D) Chedi
62. According to the Jaina tradition, Mahavira was preceded 74. Who among the following was the last king of the
by how many other teachers or Trithankaras? Mauryan empire? [SSC GD Constable 2023]
[SSC Selection Post 2022] A) Ashoka B) Bindusara
A) 12 B) 23 C) Chandragupta D) Brihadratha
C) 56 D) 54

3
75. As the Mauryan empire was so large, different parts were A) Devabhuti B) Pushyamitra
ruled differently. The area around ______ was under the direct C) Bhagabhadra D) Agnimitra
control of the emperor. [SSC GD Constable 2023]
87. The Kadamba Dynasty was an ancient royal dynasty of
A) Taxila B) Ujjain
the modern day꞉ [SSC CPO 2022]
C) Pataliputra D) Lumbini
A) Odisha B) Kerala
76. During the reign of which of the following Mauryan kings, C) Bihar D) Karnataka
the Kalinga War was fought? [SSC CGL 2023]
88. Who, with the help of Kautilya, overthrew Dhanananda,
A) Bindusara B) Ashoka
the last Nanda ruler, in 322 BC? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Chandragupta D) Dasaratha
A) Ashoka B) Chandragupta Maurya
77. Which of the following pairs of ‘Dynasty-Ruled region’ is C) Akbar D) Kalashoka
correctly matched?
89. Which of the following statements is correct?
I. Shakas - Northwest and north India
I. Most of Ashoka’s inscriptions were written in Brahmi script.
II. Vakatakas - Central and western India
II. Many of Chanakya’s ideas were written down in a book
[SSC CGL 2022]
called the Arthashastra.
A) Neither I nor II B) Only I
[SSC MTS 2022]
C) Only II D) Both I and II
A) Only II B) Only I
78. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding king C) Neither I nor II D) Both I and II
Harshavardhana? [SSC CGL 2022]
90. Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni was a ruler of which dynasty?
A) Harshavardhana ruled B) Xuan Zang spent a lot of
nearly about 1400 years ago time at Harsha's court [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Rashtrakuta B) Satavahana
C) Harshavardhana's court D) Harshacharita is a
poet was Harishena biography written C) Chola D) Chera
on Harshavardhana 91. Which Mauryan ruler was called ‘Amitrochates’ by the
79. Which of the following Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka states Greeks? [SSC CGL 2023]
that Dhammayatras (tours) would be undertaken by the A) Samudragupta B) Chandragupta I
emperor? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Bindusara D) Kanishka
A) Major Rock Edicts IV B) Major Rock Edict VIII 92. Which of the following rulers did NOT belong to Maurya
C) Major Rock Edict IX D) Major Rock Edict V dynasty? [SSC MTS 2022]
80. Who among the following was NOT from the Mauryan A) Bindusara B) Ashoka
Dynasty? [SSC Selection Post 2022] C) Chandragupta D) Bimbisara
A) Ashoka B) Brihadratha 93. Megasthenes was an ambassador who was sent to the
C) Kharavela D) Bindusara court of _____ by the ______ ruler. [SSC MTS 2022]
81. Which of the following books was written by A) Chandragupta Maurya, B) Babur, Greek
Megasthenes? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] Greek
A) Nitisara B) Nagananda C) Shah Jahan, Chinese D) Sikandar Lodhi, Chinese
C) Buddha charita D) Indica 94. Kanishka was a ruler of ______ dynasty. [SSC MTS 2022]
82. How many gates and towers were mentioned by A) Mughal B) Maurya
Megasthenes in Mauryan capital, Pataliputra? C) Kushana D) Gupta
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ] 95. Ashoka fought a war to conquer Kalinga. Kalinga was the
A) 60 gates and 574 towers B) 64 gates and 570 towers ancient name of coastal ______. [SSC MTS 2022]
C) 62 gates and 568 towers D) 66 gates and 576 towers A) Madras B) Orissa
83. ______ was a Greek ambassador sent to the court of C) Bombay D) Bengal
Chandragupta Maurya. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] 96. Who among the following was the first Mauryan ruler who
A) Agarthicides B) Megasthenes tried to spread his message to the people through
C) Heliodorus D) Strabo inscriptions? [SSC MTS 2022]
84. The __________ is an Indian treatise on politics, A) Chandragupta B) Ashoka
economics, military strategy, the function of the state, and C) Brihadratha D) Bindusara
social organisation, attributed to Kautilya. 97. Which of the following was the capital of Magadh for
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ] several years before it was shifted to Pataliputra?
A) Panchsidhantika B) Manusmriti A) Patna B) Gaya
C) Arthashastra D) Natyashastra C) Nalanda D) Rajgriha
85. Megasthenes, a Greek historian and diplomat came to 98. Which Mauryan emperor led a military campaign to
India as an ambassador of Seleucus I Nicator. In which of the conquer Kalinga, around 260 BCE?
following Mauryan emperor’s court did he come? A) Brihadratha B) Ashoka
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
C) Bindusara D) Chandragupta Maurya
A) Chandragupta Maurya B) Brihadratha
C) Ashoka D) Samprati 99. Most Ashokan inscriptions were in the _______ language
while those in the northwest of the subcontinent were in
86. Who among the following was the founder of the Sunga
Aramaic and Greek.
dynasty, who established his kingdom by killing the last A) Pali B) Sanskrit
Mauryan emperor? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
C) Prakrit D) Tamil

4
100. Which Mauryan emperor had his inscriptions engraved A) Chandragupta I B) Chandragupta II
on rocks and pillars during his reign from c. 272/268-231 BCE? C) Srigupta D) Samudragupta
A) Ashoka B) Bindusara
113. Samudragupta's mother belonged to which of the
C) Chandragupta Maurya D) Brihadratha
following gana? [SSC CGL 2022]
101. Who was the grandfather of King Ashoka? A) Koliya B) Lichchhavi
A) Dashratha B) Vitashoka C) Sakya D) Vajji
C) Chandragupta Maurya D) Bindusara 114. Which of the following region was the capital of the
102. Which dynasty did Harshavardhana belong to? Chalukyas? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Gupta dynasty B) Chalukya dynasty A) Kanchipura B) Raichur
C) Maurya dynasty D) Pushyabhuti dynasty C) Aihole D) Kolar
103. During the Mauryan reign which of the following 115. Which of the following was known as an organisation of
provinces was considered as the Gold mine hub in Karnataka? merchants in the inscriptions of the Pallavas? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Tosali B) Ujjayini A) Nagaram B) Sangathana
C) Taxila D) Suvarnagiri C) Ur D) Sabha
104. With reference to the distribution of Asokan inscriptions, 116. Ravikirti was the court poet of which of the following
which among the following sites is in the modern state of dynasty ruler? [SSC CGL 2022]
Gujarat? A) Cholas B) Cheras
A) Girnar B) Kalsi C) Pallavas D) Chalukyas
C) Shishupalgarh D) Sannati
117. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about
105. Who was the first Mauryan ruler to have his messages for Gupta emperor, Samudragupta?
his subjects and officials engraved on the stone surfaces of a) He was the successor of Chandragupta I.
polished pillars along with natural rocks? b) His court poet Bhimsena composed a prashasti of praise for
[SSC Selection Post 2022] him which was known as Gwalior Prashasti.
A) Chandra Gupta Mourya B) Bindusara c) On his gold coins he was depicted playing the harp which
C) Ashoka D) Dasharatha shows his passion for music.
106. Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the power of the d) He held the title of Maharajadhiraj
______ at Magadha with the aid of Kautilya and founded a [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
glorious Mauryan empire in 322 BC. [SSC CGL 2022] A) Statement b only B) Statement c only
A) Kurus B) Nandas C) Statement a only D) Statement d only
C) Mallas D) Panchalas 118. The court poet and minister of ______, Harisena,
107. The Iranian ruler Darius penetrated into north-west India composed the Allahabad pillar Inscription or Prayaga
in ______ and annexed Punjab, west of the Indus, and Sindh. Prashasti. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
[SSC Selection Post 2022] A) Samudragupta B) Bholagupta
A) 516 BC B) 261 BC C) Vikramagupta D) Chandragupta
C) 563 BC D) 712 AD 119. Which Gupta king led an expedition to western India
108. Historians believe that many of the Kushana rulers who where he overcame the last of the Shakas?
started calling themselves ‘Devaputras’ or ‘Sons of God’ were [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
possibly inspired by the emperors of ______ culture. A) Kumaragupta B) Chandragupta I
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Samudragupta D) Chandragupta II
A) Chinese B) Greek
120. The Gupta rulers in India issued a large number of gold
C) Roman D) Sri Lankan coins called ________. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
109. Indo-Greek kings ruled which of the following part of A) Suvarnarupa B) Rupyarupa
ancient India? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Tamararupa D) Dinaras
A) Magadha B) Northwest
121. Which of the following rulers was depicted on coins
C) Kashmir D) Eastern showing him playing the veena? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Vikramgupta B) Ramagupta
C) Skandagupta D) Samudragupta
GUPTA & POST GUPTAS AGE
122. Aihole was the capital of the . [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Chalukyas B) Pallavas
110. Ravikirti composed prashasti of which of following C) Pandayas D) Cholas
Chalukya rulers? [SSC GD Constable 2023]
A) Mangalesha I B) Pulakeshin II 123. Harishena was a court poet of ______. [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Kirtivaraman II D) Vikramaditya IV A) Bindusara B) Samudragupta
C) Bimbisara D) Ashoka
111. ______ spent a lot of time at Harshavardhana's court and
left a detailed account of what he saw. 124. Banabhatta was the court poet of ________.
[SSC GD Constable 2023] [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Xuan Zang B) Faxian A) Harshavardhana B) Ashoka
C) Kang Seng D) Yijing C) Kumaragupta D) Bindusara

112. Who among the following Gupta rulers was hailed as 125. Who among the following visited India during the reign of
'Indian Napoleon' because of his military achievements? Harshavardhana?
[SSC GD Constable 2023]
5
A) Fa Hien B) Xuan Zang (Hsuan Tsang) A) Samudragupta B) Chandragupta-I
C) Marco Polo D) Ibn Battuta (Abu Abdullah C) Ashoka D) Srigupta
Muhannad ibn Battutah)
128. Which among the following is attributed to Kautilya?
126. Ravikirti's Aihole inscription speaks in detail the victory of A) Indica B) Mudrarakshasa
Pulakesin II over꞉ C) Arthashastra D) Ratnavali
A) Samudragupta B) Harsha
129. Ashoka appointed ______ to solve the social problems in
C) Kharavela D) Kirtivarman I
his region. [SSC CGL 2022]
127. Prayag Prashasti (also known as Allahabad Pillar A) samaharta B) nyayadheesh
Inscription) provides us information about the achievements C) amatya D) dhamma mahamatta
of ________.

ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans D D C A A A D D A C C C C C
Q. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans D D D D B A D B A A D C A A
Q. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ans A A B A D A B A A D A D A B
Q. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans A C C B C B B D B D D D D D
Q. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans B B A A D B B A A B D D C B
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ans C B A D C B D C B C D B B C
Q. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Ans A B D B D B C D A C B B D B
Q. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Ans C A C D D A C B A A B B A D
Q. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
Ans B C A D A A D D D A B A B B
Q. 127 128 129
Ans A C D

SOLUTIONS 5. Harappa, located on the banks of river Ravi, was a major

STONE AGE & INDUS VALLEY
CIVILIZATION
1. The correct answer is option 4, Residential buildings for
masses were not a part of the citadel in Harrapan
architecture. The citadel contained structures for important
people, while common people's houses were built in the lower
town with varying sizes and largely of burnt bricks.
2. Indian researchers have discovered molecular proof of
ostriches in India more than 25,000 years ago based on a
DNA examination of an ostrich fossilized eggshell fragment.
The continental drift of Gondwanaland is frequently cited as
the cause of the ostrich;s origin and evolution.
3. Mehrgarh site in Balochistan, Pakistan was home to early
occupants of Harappan civilization who built
square/rectangular mud houses, kept grains in granaries,
raised cattle and grew wheat, barley, jujubes, and dates. The
civilization existed from 3300 to 1300 BCE, with Early and Late
Harappan cultures coexisting in the same region.
4. Catal Huyuk, an ancient city settlement in Turkey, was built
in the Neolithic era and is one of the first human proto-cities.
The houses were made of mud bricks with wooden supports.
The period is known for its use of microliths and the
Chalcolithic Age was the first period when metal was used.
Harappan site in semi-arid lands. Discovered by Daya Ram
Sahni, it was heavily damaged under British rule. Bricks from
the ruins were used in the construction of the Lahore-Multan
Railway.
6. Harappan cities were found in Punjab, Sind, Gujarat,
Rajasthan, and Haryana but not in Uttarakhand. The
civilization thrived from 2600 BC to 1900 BC and vanished
around 1400 BC. These cities were unique for their objects like
red pottery, stone weights, seals, special beads, copper tools,
and paralleled sided long stone blades. They were also
divided into Citadel and lower town.
7. Ropar in Punjab is the site of the earliest Indus Valley
excavations in independent India and a well-developed
civilization. Recent excavations have further established its
significance. Banawali in Haryana is another Indus Valley site
on the bank of the Saraswati River. However, the correct
answer to the question is Ropar.
8. The Neolithic period is also known as the ‘New Stone Age’
which marked the end of the Stone Age and it began
around BC.
9. Steatite was the material used to make most of the
standard Harappan seals. These seals were square in shape
with a 2 × 2 dimension and were primarily used for commercial
purposes. Steatite is a soft stone that was easy to carve and
was readily available in the region.
10. Harappan seals were made of steatite, with over 2000
discovered in soapstone, terracotta, and copper. The seals
feature pictorial writing in the Kharosthi style, with some
displaying mathematical images. They date back to 2500-

6
1500 BCE and were found in sites such as Mohenjodaro in the
Indus Valley.
11. Copper was used to make tools and weapons in the
Harappan cities. The civilization flourished between 2500 BC
and 1750 BC and Harappa was excavated by archaeologists.
The city suffered damage under British rule when bricks were
used as track ballast.
12. Inamgaon, an important Archaeological site is situated on
the Ghod River. Inamgaon is an archaeological site located in
the Pune district of Maharashtra. The excavations have
revealed their association with Malwa Culture, Early Jorwe
Culture, and Late Jorwe Culture which correspond to 1600 to
1400 BC, 1400 to 1000 BC, and 1000 to 700 BC respectively.
13. The Indus civilization, also called the Harappan civilization,
is the earliest known urban culture of the Indian subcontinent.
It was first identified in 1921 at Harappa in the Punjab region
and then in 1922 at Mohenjo-Daro near the Indus River in the
Sindh region. The ruins of Mohenjo-Daro have designated a
UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.
14. The Mesolithic period lasted from 12000 to 10000 years
ago and was defined by the use of microliths. This period was
shorter than Paleolithic and Neolithic. Paleolithic was
developed in the Pleistocene period, and Neolithic was
characterized by agriculture, domestication of animals, and
polished stone tools.
15. Dholavira, a Harappan town in Gujarat, was divided into
three parts with massive stone walls and gateways. Dholavira
was located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch in Gujarat,
with fresh water and fertile soil.
16. Omani copper and Harappan artifacts have traces of
nickel, supporting the theory that copper was imported from
Oman. A unique jar found in Oman suggests that its contents
may have been traded for Omani copper by the Harappans.
Option 4 (Nickel) is the correct answer.
17. The site of the Indus Valley Civilisation "The Great Bath"
was found in Mohenjo-Daro, popularly known as "Mound of
the Dead," which was one of the greatest cities of the ancient
Indus Valley Civilization. The Great Bath was found in the
1920s during excavations at Mohenjo-Daro. The Bath is 83
square meters in size and was built with beautiful masonry.
18. Megaliths were used as burial and commemorative
memorials in India around 3000 years ago. They can be found
in the southern region and come in the form of Menhirs or
rock-cut stone alignments. Ancient temples were used for
worship in Buddhism, Hinduism, Greece, and Rome, and
ancient cities existed before the end of the Roman empire.
19. The Citadel and Great Bath belong to the Indus Valley
Civilisation site of Mohenjo-Daro in Pakistan. It was
discovered in 1922 and designated as a UNESCO World
Heritage site in 1980. Mohenjo-Daro is one of the world's
oldest settlements and the largest site of settlement in the
Indus Valley Civilisation. A Great Granary and a public bath
were discovered by Sir Mortimer Wheeler.
20. The Great Bath of Mohenjo Daro, a rectangular tank
surrounded by corridors, is a notable feature of the ancient
Indus Valley Civilization. The city, developed around 3,000
BCE, is renowned for its advanced urban planning and civil
engineering. Other important sites include Dholavira and
Lothal, with unique features like a middle town and an
artificial brick dockyard.
21. The longest inscription found on Harappan seals consisted
of 26 signs. This claim is supported by two examples of mass-
produced moulded objects, M-494 and M-495, which have a
total of 26 symbols when you add up all the symbols on three
separate faces of the five long surfaces.
7
22. John Hubert Marshall was responsible for excavating
Harappa and Mohenjodaro in the 1920s. He was the Director-
General of ASI from 1902 to 1928.
23. Lothal was discovered in Gujarat by SR Rao in 1964. It is
situated on the banks of the Bhogava river, a tributary of the
Sabarmati River. It was an important trading centre during the
Harappan period and had an artificial dockyard as its most
striking feature.
24. Indus valley civilization flourished in river basins of
Ghaggar-Hakra and Indus. Lothal was its dockyard, other sites
include Harappa, Mohenjodaro, Chanhudaro, Dholavira,
Banawali, Rakhigarhi, and Sutkagendor. It's known for its grid-
based planning, equality, nature worship, and flourishing
trade. It relied on agriculture and produced cotton, with
accurate weights and measures.
25. Jadeite stone, possibly from China, was found in the
Harappan site of Daojali Hading, located in the Brahmaputra
Valley. This site is close to the routes leading to Myanmar and
China, and discoveries of pestles, mortars, and stone tools
suggest that people were growing grains and preparing food.
Pottery and fossil wood tools were also found.
26. The Harappans produced items made of gold and silver,
which were known to them except for iron. The gold may have
come from South India's riverbeds, including Karnataka, and
the Himalayas. It is possible that the Harappans brought gold
from present-day Karnataka, along with other metals like
copper, bronze, silver, and lead.
27. The Harappan civilization had well-planned drainage and
town systems, worshiped various deities, and had a flourishing
trade industry. Major cities included Mohenjodaro,
Kalibangan, and Lothal, with evidence of early farming and
herding at the Neolithic site Mehrgarh. Weights and measures
were used.
28. Dholavira, an ancient Harappan site in Gujarat, was a
grand city divided into three parts. It is one of the five largest
Harappan sites and flourished along the flood plains of Indus
and Ghaggar-Hakra. Mohenjodaro and Harappa were the
capital cities of the Harappan civilization, also known as Indus
Valley Civilization.
29. Harappan cities had two sections enclosed by interlocking
brick walls - the Citadel to the west and the Lower Town to the
east. The Citadel had special buildings like the Great Bath,
which was lined with bricks and sealed to prevent leaks. Steps
led down to it from two sides, and chambers surrounded it on
all sides.
30. The humped bull is one of the animal motifs found on
the cylindrical seal of the Indus region. The humped bull
figurine had a molded head that was twisted to the side, and
a mold was used to make the head. The body was made by
hand, and the head was connected.
VEDIC AGE
31. The term 'Ayas' mentioned in the Rigveda refers to metal.
The Rigveda is an ancient Indian collection of Vedic Sanskrit
hymns and is one of the four holy canonical texts of Hinduism.
The Rigveda Samhita is the oldest core text, composed in the
northwestern region of Indian.
32. The Rig Veda consists of a total of 1,028 hymns, divided
into ten books known as Mandalas. Each Mandala is further
divided into hymns, which are composed in various poetic
meters. The hymns are attributed to different seers or rishis.
33. In the later Vedic period, Shudras were at the bottom of
the caste hierarchy and were only allowed to perform menial
jobs. They were barred from practising any rituals and only
some were allowed to work as farmers or traders. Shudra
women could marry any male, but a Shudra male could only
marry a woman from the same varna.
34. The oldest Veda is the Rigveda, composed about 3500
years ago. It consists of 1028 hymns called Suktas and is a
collection of 10 books called Mandalas. The other Vedas are
based on it and consist of various hymns from it. The Rigveda
is also the oldest book in Sanskrit or any Indo-European
language, and its hymns are composed in various meters like
Gayatri, Anushtubh, Trishtubh, and Jagati.
35. The River Goddess in the Rigvedic period was Sindhu. The
Sindhu River, also referred to as the Indus River is a major
waterway in South Asia. One of the longest rivers in the world,
the Sindhu has a total length of over 2,000 miles and runs
south from the Kailash Mountain in Tibet all the way to the
Arabian Sea in Karachi, Pakistan.
36. The Rig Veda is the oldest religious text in the world with
1028 hymns divided into ten books. It contains the Gayatri
Mantra and Purushasukta hymn which talks about the caste
system. The Vedas are the first religious text of Hinduism with
four Vedas. 9th Mandala is a compilation of soma hymns. The
10th Mandala of Rigveda contains the Purushasukta about
the origin of the caste system
37. Atharvveda Granth is a collection of 20 Khandas, which is
called "the storehouse of Atharva's knowledge, procedures of
daily life". This is the fourth Veda, which has been included in
the Vedic texts of Hinduism. It contains about 6,000 mantras
and 730 hymns, divided into 20 books. The Atharvaveda text
follows the verses of the Rigveda and reflects a variety of
Vedic matters in poetic form. It is made up of two separate
texts - Pappalada and Saunakia.
38. In the Rigveda, there is a hymn in the form of a dialogue
between Sage Vishvamitra and two rivers Beas and Sutlej
were worshipped as goddesses. Some of the hymns in the
Rigveda are in the form of dialogues. This is part of one such
hymn, a dialogue between a sage named Vishvamitra, and
two rivers, Beas and Sutlej that were worshipped as
goddesses.
39. Rigvedic hymns mention many rivers' names differently
from modern ones.
Rig Vedic names Rivers
Askini Chenab
Sindhu Indus
Parushni Ravi
Vitasts Jhelum
Vipasa Beas
Sutudri Sutlej
MAHAJANAPADA & RISE OF
MAGADH PERIOD
40. Ajatasatru sent his minister to seek Buddha's advice on
attacking Vajjis, a confederacy ruling Mithila with Vaishali as
capital. Buddha was born in Shakya clan, his mother in Koliya
tribe, in Kapilavastu, Nepal. Mahajanapadas were 16 ancient
Indian kingdoms from 6th-4th century BCE.
8
41. Magadha was an ancient kingdom located south of the
Ganga river in India, with borders formed by the Ganga, Son,
and Camp rivers, and the Vindhya mountains. The Ganga is
the largest river system in India and has tributaries including
the Yamuna, Son, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, and Kosi.
42. King Ajatashatru forcefully took over the kingdom of
Magadha from his father and formed the city of Pataliputra.
Other important dynasties in Magadha were Mauryan,
Shishunaga, and Nanda. Chandragupta Maurya founded the
Mauryan Empire, Shishunaga founded the Shishunaga
dynasty, and Mahapadma Nanda was the most powerful ruler
of the Nanda Dynasty.
43. Vaishali was the capital of Vajji Gana during the
Mahajanapadas period. It is located in Bihar and was founded
by Licchavi, being the world's first republic. Vajji was governed
by a Gana or Sangha, where multiple rulers discussed and
decided what had to be done.
44. The ancient city of Champa was the capital of Anga
Mahajanapada, one of the sixteen ancient Indian kingdoms. It
was located in present-day Bhagalpur and Munger districts.
Anga is first mentioned in the Atharvaveda and its first king
was Bali while the last was Brahmadatta. The capital was
earlier known as Malini.
45. Taxila was the capital of Mahajanapada Gandhara in 6th
century BC, one of the 16 city-states that emerged during this
period. Its present location is in Afghanistan and some parts
of it lie in Pakistan. We find the mention of Gandhara in
Anguttara Nikaya (a Buddhist source).
46. The iron implement site of Hastinapur was found in Uttar
Pradesh, India. Hastinapur was the capital of the Kuru Empire
and Ataranji Khera belonged to the Kushan period. The iron
age is known for tools and artefacts made from iron. Other
ancient kingdoms in the region were Kuru, Panchal, Kashi and
Kosal.
47. The Kanva dynasty, with a Brahmanic origin, was named
after its ruler Kanva. Founded by Vasudeva Kanva, it emerged
in 72 BCE after he killed the Shunga ruler Devabhuti. His rule
was short, succeeded by Bhumimitra. The dynasty expanded
into eastern and central India, with Vidisa as its capital.
Satavahanas triumphed over Kanvas; Susarman, the last
Kanva king, was slain by the Satavahana (Andhra) ruler.
48. Avanti was an ancient Indian Mahajanapada (great
region), which at present belonged to the Malwa region.
According to the Buddhist text, Anguttara Nikaya, Avanti was
one of the Solasa Mahajanapadas (sixteen great regions) of
the 6th century BCE.
49. An encyclopaedia written in Sanskrit and published in the
sixth century in Ujjain was called Brhat-Samhita. It gives
references to perfumes and cosmetics. Gandhayukli describes
recipes for making scents, mouth perfumes, bath powders,
incense and talcum powder.
BUDDHISM & JAINISM
50. Mahavira left home and went to live in a forest at the age
of 30. He was the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism and underwent
intense meditation and rigorous penance for twelve and a half
years before attaining salvation in the 6th century BCE.
51. Buddhist stupas consist of Anda, Harmika, and Chhatra.
Gopura is not a part of it. Stupas were constructed over
Buddha's relics in Gangetic Valley. Bairat in Rajasthan is a
grand stupa. The great stupa at Sanchi was built during the
time of Ashoka.
52. Vardhamana Mahavira was the 24th Tirthankara of the
Jain religion. He was born at Kundgrama near Vaishali in
Bihar. After gaining true knowledge, he came to be known as
the master of "Kevalajana". His discipline was known as
Chandrabala and the lion is a symbol of Mahavir. He died at
Pawapuri in Bihar. Vasupujya was the twelfth Tirthankara,
while Rishabhanatha was the first Tirthankara of Jainism.
53. Therigatha is a collection of verses composed by Buddhist
nuns and is part of the Sutta Pitaka, which contains the
Buddha's teachings. It is the earliest text depicting women's
spiritual experiences. Vinaya Pitaka is the basket of discipline,
Mahavamsa is a historical chronology of Sri Lanka, and
Dipavamsa is the oldest historical record of Sri Lanka.
54. The second Buddhist council was held in Vaishali under
King Kalashoka's patronage and presided over by Sabakami.
It discussed whether monks could handle wealth. The Stavros
caused the first schism in the Union, leading to the second
council Kalashoka.
55. Gautama Buddha belonged to the Sakya clan, which was
a small republic in ancient India and he was of the Kshatriya
caste. He passed away in Kusinara, present-day Uttar
Pradesh, India, around 483 BCE.
56. Buddha's first sermon was delivered at Sarnath to his five
disciples and is known as Dharmachakra Pravartana. He
introduced the Four Noble Truths, the foundational teaching
of Buddhism, in this sermon. The Seated Buddha from
Gandhara depicts him in the Dharmachakra Mudra, setting
the wheel of Dharma in motion. This event is also known as
The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma.
57. The first Tirthankara of Jainism is believed to be
Rishabhanatha, who was born in Ayodhya. He was also known
as Adinatha and Adish Jina.
Important Tirthankaras of Jainism
Sequence Name of the Tirthankara Symbol
1st Rishabhanatha Bull
2nd Ajitanatha Elephant
23rd Parsvanatha Hooded serpent
24th Mahavira Lion
58. Bodh Gaya is the place where Buddha attained
enlightenment. The site of Bodh Gaya is marked by the
Mahabodhi Temple, which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site
and an important pilgrimage destination for Buddhists
worldwide.
59. Gautam Buddha was born in 563 BC on the Vaishakha
Poornima Day at Lumbini (near Kapilavastu) in Nepal. He left
his palace at 29 in search of truth (also called
‘Mahabhinishkramana’ or The Great Renunciation). Attained ‘
Nirvana ’ or ‘Enlightenment’ at 35 at Gaya in Magadha (Bihar)
under the Pipal tree. Delivered the first sermon at Sarnath.
60. Mahamaya was the mother of Gautama Buddha. She was
a princess of the Kollia republic and married to Suddhodhana,
King of Kapilavastu. Gautama Buddha was born at Lumbini in
the Sakya Kshatriya clan. He was the founder of Buddhism
and got enlightened at the age of 35 under a pipal tree in
Bodh Gaya. His wife was Yasodhara and they had a son
named Rahul.
9
61. Xuan Zang was a Chinese monk who traveled to India in
the 7th century to learn about Buddhism and collect religious
texts. He stayed at the University of Nalanda for 5 years and
participated in a religious assembly. He became famous for
his 17-year journey to India. Other foreign travelers include
Deimachos, Megasthenes, Fa-Hien, and Ibn Battuta.
62. A Tirthankara is a dharma saviour and spiritual teacher in
Jainism (righteous path). Mahavira is called the founder of
Jainism, but Jains believe that the 23 previous Tirthankaras
also espoused it.
63. Asvaghosha wrote the biography of Buddha called
Buddha Charita in the first century CE. An epic poem on the
life of Gautama Buddha, it consists of 28 cantons and was
composed in the Sanskrit language.
64. The Jataka, related to Buddhism, refers to stories of
Buddha’s Birth. A Buddhist scholar, Buddhagosha is said to
have gathered about 550 Jataka stories. These are the stories
that tell about the previous lives of the Buddha, in both
human and animal forms. Jataka tales were written in simple
language and everybody could relate to them. Jatakas were
written in the Pali language.
65. Gautama Buddha attained Mahaparinirvana in
Kushinagar (in present-day Uttar Pradesh). Mahaparinirvana
usually means the ultimate state of nirvana (permanent,
supreme peace and happiness) attained by an enlightened
being. Kushinagar is the last resting place of Gautam Buddha.
It is a Buddhist pilgrimage site.
66. Xuan Zang, a Chinese Buddhist monk, and traveller who
visited the Nalanda Buddhist monastery in the 7th century
stated that the gatekeeper asks new entrants difficult
questions that are hard to answer. This suggests that the
gatekeeper acts as an intellectual filter, testing the knowledge
and understanding of those seeking entry into the monastery.
67. The Lion Capital is a sculpture from the Mauryan period
built by Ashoka to commemorate the first sermon of Buddha.
It features four Asiatic lions and depictions of a chakra, bull,
horse, elephant, and lion. It was adopted as the National
Emblem of India after independence.
68. Buddha first preached the Dharma to his five disciples
at Sarnath. The first sermon delivered by Buddha was on
deliverance from suffering. The event of the first sermon is
known as "Dharmachakra Pravartana" which means turning
the wheel of dharma. His five disciples became Arhats.
69. The University at Nalanda was established in the fifth
century and shut down in the thirteenth. In the ancient Indian
kingdom of Magadha, which is now called Bihar, Nalanda
University served as the epicentre of learning. King of the
Gupta Dynasty, Kumargupta I, founded the University of
Nalanda.
MAURYAN & POST MAURYAN
EMPIRE
70. Kalinga is the ancient name of a region in eastern India
that corresponds to the present-day states of Odisha and
parts of northern Andhra Pradesh. It was known for its rich
cultural heritage, maritime trade, and seafaring abilities.
71. Emperors in China began building the Great Wall about
2400 years ago, somewhat before the time of the Mauryan
empire. The wall was built to protect the northern frontier of
the empire from pastoral people. It is about 6400 km long and
is made of stone and brick, with a road along the top.
72. Chandragupta Maurya laid the foundation of the Mauryan
Empire in 322 BCE. He was the first ruler of the dynasty and
his reign marked the beginning of a unified and centralized
state in India.
73. Pushyamitra established the Shunga dynasty after killing
the last Mauryan emperor. This dynasty ruled over North India
from around 185 BCE to 73 BCE.
74. The last king of the Mauryan Empire was Brihadratha. He
was overthrown by his commander-in-chief, Pushyamitra
Shunga, who established the Shunga dynasty. Ashoka was the
third king of the Mauryan Empire and Bindusara was his
father and the second king.
75. Patilputra was the capital city of the Mauryan empire.
Other regions were ruled by governors appointed by the
emperor. Pataliputra was strategically located on the banks of
the Ganges river and was a center of trade, commerce, and
administration.
76. Ashoka, also known as Devanampiya, was the Mauryan
king who fought the Kalinga War. He ascended the throne in
268 BC and expanded his empire through conquest. In the
ninth year of his reign, he waged a war with Kalinga (present-
day Odisha).
77. Shakas were of Scythian descent and moved to northwest
India after being expelled by the Great Yueh Chi tribe.
Vakatakas were a dynasty that originated in the Deccan
region and ruled over central and western India.
78. Harishena was not the court poet of King Harshavardhana,
but it was Banabhatta who served as the court poet.
79. Major Rock Edict VIII of Ashoka states that Dhammayatras
(tours) would be undertaken by the emperor. It was during his
first visit to Bodh Gaya and the Bodhi tree that he gave
importance to Dhamma tours.
80. Kharavela was NOT from the Mauryan Dynasty. He
belonged to the Mahameghavahana Dynasty and was a Jain
king of Kalinga in present-day Odisha.
81. Megasthenes, an ancient Greek historian and diplomat,
wrote extensively in his book called Indica. This book provides
valuable information about Maurya Administration, social
classes, and economic activities of ancient India.
82. Megasthenes, a Greek diplomat, historian, and
ethnographer, mentioned in his writings that the Mauryan
capital, Pataliputra, was surrounded by a wooden wall with 64
gates and 570 towers.
83. Megasthenes was a Greek ambassador sent to the court
of Chandragupta Maurya. His compilation, known as Indica,
provides insights into Pataliputra, the capital city, which had a
grand wooden wall with 64 gates and 570 towers, comparable
to Persian sites of that time.
84. The Arthashastra is a treatise on politics, economics,
military strategy, the function of the state, and social
organization attributed to Kautilya. It was written as a
handbook for Chandragupta, instructing him on how to rule
over a kingdom.
85. Megasthenes came to the court of Chandragupta Maurya,
the founder of the Mauryan Empire, as an ambassador of
Seleucus I Nicator. Chandragupta Maurya was known for his
victorious battles and efficient administration which brought a
vast region under his control.
86. The Sunga Dynasty was established by Pushyamitra
Sunga after overthrowing the Maurya dynasty in 185 BCE. The
dynasty had 10 rulers who ruled for a total of 112 years with
Patiliputra as their capital city.
10
87. The Kadamba Dynasty was an ancient royal dynasty of
the modern-day Karnataka.The Kadambas (345–525 CE) was
an ancient royal family of Karnataka, India, that ruled
northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in the
present-day Uttara Kannada district.
88. Chandragupta Maurya, with the help of Kautilya,
overthrew Dhanananda, the last Nanda ruler, in 322 BC. He
was the founder of the Mauryan Empire and captured
Pataliputra from Dhanananda at the young age of 25.
89. Most of Ashoka's inscriptions were written in Brahmi script
and Chanakya's ideas were written down in the book
Arthashastra. Both statements are correct. Ashoka belonged
to the Maurya Dynasty and ruled between 273-232 BC.
Chanakya was known as Kautilya and his work is seen as a
major precursor to classical economics.
90. Gautamiputra Shri Satakarni was a ruler of the
Satavahana dynasty. He is considered the greatest king of the
dynasty who restored their fortunes after they were
dispossessed of their dominions.
91. Bindusara, the second Mauryan emperor, was called
'Amitrochates' by the Greeks. The name means 'the destroyer
of enemies' in Sanskrit.
92. Bindusara, also Amitrochates was the second Mauryan
emperor of India. He was the son of Chandragupta. Ashoka ,
popularly known as Ashoka the Great, was an Indian emperor
of the Maurya Empire, son of Bindusara. Bimbisara belonged
to the Haryana dynasty.
93. Megasthenes was sent as an ambassador to the court of
Chandragupta Maurya by Seleucus I Nicator, the Greek
conqueror of West Asia. He described ancient India in his
book "Indica" and is known as the father of Indian history.
94. Kanishka was a ruler of the Kushana dynasty, which was
prominent around 1900 years ago. He is the most famous ruler
of this dynasty and organized the 4th Buddhist council where
important matters were discussed.
95. Kalinga was the ancient name of coastal Orissa. The
Mauryan emperor Ashoka invaded Kalinga in 261 BCE in the
Kalinga War. The famous Konark temple and the largest
coastal lagoon in India, Chilika Lake, are located in Odisha.
Paradeep, one of the major seaports in India, is also in
Odisha.
96. Ashoka was the first Mauryan ruler who attempted to
communicate with the people through inscriptions. He used
pillars of stone to inscribe his messages in Prakrit language
and Brahmi script.
97. Rajgir, also known as Rajagriha, was the capital of Magadh
for several years before it was shifted to Pataliputra. The
Rajgir Hills lie near the city of Rajgir in central regions of the
Indian state of Bihar.
98. Ashoka led a military campaign to conquer Kalinga
around 260 BCE. The result of the war had a deep impact on
Ashoka and he converted to Buddhism. Kalinga became part
of the Magadha Empire with a viceroyalty at Tosali.
99. Prakrit was the language used for the majority of Asokan
inscriptions, while inscriptions in Afghanistan employed the
Aramaic and Greek scripts.
100. Ashoka was the Mauryan emperor who had his
inscriptions engraved on rocks and pillars during his reign
from c. 272/268-231 BCE. He was the first ruler to inscribe his
messages on stone surfaces in Prakrit and Brahmi script.
101. Chandragupta Maurya was the grandfather of King
Ashoka. He established the Maurya dynasty and ruled from
324 BCE to 293 BCE with his capital in Magadha.
102. Harshavardhana belonged to the Pushyabhuti dynasty
which was founded by Naravardhana in the 5th or beginning
of the 6th century A.D. The dynasty flourished under
Prabhakarvardhana, father of Harshavardhana, who assumed
the title of Maharajadhiraja.
103. Suvarnagiri was considered the Gold mine hub in
Karnataka during the Mauryan reign. It was an important
source of revenue for the empire.
104. Girnar, located in the Junagadh district of Gujarat, is the
correct option as it houses fourteen of Ashoka's Major Rock
Edicts. Kalsi, Shishupalgarh, and Sannati are located in
Uttarakhand, Odisha, and Karnataka respectively.
105. Ashoka inscribed his messages on stone surfaces and
polished pillars. Prakrit language and Brahmi script were
mostly used in these inscriptions. James Prinsep helped
decipher Ashoka's inscriptions. These inscriptions are the main
evidence of Buddhism and there are 33 in total.
106. Chandragupta Maurya overthrew the power of the
Nandas at Magadha with the aid of Kautilya and founded a
glorious Mauryan empire in 322 BC. The Maurya Empire was
founded in 322 BCE by Chandragupta Maurya, who had
overthrown the Nanda Dynasty.
107. Darius, the Iranian ruler, invaded northwest India in 516
BC and annexed Punjab and Sindh. He controlled the Indus
Valley from Gandhara to modern Karachi and appointed
Scylax to explore the Indian Ocean.
108. Many Kushana rulers adopted the title "devaputra" or
"son of god", which was possibly inspired by Chinese rulers
who called themselves "sons of heaven".
109. The Indo-Greek kings ruled the northwest part of ancient
India, which included parts of modern-day Pakistan and
northwestern India. The kingdom existed during the last two
centuries BC and was ruled by over 30 kings, with Menander
being the most successful.
GUPTA & POST GUPTAS AGE
110. Ravikirti composed prashasti of Chalukya ruler Pulakeshin
II. The prashasti is an inscription that praises the
achievements of the ruler. Pulakeshin II was a prominent ruler
of the Chalukya dynasty and his reign is considered to be a
golden era in the history of Karnataka.
111. Xuan Zangspent a considerable amount of time in
Harshavardhana;s court and provided a detailed account of
his observations. Xuan Zang was a Chinese Buddhist monk
and a scholar who travelled to India during the Tang dynasty.
112. Samudragupta, the son and successor of Chandragupta I,
was hailed as the 'Indian Napoleon' due to his military
achievements. He expanded and consolidated the Gupta
Empire through his conquests and is regarded as one of the
greatest rulers of ancient India.
113. Samudragupta was the son of the Gupta king
Chandragupta I and Queen Kumaradevi, who came from a
Lichchhavi family. His fragmentary Eran stone inscription
states that his father selected him as the successor because of
his "devotion, righteous conduct, and valour".
114. Aihole was the capital of the Chalukyas, an ancient Indian
dynasty that ruled from 543 A.D. to 755 A.D. Aihole is known
as the Cradle of Indian architecture and is famous for its
numerous temples built in the 6th century CE.
115. The organisation of merchants mentioned in the
inscriptions of the Pallavas was known as Nagaram. The
11
Nagaram was an organisation of merchants and traders who
resided in their own designated areas.
116. Ravikirti was the court poet of the Chalukya Dynasty ruler,
Pulakeshin II. He composed the famous Aihole inscription. The
Pallava Dynasty ruler, Narasimhavarman I, defeated
Pulakeshin II. The Chalukya Dynasty was founded by
Pulakeshin I. The Muvendar, Cheras, Cholas, and Pandyas
were ancient Tamil dynasties with unique symbols and
capitals.
117. His court poet Bhimsena composed a prashasti of praise
for him which was known as Gwalior Prashasti. On his gold
coins, he was depicted playing the harp which shows his
passion for music. He was the successor of Chandragupta I
and held the title of Maharajadhiraj.
118. Samudragupta was the ruler of the Gupta dynasty who
reigned from 335/336 CE to 375 CE. He was the greatest ruler
of the Gupta dynasty and expanded the empire greatly by
conquering the Kushans and other small kingdoms.
119. Chandragupta II led an expedition to western India and
defeated the last of the Shakas. He was known for his title
Vikramaditya and his court was full of learned people.
Although the official answer key mentions Samudragupta as
the correct answer, as per NCERT, Chandragupta II is the
correct answer.
120. The Gupta rulers in India issued a large number of gold
coins during their reign, and the most prominent among them
were the Dinaras. The Gupta period is known as the Golden
Age of Indian history, and it was a time of great prosperity
and cultural growth.
121. Samudragupta was depicted on coins playing the veena,
as per historical records. He was an accomplished poet and
musician, as evidenced by his gold coins and inscriptions.
Samudragupta was also known as the "Napoleon of India".
122. Aihole, Karnataka was the capital of the Chalukya
dynasty from 543 A.D. to 755 A.D. It is known for its temples
dating back to the 6th century, reflecting a mix of styles. The
dynasty was founded by Pulakeshin I and ended with
Kirtivarman II, defeated by Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta
dynasty.
123. Harishena was a court poet and government minister in
the court of Samudragupta, the 4th-century Gupta emperor.
He composed the ;Prayag Prashasti;, also known as the
Allahabad Pillar Inscription, which is a Sanskrit inscription
found at Allahabad. The inscription is a eulogy of
Samudragupta;s military conquests and achievements.
124. Baṇabhaṭṭa was a 7th - century Sanskrit prose writer and
poet of India. He was the Asthana Kavi (court poet) in the
court of King Harsha Vardhana, who reigned c. 606 - 647 CE
in north India.
125. Hiuen-Tsang visited India during Harshavardhana's rules.
Huen Tsang or Xuanzang was a Chinese Buddhist Traveler
who belongs to the early Tang times of China. He studied at
Nalanda University. During his stay in India, he visited various
places in northern and southern India.
126. Ravikirti;s Aihole inscription describes the victory of
Pulakesin II over Harshavardhana, the ruler of the northern
Indian empire. Pulakesin II defeated Harsha in 618 AD on the
banks of the River Narmada, when Harsha attempted to
expand his empire towards the southern peninsula of India.
127. The Prayag Prashasti provides us information about the
achievements of Samudragupta, the Gupta dynasty emperor.
It was composed by Harisena, the court poet of
Samudragupta, and was engraved on the Ashoka pillar
brought from Kaushambi.
128. The credit of Arthashastra is given to Kautilya. It is an 129. Ashoka appointed Dhamma Mahamatta to solve the
ancient Indian Sanskrit text on statecraft, economic policy social problems in his region. Dhamma Mahamatta were
and military strategy. This book was written in the Maurya officials chosen by Ashoka to propagate and uphold the
period. It was written in Sanskrit. precepts of dhamma.

12
CHAPTER꞉ 2

MEDIEVAL HISTORY
13. Which of the following combinations of ‘Ruler –
Predecessor’ is correct with respect to the Delhi Sultanate?
DELHI SULTANATE [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Alaudddin Khalji – B) Iltutumish – Balban
1. During which of the following years did Qutbuddin Aybak Jalaluddin Khalji
rule? [SSC CHSL 2023] C) Muhammad Tughluq – D) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq –
A) 1206 – 1210 B) 1320 – 1324 Firuz Shah Tughluq Muhammad Tughluq
C) 1290 – 1296 D) 1266 – 1287 14. In the Delhi Sultanate, which of the following were known
as Bandagan? [SSC CPO 2022]
2. Who among the following appointed Aziz Khummar a wine
A) Special person appointed B) Special Officer for Land
distiller to high administrative post? [SSC CHSL 2023]
for religious conversion Revenue Recovery
A) Alauddin Khalji B) Muhammad Tughluq
C) Specialized artisans D) Special slaves bought for
C) Jalaluddin Khalji D) Firuz Shah Tughluq employed in the royal military service
3. Who composed Tabaqat-i-Nasiri in the Delhi Sultanate kharkhanas
period? [SSC CGL 2023] 15. The ______ was a territorial assignment given to
A) Hasan Nizami B) Amir Khusrau administrative officers and nobles in lieu of the services they
C) Minhaj-us-Siraj D) Ziauddin Barani performed for the state during Delhi sultanate.
4. Zafar khan was a famous General of which of the following [SSC CPO 2022]
rulers of the Delhi Sultanate? [SSC CGL 2023] A) Usharaf B) Iqta
A) Alauddin Khilji B) Iltutmish C) Muahatsib D) Nazir
C) Muhammad bin Tughluq D) Balban 16. In 1342, one of the nobles, Haji Ilyas Khan united Bengal
5. Which officer under Alauddin Khilji was required to and became its ruler under the title of ____ and laid the
maintain a register of merchants to ensure an adequate foundation of the Ilyas Shah dynasty. [SSC CPO 2022]
supply of goods? [SSC CGL 2023] A) Shamsh-ud-din Iliyas Shah B) Ghiyasuddin Azam
A) Nazir B) Rais Parwana C) Sultan Abu al-Mujahid D) Sultan Sayf ad-Din
C) Muhtasib D) Shahna-i-Mandi 17. Ghiyasuddin Balban (1265-1286 AD), ruler of the Slave
6. Which dynasty ruled over Delhi during 1290 to 1320? dynasty, took up the title of . [SSC MTS 2022]
[SSC GD Constable 2023] A) Nur-al-Din (light of the B) NurMahall (light of the
faith) palace)
A) Tughluq B) Khalji
C) Zil-Ilahi (Shadow of God) D) JahanPanah (protector of
C) Lodi D) Sayyid
the world)
7. Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and
18. Who among the following was the first Muslim woman
another version _____ years later. [SSC CGL 2022]
ruler of medieval India from 1236 to 1240 AD? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) three B) eight
A) Razia Sultana B) Sultana Chand Bibi
C) two D) five
C) Rani Mangammal D) Begum Samru
8. Minhaj-i-Siraj was a chronicler during the rule of ________.
19. Which of the following is the correct chronological order of
[SSC CGL 2022]
the rulers of the Tughluq dynasty who ruled over Delhi from
A) Sultan Iltutmish B) Qutbuddin Aybak
the year 1320 to 1414? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Ghiyasuddin Balban D) Alauddin Khalji A) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq, Firuz B) Firuz Shah Tughluq,
9. Which of the following sequence is correct with respect to Shah Tughluq, Muhammad Muhammad Tughluq,
the Delhi Dynasties? [SSC CGL 2022] Tughluq Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
A) Khalji dynasty, Lodi B) Tughluq dynasty, C) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq, D) Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz
dynasty, Sayyid dynasty Khalji dynasty, Sayyid dynasty Muhammad Tughluq, Firuz Shah Tughluq, Ghiyasuddin
C) Early Turkish Rulers, D) Rajput dynasties, Khalji Shah Tughluq Tughluq
Rajput dynasties, Khalji dynasty dynasty, Tughluq dynasty 20. Who was the first ruler of Ilbari dynasty (Delhi Sultanate)?
10. The early Turkish rulers ruled between ______ years over [SSC MTS 2022]
Delhi. [SSC CGL 2022] A) Qutubuddin Aibak B) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq
A) 1165 and 1198 B) 1226 and 1290 C) Iltutmish D) Raziya Sultan
C) 1206 and 1290 D) 1192 and 1225 21. Who among the following was NOT a ruler of the Tughlaq
11. Who among the following rulers appointed Ladha and Pira, dynasty? [SSC MTS 2022]
two gardeners to high administrative post? [SSC CGL 2022] A) Muhammad-Bin-Tughlaq B) Rukunuddin Tughlaq
A) Khizr Khan B) Muhammad Tughluq C) Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq D) Firuz Shah Tughlaq
C) Bahlul Lodi D) Iltutmish 22. Raziya Sultan was the daughter of _______.
12. How many types of taxes were in the reign of the ruler [SSC MTS 2022]
Alauddin Khalji? [SSC CGL 2022] A) Babur B) Qutubuddin Aibak
A) 3 B) 5 C) Iltutmish D) Akbar
C) 6 D) 2 23. In 1526, Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi,
at ______ and captured Delhi and Agra. [SSC MTS 2022]
13
A) Mathura B) Malwa 37. Who was the author of Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi which is a
C) Lahore D) Panipat Persian language chronicle of the Delhi Sultanate?
[SSC CPO 2022]
24. Qutub-ud-din Aibak founded which of the following
A) Jawahar-fi-Jawahir B) Khazain-ul-Futuh
dynasties? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Tarikh-i-Firoz Shahi D) Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi
A) Tughluq Dynasty B) Sayyid Dynasty
C) Khilji Dynasty D) Slave Dynasty 38. Who among the following Moroccan travellers came to
India during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq?
25. Which of the following is the correct chronological order of
[SSC CPO 2022]
early Turkish rulers who ruled over Delhi from the year 1206 to
A) Abd-al-Razzaq B) Al Masudi
1290? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Suleiman al-Tajiri D) Ibn Battuta
A) Qutubuddin Aybak, B) Raziyya, Shamsuddin
Shamsuddin Illtutmish, Illtutmish, Qutubuddin Aybak 39. Who among the following appointed Ibn Battuta as the
Raziyaa Qazi of Delhi? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
C) Qutubuddin Aybak, D) Shamsuddin Illutmish, A) Alauddin Khilji B) Sikandar Lodi
Raziyya, Shamsuddin Raziyya, Qutubuddin Aybak C) Ghiyasud din Balban D) Muhammad Bin Tughlaq
Illtutmish
26. Who among the following rulers was chronicled by Minhaj-
i Siraj? [SSC MTS 2022] MUGHAL EMPIRE
A) Akbar B) Razia Sultan
C) Babur D) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq
40. In the context of administration under Akbar, which of the
27. Who among the following was a Shaka ruler in India (130- following terms denoted land that had been left out of
150 AD)? [SSC MTS 2022] cultivation for a time so that it may recover its strength?
A) Ashoka B) Rudradaman [SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) Menander D) Bindusara A) Chachar B) Banjar
28. Which of the following dynasties ruled over Delhi just after C) Polaj D) Parauti
the Sayyid dynasty? [SSC MTS 2022] 41. Humayun's Tomb situated in Delhi is built by_____.
A) Khalji dynasty B) Lodi dynasty [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Rajput dynasty D) Tughluq dynasty A) Gulbadan Begum . B) Bega Begum
29. Who among the following founded the city of C) Hamida Begum D) Maham Begum
Tughlaqabad? [SSC MTS 2022] 42. ________ administration became the model followed by
A) Ala-ud-din Khilji B) Ghiyas ud-din Tughluq the great emperor Akbar when he consolidated the Mughal
C) Firoz Shah Tughlaq D) Muhammad bin Tughluq Empire. [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Sher Shah Suri's B) Alauddin Khalji's
30. Which ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate was the Sultan of
C) Muhammad Tughluq's D) Genghis Khan's
Delhi from 1236 to 1240?
A) Aram Shah B) Ruknuddin Firoz 43. Sher Khan defeated Humayun at Kanauj in the year
C) Razia Sultana D) Nasiruddin Mahmud ______. [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) 1535 B) 1540
31. The Begumpuri mosque, built during the reign of ______,
C) 1530 D) 1555
was the main mosque of Jahanpanah, his new capital in Delhi.
A) Muhammad Tughluq B) Ghiyasuddin Tughluq 44. Who among the following wrote a history of Akbar’s reign
C) Ghiyasuddin Balban D) Qutbuddin Aybak titled Akbar Nama? [SSC CGL 2023]
A) Miya Tansen B) Todar Mal
32. Khush Mahal within the walls of Warrangal Fort, was built
C) Raja Birbal D) Abul Fazl
in which of the following dynasties? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Lodi B) Chola 45. Which singer was one of the Navaratnas (Nine Jewels) in
C) Tughlaq D) Khilji the court of Mughal Emperor Jalal ud-din Mohammad Akbar?
[SSC CHSL 2023]
33. Who among the following scholars was ordered by Sultan
A) Alla Rakha B) Ustad Ahmad Lahori
Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1342 to proceed to China as his
C) Amir Khusrau D) Tansen
envoy to the Mongol ruler? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Marco Polo B) Ibn Battuta 46. The city of Fatehpur Sikri was built by _______.
C) Ibn Juzayy D) Solon [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Akbar B) Aurangzeb
34. When did the Caliph of Baghdad, Mustansir Billah, bestow
C) Shah Jahan D) Jahangir
on Iltutmish the titles of 'Sultan-i-Azam' (Sultan the great) and
'Nasir-Amir-al-Mommin' (the deputy of the leader of faithful)? 47. The famous monument, Aram Bagh, was built by Babur. It
[SSC Selection Post 2022] is located in ______. [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) 1220 AD B) 1210 AD A) Delhi B) Uttar Pradesh
C) 1224 AD D) 1229 AD C) Madhya Pradesh D) Bihar
35. Who had assumed the title of Balban? [SSC CGL 2023] 48. Which of the following pairs of ‘Ruler – Ruling period’ is
A) Kabir Khan B) Farid Khan correctly matched?
C) Ulugh Khan D) Ayaz Khan I. Sher Shah Suri – 1540-1545
36. Who ruled over Delhi after Razia Sultan? [SSC MTS 2022] II. Akbar – 1556-1605
A) Shamsuddin Iltutmish B) Ghiyasuddin Balban [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Prithviraj Chauhan D) Qutbuddin Aibak

14
A) Neither I nor II B) Only II 63. In which of these battles the involvement of the Mughal
C) Only I D) Both I and II army was not there? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Battle of Haldighati B) Battle of Buxar
49. Babur ruled over Delhi till ________ year. [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Second Battle of Panipat D) Battle of Aliwal
A) 1530 B) 1539
C) 1526 D) 1545 64. The Battle of Tukaroi also known as the Battle of Bajhaura
or the Battle of Mughulmar was fought between the Mughal
50. Who among the following defeated Mughal emperor
Empire and the Bengal Sultanate in which of the following
Humayun at Chausa? [SSC CGL 2022]
year? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Mirza Hakim B) Safavid Shah
A) 1595 B) 1585
C) Sher Khan D) Mirza Kamran
C) 1532 D) 1575
51. By which name is the historical road built by Sher Shah
65. In which year did the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb die?
Suri known? [SSC CGL 2022]
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Grand trunk road B) Express way
A) 1707 B) 1701
C) Highway D) Cart road
C) 1705 D) 1703
52. Ahmadnagar was finally annexed by the Mughals in _____.
66. In which year did Babur defeat Rana Sanga at Khanua ?
[SSC CGL 2022]
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) 1627 B) 1637
A) 1531 B) 1527
C) 1630 D) 1635
C) 1529 D) 1525
53. Mirza Kamran was the brother of which Mughal emperor?
67. Who among the following was Akbar’s revenue minister?
[SSC CGL 2022]
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Humayun B) Akbar
A) Tansen B) Todar Mal
C) Jahangir D) Shah Jahan
C) Raja Man Singh D) Birbal
54. Who was considered as last powerful Mughal ruler of
68. Ain-i-Akbari which is the third volume of the book ‘Akbar
India? [SSC CGL 2022]
Nama’ deals with ______. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Akbar B) Aurangzeb
A) Akbar’s ancestors B) Akbar’s events of Akbar’s
C) Akbar II D) Shahijahan reign
55. Ajmer became the suba headquarters under the ______. C) Akbar’s religion D) Akbar’s administration
[SSC CGL 2022] 69. Which Mughal monument was built by the Mughal
A) Pallavas B) Cholas
emperor Aurangzeb in the memory of his wife, Dilras Banu
C) Mughals D) Delhi Sultanate Begum? [SSC MTS 2022]
56. Mughal ruler, Aurangzeb died in which year? A) Taj Mahal B) Bibi Tomb
[SSC CGL 2022] C) Rani Ki Vav D) Bibi Ka Maqbara
A) 1703 B) 1705 70. Who among the following was NOT one of Akbar's
C) 1707 D) 1701 ‘Navratna’ (nine gems)? [SSC MTS 2022]
57. When did the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan die? A) Raja Man Singh B) Abul Fazal
[SSC CGL 2022] C) Raja Todarmal D) Rana Amar Singh
A) 1219 B) 1210 71. In which year did the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II
C) 1235 D) 1227 appoint the East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal?
58. Where is Hoshang Shah’s tomb, the first to be completely [SSC MTS 2022]
built of marble, located in India? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] A) 1758 B) 1755
A) Delhi B) Burhanpur C) 1760 D) 1765
C) Mandu D) Agra 72. Who among the following Mughal rulers built the Agra
59. Who among the following Mughal rulers divided his Fort? [SSC MTS 2022]
inheritance according to the will of his father? A) Babur B) Shahjahan
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Jahangir D) Akbar
A) Akbar B) Humayun 73. ______ in Gujarat was the emporium of western trade
C) Babur D) Shah Jahan during the Mughal Period. [SSC MTS 2022]
60. Which of the following is the imitation of Taj Mahal of A) NavsarI B) Narmada
Agra? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Porbandar D) Surat
A) Humayun’s Tomb B) Dariya Daulat Bagh 74. Who among the following rulers of Mewar was defeated by
C) Akbar’s Tomb D) Bibi ka Maqbara Babur in the Battle of Khanwa (1527 AD)? [SSC MTS 2022]
61. With reference to the Land Revenue System of Mughal A) Rana Sanga B) Ahmed Shah I
Empire, the term '_____' was the amount assessed. C) Rana Kumbha Karan D) Alauddin Khalji
[SSC CPO 2022] 75. The revenue system of Mughal period during Akbar’s reign
A) Banjar B) Polaj
was called ______. [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Hasil D) Jama A) Iqta B) Zabt
62. The Dahsala system under the administration of Akbar C) Ghari D) Charai
was related to꞉ [SSC CPO 2022] 76. Which among the following is NOT a work to be consulted
A) diplomatic missions B) land revenue system
for the history of Mughal India?
C) export and import of stones D) cultural meet

15
A) Shahnameh B) Shahjahan Nama A) Akbar’s ancestors B) Akbar’s administration
C) Akbar Nama D) Alamgir Nama C) Events of Akbar’s reign D) Akbar’s battles
77. The Badshahi Masjid in Lahore was built by __________.
A) Sher Shah Suri B) Aurangzeb
C) Humayun D) Iltutmish LATER MUGHALS
78. From among the following _______ learnt music from
Swami Haridas for eleven years. 91. Which of the following was the capital under the rule of
A) Ramdas B) Tansen Tipu Sultan? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Nazarabad B) Mangalore
C) Tanarang D) Baiju Bawra
C) Seringapatam D) Mysore
79. At the Second Battle of Panipat, Bairam Khan defeated
_____________. 92. In _________, a Subsidiary Alliance system was imposed on
A) Khan Zaman B) Maharana Pratap Awadh by the British. [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) 1828 B) 1801
C) Rana Pratap D) Hemu
C) 1814 D) 1809
80. Which of the following was the first city planned by
Mughal Empire? 93. The nineteenth century saw the golden age of Kathak
A) Islamabad B) Agra under the patronage of ____________, the last Nawab of
Oudh. [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Delhi D) Fatehpur Sikri
A) Asaf-ud-daula B) Siraj-ud-daulah
81. Who was the Mughal emperor, when a massive rebellion C) Saadat Khan Burhanul D) Wajid Ali Shah
against british rule broke out in 1857? [SSC CGL 2022] mulk
A) Farrukhsiyar B) Bahadur Shah Zafar
94. Bijapur was annexed by Aurangzeb in which year?
C) Akbar II D) Aurangzeb
[SSC CPO 2022]
82. Who among the following was the first Mughal emperor to A) 1689 B) 1686
enforce Sharia law in India? [SSC Selection Post 2022] C) 1687 D) 1683
A) Jahangir B) Shah Jahan
95. In the 18th century, the British fought ______ wars with the
C) Aurangzeb D) Akbar
Mysore rulers. [SSC MTS 2022]
83. Ain-i Akbari, a document on life of Mughal ruler Akbar A) Two B) Six
does not contain information about ______. [SSC CHSL 2023] C) Three D) Four
A) Revenues B) Ancestors
96. What was the main reason for the defeat of Sirajuddaulah
C) Army D) Administration
at the Battle of Plassey? [SSC MTS 2022]
84. Babur, the first Mughal emperor (1526-1530), succeeded to A) Britishers cut the food B) Forces led by commander
the throne of Ferghana in 1494 when he was only _______ old. supplies of Sirajuddaulah Mir Jafar never fought the
A) 7 years B) 9 years forces compelling them to battle.
C) 12 years D) 11 years surrender.
C) Sirajuddaulah's prime D) Britishers knew the secret
85. In which year did Sultan Iltutmish's daughter, Raziyya, minister misinformed the way to enter Sirajuddaulah's
become Sultan? [SSC CHSL 2023] locations of Britishers. palace.
A) 1236 CE B) 1226 CE
97. Tipu Sultan became the ruler of Mysore in ______.
C) 1256 CE D) 1246 CE
[SSC MTS 2022]
86. In which of the following years did Nadir Shah invade A) 1765 B) 1782
India and sack Delhi? [SSC Selection Post 2022] C) 1775 D) 1762
A) 1634 B) 1799
98. Who was the ruler of Mysore in 1761? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) 1739 D) 1598
A) Baji Rao B) Murshild Quli Jafar Khan
87. Emperor Akbar moved the capital to Lahore in 1585. When C) Hyder Ali D) Nizam-ul-Mulk
did he shift the capital back to Agra from Lahore?
99. The Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar died in _______.
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) 1599 B) 1591 [SSC MTS 2022]
A) 1857 B) 1858
C) 1588 D) 1595
C) 1862 D) 1859
88. Mirza Hakim was the half-brother of which of these
Mughal emperors? [SSC Selection Post 2022] 100. Which of the following statements is correct?
A) Aurangzeb B) Jahangir I. Tipu Sultan is also known as the Tiger of Mysore.
C) Akbar D) ShahJahan II. Tipu Sultan ruled over Mysore from 1782 to 1799.
[SSC MTS 2022]
89. In the context of the Mughal Empire, which of the A) Neither I nor II B) Only I
following does the term 'harem' refer to? C) Only Il D) Both I and II
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) The initiative of building B) The Deccan Policy of the 101. After the annexation of Awadh in 1856, Nawab Wajid Ali
marble monuments Mughals Shah was dethroned and exiled to ______.
C) Taxation system D) The domestic world of the A) Meerut B) Rangoon
Mughals C) Bombay D) Calcutta
90. The second volume of the Akbar Nama recorded the 102. Which of the following is known as Tipu Sultan's Summer
________. [SSC CGL 2022] Palace? [SSC Selection Post 2022]

16
A) Ram Niwas Bagh B) Karamat Bagh A) 1219 B) 1208
C) Daria Daulat Bagh D) Shalimar Bagh C) 1213 D) 1205
103. In which of the following battles in 326 BC did Alexander 115. Merchants and migrants first brought the teachings of the
the Great defeat Porus of Paurav? [SSC MTS 2022] holy Quran to India in the ______ century. [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Battle of Plassey B) Battle of Sakala A) fourth B) seventh
C) Kalinga War D) Battle of the Hydaspes C) ninth D) sixth
104. Who is famously known as the Tiger of Mysore?
[SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Baji Rao I B) Tipu Sultan SOUTHERN DYNASTY
C) Sheikh Mohammad D) Asaf Jah I
Abdullah 116. Which of the following was the capital of Pandyas?
105. In which of the following years was the Treaty of Salbai [SSC CHSL 2023]
signed? [SSC CGL 2022] A) Madurai B) Puhar
A) 1817 B) 1769 C) Aihole D) Kaveripattinam
C) 1800 D) 1782 117. ______ was the capital city of the Vijaynagar Empire.
[SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Magadha B) Kanchi
ARABIC INVASION C) Hampi D) Kalyani
118. Rajaraja I, considered the most powerful Chola ruler,
106. In which year was Battle of Peshawar fought between became king in ______ . [SSC CHSL 2023]
Raja Jayapal and Mahmud Ghazni? [SSC CHSL 2023] A) 999 B) 979
A) 1001 B) 1112 C) 971 D) 985
C) 1305 D) 1258
119. Which of the following was the capital of Pallavas?
107. Prithviraja III defeated an Afghan ruler named ______ in [SSC CHSL 2023]
1191. [SSC CGL 2022] A) Aihole B) Puhar
A) Sultan Mahmud B) Muhammad Ibn Abbas C) Raichur Doab D) Kanchipuram
C) Muhammad Ibn Suri D) Sultan Muhammad Ghori
120. During the Chola period, muvendavelan and araiyar were
108. Who among the following rulers ruled before Prithviraj titles of ________. [SSC GD Constable 2023]
Chauhan over Delhi? [SSC CGL 2022] A) sons of king B) commander of army
A) Ghiyasuddin Balban B) Ananga Pala C) rich landowners D) ministers of king
C) Jalaluddin Khalji D) Qutbuddin Aybak
121. Which dynasty bronze statues were made using the “lost
109. Sultan Mahmud came to India from which of the wax” technique? [SSC CGL 2022]
following city of Afghanistan? [SSC CGL 2022] A) Chola B) Pandya
A) Ghazni B) Jalalabad C) Chalukya D) Pala
C) Kabul D) Kandahar
122. Puhar or Kaveripattinam, was the port of which of the
110. Who among the following took the title of ‘Ghazi’ after following dynasty? [SSC CGL 2022]
defeating Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa in 1527? A) Cheras B) Cholas
[SSC MTS 2022] C) Pandyas D) Vakatakas
A) Babur B) Daulat Khan Lodhi
123. Who among the following performed a ritual called
C) Humayun D) Mahmud Shah I
‘hiranya-garbha’? [SSC CGL 2022]
111. Who among the following Chahamana ruler defeated A) Dantidurga B) Govinda I
Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191? [SSC MTS 2022] C) Dhruva Dharavarsha D) Krishna I
A) Vigraharaja III B) Ajayaraja II
124. The Muttaraiyar held power in the Kaveri delta. They were
C) Prithviraja III D) Durlabharaja III
subordinate to the Pallava kings of _______.
112. Which Bahmani ruler granted the title of 'Chief of the [SSC GD Constable 2022 ]
Merchants' or Malikut-Tujjar to Mahmud Gawan? A) Makotai B) Kanchipuram
[SSC CPO 2022] C) Thanjavur D) Arikamedu
A) Humayun Shah B) Alauddin Hasan Bahman
Shah 125. Krishna III of Manyakheta belonged to which dynasty?
C) Muhammmad Shah D) Feroz Shah [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Chera B) Pala
113. Which of the following statement is correct with respect C) Rashtrakuta D) Gurjara-Pratihara
to the Shaka dynasty?
126. Thanjavur was the capital of which dynasty?
I. Some kingdoms of Shakas lasted for about 500 years.
[SSC CGL 2022]
II. The Shakas were followed by the Kushanas about 2200
A) Pala B) Chola
years ago.
C) Vakataka D) Parmara
[SSC CGL 2022]
A) Neither I nor II B) Only I 127. Which of the following territories to the south and north
C) Both I and II D) Only II were made part of the Chola kingdom by the successors of
the ruler Vijayalaya? [SSC CGL 2022]
114. In which year did the Mongols under Genghis Khan
A) Pallava and Chera B) Pandyan and Pallava
invade Transoxiana in North-East Iran? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Rashtrakuta and Chera D) Vakataka and Satvahana
17
128. Which of the following tax was taken not in cash but in A) Dhruva B) Dhantidurga
the form of forced labour in Chola empire? [SSC CPO 2022] C) Govinda III D) Amoghavarsha
A) Gudi B) Puravu
142. The Tripartite Struggle, also known as the Kannauj
C) Vetti D) Kadu
Triangle Wars, took place in the 8th and 9th centuries,
129. Which Chola ruler built the Brihadeshwara Temple at between which of these three great Indian dynasties?
Tanjore? [SSC MTS 2022] [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Rajaraja I B) Rajendra I A) The Paramars, The B) The Palas, The Pratiharas
C) Vijayalaya D) Rajendra III Chauhans The Gahadavalas and The Rashtrakutas
130. During the reign of the Cholas, the land given for the C) The Pandayas, The D) The Cholas, The Pratiharas
Pratiharas and The and The Rashtrakutas
maintenance of a school was known as _______.
Rashtrakutas
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Brahmadeya B) Shalabhog 143. The Bahamani Sultanate was founded by which of the
C) Vellanavagai D) Devdan following leaders? [SSC MTS 2023]
A) Mahmud Gavan B) Alauddin Hasan Bahman
131. ______ was the capital of the Pandya dynasty. Shah
[SSC MTS 2022] C) Muhammmad Shah D) Mohammad bin Tughlaq
A) Madurai B) Karur
C) Uraiyur D) Delhi 144. The rulers of which of the following dynasties built the
Khajuraho temples between 950 to 1050 A.D in the central
132. Who among the following Chola rulers built India? [SSC CPO 2022]
Nishumbhasudini Goddess temple in Thanjavur? A) Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty B) Rashtrakuta Dynasty
[SSC MTS 2022] C) Pala Dynasty D) Chandela Dynasty
A) Aditya I B) Vijayalaya
C) Rajaraja I D) Arinjaya 145. Vijayanagara was founded on the banks of which river?
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
133. Vijayalaya belonged to which dynasty of India? A) Narmada B) Godavari
[SSC MTS 2022] C) Krishna D) Tungabhadra
A) Chalukya B) Chera
C) Pala D) Chola 146. Harihara and Bukka established an independent state in
Karnataka and established the capital city Vijayanagar on the
134. _______ was land granted to a Brahmana, who was banks of river _____________ in 1336. [SSC CGL 2022]
usually exempted from paying land revenue and other dues to A) Betwa B) Tungabhadra
the king, and was often given the right to collect these dues. C) Mahanadi D) Tapi
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) A dakshina B) An agrahara 147. The Anantraj Sagar Tank was built by the ______ rulers.
C) An ahuti D) A namaskaram [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Vijayanagara B) Maratha
135. Temple architecture in South India attained its climax
C) Pala D) Chola
under the rule of the ______. [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Cholas B) Pandyas 148. Pulakeshin II was a ruler of which dynasty?
C) Hoysalas D) Chalukyas [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Chera B) Chola
136. Some important administrative posts were hereditary
C) Chalukya D) Pallava
during the Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties. What the post
‘nagara-shreshthi’ meant? [SSC CGL 2022] 149. Who among the following was given the title of
A) Leader of the merchant B) Merchant of the city ‘Uttarapatha Swamin’? [SSC MTS 2022]
caravans A) Mahipala B) Devapala
C) Important minister D) Chief judicial officer C) Dharmapala D) Gopala
137. Who among the following succeeded Dantidurga of the 150. The Tamil word 'muvendar' mentioned in the Sangam
Rashtrakuta Kingdom? [SSC Selection Post 2022] poems means ________. [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Indra III B) Govinda III A) dhamma mahamatta B) Headmen
C) Ashoka D) Krishna I C) Rich D) three chiefs
138. Krishnadeva Raya belonged to the _______ dynasty. 151. In the early eleventh century, the Chola king Rajendra I
A) Gajapati B) Saluva built a Shiva temple and filled it with a Sun-pedestal seized
C) Sangama D) Tuluva from the . [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Palas B) Vakatakas
139. ______ was the capital of Chalukya dynasty.
C) Chalukyas D) Kalingas
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Badami B) Kanchepuram 152. Which of the following statement is correct with respect
C) Pataliputra D) Rajgir to the Prashastis and land grants?
I. Prashastis were composed by learned Brahmanas.
140. Pulakesin I was the founder of ______ dynasty of South
II. Kings often rewarded Brahmanas by grants of land which
India. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Chera B) Pandya were recorded on copper plates.
[SSC CGL 2022]
C) Chalukya D) Chola
A) Only I B) Both I and II
141. Who among the following was the founder of the C) Only II D) Neither I nor II
Rashtrakuta dynasty? [SSC MTS 2022]
153. Which of the following statement is correct with respect
to the Sangam literature?
18
I. These texts were supposed to be composed and compiled in 157. Who among the following started the Kuka Movement?
assemblies of poets. [SSC CHSL 2023]
II. The Sangam literature compiled in assemblies of poets A) Balak Singh B) Thakur Singh Sandhawalia
were held in the city of Madurai. C) Baba Dayal Das D) Satguru Ram Singh
[SSC CGL 2022] 158. Who among the following Sikh Gurus founded the Khalsa
A) Neither I nor II B) Both I and II
Panth? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) Only I D) Only II A) Guru Ram Das B) Guru Arjan Dev
154. Sangam literature was composed in which classical C) Guru Nanak Dev D) Guru Gobind Singh
language? 159. Gurpurab is one of the holiest festivals of Sikhism,
A) Odiya B) Malayalam
celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of꞉
C) Sanskrit D) Tamil A) Guru Nanak Dev B) Guru Amar Das
155. Nagabhata was the king of which of the following C) Guru Tegh Bahadur D) Guru Gobind Singh
dynasty? [SSC CGL 2022] 160. __________ is an Islamic finance term referring to the
A) Kakatiya B) Vardhana
obligation that an individual has to donate a certain
C) Pratihara D) Reddy proportion of wealth each year to charitable causes.
A) Mudarabah B) Zakat
C) Ijarah D) Musharakah
MARATHA, REGIONAL KINGDOMS & 161. Tomara Rajputs were defeated in the twelfth century by
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS the Chauhans of ______. [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Bikaner B) Udaipur
156. Which of the following war ended with the treaty of C) Ajmer D) Jodhpur
Salbai? [SSC CPO 2022] 162. When was the Treaty of Purandar signed between Shivaji
A) Third Battle of Panipat B) Battle of Buxar and Jai Singh I? [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) First Maratha War D) Second Anglo-Maratha A) 1665 B) 1655
War C) 1675 D) 1685

ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans A B C A D B C A D C B A A D
Q. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans B A C A C A B C D D A B B B
Q. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ans B C A C B D C B D D D D B A
Q. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans B D D A B D A C A B A B C C
Q. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans D C B D D B D D A B B D D D
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ans D D D A B A B B D D B C B C
Q. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Ans A C A C D C C B D B D B B C
Q. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Ans C D D C D B D A D B A A C A
Q. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
Ans B A B A C D D C A B A B C B
Q. 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans B C A B A B D B A B D D A C
Q. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
Ans B B B D D B A C C D C B B D
Q. 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162
Ans C C D D A B C A

Sultanate. He made Lahore the capital and later shifted it to

SOLUTIONS Delhi.
2. Muhammad Tughluq appointed Aziz Khummar, a wine
distiller, to a high administrative post. The authors of Persian
DELHI SULTANATE tawarikh criticized the Delhi Sultans for appointing the "low
and base-born" to high offices.
1. Qutbuddin Aybak ruled during the years 1206-1210. He was 3. Tabaqat-i-Nasiri, an elaborate history of the Islamic world
the founder of the Slave dynasty and the first Sultan of Delhi written in Persian, was composed by Minhaj-us-Siraj during
19
the Delhi Sultanate period. Completed in 1260, its purpose was
to account for the Muslim dynasties that originated in Iran
and Central Asia.
4. Zafar Khan was a famous general of Alauddin Khilji, who
defeated the Mongol invader Duwa Khan in 1297. He held
charge of Multan, Samana, and Siwistan several times during
Alauddin's reign.
5. Under Alauddin Khilji, the Shahna-i-Mandi was the official
responsible for maintaining a register of merchants to ensure
an adequate supply of goods. Alauddin established four
separate markets in Delhi, each under the control of a high
official called Shahna-i-Mandi.
6. The Khalji dynasty ruled over Delhi during 1290 to 1320.
They were a Turkic dynasty that overthrew the previous ruler,
the Mamluk dynasty. The Khaljis were known for their military
conquests and expansion of the empire.
7. Ziyauddin Barani wrote his chronicle first in 1356 and
rewrote it two years later. He was a political thinker during the
Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq, a ruler during
Barani's time, introduced the copper currency system in India.
The Tughlaq dynasty, of Turk-Indian origin, governed the
Sultanate of Delhi from 1320 to 1413.
8. Minhaj-i-Siraj was a Persian historian who lived during the
reign of Sultan Iltutmish in the 13th century. He was the chief
historian for the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi in northern India
and wrote the Tabaqat-i Nasiri for Nasiruddin Mahmud Shah,
the Sultan of Delhi.
9. The correct order of Delhi dynasties is Rajput Dynasty, Khilji
Dynasty, and Tughlaq Dynasty. The Rajput dynasties ruled
from the beginning of the 12th century until 1192. The Khilji
dynasty began in 1290 and was followed by the Tughlaq
dynasty from 1320 to 1414. The Sayyid and Lodi dynasties
came later.
10. The early Turkish rulers, also known as the Slave dynasty,
ruled over Delhi between 1206 and 1290. This period saw the
establishment of the Delhi Sultanate, an Islamic empire that
lasted for over 320 years.
11. Muhammad Tughluq appointed Ladha and Pira, two
gardeners to high administrative posts. Ziyauddin Barani, a
mid-fourteenth-century chronicler, reported their
appointments as a sign of Sultan;s loss of political judgment
and his incapacity to rule. Barani had criticized Muhammad
Tughluq for that appointment.
12. During the reign of Alauddin Khalji, there were three types
of taxes imposed꞉ Jiziya, Gharai, and Zakat. Alauddin levied
additional taxes on Hindus, including a housing tax, and
significantly raised their rates.
13. After Jalaluddin Khilji, Alauddin Khilji became the ruler of
the Khilji dynasty. Jalaluddin Khilji was the founder of the Khilji
dynasty and Alauddin Khilji was his nephew and son-in-law.
Alauddin Khilji killed Jalaluddin Khilji in 1296 and became the
ruler. Muhammad Tughlaq was succeeded by Firoz Shah
Tughlaq in the Tughlaq dynasty.
14. Bandagan in the Delhi Sultanate referred to special slaves
purchased for military service. These slaves were trained and
loyal to their masters, making them reliable for significant
political positions.
15. The Iqta system was a unique type of land distribution and
administrative system introduced during the reign of Iltutmish.
In this system, the lands of the Delhi Sultanate were divided
into several large and small tracts called Iqta and assigned to
the Sultan's soldiers, officers, and nobles.
16. Haji Ilyas Khan united Bengal and became its sovereign in
1342 under the title of Shamsh-ud-din Ilyas Shah. He founded
20
the Ilyas Shahi dynasty which ruled Bengal for 150 years.
17. Ghiyasuddin Balban, the ruler of the Slave dynasty, took up
the title of Zil-Ilahi (Shadow of God), which represented his
belief that the sultan was the representative of God on Earth.
18. Razia Sultana was the first Muslim woman ruler of
medieval India, ruling from 1236 to 1240 AD. She was an
efficient ruler but was reportedly killed by her brother's forces.
19. The correct chronological order of rulers of Tughluq
dynasty is Ghiyasuddin Tughluq, Muhammad Tughluq, and
Firuz Shah Tughluq. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of
the dynasty, Muhammad Tughluq was attacked in his reign,
and Firuz Shah Tughlaq was the first to impose an irrigation
tax. The other options have incorrect sequences.
20. Qutubuddin Aibak was the first ruler of the Ilbari dynasty,
also known as the Slave Dynasty, in the Delhi Sultanate. He
was a slave of Muhammad Gori and commander of his army
who formed the Ilbari Dynasty.
21. Rukunuddin Tughlaq was not a ruler of the Tughlaq
dynasty as he only ruled for less than seven months in 1236,
after the death of his father Iltutmish. His misadministration
led to rebellions against him, and he was arrested and
imprisoned.
22. Raziya Sultan was the daughter of Iltutmish, the third ruler
of the Delhi Sultanate. She was the first female Muslim ruler of
South Asia and ruled from 1236 to 1240.
23. Babur defeated the Sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, at the
Battle of Panipat in 1526 and captured Delhi and Agra. This
battle marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. The first
battle of Panipat was a significant event in Indian history, as it
resulted in the establishment of the Mughal Empire in India.
24. Qutub-ud-din Aibak founded the Slave Dynasty which
lasted from 1206 to 1290 and was the first dynasty to rule as
the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak, who was sold as a slave to
Muhammad Ghori, became his trusted general and
commander and was given charge of Ghori's Indian
possessions after 1192.
25. The early Turkish rulers who ruled Delhi from 1206 to 1290
were Qutubuddin Aybak, Shamsuddin Illtutmish, Raziyaa,
Muizuddin Bahram Shah, Ghiyas-ud-din Balban, and
Nasiruddin Mahmud. Qutubuddin Aibak built the Quwwat-ul-
Islam mosque and Qutb Minar, while Illtutmish introduced two
coins of the Sultanate. Raziya was the first and only female
ruler of the Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi.
26. Minhaj-i Siraj was a Persian historian who chronicled the
Mamluk Sultanate of Delhi. Razia Sultan, the first and last
female ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, was chronicled by him.
27. Rudradaman was a notable Shaka ruler in India who
controlled a significant area. He is known for repairing the
Sudarsana lake in Kathiawar. This lake had been in use for
irrigation for a long time and was as old as the time of the
Mauryas.
28. The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan dynasty that ruled the
Delhi Sultanate from 1451 to 1526. It was the fifth and final
dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate and was founded by Bahlul
Khan Lodi when he replaced the Sayyid dynasty.
29. Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was also known as Ghazi Malik.
Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq was the founder of the Tughlaq dynasty.
This dynasty was also known as the dynasty of the Qaraunah
Turks.
30. Razia Sultana, the first woman Sultan of India, ruled the
Delhi court from late 1236 to 1240. Taking the name Jalâlat-
ud-Dîn Raziyâ, she defied conservative Muslims by
abandoning traditional female attire, including the pardah. As
the fifth ruler of the Mamluk dynasty, Razia Sultan is
considered one of the few female rulers in the history of
Islamic civilizations. During her reign, she ordered the minting
of coins bearing her title as "Pillar of Women, Queen of the
Times, Sultan Razia, daughter of Shamsuddin Iltumish."
31. The Begumpuri mosque, the main mosque of Jahanpanah,
was built during the reign of Muhammad Tughluq. It was
constructed as the primary mosque for his new city in Delhi.
Ghiyasuddin Tughluq, Balban, and Qutbuddin Aybak were not
the rulers who built this mosque.
32. During the reign of Tughlak, the Khush Mahal is claimed to
have been built on the location of the Kakatiya palace.
It was constructed in the 14th century as an audience hall. The
fort has four ornamental gates known as Kakatiya Kala
Thoranam, which were once the entrances to a now-destroyed
huge Shiva temple.
33. Ibn Battuta, a Moroccan traveler, was ordered by Sultan
Muhammad bin Tughlaq in 1342 to proceed to China as his
envoy to the Mongol ruler. Ibn Battuta traveled extensively for
30 years and visited around 44 countries, including India.
34. Iltutmish was bestowed with the titles of "Great Sultan"
and "Deputy of the Leader of the Faithful" by the Caliph of
Baghdad in 1229 AD, confirming his claim to the throne and
boosting his influence in the Muslim world. He introduced a
commemorative coin with his name inscribed as the
representative of Khalifa on it.
35. Ulugh Khan assumed the title of 'Sultan Ghiyas-ud-din
Balban' on his accession to the throne of the Delhi Sultanate
in 1265 AD. He took power in his hands between 1246 and 1287
AD.
36. After Razia Sultan, Ghiyasuddin Balban ruled Delhi as the
ninth sultan in the Mamluk dynasty. He was a strict ruler who
introduced military and civil reforms in administration, making
him one of the greatest Sultanate rulers. Balban's court was a
symbol of austerity and strict obedience to the emperor.
37. Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi is the author of Tarikh-i-
Mubarak Shahi, a Persian language chronicle of the Delhi
Sultanate. The book provides valuable information about the
rulers of Sayyid Dynasty and the history of Muhammad Ghori
and his rulers up to the third ruler of the Sayyid dynasty.
38. Ibn Battuta was a Moroccan explorer and scholar who
visited India during the reign of Muhammad bin Tughlaq. His
famous literary work, Rehala, records magnified data about
Sultanat India. Hence, option 4 is the correct answer. Abd-al-
Razzaq, Al Masudi, and Suleiman al-Tajiri were also travelers
who visited India, but during different time periods and under
different rulers.
39. Muhammad Bin Tughlaq appointed Ibn Battuta as the
qazi or judge of Delhi. He was known as a "Man of Ideas" and
implemented various initiatives such as the Central Capital,
nominal token currency, loan system for peasants, department
of Agriculture, and a Famine Code.
MUGHAL EMPIRE
40. Parauti land denoted land that had been left out of
cultivation for a time so that it may recover its strength. This
was one of the four categories of land in the land revenue
system introduced by Todar Mal, the revenue minister of
Akbar.
41. Humayun's Tomb in Delhi was built by Empress Bega
Begum, the wife of Humayun, in 1558. The Persian architects
Mirak Mirza Ghiyas and Sayyid Muhammad designed the
tomb, which was the first structure of its size to use red
21
sandstone. In 1993, the tomb was declared a UNESCO World
Heritage Site.
42. Akbar followed the administration model of Sher Shah
Suri, who was the founder of the Suri Empire in India. Sher
Shah introduced the currency of the Rupee and reorganized
the Mughal Empire, laying the foundations for later Mughal
emperors, notably Akbar.
43. Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun at the Battle of Kanauj
in 1540. The battle took place near the city of Kanauj, Uttar
Pradesh, India. Sher Shah Suri's forces emerged victorious,
resulting in Humayun's temporary expulsion from the Indian
subcontinent.
44. Abul Fazl wrote a history of Akbar's reign titled Akbar
Nama. He was the court historian and biographer of Akbar
and one of the Nine Jewels of his court. The book was written
in Persian and took seven years to complete.
45. Tansen was one of the Navaratnas in the court of Mughal
Emperor Akbar. He was a renowned Indian musician and poet
who was highly respected for his dhrupad and raga
compositions, as well as his vocal performances.
46. The correct answer is option 1, Akbar. The royal city at
Fatehpur Sikri was built by the Mughal emperor Akbar during
the second half of the 16th century. It served as the capital
city for more than 10 years from 1571 to 1585 and was
celebrated as the city of Victory of the Mughal Empire.
47. The correct answer is Uttar Pradesh. Aram Bagh is the
oldest Mughal Garden in India, located in Agra, five kilometres
northeast of the Taj Mahal. It was originally built by Mughal
Emperor Babur in 1528 and is a Persian garden, divided by
paths and canals to represent the Islamic ideal of paradise.
48. Sher Shah Suri ruled from 1540–1545 and established the
Suri Empire in northern India after defeating the Mughal
Emperor Humayun. Akbar ruled from 1556–1605 and was
known for building Fatehpur Sikri, capturing Chittor,
abolishing the pilgrimage tax and jizya tax, and introducing
the mansabadari system.
49. Babur ruled over Delhi till the year 1530. He established the
Mughal Empire in India after defeating Ibrahim Lodi in the
Battle of Panipat in 1526. Babur captured Gwalior, Chanderi,
and Dholpur and implemented administrative reforms. He
wrote the Baburnama, an autobiographical account of his life.
He was succeeded by his son Humayun in 1530.
50. Sher Khan or Farid khan, who defeated Mughal emperor
Humayun at the Battle of Chausa in June 1539. After the
defeat, Humayun fled to Iran and spent 12 years in exile. Farid
Khan, who later became known as Sher Shah, accepted the
title of emperor. Humayun also fought battles at Devra (1531),
Bilgram (1540), and Sirhind (1555).
51. The historical road built by Sher Shah Suri is known as the
Grand Trunk Road. It was an essential inland trade route that
connected India to Central Asia, spanning 3,710 kilometers.
The road was previously known as Uttarapath, Badshahi
Sarak, and Sarak e Azam.
52. Ahmadnagar was ruled by the Nizam Shahi dynasty in the
Deccan region. It was established as a capital in 1494 by Malik
Ahmed. In 1637, it was annexed by the Mughal Empire under
Aurangzeb's rule.
53. Mirza Kamran was the second son of Babur and the
brother of Mughal emperor Humayun. Humayun ruled over
territories in Pakistan, Northern India, Afghanistan, and
Bangladesh but lost them to Sher Shah Suri. He regained
them 15 years later with the help of the Safavid dynasty of
Persia. Humayun died in 1556 and his autobiography,
Humayunama, was written by his sister Gulbadan Begum in
Persian.
54. Aurangzeb was considered as the last powerful Mughal
ruler of India. He extended the Mughal Empire to its farthest
boundaries, but his reign was marked by revolts and was
harsh. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during
some parts of his reign, which lasted for 49 years from 1658
until he died in 1707.
55. Ajmer was a suba headquarters under the Mughals and
one of the 12 subahs of the empire. It was ruled by Raja Prithvi
Chauhan and was important for Mughal operations in
Rajasthan. The city also had a historic meeting between Sir
Thomas Roe and Emperor Jahangir in 1615. The southern part
of India was ruled by the Pallava and Chola dynasties, while
the Delhi Sultanate had five different dynasties.
56. Aurangzeb, the sixth and last effective Mughal Emperor,
died in 1707 after a 49-year reign without officially declaring a
crown prince. During his reign, he captured Guru Teg Bahadur,
the 9th Guru of Sikhs, and executed him when he refused to
embrace Islam.
57. Genghis Khan, the famous Mongol ruler, died in 1227 after
spending most of his life in military combat. He was a skilled
conqueror who transformed steppe combat into effective
military strategies. During his last campaign against the
Western Xia, he fell ill with a fever that killed him within eight
days.
58. Hoshang Shah's tomb, the first marble mausoleum in
India, is situated in Mandu, Madhya Pradesh. The city is home
to other historical sites like Jahaz Mahal, Hindola Mahal, and
Baz Bahadur's Palace. Madhya Pradesh boasts of UNESCO
World Heritage Sites like Khajuraho, Sanchi, and Bhimbetka
rock shelters.
59. Humayun is the Mughal ruler who divided his inheritance
according to the will of his father. He succeeded his father
Babur as the second ruler of the Mughal territories in the
Indian subcontinent.
60. Bibi ka Maqbara is the correct answer as it is the imitation
of the Taj Mahal of Agra. It is located in Aurangabad,
Maharashtra and was constructed by Prince Azam Shah in
memory of his mother during 1651 to 1661 A.D.
61. Jama was the amount assessed in the Land Revenue
System of the Mughal Empire. Assessment (jama/tashkhis)
was the first step in the land revenue collection process, where
an evaluation was done to address the state demand.
62. The Dahsala system was a revenue system introduced by
Akbar's finance minister Raja Todar Mal. It involved fixing one-
third of the average production of land as a share of the state,
with the rest left to cultivators. Land was divided into different
types, and a bamboo and iron ring measurement system was
used.
63. The correct answer is the Battle of Aliwal. This battle was
fought between the Sikh Khalsa army and the British forces,
and the Mughal army was not involved in it. The battle took
place on 28 January 1846 near the Sutlej River in Punjab, and
it resulted in a decisive British victory. The Battle of Haldighati,
Battle of Buxar, and Second Battle of Panipat all involved the
Mughal army in some way.
64. The Battle of Tukaroi took place in 1575 between the
Mughal Empire and the Bengal Sultanate. Led by Akbar, the
Mughals emerged victorious, leading to the annexation of
Bengal. The battle occurred in the village of Tukaroi, now part
of Balasore District in Odisha.
65. Aurangzeb, the last of the Mughal emperors, died in the
year 1707. He ruled India from 1658 to 1707 and was the third
son of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. Aurangzeb was known
for his conquests and policies such as destroying Hindu
temples, reimposing Jizya and pilgrim tax, and executing the
22
ninth Sikh Guru. His reign is considered to be a significant
factor in the decline of the Mughal empire.
66. Babur defeated Rana Sanga at Khanwa in 1527,
establishing Mughal rule in India. He also won battles against
Ibrahim Lodhi and Mahmud Lodi. Babur died in 1530 and his
autobiography is The Baburnama.
67. The revenue minister of Emperor Akbar was Todar Mal, as
he served as the Mughal Empire's Finance Minister, Joint
Wazir, and Vakil-us-Sultanat. He was also a prominent lord
and one of Akbar's Navaratnas. Tansen was a classical
musician, Raja Man Singh was a powerful commander and
one of the Navaratnas, and Birbal served as the main army
commander and counselor.
68. The Akbar Nama is a chronicle of Akbar's reign, written in
Persian by Abul-Fazl ibn Mubarak. The third volume, Ain-i-
Akbari, covers Akbar's administration, household, army,
revenues, and geography of his empire. The empire was
divided into subas governed by a suba dar who undertook
political and military functions.
69. Bibi Ka Maqbara is the correct answer. It is a tomb located
in Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India, commissioned by the
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1660 in memory of his first wife,
Dilras Banu Begum.
70. Akbar's Navratna included Abul Fazal, Faizi, Raja Todar
Mal, Abdul Rahim Khan-i-Khanan, Tansen, Raja Man Singh,
Faqir Aziao Din, Mullah Do Piazza, and Birbal. They were
known for their contributions in various fields such as
literature, music, administration, and advisory roles. Rana
Amar Singh was not one of them.
71. In 1765, the Mughal emperor Shah Alam II appointed the
East India Company as the Diwan of Bengal. This was a result
of the company's interference in the internal matters of
administration and the installation of puppet Nawabs in
Bengal.
72. The Agra Fort was built by the Mughal emperor Akbar in
the mid-16th century. He began construction of the fort in
1565, and it was completed in 1573. Later Mughal emperors,
such as Jahangir and Shah Jahan, made additions and
modifications to the fort.
73. Surat was the emporium of western trade during the
Mughal Period. In 1613, the Mughal Emperor Jahangir granted
a Farman to Captain William Hawkins, permitting the English
East India Company to establish their factory in Surat.
74. In the Battle of Khanwa, Babur defeated Rana Sanga of
Mewar in 1527. This battle was a decisive one that helped
establish Mughal rule in India. Babur assumed the title of
Ghazi after his victory in this battle. Khanwa is located 60 km
west of Agra.
75. The revenue system of the Mughal period during Akbar's
reign was called Zabt. Raja Todar Mal, Akbar's finance
minister, introduced this system. He took a careful survey of
crop yields and prices cultivated for a 10 years period from
1570-1580.
76. The Shahnama is not a work to be consulted for a history
of Mughal India. It is a long poem composed by the Persian
poet Ferdowsi and is the national epic of Greater Iran. Other
options – the Shahjahan Nama, the Akbar Nama, and the
Alamgir Nama – are all works that provide detailed
information about the Mughal emperors Shah Jahan, Akbar,
and Aurangzeb, respectively.
77. Aurangzeb built the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore between
1671 and 1673, which remained the largest mosque in the world
from 1673 to 1986. It is the largest mosque of the Mughal era
and the third-largest mosque in Pakistan.
78. Tansen is the correct answer as he learnt music from
Swami Haridas for eleven years. He became a renowned
singer and was one of the nine jewels in Emperor Akbar's
court.
79. Hemu was defeated by Bairam Khan at the Second Battle
of Panipat. Hemu was a Hindu king ruling North India from
Delhi, while Akbar's army was his opponent. This battle was
fought on November 5, 1556, and was a decisive victory for
Akbar's generals Khan Zaman I and Bairam Khan.
80. Fatehpur Sikri was the first planned city of the Mughals,
built between 1569 and 1585 by Emperor Akbar. It served as
the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1571 to 1585, and was
intended to be the joint capital with Agra.
81. Bahadur Shah Zafar was the Mughal emperor when the
massive rebellion against British rule broke out in 1857. He was
the last Mughal emperor in the Indian subcontinent.
82. Aurangzeb was the first Mughal emperor to enforce Sharia
law in India. He aimed to transform India into an Islamic state
and imposed Islamic law over the entire empire.
83. The Ain-i Akbari is a document on the life of Mughal ruler
Akbar. It offers a detailed account of his reign, including his
administration, the state's revenues, and the army.
84. Babur, the first Mughal emperor, became the ruler of
Ferghana at the age of 12 after his father's death. He was
driven out of his kingdom by his enemies and spent the next
few years trying to regain his throne.
85. Sultan Iltutmish's daughter, Raziyya, became the Sultan of
Delhi in 1236 CE. She was the first and only female Muslim
ruler of Delhi and the subcontinent.
86. In 1739, Nadir Shah invaded India and sacked Delhi. He
captured the western frontiers of the Mughal Empire such as
Kabul, Ghazni, and Lahore before meeting Mughal forces at
Karnal.
87. Emperor Akbar shifted the capital back to Agra from
Lahore in the year 1599. He had moved the capital to Lahore
in 1585 to bring the northwest under greater control.
88. Shahzada Mirza Muhammad Hakim (29 April 1553 – 10
October 1585), known as Mirza Hakim and was the third son of
the Mughal emperor Humayun. He was the son of Mah
Chuchak Begum and the half-brother of emperor Akbar. He
ruled Kabul in Afghanistan, and often conflicted with his elder
brother, Emperor Akbar but later mended his relations.
89. In the context of the Mughal Empire, the term 'harem'
refers to the domestic world of the Mughals. It came to refer
to the domain of women in a polygynous family, as well as
their segregated rooms that were off-limits to men.
90. "Events of Akbar's Reign "is the second volume of the
Akbarnama, written by Abul Fazl, which recorded the detailed
history of Akbar's reign till the year 1602. It includes vivid
descriptions of his life, battles, administration, household,
army, revenues, and geography of the Mughal Empire.
LATER MUGHALS
91. Srirangapatnam was the capital under the rule of Tipu
Sultan. He built a palace there in 1784 and ruled Mysore from
there. Tipu Sultan was a powerful ruler of the Kingdom of
Mysore, Karnataka who introduced various administrative
innovations and patronized science and technology.
92. The Subsidiary Alliance system was imposed on Awadh by
the British in 1801. The British Resident was also attached to
the court and the Nawab became increasingly dependent on
the British to maintain law and order in the kingdom.
23
93. Wajid Ali Shah, the last Nawab of Oudh, was a prominent
patron of the arts and played a significant role in the
development and promotion of Kathak, a classical dance
form of India.
94. Bijapur was annexed by Aurangzeb in the year 1686.
Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal emperor of India and he
extended the Mughal Empire to its farthest boundaries.
95. The British fought four wars with the Mysore rulers in the
18th century, known as the Anglo-Mysore Wars. The first war
was fought between 1767-1769 AD, the second between 1780-
1784 AD, the third between 1790-1792 AD and the fourth in
1799 AD.
96. The main reason for the defeat of Sirajuddaulah at the
Battle of Plassey was that the forces led by commander Mir
Jafar never fought the battle. Robert Clive secured Mir Jafar's
support by promising to make him nawab after defeating
Sirajuddaulah.
97. Tipu Sultan was a courageous ruler of the Kingdom of
Mysore in South India who opposed the British East India
Company's conquest and was a pioneer of rocket artillery. He
inherited the throne from his father in 1782 and strongly
opposed British presence on his soil. He was born on
December 1, 1751, and died on May 4, 1799.
98. Hyder Ali was the ruler of Mysore in 1761. He ruled the
kingdom from 1761 to 1782 and was the father of Tipu Sultan,
commonly known as the "Tiger of Mysore". In 1764, Hyder Ali
captured Bednore and made it his capital. In 1757, he was a
general in the army. There were four Anglo-Mysore wars
during his reign.
99. Bahadur Shah Zafar was the last Mughal Emperor of India
and a renowned Urdu poet. He ruled over a diminished
Mughal Empire that was limited to Delhi. He had four wives
and maintained a court of Urdu scholars, poets, and writers. In
1862, at the age of 87, he fell ill and died on November 7, 1862.
100. Tipu Sultan was the ruler of the Mysore Kingdom and he
is known as the Tiger of Mysore. He reigned from 1782 to 1799.
Tipu Sultan expanded the iron-cased Mysorean rockets and
commissioned the military manual Fathul Mujahidin. The
French commander-in-chief, Napoleon Bonaparte, sought an
alliance with Tipu Sultan.
101. In 1856, the kingdom of Awadh was formally annexed to
the British Empire and the conquest happened in
stages. Nawab Wajid Ali Shah was dethroned and exiled to
Calcutta on the plea that the region was being misgoverned.
102. Daria Daulat Bagh is known as Tipu Sultan;s Summer
Palace. It is located in Srirangapatna and was built during
1778-1784 AD. The construction was initiated by Hyder Ali and
completed by Tipu Sultan. Tipu Sultan was a powerful ruler of
Mysore and is known as the "Tiger of Mysore". He ruled Mysore
from 1782 to 1799.
103. The Battle of the Hydaspes was fought between
Alexander the Great and King Porus in 326 BC. Alexander the
Great defeated Porus of Paurav in the same battle. It took
place on the banks of the Jhelum River in the Punjab region of
the Indian subcontinent.
104. Tipu Sultan is famously known as the Tiger of Mysore. He
was a great warrior and the son of Haidar Ali. Tipu introduced
several administrative innovations and embraced Western
military methods, ensuring his forces could match the British
armies.
105. The Treaty of Salbai was signed in 1782, marking the end
of the First Anglo-Maratha War. It was a negotiated
settlement between the Maratha Empire and the British East
India Company. The treaty resulted in 20 years of relative
peace between the two powers.
ARABIC INVASION
106. The Battle of Peshawar was fought between Raja
Jayapala and Mahmud of Ghazni in 1001 CE. Raja Jayapala
was the ruler of the Hindu Shahi dynasty, while Mahmud of
Ghazni was a prominent Muslim conqueror from the
Ghaznavid dynasty.
107. Prithviraj III defeated Sultan Muhammad Ghori in 1191.
Ghori invaded India and laid the foundation of Muslim
domination in India. He is often considered the founder of
Muslim rule in India. The first battle of Tarain was fought in
1191, where the Ghori Forces were completely rooted out by
Prithviraj Chauhan.
108. Anangpal, a Tomer ruler, ruled before Prithviraj Chauhan
over Delhi. The Tomar was one of the clans of Rajputs, who
ruled parts of present-day Delhi and Haryana from the 8th to
the 12th century. Anangpal possibly created the first known
regular defense-work in Delhi called Lal Kot, which Prithviraj
took over and extended for his city Qila Rai Pithora.
109. Sultan Mahmud, the founder of the Ghaznavid Empire,
came to India from Ghazni, Afghanistan. He was a Turkish
conqueror who attacked India 17 times between 1000 to 1027
AD and conquered a number of dynasties.
110. Babur defeated Rana Sanga in the Battle of Khanwa in
1527, gaining control of Northern India and earning the title of
Ghazi. Daulat Khan Lodhi was a governor during the Lodi
dynasty, Humayun was the Mughal Empire's second emperor
and Mahmud Shah I was a notable ruler of the Gujarat
Sultanate.
111. Prithviraja III, also known as Prithviraj Chauhan, defeated
Sultan Muhammad Ghori in the First Battle of Tarain in 1191.
However, he was defeated by Ghori in the Second Battle of
Tarain in 1192, which led to the establishment of Muslim rule in
India.
112. Mahmud Gawan was granted the title of ;Chief of the
Merchants; or Malikut-Tujjar by the Bahmani ruler, Humayun
Shah. He was an important personality in the Bahamani
kingdom and under his leadership, the kingdom reached its
peak.
113. The Shaka dynasty lasted for about 500 years, and they
were followed by the Kushanas around 2200 years ago. The
Shakas were a group of Iranian nomadic people who invaded
India and brought the larger part of the country under their
control. The most famous Shaka ruler in India was
Rudradaman who ruled from 130 A.D to 150 A.D.
114. Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, invaded
Transoxiana in North-East Iran in 1219. This was a part of his
military campaigns in Central Asia and China.
115. Traders and migrants brought the teachings of the holy
Quran to India in the seventh century. Muslims consider the
Quran as their holy scripture, which was compiled shortly after
the prophet;s death by his collaborators.
SOUTHERN DYNASTY
116. Madurai was the capital of Pandyas, an ancient dynasty
that ruled India from 560 to 1300 AD. The kingdom was
spread over the districts of Madurai and Trinevali, with
Madurai being their central seat of Tamil Sangam literature.
24
117. Hampi was the capital city of the Vijayanagara Empire. It
was located in northern Karnataka and served as the capital
in the 14th century. Hampi is a famous pilgrimage centre for
the Hindu and Jain religions and is situated on the banks of
the Tungabhadra River.
118. Rajaraja I, a Chola emperor, ruled between 985 and 1014
CE. He is known for restoring the Chola hegemony and
securing its dominance throughout the Indian Ocean during
his time as the most powerful Tamil king in South India. He
ruled over a sizable portion of northern Sri Lanka, the Chera
country, and the Pandya country.
119. The capital of Pallavas was at Kanchipuram. It was an
important cultural, religious, and political center during the
Pallava dynasty's reign. The Pallavas left a significant
architectural and artistic legacy in Kanchipuram, including
impressive temples and sculptures that are still admired today.
120. During the Chola period, the titles of muvendavelan and
araiyar were given to rich landowners. These titles were not
associated with the sons of the king, commanders of the
army, or ministers of the king.
121. The Chola Dynasty made bronze statues using the lost-
wax technique, also known as Cire Perdue. The world's oldest
bronze sculpture, the Dancing Girl, was also made using this
technique and was found in Mohenjo-Daro.
122. Puhar or Kaveripattinam was the port city of the Chola
dynasty. King Karikala established Puhar and built a 160 km
long embankment along the Kaveri River with the labour of
12000 slaves from Sri Lanka.
123. Dantidurga, after deposing the Chalukyas, performed the
'Hiranya-garbha' ritual to declare himself the king of the
Deccan region. The ceremony was carried out with the help of
Brahmins, which symbolized his rebirth as a Kshatriya.
124. The Muttaraiyar were a feudal dynasty that held power in
the Kaveri delta region. They were subservient to the Pallava
kings of Kanchipuram, who were a prominent dynasty in
southern India during the 6th-9th centuries CE. The Pallavas
were known for their patronage of the arts and architecture,
and their rule saw the emergence of some of the most iconic
temples in southern India.
125. Krishna III of Manyakheta belonged to the Rashtrakuta
dynasty. They ruled parts of South India from the 8th to the
10th century CE. The Rashtrakutas were originally the
feudatories of the Western Chalukyas of Vatapi and ruled
from Manyakheta in Karnataka. Krishna III was the last great
ruler of the Rashtrakuta dynasty and defeated Parantaka
Chola in the battle of Takkolam.
126. Thanjavur was the capital of the Chola dynasty. The
Chola Empire was founded by Vijayalaya in the eighth
century. He overthrew the Pallavas, seized control of the
Tanjore kingdom, and established the powerful Chola
kingdom. Tanjore was designated as the principal capital of
the Chola Empire. Tanjore is famous for South Indian
architecture, art, and religion.
127. Pandyan and Pallava territories to the south and north
were integrated into the Chola kingdom by the successors of
ruler Vijayalaya through conquest. The Chola empire
expanded its borders and increased its size and power under
his son Aditya Chola I.
128. Vetti was the tax taken not in cash but in the form of
forced labor in the Chola empire. Peasants and laborers were
obligated to irrigate the land or perform free labor in their
hamlet in exchange for vetti. This type of tax was imposed
during the Chola period in southern India.
129. Rajaraja I built the Brihadeshwara Temple at Tanjore. This
Hindu temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is a UNESCO
World Heritage Site. It is also known as the "Great Living
Chola Temples" and was built between 1003 and 1010 CE.
Rajaraja I was one of the greatest Chola rulers who reigned
from 985-1014 AD and was responsible for the empire's zenith.
130. Shalabhog is the correct answer. During the Chola
dynasty, Shalabhog referred to the land given for the
maintenance of a school. It was a form of tax management.
The land given to temples was called Tirunamattukkani, and
the land provided to Jaina institutions was known as
Palichchandam.
131. Madurai was the capital of the Pandya dynasty, a Tamil
kingdom in South India. Korkai was also a capital and port
city of Pandya, while Tenkasi became the third capital until
the end of the 16th century.
132. Vijayalaya, the founder of the Chola Dynasty, built the
Nishumbhasudini Goddess temple in Thanjavur. He captured
the Kaveri delta from the Muttaraiyar and established
Thanjavur. This city is the 7th biggest city in Tamil Nadu and is
home to the famous Brihadeswara Temple and Tanjore
painting.
133. Vijayalaya belonged to the Chola dynasty of India. He
was the founder of the Imperial Chola dynasty, which was one
of the most powerful empires in Indian history. He acquired
the Tanjore kingdom in the 8th century by defeating the
Pallavas, which led to the rise of the Cholas.
134. An agrahara was land granted to a Brahmana, exempted
from paying land revenue and other dues to the king, and
given the right to collect these dues. It refers to "land exempt
from leasing rights". Agraharas were exempted from taxes and
had other administrative immunities.
135. Cholas were the rulers under whom temple architecture in
South India reached its pinnacle. The Chola empire was
founded by Vijayalaya in the 9th century with Tanjore as its
capital. The style of architecture during this period is called
Dravida and is now known as the "Great Living Chola
Temples".
136. Nagar-Shreshti was a hereditary administrative post
during the Rashtrakuta and Chola dynasties. The term
referred to the top banker or merchant of the city. They
played an important role in the economic and financial affairs
of the city.
137. Krishna I succeeded Dantidurga of the Rashtrakuta
Kingdom. He conquered territories that were still under the
Chalukyas and defeated Vishnuvardhana of Vengi and the
Ganga king of Mysore. Dantidurga was the founder of the
Rashtrakuta kingdom of Manyakheta, and his capital was
located in the Gulbarga region of Karnataka.
138. Krishnadeva Raya belonged to the Tuluva dynasty. He
was the third monarch of this dynasty and one of the greatest
leaders in Indian history. The Tuluva dynasty was founded by
Tuluva Narasa Nayaka and ruled Vijayanagar Empire from
1491 to 1570.
139. The capital of the Chalukya dynasty was Badami, located
in Karnataka. They ruled from mid-6th century and declined
after the death of their greatest king, Pulakesin II in 642 AD.
Jayasimha was the first ruler, while Pulakesin I founded the
empire and performed Ashwamedha. Kanchipuram was the
capital of the Pallava dynasty, which ruled over parts of
southern India from 275 CE to 897 CE.
140. Pulakeshin I was a famous ruler of the Chalukya dynasty
who expanded their kingdom to cover most of the Deccan
region. The three ancient Tamil dynasties, Chera, Chola, and
Pandya, were in constant struggle with each other but were
25
eventually restored by the Pandyas and the Pallavas. The
Cholas emerged as a great power in the 9th century.
141. Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta dynasty.
He established the Rashtrakuta Empire of Manyakheta and
ruled from 735-756 CE. His capital was Gulbarga in Karnataka.
He defeated the Chalukyas in 753 and took the titles
Rajadhiraja and Parameshvara. He also performed a ritual
called hiranya-garbha which was believed to result in the
sacrificer being reborn as a Kshatriya.
142. The Tripartite Struggle between Palas, Pratiharas, and
Rashtrakutas lasted for 200 years, weakening them and
paving the way for Turkish rule. The medieval period in India
saw significant developments in language, art, religion, and
culture, with two stages - early (8th-12th century) and later
(12th-18th century) - marked by regional political and social
changes and Islamic conquests.
143. The Bahmani Sultanate founded by Alauddin Bahman
Shah in 1347, he ruled the Deccan for 200 years before
splitting into five Deccan sultanates. Mahmud Gavan was the
prime minister of Muhammad Shah Bahmani II and
Mohammad bin Tughlaq was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to
1351.
144. Khajuraho temples were built between 950 to 1050 A.D.
by the Chandela Dynasty in central India. They belong to
Hinduism and Jainism. Chandelas were vassals of Gurjara-
Pratiharas and ruled in 10th and 11th centuries CE. Most
temples were built between 885 AD and 1050 AD.
145. Vijayanagara was established on the banks of the
Tungabhadra River, which flows through Karnataka, Andhra
Pradesh, and Telangana. It is formed by the Tunga and
Bhadra rivers and joins the Krishna River near
Sangameswaram village. The ancient name of the river
Tungabhadra was Pampa.
146. Harihara and Bukka established Vijayanagar state in
Karnataka in 1336, with its capital city on the banks of the
Tungabhadra River. Option 2 is the correct answer. The
Tungabhadra River's majority journey is in Karnataka. Betwa is
a tributary of the Yamuna, Mahanadi is a significant river in
East Central India, and Tapi is a river in central India that
flows west into the Arabian Sea.
147. The Anantraj Sagar Tank was constructed by the
Vijayanagara rulers (1336-1546 A.D.) who were keen on
building storage tanks. They issued gold, silver, and copper
coins, had major port cities, and demarcated land boundaries.
They also issued thousands of inscriptions in various
languages and played a significant role in protecting Hindu
culture in South India.
148. Pulakeshin II was a ruler of the Chalukya dynasty. He
reigned from 610 to 642 CE and his court poet Ravikirti wrote
the famous Aihole Inscription. The Cheras, Cholas, and
Pandyas were the three dynasties that ruled Tamizhagam
during the Sangam Age, while the Pallava dynasty's capital
was Kanchipuram. Mahendravarman, a Pallava ruler,
introduced Pallava rock-cut temple architecture.
149. Dharmapala, a Buddhist monk and scholar, was given the
title of "Uttarapatha Swamin" for his contributions to the
spread of Buddhism in northern India. The Pala Dynasty, who
were followers of Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism,
were insightful diplomats and military conquerors who built
grand temples and patronized universities. The Proto-Bengali
language was developed under their rule.
150. The Sangam Age in South India saw the rule of Cholas,
Cheras, and Pandyas. Poets composed poems in their praise
and were often rewarded. 'Muvendar' referred to the three
chiefs, and Dhamma maha matta and Muqaddam were
officers appointed during different reigns.
151. Rajendra I, a Chola king, built a Shiva temple in the 11th
century and filled it with seized treasures from defeated kings.
He is considered a crucial monarch for promoting the arts,
trade, and expanding the Chola Empire.
152. Prashastis were ornate inscriptions by Brahmanas
praising rulers, often with fabricated stories. Kings rewarded
them with land grants if they liked it. Examples include Nashik,
Prayaga, Velvikudi, and Deopara Prashastis. Hathigumpha
and Junagadh rock inscriptions are well-known. Gupta-era
prashastis followed Rudradaman's prototype.
153. Sangam literature was composed in assemblies of poets
in Madurai and dates back to 300 BCE to 300 CE. It provides
insight into the culture, social life, and history of the Tamil
people during the Sangam era and reflects their way of life,
beliefs, and customs. Education and learning were also
important during this period.
154. Sangam literature, composed in the 1st-4th centuries CE,
is the oldest example of literature from South India. It was
written in Tamil, one of the classical languages, by the nobility
in Madurai. According to legend, the first Tamil Sangam was
presided over by the ancient Tamil leader Siddhar Agastyar
and held in Madurai. The Sangam Age describes this time
frame.
155. Nagabhata I Pratihara was the founder of the Bhinmal
branch of the Pratihara dynasty. He formed a triple alliance to
defeat Arabs in the Battle of Rajasthan. The strongest branch
of Gurjara-Pratihara was at Bhinmal. The ruling Gurjar clan
was known as Chapas and was skilled in archery.
Bramhagupta, a famous astronomer and mathematician, was
in the court of Vyaghramukha.
MARATHA, REGIONAL KINGDOMS &
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS
156. The First Anglo-Maratha War lasted from 1775 to 1782,
with the Treaty of Salbai ending it. The British sent a force
under Colonel Clive to combat the Maratha Empire, who
26
besieged British defenses at Pune. General Hastings led a
sizable army to lift the siege. Other significant battles include
the Third Battle of Panipat, the Battle of Buxar, and the
Second Anglo-Maratha War.
157. The Namdhari movement led by Baba Ram Singh aimed
to spread true Sikhism without customs. It was significant
during the post-1857 freedom struggle and called Kukas. The
leader inspired social reforms and called for political battle
against Britishers. Satguru Ram Singh is the correct answer.
158. Guru Gobind Singh founded the Khalsa Panth and
introduced the five articles of faith. Guru Arjan Dev compiled
the Adi Granth and built the Golden Temple. Guru Nanak Dev
was the founder of Sikh religion while Guru Ram Das founded
Amritsar.
159. Gurpurab celebrates the birth of Guru Nanak Dev, the
founder of Sikhism. He established a monotheistic religion
with Hindu and Muslim roots. He was born in Rai Bhoi di
Talvandi (now Nankana Sahib, Pakistan), close to Lahore, and
passed away at Kartarpur, Punjab, in 1539.
160. Zakat is an Islamic finance term that refers to the
obligation of donating a certain proportion of wealth each
year to charitable causes. It is a primary method of Islamic
social financing and is frequently used to finance domestic
development and poverty-reduction initiatives. Mudarabah,
Ijarah, and Musharakah are other Islamic finance terms
related to equity financing and partnerships.
161. The Tomara Rajputs were defeated in the 12th century by
the Chauhans of Ajmer. The Tomara dynasty ruled parts of
present-day Delhi and Haryana during the 9th-12th century
and built Dhillika (modern-day Delhi) fortified by a wall called
Lal Kot. Anangpal Tomar was the last king of the dynasty who
handed over the throne of Delhi to his son-in-law Prithviraj
Chauhan.
162. The Treaty of Purandar was signed in 1665 between Jai
Singh I and Shivaji Maharaj. Shivaji surrendered 23 forts to the
Mughal Emperor but retained control over 12 forts and their
revenue. Jai Singh was the King of Amber and head of the
Kachwaha Rajput.
CHAPTER꞉ 3

MODERN HISTORY
12. In which town The Supreme Court was established for the
First time under the Regulating Act of 1773? [SSC CPO 2022]
RISE OF EAST INDIA COMPANY & A) Madras B) Assam
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION C) Calcutta D) New Delhi
13. In which year was a law passed in India to make
1. Which of the following has discovered the sea route to India conversion to Christianity easier? [SSC CHSL 2023]
1498? [SSC CGL 2022] A) 1845 B) 1850
A) Clive Lord B) Henry the sailor C) 1830 D) 1840
C) Captain Hudson D) Vasco Da Gama 14. Based on Macaulay’s Minute, the English Education Act
2. Which of the following statements is correct? was introduced in ________. [SSC CGL 2022]
I. Robert Clive had come to Madras from England in 1743 at A) 1875 B) 1835
the age of 18. C) 1855 D) 1815
II. After the battle of Buxar, the East India Company 15. Who led the Battle of Plassey on behalf of the British East
appointed Residents in Indian states. India Company? [SSC CHSL 2023]
[SSC MTS 2022] A) Charles Stuart B) Warren Hastings
A) Only I B) Neither I nor II C) Robert Clive D) James Lancaster
C) Only II D) Both I and II
16. Who among the following led the Battle of Buxar on behalf
3. Which company has set up a factory on the banks of river of British East India Company? [SSC MTS 2022]
Hugli in 1651? [SSC CGL 2022] A) Charles Stuart B) Robert Clive
A) Danish B) Portuguese C) Hector Munro D) John William Fortescue
C) English D) French
17. Vernacular press Act was enacted in which year?
4. In ______, the East India Company acquired a charter from [SSC CGL 2022]
the ruler of England, Queen Elizabeth I, granting it the sole A) 1875 B) 1876
right to trade with the East. [SSC CHSL 2023 ] C) 1878 D) 1877
A) 1600 B) 1610
18. Vasco Da Gama landed at _______ in 1498.
C) 1620 D) 1580
A) Cochin B) Calicut
5. Which of the following Indian states was the first state to C) Goa D) Surat
sign a subsidiary alliance with the British? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Hyderabad B) Cochin 19. Which of the following city of India was a coastal
settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands
C) Travancore D) Maratha
between 2200 and 1900 years ago? [SSC CGL 2022]
6. The British Parliament transferred the powers of the East A) Karaikal B) Veerampattinam
India company to the British crown in ______. [SSC CGL 2022] C) Yanam D) Arikamedu
A) 1856 B) 1858
20. Which of the following pairs is correct regarding the East
C) 1854 D) 1860
India Company army?
7. In ______, the British government enacted a legislation I. Sawar – Men on horses
banning the use of printed cotton textiles - chintz - in II. Musket – A heavy gun used by infantry soldiers
England. Interestingly, this Act was known as the Calico Act. [SSC CHSL 2023]
[SSC CHSL 2023] A) Only I B) Only II
A) 1720 B) 1700
C) Both I and II D) Neither I nor II
C) 1740 D) 1730
8. Battle of Buxar was fought in ______. [SSC CGL 2022]
A) 1767 B) 1757 SOCIO - RELIGIOUS REFORM
C) 1764 D) 1774
MOVEMENTS
9. The final defeat of Mir Qasim in the hands of British took
place at the battle of _______. [SSC Selection Post 2022]
21. Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the _______, an
A) Awadh B) Plassey
organisation that attempted to reform Hinduism.
C) Katwa D) Buxar
[SSC GD Constable 2023]
10. Wood's Despatch is related with ______. [SSC CGL 2022] A) Arya Samaj B) Adi Hindu Samaj
A) Education B) Famine C) Vedant Samaj D) Adi Dharam Samaj
C) Trade D) Military 22. In 1873, the Satyashodhak Samaj was established in
11. Which British governor ended the Dual System of ______. [SSC CGL 2022]
Government in Bengal? [SSC MTS 2022] A) Bihar Province B) Madras Presidency
A) Robert Clive B) Warren Hastings C) Bombay Presidency D) Punjab Province
C) John Shore D) William Bentinck 23. Dhondo Keshav Karve was an eminent Indian who
championed the cause of ________. [SSC CGL 2022]
27
A) allowing child marriages B) prohibiting widow A) They were primarily B) Its founders did not believe
remarriages interested in breaking caste in God.
C) strengthening the caste D) spread of women rules.
norms education C) It was founded in 1849 in D) They also advocated for
Maharashtra. widow remarriage and
24. Established in 1867 at Bombay, the ________ sought to
women’s education.
remove caste restrictions, abolish child marriage, and
encourage the education of women, etc. [SSC CGL 2022] 36. Who among the following founded Arya Samaj in 1875?
A) Veda Samaj B) Arya Samaj [SSC CGL 2023]
C) Prarthana Samaj D) Satyashodhak Samaj A) Swami Dayanand B) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Saraswati
25. Who started the Mahila Seva Mandal to promote women's C) Raja Ram Mohan Roy D) Swami Vivekanand
rights in 1852 ?
37. Who was the founder of the reform movement, Arya
A) Savitribai Phule B) Ramabai Ranade
Samaj? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Annie Besant D) Sarojini Naidu
A) Swami Dayananda B) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
26. The Arya Samaj was founded in ______ by Swami Saraswati
Dayanand Saraswati. [SSC CPO 2022] C) Anand Mohan Bose D) MG Ranade
A) 1875 B) 1873
38. In which year did Debendranath Tagore establish the
C) 1885 D) 1863
Tattvabodhini Sabha? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
27. Mahadev Govind Ranade was primarily associated with A) 1868 B) 1828
the꞉ [SSC CPO 2022] C) 1815 D) 1839
A) Arya Samaj B) Sadharan Brahmo Samaj
39. Who of the following founded the Atmiya Samaj?
C) Prarthana Samaj D) Brahmo Samaj
[SSC MTS 2022]
28. India's first Christian missionary organisation, Serampore A) Swami Vivekananda B) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar
Mission, was founded by ________. C) Raja Ram Mohan Roy D) Dayananda Saraswati
A) Matteo Ricci B) Mother Teresa
40. Who set up the Asiatic Society of Bengal? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Hudson Taylor D) William Carey
A) James Mill B) William Jones
29. Lala Lajpat Rai was associated with the _________ since C) Robert Clive D) Warren Hastings
1921.
A) Servants of the People B) Satyashodhak Samaj
Society
THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857
C) Sarbatatyadipika Sabha D) Chinmaya Mission
30. _______ played a major role in the revival of Hinduism and 41. During the revolt of 1857, which of the following Jat leaders
the spread of his interpretation of Advaita Vedanta known as mobilised the headmen and cultivators in and around
"Neo-Vedanta" in the West. pargana Barut in Uttar Pradesh to rebel against the British?
A) Sri Ramkrishna B) Swami Vivekananda A) Gajadhar Singh B) Maulvi Ahmadullah Shah
Paramhansa
C) Shah Mal D) Maulvi Liyakat Ali
C) Samrat Ashoka D) Swami Dayanand
42. After the Revolt of 1857 was put down by Britishers, which
31. Which of the following established by Raja Rammohan Roy
Mughal ruler was forced to leave the country? [SSC MTS 2022]
was a precursor in socio-religious reforms in Bengal?
A) Bahadur Shah Zafar B) Farrukhsiyar
A) Dharma Sabha B) Atmiya Sabha
C) Ahmad Shah Bahadur D) Muhammad Shah
C) Arya Samaj D) Prarthana Samaj
43. During the period of the uprising of 1857, Shah Mal who
32. Who among the following began the Suddhi Movement,
rebelled at Barout in Uttar Pradesh was killed in the battle in
which enabled the Hindus who had accepted Islam or
________.
Christianity to return to Hinduism, their original faith?
A) May 1858 B) June 1858
[SSC MTS 2022]
C) September 1857 D) July 1857
A) Ramakrishna Paramhamsa B) Keshab Chandra Sen
C) Narendra Nath Dutta D) Dayanand Saraswati 44. In which of the following battles did Ahmadullah Shah
defeat Henry Lawrence?
33. ____________ founded Satyashodhak Samaj, which
A) The Third battle of Panipat B) Battle of Plassey
campaigned against idolatry and the caste system.
C) Battle of Chinhat D) Battle of Buxar
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Keshab Chandra Sen B) Raja Ram Mohan Roy
C) Debendranath Tagore D) Jyotirao Govindrao Phule
PRE CONGRESS PHASE
34. Which of the following statements about Veda Samaj is
correct?
45. In which of the following years was the Bengal State
I. It was established in Madras in 1864.
Prisoners Regulation (Bengal Regulation III) passed?
II. It worked to abolish caste distinctions and promote widow
A) 1876 B) 1857
remarriage and women’s education.
C) 1818 D) 1812
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Neither I nor II B) Only II 46. The kingdom of Awadh was formally annexed by the
C) Both I and II D) Only I British in the year ________.
A) 1897 B) 1856
35. Which of the following statements about Paramhansa
C) 1801 D) 1805
Mandalis is INCORRECT? [SSC MTS 2022]
28
47. The treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846 between the 58. How many delegates attended the first session of
British empire and . [SSC MTS 2022] Congress in 1885? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Maharaja Kharak Singh B) Maharani Chand Kaur A) 62 B) 78
C) Maharaja Ranjit Singh D) Maharaja Duleep Singh C) 68 D) 72
48. Which of the following pairs of name of battle and year 59. The first session of Indian National congress was held at
is/are correctly matched? . [SSC CGL 2022]
I. Battle of Buxar – 1764 A) Bombay B) Madras
II. Battle of Plassey – 1757 C) Calcutta D) Surat
[SSC MTS 2022] 60. The Indian National Congress was established when_____
A) Only I B) Both I and II delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in
C) Only II D) Neither I nor II December 1885. [SSC CHSL 2023]
49. Which of the following Acts of the British Parliament A) 34 B) 72
stated that a member of the British Cabinet was appointed C) 108 D) 156
Secretary of State for India? [SSC CGL 2022] 61. 11th National Seed Congress was held in ______.
A) Indian Council Act of 1861 B) Government of India Act of [SSC CHSL 2023]
1858
A) Mysuru B) New Delhi
C) Regulating Act, 1773 D) Charter Act of 1853
C) Chenna D) Gwalior
50. The Hindu College was established in Banaras in ______.
62. In 1929, under the presidency of ______, the Lahore
[SSC CGL 2022]
Congress formalised the demand of Purna Swaraj.
A) 1771 B) 1801
[SSC CHSL 2023]
C) 1781 D) 1791 A) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel B) Mahatma Gandhi
51. Who among the following was the first Indian to be C) Subhas Chandra Bose D) Jawaharlal Nehru
recruited in Indian Civil Service in British India? 63. In which year did Congress and Muslim League signed the
[SSC GD Constable 2023]
Lucknow pact? [SSC GD Constable 2023]
A) Satyendranath Tagore B) Rahimtulla M Sayani
A) 1914 B) 1916
C) Rabindranath Tagore D) Surendra Nath Banerjee
C) 1910 D) 1912
52. In which year did Tipu Sultan die defending his capital
64. The 'Surat split' took place in the _______ session of the
Seringapatam? [SSC MTS 2022]
Indian National Congress. [SSC CPO 2022]
A) 1799 B) 1802
A) 1907 B) 1905
C) 1792 D) 1794
C) 1906 D) 1908
53. In which of the following years did the British suffer defeat
65. In which of the following sessions did the congress split
in the Battle of Chinhat? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
into two factions? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) 1834 B) 1857
A) Calcutta Session of 1907 B) Surat Session of 1907
C) 1845 D) 1823
C) Nagpur Session of 1907 D) Chotanagpur Session of
54. The first cotton textile mill in Ahmedabad was started in 1908
which year? [SSC CHSL 2023] 66. Who among the following addressed the Indian National
A) 1854 B) 1851 congress as its President in 1887? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) 1861 D) 1867 A) Balgangadhar Tilak B) Badruddin Tyabji
55. The Battle of Buxar was fought between the forces under C) WC Bannerji D) Dadabhai Naoroji
the command of the British East India Company led by Hector 67. ______ was the first Indian woman to become the
Munro, and the combined armies of ______. [SSC CPO 2022] president of the Indian National Congress. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Mir jafar, Siraj-ud-Daulah B) Mir Qasim, Mughal A) Sarojini Naidu B) Aruna Asaf Ali
and Mughal Emperor Shah Emperor Shah Alam & Shuja-
Alam II ud-daulah of Awadh C) Sucheta Kripalani D) Ashalata Sen
C) Mir Jafar, Mughal Emperor D) Siraj-ud-Daulah, Shuja-ud- 68. In 1929, Indian National Congress demanded complete
Bahadur Shah II, Shuja-ud- Daulah, Mughal Emperor independence under the presidentship of ______.
Daulah Shah Alam II [SSC MTS 2022]
56. In which of the following years was the Indian Association A) Dadabhai Naoroji B) Jawaharlal Nehru
established in Bengal? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Chitta Ranjan Das
A) 1867 B) 1872 69. In which of the following sessions of the Indian National
C) 1879 D) 1876 Congress did George Yule become the President in 1888?
57. The formal British rule in India is understood to have [SSC CGL 2022]
commenced in 1757, after the Battle of ______. [SSC CPO 2022] A) Calcutta B) Allahabad
A) The Battle of Plassey B) The Battle of Wandiwash C) Madras D) Bombay
C) The Battle of Buxer D) The battle of Cuddalore 70. In which of the following years did the resolution at the
Karachi Session of the Indian National Congress dwell on how
Independent India's Constitution should look? [SSC CGL 2022]
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS & A) 1928 B) 1931
C) 1945 D) 1946
CONGRESS SESSIONS
71. The first session of All India Depressed Classes congress
was held at __________ in 1930. [SSC CGL 2022]

29
A) Nagpur B) Surat A) India Today B) The Idea of India
C) Delhi D) Kanpur C) Poverty and Un - British D) The History of British India
Rule in India
84. Dadabhai Naoroji was a _________. [SSC CGL 2022]
NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1885 - 1919) A) Businessman B) Doctor
C) Soldier D) British Officer
72. In Kheda, Gujarat, Patidar peasants organised non-violent 85. In which of the following years was the Indian National
campaigns against which of the following demand of the Congress split into two groups named as Moderates and
British? [SSC CHSL 2023] Extremists? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Low labour rates B) Long working hours A) 1895 B) 1899
C) High land revenue D) Low price for crops C) 1907 D) 1904
73. Gandhiji, aged ______, arrived in India in 1915 from South 86. The proposed Rowlett Act of 1919 allowed the detention of
Africa. [SSC CHSL 2023] political prisoners without trial for . [SSC CGL 2022]
A) 52 B) 46 A) two years B) six months
C) 28 D) 34 C) two months D) one year
74. In which year Mahatma Gandhi organised a satyagraha in 87. “All India Muslim League” was established in 1906 at
the Kheda district of Gujarat in the support of peasants? ______. [SSC CGL 2022]
[SSC MTS 2023] A) Dhaka B) Bombay
A) 1916 B) 1920 C) Madras D) Surat
C) 1919 D) 1918
88. Who among the following was deported for subversion in
75. The Act that is also known as ‘Morley-Minto Reforms’ is꞉ 1907, without trial, to Mandalay in Burma?
[SSC CGL 2023] [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Government of India Act, B) Indian Councils Act, 1909 A) Lala Lajpat Rai B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
1935
C) Mahadev Govind Ranade D) Bipin Pal
C) Rowlatt Act, 1919 D) Government of India Act,
1912 89. Who among the following founded the Home Rule League
in Madras? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
76. In which of the following years, did Subhas Chandra Bose
A) Thomas Periyar B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
refer to Mahatma Gandhi as the “Father of the Nation”?
C) Annie Besant D) Aurobindo Ghose
[SSC CGL 2022]
A) 1942 B) 1944 90. The first President of the All India Trade Union Congress
C) 1939 D) 1941 was ____. [SSC CPO 2022]
A) C Rajagopalachari B) Lala Lajpat Rai
77. Partition of Bengal held in ______. [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Chandra Shekhar Azad D) Motilal Nehru
A) 1901 B) 1903
C) 1905 D) 1907 91. In August 1907, Madam Bhikaji Cama became the first
person to hoist Indian flag on foreign soil in꞉ [SSC CPO 2022]
78. Who among the following gave up his traditional
A) Germany B) Belgium
professions and took to arms, successfully established
C) Poland D) Sweden
kingdom in Karnataka? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Vasudeva Kanva B) Gurjara-Pratihara 92. The All-India Khilafat Conference in November 1919 took
Harichandra place at꞉ [SSC CPO 2022]
C) Pushyamitra Shunga D) Kadamba Mayurasharman A) Lucknow B) Delhi
79. The bill which provide for the trial of British or European C) Bombay D) Lahore
person by Indians was _______. [SSC CGL 2022] 93. The claim for ‘swarajya’ or self-government within the
A) Hastings Bill B) Dalhousie Bill British Empire, on the model of self-governing colonies like
C) Ilbert Bill D) George Bill Australia and Canada, was put forward from the Congress
platform in 1906 by꞉ [SSC CPO 2022]
80. Abhinav Bharat Society was a secret society of
A) Lala Lajpat Rai B) Dadabhai Naoroji
revolutionaries. It was established in ______. [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Bipin Chandra Pal D) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
A) Bombay Presidency B) United Provinces
C) Punjab Province D) Calcutta Presidency 94. At which of the following places was the formal
proclamation of the Swadeshi movement made on 7 August
81. Who among the following revolutionaries was associated
1905? [SSC CPO 2022]
with Swadesh Bandhav Samiti? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Wellington Square, B) Calcutta Town Hall
A) Chandrasekhar Azad B) Bhagat Singh Calcutta
C) Rajguru D) Ashwini Kumar Dutta C) Kanai Dhar Lane, Calcutta D) Bengal National College,
82. Chittaranjan Das was the political guru of which of the Calcutta
following personalities? [SSC CGL 2022] 95. The Young Bengal Movement was started by _______ who
A) Subhash Chandra Bose B) Mahatama Gandhi had come to Calcutta in 1826 and was appointed in the Hindu
C) Jawaharlal Nehru D) Bhagat Singh College as a teacher of English literature and History.
83. Dadabhai Naoroji offered a scathing criticism of the A) Keshab Chandra Sen B) Pandit Ishwar Chandra
Vidyasagar
economic impact of British rule throught his book entitled
'____________'. [SSC CGL 2022] C) Swamy Dayanand D) Henry Lui Vivian Derozio
Saraswati

30
96. The historic place 'Chauri Chaura' is situated in which 110. Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded by ________ in 1932 for
state? the purpose of eradicating the evil called untouchability.
A) Himachal Pradesh B) Uttar Pradesh A) Narendra Dev B) Jawaharlal Nehru
C) Andhra Pradesh D) Kerala C) Aruna Asif Ali D) Mahatma Gandhi
97. Who was the Viceroy of India when Morely-Minto Reforms 111. Quit India movement was started in _______.
were introduced? [SSC MTS 2022] [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Lord Linlithgow B) Lord Attlee A) 1936 B) 1944
C) Lord Minto D) Lord Wavell C) 1938 D) 1942
98. Who among the following persuaded Mahatma Gandhi to 112. In the ________, Sarojini Naidu persuaded Mahatma
allow women to join the Salt Satyagraha movement? Gandhi to allow women to join the movement. [SSC CGL 2022]
[SSC MTS 2022] A) Quit India Movement B) Champaran Satyagraha
A) Kamaladevi B) Annie Besant C) Salt Satyagraha D) Non-Cooperation
Chattopadhyay Movement
C) Ashalata Sen D) Ambabai
113. When was the Champaran Agrarian Act passed?
99. Who among the following was the first Indian to be [SSC CHSL 2023]
selected to the British ‘House of Commons’ on a Liberal Party A) 1920 B) 1922
ticket? [SSC MTS 2022] C) 1917 D) 1924
A) Chandra Shekhar Azad B) Dadabhai Naoroji
114. Before the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Bengal was the
C) Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar D) Bhagat Singh
biggest province of British India. It consisted of parts of which
100. In which year did Mahatma Gandhi lead the Champaran of the following states? [SSC CHSL 2023]
movement against the indigo planters? [SSC MTS 2022] A) Uttar Pradesh and Orissa B) Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
A) 1915 B) 1918 C) Bihar and Orissa D) Bihar and Chhattisgarh
C) 1917 D) 1916
115. Who among the following was a British reformer, a
101. Who among the following founded the Mohammedan campaigner for women's rights and a supporter of Indian
Anglo-Oriental college? [SSC MTS 2022] nationalism?
A) Sri Aurobindo B) Mohammad Ali Jinnah A) Annie Besant B) Josephine Butler
C) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan D) Sir Syed Ahmad Khan C) Florence Nightingale D) William Wilberforce
102. Who was the accused in the murder of Saunders in 1928? 116. In which of the following years was the Satyagraha
[SSC MTS 2022] Ashram founded by Mahatma Gandhi?
A) Bhagat Singh B) Aurobindo Ghosh [SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) Madan Lal Dhingra D) Basant Kumar A) 1941 B) 1926
C) 1915 D) 1932
103. In which year did Mahatma Gandhi arrive in India from
South Africa? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) 1911 B) 1909
C) 1913 D) 1915 NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1919 - 1939)
104. Who founded Shantiniketan near Bolpur on 22 December
1901? [SSC MTS 2022] 117. Which act was passed by the British Government of India
A) Dr Rajendra Prasad B) Rabindranath Tagore to introduce provincial autonomy? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Indian Council Act of 1892 B) Government of India Act of
C) Durgabai Deshmukh D) Gopal Krishna Gokhale
1935
105. Which freedom fighter is also known as the ‘Grand Old C) Charter Act of 1853 D) Indian Independence Act of
Man of India’? [SSC MTS 2022] 1947
A) Chakravarti B) Dr. Zakir Hussain
118. When was the Bardoli Movement launched?
Rajagopalachari
[SSC CHSL 2023 ]
C) Dadabhai Naoroji D) Mahatma Gandhi
A) 1931 B) 1932
106. Sayyid Ahmed Khan founded Mohammedan Anglo- C) 1928 D) 1925
Oriental College in _________ in 1875. [SSC MTS 2022]
119. When did depressed classes get the reserved seats in
A) Aligarh B) Calcutta
provincial and central legislative councils, but they were to be
C) Delhi D) Lahore
voted in by General electorate? [SSC CHSL 2023]
107. In which year did Mahatma Gandhi lead a successful mill A) September 1930 B) November 1932
workers strike in Ahmedabad? [SSC MTS 2022] C) September 1932 D) November 1930
A) 1917 B) 1918
120. On learning about the Jallianwala Bagh massacre,
C) 1916 D) 1919
______ expressed the pain and anger of the country by
108. Who among the following was primarily associated with renouncing his knighthood. [SSC CHSL 2023]
the establishment of Home Rule League of Madras? A) Dadabhai Naoroji B) Badruddin Tyabji
A) Sarojini Naidu B) Madam Bhikaji Cama C) Rabindranath Tagore D) Surendranath Banerji
C) Matangini Hazra D) Annie Besant
121. General Dyer took command during the martial law in
109. An 'All-Bengal Civil Disobedience Council' was formed in which year? [SSC GD Constable 2023]
Bengal by ________. A) 1945 B) 1819
A) J. M. Sengupta B) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel C) 1919 D) 1929
C) Jawaharlal Nehru D) Mahatma Gandhi

31
122. Who among the following was the founder of the ‘Khudai A) Hunger strike to settle B) Individual princes could
Khidmatgars’ non-violent movement? disputes between the mill sign a separate agreement
[SSC GD Constable 2023] owners and the workers with the British
A) Syed Ahmad Khan B) Abul Kalam Azad C) Hunter Commission was D) Popularisation of Charkha
C) Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan D) Mohammad Ali Jinnah appointed by the British and Khadi and Jail Bharo by
Government Congress volunteers
123. After the ______, Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-
134. In which year did Bhagat Singh and BK Dutt throw a
Cooperation Movement. [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Jallianwala Bagh massacre B) Chauri Chaura incidence bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) 1928 B) 1929
C) Bengal partition D) Round Table conferences
C) 1930 D) 1931
124. Which of the following revolutionary groups' members
135. Who among the following was a leader of the Khilafat
assassinated Assistant Superintendent of Police John
Saunders in 1927? [SSC CGL 2022] Movement? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Hindustan Sewa Dal B) Hindustan Republican A) Bhagat Singh B) Kasturba Gandhi
Association C) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad D) Jyotiba Phule
C) Abhinav Bharat Secret D) Anushilan Samiti 136. Which of the following was a revolutionary organisation
Society formed outside India in 1913? [SSC MTS 2022]
125. The Revolutionary Socialist Party was established in ____. A) Bharatiya Janata Party B) Simon Commission
[SSC CGL 2022] C) Ghadar Party D) Indian National Congress
A) 1936 B) 1925
137. Which of the following statements is correct regarding
C) 1940 D) 1929
Simon commission?
126. In which of the following cities in the United States of I. In 1927, the British government in England decided to send a
America, Yugantar Ashram, the headquarter of the Gadar commission headed by Lord Simon to decide India’s Political
Party, a liberation movement of India, was established? future.
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ] II. The commission had no Indian representative.
A) Los Angeles B) Boston [SSC MTS 2022]
C) San Francisco D) Chicago A) Only I B) Only II
127. Who among the following was popularly known as C) Both I and II D) Neither I nor II
Masterda, who led the Chittagong Armory raid in April 1930 in 138. Which Act passed by British Government of India
British India? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] abolished the Council of India? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Surya Sen B) Ganesh Ghosh A) Indian Independence Act of B) India Council Act of 1892
C) Anant Singh D) Lokenath Baul 1947
128. With which of the following institutions is the name of C) Government of India Act of D) Charter Act of 1853
1935
Madan Mohan Malaviya associated? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Banaras Hindu University B) Muhammadan Anglo- 139. Which of the following is NOT a reason for slowing down
Oriental College of the Non-cooperation Movement? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Fort William College D) Hindu College A) Due to the absence of B) Leaders of the movement
alternative Indian institution, shifted their focus towards
129. Revolutionary hero Ashfaqulla Khan was sentenced to
boycott of British institutions domestic work thus created a
death for _________. [SSC CPO 2022] posed a problem. void.
A) the murder of Saunders B) burning of the Chauri
C) Many lawyers resigned but D) Khadi cloth was often more
Chaura police station
then absence of income for a expensive than mass-
C) the Kakori Train Robbery D) the Alipore Conspiracy longer period of time produced mill cloth and poor
Case compelled them to rejoin. people could not afford to buy
130. In 1938, Congress President Subhash Chandra Bose set up it.
a National Planning Committee. Who was its Chairman? 140. In which of the following years did the peasant
A) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad B) Lal Bahadur Shastri movement in Bardoli take place? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel D) Jawaharlal Nehru A) 1939 B) 1912
131. Which incident prompted Mahatma Gandhi to end his C) 1928 D) 1943
non-cooperation agitation in February 1922?
A) Rowlatt Act endorsement B) Chauri-Chaura incident
C) Jallianwala Bagh D) Khilafat Movement FREEDOM TO PARTITION (1939-1947)
massacre
132. Gandhiji founded Harijan Sevak Sangh in _______ to 141. Who among the following freedom fighters of India
eradicate untouchability and uplift the depressed classes. revived the Indian National Army ‘Azad Hind Fauj’ (which was
A) 1924 B) 1932 formed in 1942 by Rash Behari Bose and Captain-General
C) 1929 D) 1936 Mohan Singh) in the year 1943? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Mahatma Gandhi B) Jawaharlal Nehru
133. Which of the following events occurred as an after-effect
C) Bhagat Singh D) Subhas Chandra Bose
of the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (13th April 1919)?
[SSC MTS 2022] 142. The Congress Working Committee adopted the Quit India
Resolution at _______ in July 1942.
A) Madras B) Wardha
C) Patna D) Lucknow

32
143. In which of the following years did the Muslim League 155. Who among the following was the Viceroy of India during
pass a resolution demanding a measure of autonomy for the the formation of the Indian National Congress?
Muslim majority areas? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) 1944 B) 1940 A) Lord Lytton B) Lord Ripon
C) 1935 D) 1937 C) Lord Dufferin D) Lord Mayo
144. On February 20, 1947, who announced that the power 156. Who among the following repealed the Vernacular Press
would be transferred to the Indians by June 1948? Act of 1878? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Jawaharlal Nehru B) Lord Wavell A) Lord Ripon B) Lord Northbrook
C) Lord Mountbatten D) Clement Attlee C) Lord Lytton D) Lord Dufferin
145. In which of the following years did Mahatma Gandhi visit 157. In 1856, Governor-General ______ decided that Bahadur
Noakhali and other riot-torn areas to stop communal Shah Zafar would be the last Mughal king and after his death
violence? [SSC Selection Post 2022] none of his descendants would be recognised as kings - they
A) 1935 B) 1919 would just be called princes. [SSC CPO 2022]
C) 1927 D) 1946 A) Canning B) Cornwallis
C) Hastings D) Munro
146. In which of the following years was the Battle of Imphal
won? [SSC Selection Post 2022] 158. The vernacular Press Act proposed by _______ was
A) 1944 B) 1934 intended to prevent the vernacular press from expressing
C) 1956 D) 1912 criticism of British policies.
A) Lord Irwin B) Lord Chelmsford
147. The ____________ is an Act of the Parliament of the
C) Lord Mountbatten D) Lord Lytton
United Kingdom that partitioned British India into two new
independent dominions of India and Pakistan in 1947. 159. Who among the following Governor Generals introduced
[SSC MTS 2022] the Doctrine of Lapse?
A) Industrial Disputes Act B) Government of India Act A) Lord Auckland B) Lord Bentinck
C) Indian Independence Act D) Rowlatt Act C) Lord Dalhousie D) Lord Hardinge
160. Lord Dalhousie, was Governor General of India during
which period?
GOVERNOR GENERAL & VICEROYS A) 1813 to 1830 B) 1723 to 1734
C) 1848 to 1856 D) 1757 to 1810
148. In 1809, Lord ______ signed the Amritsar Treaty with 161. The Indian Education Commission of 1882 was appointed
Maharaja Ranjit Singh. [SSC CHSL 2023] by꞉ [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) James Andrew Ramsay - B) Charles T. Metcalfe A) Lord Lytton B) Lord Ripon
Dalhousie C) Lord Dufferin D) Lord Mayo
C) Michael John Hastings D) William Bentinck
162. Who was the Viceroy of India at the time of the Kakori
149. _________ was the first governor-general of Bengal. Train Robbery? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
[SSC CHSL 2023] A) Lord Chelmsford B) Lord Irwin
A) Warren Hastings B) William Bentinck C) Lord Reading D) Lord Hardinge II
C) Charles Metcalfe D) John Shore
163. Who was the Viceroy of India at the times of the Dandi
150. Who among the following devised a policy that came to March initiated by Gandhiji? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
be known as the Doctrine of Lapse? [SSC CHSL 2023] A) Lord Willingdon B) Lord Reading
A) Lord Dalhousie B) Lord Hastings C) Lord Irwin D) Lord Linlithgow
C) Lord Cornwallis D) Lord Minto
164. The annexation of Awadh by Lord Dalhousie took place in
151. Under ______ (Governor General from 1813 to 1823) a new the year꞉ [SSC Selection Post 2022]
policy of “paramountcy” was initiated. Now the Company A) 1890 B) 1874
claimed that its authority was paramount or supreme, hence C) 1850 D) 1856
its power was greater than that of Indian states.
[SSC CHSL 2023] 165. Who was the Governor of India at the time of the first
A) Lord Amherst B) Lord Cornwallis Anglo-Maratha war? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) Lord Hastings D) Lord Auckland A) Lord Wellesley B) Lord Minto I
C) Warren Hastings D) Lord Cornwallis
152. Warren Hastings became the first Governor General of
India in which year? [SSC CGL 2022] 166. Who was the Viceroy of British India when the Rowlatt
A) 1767 B) 1757 Act was passed?
C) 1773 D) 1783 A) Lord Canning B) Lord Reading
C) Lord Chelmsford D) Lord Curzon
153. The arms Act which disallowed Indians from having arms
was passed in ______. [SSC CGL 2022] 167. In 1851, who among the following described the kingdom
A) 1878 B) 1925 of Awadh as 'a cherry that will drop into our mouth one day'?
C) 1920 D) 1855 A) Warren Hastings B) Robert Clive
C) William Bentick D) Lord Dalhousie
154. Who among the following Governor Generals enacted the
law against the Sati practice in December 1829?
[SSC CPO 2022]
A) Lord Canning B) Lord William Bentinck
OTHER DIMENSIONS
C) Lord Dalhousie D) Lord Warren Hastings
33
168. Shyamji Krishna Varma established India House at 182. Which British archaeologist recognised in the 1940s that
_______ in 1905. [SSC CGL 2022] it was necessary to follow the stratigraphy of the mound
A) New York B) Bombay rather than mechanically excavate it along a uniform
C) Paris D) London horizontal line? [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) REM Wheeler B) Alexander Cunningham
169. Who among the following freedom fighters of India was
C) John Marshall D) E Hultzsch
assassinated? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Jawaharlal Nehru B) Mahatma Gandhi 183. In _______, Ambedkar started a temple entry movement,
C) Nana Sahib D) Bal Gangadhar Tilak in which his Mahar caste followers participated.
[SSC MTS 2023]
170. In the beginning of the 19th century cotton mills in India A) 1923 B) 1927
were mostly located in which of the following states? C) 1925 D) 1921
[SSC CGL 2022]
A) Assam B) Punjab 184. During the Bengal Famine of 1943 which of the following
C) Maharashtra D) Haryana categories of people did NOT figure among those who were
most affected? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
171. Which act allows the government to confiscate the assets A) Fishermen B) Retailers
of newspaper in case of publishing anything “objectionable”? C) Agricultural labourers D) Transport workers
[SSC CGL 2022]
A) Ilbert Act, 1883 B) Vernacular Press Act, 1878 185. Starting from which of the following years did Raja Ram
C) Media Act, 1883 D) Newspaper Act, 1855 Mohan Roy publish the Sambad Kaumudi?
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
172. Who among the following is credited with popularising A) 1821 B) 1845
the catchphrase ‘Inquilab Zindabad’? [SSC CPO 2022] C) 1817 D) 1834
A) Ram Prasad Bismil B) Bhagat Singh
186. Qutub Minar is an example of _____ architecture.
C) Chandrashekhar Azad D) Sukhdev
[SSC CHSL 2023]
173. Who wrote the book titled 'Gift to Monotheism'? A) Indo-Islamic B) Dravidian
[SSC CGL 2022] C) Sufi D) Mauryan
A) Swami Vivekanand B) Dayanand Saraswati
187. Bidar Fort is situated in which state of India?
C) Kehsavchand Sen D) Rajaram Mohan Rai
[SSC MTS 2022]
174. ‘Do or die’ slogan is given by which of the following A) Gujarat B) Rajasthan
freedom fighter? [SSC CGL 2022] C) Meghalaya D) Karnataka
A) Bal Gangadhar Tilak B) Sardar vallabh bhai patel
188. To propagate caste equality, ___________ founded the
C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Motilal Nehru
Satyashodhak Samaj. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
175. The ______ of Warli revolted against colonial policies in A) Jyotiba Phule B) Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar
Maharashtra in 1940. [SSC Stenographer 2022 ] C) Bal Gangadhar Tilak D) Mahatma Gandhi
A) artisans B) traders
189. The Ramakrishna Mission stressed the ideal of
C) tribes D) soldiers
__________ through social service and selfless action.
176. Who wrote the book ‘Gulamgiri’? [SSC MTS 2022] [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar B) Narayana Guru A) bhakti B) education
C) Jyotirao Phule D) Ghasidas C) salvation D) God
177. Which of the following books was written by Indian author 190. In which of the following languages did Jyotiba Phule
RK Narayan? [SSC MTS 2022] write 'Gulamgiri' in 1873? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) The White Tiger B) Think Like a Monk A) English B) Marathi
C) The Shadow Lines D) Malgudi Days C) Hindi D) Gujarati
178. Who among the following led of the famous Indigo Revolt 191. Which of the following Indian freedom fighters said that
in Bengal? [SSC MTS 2022] "Be the change you wish to see in the world"? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Mahatma Gandhi B) Bishnu Charan Biswas and A) Bipin Chandra Pal B) Mohammad Ali Jinnah
Digambar Biswas
C) Surendranath Banerjee D) Mahatma Gandhi
C) Vasudev Balwant Phadke D) Madari Pasi
192. The Hindu college was established in 1791 at _______.
179. In a drama, Naresh spoke, “Swaraj is my birth right and I
[SSC CGL 2022]
shall have it.’’ Who among the following Indian freedom A) Calcutta B) Dacca
fighters said this slogan? [SSC MTS 2022]
C) Surat D) Banaras
A) Ambika Charan Majumdar B) Lokmanya Bal Gangadhar
Tilak 193. In which of the following years was the Women’s Indian
C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Bhagat Singh Association established in Madras (Chennai)?
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
180. Ruler of which dynasty built the famous Iron pillar in
A) 1948 B) 1951
Delhi? [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) 1927 D) 1917
A) Gupta B) Pallava
C) Maurya D) Pushyabhuti 194. Who wrote the hymn 'Vande Mataram'? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Bhagat Singh B) Bal Gangadhar Tilak
181. The Young Bengal Movement was founded by ______.
C) Mahatma Gandhi D) Bankim Chandra
[SSC CHSL 2023]
Chatterjee
A) Henry Louis Vivian Derozio B) Dayanand Saraswati
C) Lala Hansraj D) Keshab Chandra Sen
34
195. Which of the following was the main demand of the 199. In which year did the Bhopal Gas Tragedy take place?
peasant movement of Kheda? [SSC GD Constable 2023] [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Free irrigation facility to be B) Plantation system to be A) 1986 B) 1982
provided dropped C) 1984 D) 1980
C) Revenue collection be D) Hybrid seeds to be
200. In 1960, the erstwhile state of Bombay was bifurcated to
relaxed provided
create the present-day states of Maharashtra and ______.
196. Garhwal was the birthplace of the _______. A) Chhattisgarh B) Karnataka
A) Chipko Movement B) Narmada Bachao Andolan C) Gujarat D) Goa
C) Jungle Bachao Andolan D) Bishnoi Movement
201. Which Indian state was the first to be carved out on the
197. From which district did the peasant revolt against basis of language in the year 1956?
moneylenders and grain traders in the Deccan started in 1875? A) Andhra Pradesh B) Punjab
[SSC Selection Post 2022] C) West Bengal D) Gujarat
A) Poona B) Nashik
202. Operation _________ was the code name for the police
C) Ratnagiri D) Ahmednagar
action against the Princely State of Hyderabad in September
1948 by the newly independent republic of India.
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
POST INDEPENDENCE EVENTS A) Vijay B) Smile
C) Polo D) Lotus
198. Many groups like the 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' oppose
203. Where did the Tebhaga Movement, an indigenous
building of big dams. What is the negative social impact of a
peasant agitation, take place between 1946 and 1947?
big dam that such groups oppose?
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) It causes flash floods in the B) It leads to conflicts
A) Manipur B) Maharashtra
downstream area. between people of different
States. C) Bengal D) Karnataka
C) People have to wait for D) It displaces people in the
many years (decades) to get upstream reservoir area.
benefits.

ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans D D C A A B A C D A B C B B
Q. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans C C C B D C A C D C A A C D
Q. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ans A B B D D C B A A D C B C A
Q. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans D C C B D B B D A A B C B D
Q. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans A D A B D D B A B B A B B B
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ans A C B D B B C D C A D A C A
Q. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Ans C A A A C B A B B B D B C A
Q. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Ans B C D A D B C A B D A D D C
Q. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
Ans C C A C B C C C C C B B C C
Q. 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140
Ans A A C D B B C B C C C C B C
Q. 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154
Ans D B B D D A C B A A C C A B
Q. 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168
Ans C A A D C C B C C D C C D D
Q. 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182
Ans B C B B D C C C D B B A A A
Q. 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196
Ans B B A A D A C B D D D D C A
Q. 197 198 199 200 201 202 203
Ans A D C C A C C

SOLUTIONS
35

RISE OF EAST INDIA COMPANY &
BRITISH ADMINISTRATION
1. Vasco da Gama discovered the sea route to India in 1498.
He set off from Lisbon in 1497 and made multiple stops in
Africa until reaching Calicut, India. Clive Lord was a British
governor in India, Henry the sailor contributed to creating the
modern world, and Captain Hudson discovered Canada and
parts of the northeastern US. Vasco da Gama.
2. Robert Clive came to Madras from England at 18 and
established Company rule in Bengal after winning the Battle
of Plassey. After the Battle of Buxar, the East India Company
appointed Residents in Indian states to represent and
advance their interests, leading to interference in internal
affairs. Both statements are correct.
3. English established the first British factory on the Hugli River
in 1651. East India Company was granted exclusive trading
rights in 1600. A beautification project on the river's east bank
began in 2011. The Ganga and Padma rivers are branches of
the Bhagirathi Hooghly River.
4. In 1600, the East India Company was given exclusive
trading rights by Queen Elizabeth I, but other European
powers also sought to trade with India. This led to competition
and conflicts with Indian rulers, making it challenging for
European traders to keep their businesses separate from
Indian politics.
5. The Subsidiary Alliance System was introduced by Lord
Wellesley in 1798 to establish British Empire in India. It
involved Indian kingdoms losing sovereignty and dissolving
armies, while accepting British forces in their territories. In
return, the British would protect the state against any attack
or revolt. Hyderabad was the first state to sign a subsidiary
alliance with the British.
6. In 1858, the British Parliament transferred control of India
from the East India Company to the British Crown, dissolving
the Company and establishing the title of Viceroy. The
Company was incorporated in 1600 for trade with the East
Indies and later expanded to East Asia, dealing in
commodities like opium, silk, cotton, indigo dye, and tea until
its disbandment in 1874.
7. The Calico Act of 1720 was passed by the British
government to ban the use of printed cotton textiles in
England due to the threat posed to the wool and silk
industries by cheap Indian textiles. This protectionist
legislation illustrates the early impact of global trade and the
measures taken by governments to protect domestic
industries.
8. The Battle of Buxar was fought in the year 1764 between the
English Forces and a joint army of the Nawab of Oudh,
Nawab of Bengal, and the Mughal Emperor. Mir Qasim;s
desire for independence and the shifting of his capital to
Munger Fort from Calcutta led to the war. The English
emerged victorious, and Mir Jafar handed over districts of
Midnapore, Burdwan, and Chittagong to the English.
9. The Battle of Buxar in 1764 resulted in the defeat of Mir
Qasim by the British East India Company. This gave the British
control over Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa. The war ended with the
Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. Mir Qasim died in poverty and
Shah Alam II surrendered to the British.
10. Wood's Despatch, sent by Charles Wood in 1854, is related
to education in India. It suggested that primary schools should
use vernacular languages, high schools should use anglo-
vernacular medium, and English should be the medium for
36
college-level education. This despatch is considered as the
'Magna-Carta' of English Education in India.
11. Warren Hastings ended the Dual System of Government in
Bengal, established by Robert Clive. He abolished the system
and reduced the Nawab's annual allowance. John Shore was
Governor-General during the Battle of Kharda, and William
Bentinck was the first Governor-General of India, known for
abolishing Sati.
12. The Supreme Court was established in Calcutta under the
Regulating Act of 1773, replacing Mayer's Court. It had one
Chief Justice and three other judges with life tenure and had
civil and criminal jurisdiction over British subjects. The first
judge was Sir Elijah Impey.
13. The Caste Disabilities Removal Act of 1850 in British India
granted equal rights to Hindus who converted to other
religions, making conversion to Christianity easier and
allowing converted Indians to inherit ancestral property. The
British aimed to reform Indian society by promoting English
education and abolishing practices like Sati,
14. Thomas Babington Macaulay came to India as a Legal
Member of the Council of India. He formulated his policy
proposal in his Minute on Indian Education, delivered in
Kolkata on 2nd February 1835. As per Lord Macaulay’s
“Minutes on Indian Education” ‘Literature’ meant English
literature and not Sanskrit or Arabic or Persian literature.
15. Robert Clive led the Battle of Plassey in 1757. It paved the
way for the British empire in India, but the wealth drained
from Bengal led to the Plassey Plunder. British East India
Company, led by Robert Clive, came up against the forces of
Siraj-ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal, and
his French allies.
16. The Battle of Buxar was led by Hector Munro on behalf of
the British East India Company. It was fought on 22nd October
1764 and was crucial for Britishers as it provided them full
control of Bengal and Bihar. The combined force of Mir Qasim
was defeated in this battle. The Treaty of Allahabad was
signed on 12 August 1765 between Robert Clive and Shah
Alam II.
17. The Vernacular Press Act was enacted in 1878 in British
India to restrict press freedom and prevent criticism of British
policies. The act aimed to control the vernacular press and
penalize seditious literature in publications in oriental
languages. Viceroy Lord Lytton, therefore, created the
Vernacular Press Act in 1878 to regulate seditious reports in
vernacular
18. Vasco Da Gama landed in Calicut in 1498. He discovered
the sea route from Portugal to India, which became essential
as the Ottomans occupied Constantinople and stopped the
trade through the land route. His fleet arrived in Kappadu
near Kozhikode on the Malabar Coast. The King of Calicut at
that time was Samudiri (Zamorin).
19. Arikamedu, located in Puducherry, was a coastal
settlement where ships unloaded goods from distant lands
between 2200 and 1900 years ago. It is also an archaeological
site famous for manufacturing bead ornaments and the glass
beach site, and a massive warehouse was found at the site.
Karaikal, Veerampattinam, and Yanam are other coastal
places with their own unique attractions.
20. Option 3 is correct as both Sawar and musket were used
by the East India Company army. The company was
established in 1600 for trade in the Indian Ocean and
expanded to East Asia.

SOCIO - RELIGIOUS REFORM
MOVEMENTS
21. Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded Arya Samaj, a Hindu
reform movement that rejected idol worship, caste
discrimination and false rituals. He called for a revival of Vedic
learning and a patriotic attitude to national problems. Vedant
Samaj is a philosophical organization based on Vedanta
teachings, while Adi Dharma Samaj is a religious and social
organization in Bali promoting inclusive Hinduism.
22. The Satyashodhak Samaj was founded by Jyotiba Phule in
1873 in the Bombay Presidency to promote education and
social justice for Dalits, Shudras, and women. It rejected the
caste system and Brahminical status. The movement
continued after Phule's death under Shahu Maharaj and other
Maratha leaders but dissolved in the 1930s as leaders joined
the Indian National Congress.
23. Maharshi Dhondo Keshav Karve championed the cause of
spreading women's education. He established various
organizations like Anath Balikashram and a women's school
at Hingane to provide education to girls and widows. He also
founded the Nishkam Karma Math to create activists who
would sacrifice their bodies, mind, and money for public
service.
24. Prarthana Samaj, founded in Bombay in 1867, aimed to
abolish caste restrictions, child marriage and encourage
women's education. It denounced idolatry and caste rigidities,
and sought to uplift women and depressed classes. It drew
inspiration from various religions and sought truth in all of
them. Veeresalingam Pantulu encouraged the Prarthana
Samaj in South India.
25. Savitribai Phule started the Mahila Seva Mandal in 1852 to
promote women's rights in India. She was a poet,
educationalist, and social reformer who established one of the
first modern Indian girls' schools in Pune. Ramabai Ranade
and Annie Besant were also advocates for women's rights but
did not start the Mahila Seva Mandal.
26. Arya Samaj, a Hindu socio-religious and reform
organization, was founded by Swami Dayanand Saraswati in
1875. It aimed at spreading Hinduism through the study of
Vedas and Upanishads and converting non-Hindus through
the Shuddhi movement. The organization also worked against
social evils like child marriage, untouchability, the caste
system, and gender inequality. The correct answer is 1875.
27. Mahadev Govind Ranade was primarily associated with
the Prarthana Samaj. Founded in 1867 by Atmaram
Pandurang, the Prarthana Samaj played a vital role in the
Maharashtra renaissance and focused on religious and social
reform in Maharashtra. The mouthpiece called ;Subodh-
Patrika; was run by the Prarthana Samaj, and Veeresalingam
Pantulu encouraged it in South India.
28. William Carey & his two associates established the
Serampore Mission, India;s 1st Christian missionary
organization, on 10 Jan 1800. He was a prominent figure in the
mission & also played a significant role in the formation of the
Baptist Missionary Society. The Serampore Mission was self-
supportive, with the cost of missionary activities being borne
by Carey & his associates.
29. Lala Lajpat Rai was associated with the Servants of the
People Society since 1921, which he established for the general
populace. He also founded hospitals and homes for
abandoned children. Satyashodhak Samaj, Sarbatatyadipika
Sabha, and Chinmaya Mission are other organizations that
were established for different purposes.
37
30. Swami Vivekananda revived Hinduism and spread his
interpretation of Advaita Vedanta in the West. He presented a
Universalist interpretation of Vedanta, emphasizing on the
equality of different means to attain moksha. He made
Vedanta a liberal and universal religion.
31. Atmiya Sabha, founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in Kolkata
in 1815, promoted free and collective thinking and social
reform through philosophical discussions. It challenged
orthodox religions but was not a formal organization. Atmiya
Sabha is considered the beginning of the modern age in
Kolkata and became defunct in 1823.
32. The Suddhi movement, led by Swamy Dayanand
Saraswati, aimed to bring back Hindus who had converted to
Islam or Christianity. It was a response to the perceived threat
of religious conversions and the expansion of Christianity.
Other influential religious leaders in India, such as
Ramakrishna Paramhamsa, Keshab Chandra Sen, and
Narendra Nath Dutta, were not associated with the
movement.
33. Jyotirao Govindrao Phule founded Satyashodhak Samaj,
opposing caste system and idolatry. He worked for women's
education and upliftment of depressed classes, starting the
first school for untouchables in Pune in 1852. He coined the
term 'Dalit' and wrote books highlighting the sufferings of
lower caste people. Option 4 is correct.
34. Veda Samaj established in Madras (Chennai) in 1864.
Therefore 1st statement is correct. The Veda Samaj was
inspired by the Brahmo Samaj. It worked to abolish caste
distinctions and promote widow remarriage and women’s
education. Therefore 2nd statement is correct.
35. Paramahansa Mandali was a secret socio-religious group,
established in 1849, in Bombay.The members of the
organization believed in One god. Thus statement (Its
founders did not believe in God) is incorrect.
36. Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded Arya Samaj in 1875
in Bombay. It is a monotheistic Hindu reform movement that
promotes values and practices based on the belief in the
infallible authority of the Vedas. He is known as the
"Grandfather of the Indian Nation" and his original name was
Mool Shankar. The famous freedom fighter Lala Lajpat Rai
was his disciple.
37. Swami Dayananda Saraswati founded Arya Samaj in 1875,
promoting Back to Vedas. Raja Ram Mohan Roy led the
Indian renaissance. Anand Mohan Bose co-founded the Indian
Association, and Mahadev Govind Ranade was a social
reformer and co-founder of the Indian National Congress.
38. Debendranath Tagore established the Tattwabodhini
Sabha in Calcutta in 1839 as a breakaway faction of the
Brahmo Samaj. The organization aimed to reform Hinduism
and Indian society based on the Upanishads. Tagore
disbanded the Sabha and reorganized it as the Brahmo
Samaj in 1859. He was the father of Rabindranath Tagore, a
renowned polymath.
39. Raja Ram Mohan Roy founded the Atmiya Sabha in 1815, a
precursor to socio-religious reforms in Bengal. The Sabha
conducted discussions on philosophical topics and promoted
free thinking. Roy is known as the "Father of Modern India"
and founded the Hindu College and published the first Indian
newspaper and Persian news magazine. He also launched the
Brahmo Sabha with Devendranath Tagore in 1828.
40. The Asiatic Society of Bengal was founded in 1784 by Sir
William Jones in Kolkata. It has an extensive collection of
books, manuscripts, prints, coins, and engravings, as well as
an art collection. Robert Clive was not involved in its
establishment, but he played a role in British supremacy in
India.
THE GREAT REVOLT OF 1857
41. Shah Mal, a Jat leader from Barut, mobilized villagers
against the British in the 1857 revolt. He attacked merchants,
set up an intelligence network, and rallied 84 villages. Despite
alliances and freed prisoners, he died in battle in July.
42. After the Revolt of 1857, the last Mughal ruler, Bahadur
Shah Zafar, was forced to leave India. He played a significant
role in the uprising, which was caused by religious, social,
political, and economic factors. The revolt is known by
different names and had various main centres, including Delhi,
Kanpur, and Lucknow.
43. During the 1857 uprising, rebel Shah Mal was killed in the
battle at Baraut, Uttar Pradesh. The town witnessed 158
deaths as British forces attacked and hanged rebels, including
farmers. Shah Mal was leading a force of farmers against the
British when he was killed. The rebellion began on May 10,
1857, in Meerut when sepoys mutinied against the British East
India Company's rule.
44. Ahmadullah Shah defeated Henry Lawrence in the Battle
of Chinhat on 30 June 1857 in Lucknow. Henry Lawrence died
as a result of the battle. Barkat Shah led one of the most
powerful armies with Ahmadullah Shah as his leader. The
Third Battle of Panipat took place in 1761, the Battle of Plassey
in 1757, and the Battle of Buxar in 1764.
PRE CONGRESS PHASE
45. The Bengal State Prisoners Regulation (Bengal Regulation
III) was passed in the year 1818. It allowed the British
administration to detain an individual indefinitely, on the basis
of suspicion of criminal intent, without trial.
46. The British annexed Awadh in 1856, which caused
resentment among Indians and led to the Indian revolt. In
1801, the British established rule over 72 Palayams in Tamil
Nadu, and in 1805, there was a soldier revolt known as the
Vellore sepoy insurgency. Option 2 (1856) is the correct answer.
47. The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846 between the
British Empire and Maharaja Duleep Singh, ending the First
Anglo-Punjab War. The treaty was signed when Singh was
only seven years old. In 1809, Maharaja Ranjit Singh signed
the Treaty of Amritsar, fixing the boundary between the British
and the Sikh Empire at River Sutlej.
48. The Battle of Buxar in 1764 led to British control of Bengal
and Bihar, while the Battle of Plassey in 1757 established
British rule in India by defeating Siraj-ud-Daulah and his
French allies. Mir Jafar became the Nawab of Bengal and the
French were ousted. The battles and their respective years are
correctly matched.
49. The GoI Act of 1858 transferred control of India from the
East India Company to the British Crown, with Lord Stanley
becoming the first Secretary of State for India. The Indian
Councils Act of 1861 changed the executive council into a
cabinet, while the Regulating Act of 1773 restructured the East
India Company's administration and the Charter Act of 1853
extended the company's charter.
50. The Hindu College was established in Banaras in 1791 to
promote the study of ancient Sanskrit texts. It was later
renamed Sampurnanand Sanskrit University and is now
located in Varanasi. Nalanda and Vikramshila universities
38
were founded in the 5th century CE. The Chancellor of the
college is Anandiben Patel and the Vice Chairman is Hare
Ram Tripathi.
51. Satyendranath Tagore was the first Indian to be recruited
in Indian Civil Service in British India. He was selected in June
1863, and he was the elder brother of Rabindranath Tagore.
The Indian Civil Service was established by the Indian Civil
Service Act of 1861.
52. Tipu Sultan was the ruler of Mysore and introduced new
administrative systems. He was a patron of science and
technology, and known for his victories against the British. He
negotiated important treaties and sent emissaries to rally
opposition to the British. He died defending his capital in 1799
during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
53. The Battle of Chinhat was fought on 30 June 1857 between
British forces and Indian rebels. The British suffered defeat in
this battle. The rebels were in well-prepared positions and
inflicted heavy casualties on the British. Lieutenant Colonel
William Case, the acting commanding officer, was killed.
which is 1857.
54. The first cotton textile mill in Ahmedabad was established
in 1861 by Rao Bahadur Ranchhodlal Chhotalal. It was a
spinning factory with 2,500 spindles and employed 63 workers.
The mill catered to the local handloom weavers; yarn
requirements. This marked the beginning of the textile
industry in Ahmedabad, which went on to become a major
center for the industry in India.
55. The Battle of Buxar was fought between the British East
India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined forces
of Mir Qasim, Mughal Emperor Shah Alam, and Shuja-ud-
daulah of Awadh. The British East India Company emerged
victorious, and the Treaty of Allahabad was signed between
Robert Clive and Shah Alam II. The defeat of Mir Qasim
marked the end of the rule of Nawabs in Bengal.
56. The Indian Association was established in Bengal in the
year 1876 by Surendranath Banerjee and Anand Mohan Bose.
It aimed to promote fraternity between Hindus and Muslims
and demanded political reforms. In 1885, it merged with the
Indian National Congress. The correct answer to the given
question is option 4, 1876.
57. The British rule in India began in 1757 after the Battle of
Plassey, won by Robert Clive. The Battle of Wandiwash (1760)
and the Battle of Buxar (1764) were also important for British
control. The Treaty of Paris (1763) restored French possessions,
while the Treaty of Allahabad (1765) forced Shah Alam II to
pay a fine.
INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS &
CONGRESS SESSIONS
58. The first session of Indian National Congress in 1885 was
attended by 72 delegates, including 39 lawyers. The Congress
was formed by A.O Hume and the first meeting was held in
Bombay. Womesh Chandra Bonnerjee was the first president.
59. The first session of Indian National Congress was held in
Bombay with Womesh Chandra Banerjee as the first
President. Important leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak attended. The INC was formed during Lord
Dufferin's tenure with Allan Octavian Hume as its founder.
Sessions were held in various cities, with the last in Nagpur in
1959.
60. The Indian National Congress was founded on December
28, 1885, at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College in Bombay by 72
delegates from all the presidencies and provinces of India.
The founder was Allan Octavian Hume and the first president
was Womesh Chandra Banerjee. The aim was to promote
national unity, form popular demands, and record educated
opinions on pressing problems.
61. The 11th National Seed Congress on "Seeds for Sustainable
Agriculture" was held in Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh from Feb
25-27, 2022. The event was inaugurated by the Union Minister
of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare and attended by over
2,000 delegates from all over India. The congress is held every
two years since 1986 and the first one was held in New Delhi.
62. Jawaharlal Nehru, as the President of the Lahore Congress
in 1929, formalized the demand for Purna Swaraj. Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi, and Subhas Chandra
Bose were prominent leaders in India's struggle for
independence. The Lahore Congress session marked a
significant milestone in India's freedom movement.
63. The Congress and Muslim League signed the Lucknow
Pact in the year 1916. This pact was an important step towards
Hindu-Muslim unity and it paved the way for the Khilafat
movement. The pact was signed by both parties to work
together towards the common goal of self-government for
India.
64. The Surat session of the Indian National Congress in 1907
resulted in a split between the Moderate and Extremist
groups, known as the "Surat split." The Congress was divided
until the Lucknow session in 1916 when the two groups
reunited. Dr. Rash Behari Ghose presided over the Surat
session, while Ambika Charan Mazumdar presided over the
Lucknow session.
65. The Congress split into two factions at the Surat Session of
1907. The moderate leaders gained control of the Congress
machinery and excluded the militant extremist elements. This
led to the formation of two separate groups of moderates and
extremists. The split weakened the Congress and delayed the
freedom struggle for some time.
66. Badruddin Tyabji addressed the Indian National Congress
as its President in 1887. He was the first Muslim president of
the Indian National Congress and one of its founding
members. Tyabji was an Indian lawyer, activist, and politician
who campaigned for women's freedom and worked to
undermine the zenana system.
67. Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian woman to become the
president of the Indian National Congress in 1925. She was
also the first woman governor of Uttar Pradesh and a
renowned poet. She eulogised India in her poems published in
three collections, The Golden Threshold (1905), The Bird of
Time (1912) and The Broken Wing (1917).
68. In 1929, Indian National Congress demanded complete
independence under the presidentship ofJawaharlal
Nehru.The Indian National Congress passed the ;Purna Swaraj;
resolution for total independence on December 19, 1929, and
declared January 26, 1930, as Independence Day.
69. George Yule became the President of INC in 1888 in the
fourth session held at Allahabad. He was the first non - Indian
to be the President of INC.
70. In 1931, the Karachi Session of the Indian National
Congress dwell on how Independent India's Constitution
should look. The Karachi Congress Session which was held
from March 26 to 31,1931 was chaired by Sardar Vallabhbhai
Patel.
71. Dr. Ambedkar presided over the first session of All India
Depressed Classes Congress in Nagpur in 1930. He supported
Dominion status, criticized British colonial misgovernment and
fought against societal discrimination against Dalits. He
39
popularized the term Dalit and founded the Depressed
Classes Institution in Bombay in 1924.
NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1885 - 1919)
72. The Patidar peasants in Kheda, Gujarat, organized non-
violent campaigns against the British primarily due to their
demand for high land revenue. This was one of the key issues
that led to the Kheda Satyagraha of 1918, a significant event
in the Indian independence movement, which was led by
figures like Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, Vallabhbhai
Patel, and others.
73. Gandhiji arrived in India from South Africa at the age of
46. He organized non-violent protests against racial
discrimination in South Africa and started various movements
in India, including Champaran Satyagraha, Kheda Satyagrah,
and Quit India Movement.
74. Mahatma Gandhi led a successful Satyagraha in Kheda
district, Gujarat in 1918 to support oppressed peasants. He was
a prominent figure in India's nationalist movement against
British rule and known for his nonviolent protest doctrine. He
died on Jan 30, 1948, celebrated as Martyrs' Day. Important
movements led by him include Champaran (1917), Kheda
(1918), and Quit India (1942).
75. The Morley-Minto Reform is also known as the Indian
Council Act of 1909. It introduced communal representation
for Muslims and the principle of election. The Government of
India Act of 1919 established diarchy in the provinces, while
the 1935 Act granted provincial autonomy and established the
Federal Court of India.
76. Subhash Chandra Bose founded the Independence for
India League, addressed Gandhi as "Father of the Nation",
and founded Kisan Sabha. He gave famous slogans like Dilli
Chalo and Jai Hind. Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel was given the
title of Sardar, Nehru was called Pandit Nehru, and Lala
Lajpat Rai was given the title of "Punjab Kesari".
77. Bengal was partitioned by the British in 1905, leading to
the Swadeshi movement against it. It was abolished in 1911 but
divided again in 1947, causing protests and highlighting
Hindu-Muslim unity. The day of partition is observed as
National Day of Mourning, and Raksha Bandhan is celebrated
as a symbol of Brotherhood.
78. Kadamba Mayurasharman gave up his traditional
profession as a Brahmana and successfully established a
kingdom in Karnataka. He took to arms and became a
Kshatriya through the ritual of hiranya-garbha. This shows his
bravery and determination to establish his own rule. The other
options are not related to the given context and are incorrect.
79. Ilbert Bill was introduced in 1883 during Lord Ripon's.
The main objective behind the introduction of this bill is to
allow Indian judges to try cases in session courts involving
Britishers. The introduction of the bill had roused anger and
resentment among people, especially English
women and British tea and indigo planters in Bengal.
80. Abhinav Bharat Society, a secret society of revolutionaries,
was established in Bombay Presidency in 1904 by Vinayak and
Ganesh Savarkar. It expanded to several regions of India and
London before being disbanded in 1952 after the Savarkar
brothers were found guilty of assassinating British officials.
Calcutta Presidency, United Provinces, and Punjab Province
were other British Indian provinces.
81. Ashwini Kumar Dutta founded Swadesh Bandhav Samiti in
1905 to promote swadeshi goods and established Co-
operative Hindusthan Bank in 1908. It was established in
the Barisal district (Present day Bangladesh). It published its
weekly paper called, 'Barisal Hitaishi.'
82. Chittaranjan Das was the political guru of Subhash
Chandra Bose. He was an Indian freedom fighter, political
activist, and lawyer during the Indian Independence
Movement. Das also founded and served as the leader of the
Swaraj Party in undivided Bengal.Chittaranjan Das, also
known as Deshbandhu
83. Dadabhai Naoroji's book "Poverty and Un-British Rule in
India" offered a scathing criticism of the economic impact of
British rule. He was a proponent of "Drain Theory" and the first
Indian to become a member of the British Parliament. Naoroji
founded the London Indian Society and East India Association
and was Congress president thrice.
84. Dadabhai Naoroji, a successful businessman, was the first
Asian to be a British MP. He founded the London India Society
and East India Association to promote Indian views. Naoroji
criticized the economic impact of British rule in India and
estimated India's national and per capita income. He was
known as the Indian Gladstone and Grand Old Man of India.
85. The Indian National Congress divided into Moderates and
Extremists in 1907 due to differing interpretations of
resolutions passed in the Calcutta session of 1906. The Muslim
League was formed in 1906, and a separate electorate was
introduced in 1909.
86. The Rowlatt act effectively authorized the colonial British
government to imprison any person suspected of terrorism
living in British India for up to two years. It gave the colonial
authorities the power to deal with all revolutionary activities.
87. The All India Muslim League was founded in Dhaka in
1906. The constitution of this league was made in 1907 in
Karachi Pakistan. Its first session was held in 1907 in Karachi
and was presided over by Aga Kha. It supported the partition
of Bengal to discourage Hindu and Muslim unity.
88. Lala Lajpat Rai, a Congress Extremist leader, was
deported to Burma in 1907. He founded the National School
and Swaraj Party. Tilak started the Deccan Education Society
and Home Rule movement with Besant. Ranade, a Moderate
Congress leader, founded Poona Sarvajanik Sabha and edited
Indu Prakash. Bipin Pal, an Extremist Congress leader, began
Paridarshak and New India newspapers.
89. Annie Besant founded the Home Rule League in Madras in
1916 with the objective of achieving self-government in India.
She was a social reformer, theosophist, and Indian
independence leader who also started two journals, The
Commonweal and New India, which promoted Home Rule and
revolutionized Indian journalism.
90. Lala Lajpat Rai was the first President of the All India
Trade Union Congress (AITUC), which is the oldest trade union
federation in India. AITUC was founded on 31 October 1920
and until 1945, it was the primary trade union organization in
India. The main purpose of labor unions is to improve the
economic lot of workers by securing better wages and working
conditions.
91. Madam Bhikaji Cama hoisted the Indian flag on foreign
soil in Germany in August 1907 during the International
Socialist Conference held at Stuttgart. She is known as the
mother of the Indian Revolution and also founded the Paris
Indian Society. Her design for the Indian flag was a tri-colour
representing the 8 provinces within India.
92. The All-India Khilafat Conference was held in Delhi in Nov
1919, organized by Ali brothers, Azad, Ajmal Khan & Hasrat
Mohani. Gandhi was the first president, and it aimed to
protest against the British government for removing the Sultan
40
of Turkey from power, who was considered the spiritual leader
by Muslims worldwide.
93. In 1906, Dadabhai Naoroji proposed 'swarajya' or self-
government within the British Empire, similar to Australia and
Canada. This resolution represented a middle ground between
moderates and extremists, calling for autonomy within the
empire. Lala Lajpat Rai and Bipin Chandra Pal were
prominent Indian politicians and freedom fighters.
94. The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi movement was
made at Calcutta Town Hall on August 7, 1905. It was initiated
as a protest movement against the partition of Bengal
announced by Lord Curzon.
95. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio introduced the Young Bengal
Movement. He was a teacher at the Hindu College and
influenced by the ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.
Derozio drew a group of intelligent students around him,
inspiring them to think freely and critically.
96. Chauri Chaura is a historic place in Uttar Pradesh, India.
The Chauri Chaura incident took place here on 4 February
1922 during the Non-Cooperation Movement, when a group of
protesters were fired upon by the police. In retaliation, the
demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing
all of its occupants.
97. Lord Minto was the Viceroy of India during the Morely-
Minto Reforms, which allowed limited Indian involvement in
governance. He appointed the first Indian member to the
Executive Council and oversaw the formation of the All India
Muslim League and the Swadeshi Movement.
98. Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay convinced Gandhi to let
women join the Salt Satyagraha. Annie Besant was a British
socialist and advocate for women's rights, while Ashalata Sen
was a prominent member of the Indian independence
struggle. Ambabai was a Karnataka native who fought for
independence and protested against foreign clothing and
booze stores in Udipi.
99. The first Indian to be selected to the British House of
Commons on a Liberal Party ticket was Dadabhai Naoroji.He
was elected as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the
constituency of Finsbury Central in the 1892 UK general
election.
100. Mahatma Gandhi led the Champaran Satyagraha in 1917
against the British colonial rulers who forced farmers to grow
indigo instead of food crops, paying them very little. This was
the first Satyagraha movement led by Gandhi in India and is
considered an important event in the Indian Independence
Movement.
101. Sir Syed Ahmad Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-
Oriental College (now known as Aligarh Muslim University) in
1875 as part of the Aligarh Movement. He believed in
promoting modern and scientific education for Muslims and
reinterpreting Quran in the light of modern rationalism and
science. He also founded the scientific society at Aligarh in
1864.
102. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev were sentenced to
death for killing a police officer. Aurobindo Ghose was a
nationalist philosopher and Madan Lal Dhingra was an Indian
revolutionary who assassinated a British official. Basant
Kumar Biswas, Amir Chand, and Avadh Behari were executed
in the Delhi Conspiracy Case.
103. Mahatma Gandhi arrived in India from South Africa in
1915. He had travelled the lengths of the country to
understand the people better and also became a part of local
Satyagrahas. Gandhi returned at the request of Gopal Krishna
Gokhale, who helped him raise funds when he was in South
Africa.
104. Rabindranath Tagore founded Shantiniketan near Bolpur
on 22 December 1901. He was a renowned poet, writer, and
philosopher who wrote Gitanjali and founded Vishwa Bharati
University. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1913 for his
work. He also composed the national anthems of India and
Bangladesh. In 1919, he renounced the knighthood granted by
the British crown after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre.
105. Dadabhai Naoroji, the Grand Old Man of India, was a
Parsi intellectual and political leader who became the
president of the Indian National Congress three times. Gopal
Krishna Gokhale was a social reformer and educationist, while
Zakir Hussain was the 3rd president of India.
106. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founded the Mohammedan Anglo-
Oriental College in Aligarh in 1875. He was an Islamic reformer
and educationist in 19th century British India, known for the
Aligarh Movement. He established the Aligarh Muslim
University and Scientific Society to translate scientific works
into Urdu.
107. Gandhi led a successful mill workers strike in Ahmedabad
in 1918, demanding a 50% wage hike. He went on a hunger
strike and the Satyagraha movement was successful, resulting
in a 35% wage increase. This was his third Satyagraha
movement, and he died in 1948. His autobiography is "My
Experiments with Truth."
108. Annie Besant established the Home Rule League of
Madras and launched the All India Home Rule League with
Bal Gangadhar Tilak in 1916. Sarojini Naidu was the first Indian
woman president of the Indian National Congress, Madam
Bhikaji Cama hoisted the Indian flag in Germany, and
Matangini Hazra was an Indian revolutionary in the
independence movement.
109. J.M. Sengupta was an Indian revolutionary who formed
the All-Bengal Civil Disobedience Council, linking elite and
spontaneous politics into an organized anti-imperialist
movement. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru, and
Mahatma Gandhi were not directly involved in its formation.
The correct answer is option 1.
110. Harijan Sevak Sangh was founded by Mahatma Gandhi in
1932 to eradicate untouchability. Earlier known as
Untouchability Prevention Sangh, it was renamed Harijan
Sevak Sangh in 1933.
111. The correct answer is 1942. Quit India MovementAlso
known as the India August Movement or August Kranti. It was
officially launched by the Indian National Congress (INC) led
by Mahatma Gandhi on 9 August 1942. The movement gave
the slogans ‘Quit India’ or ‘Bharat Chodo’.Gandhi ji gave the
slogan to the people – ‘Do or die’.
112. Sarojini Naidu convinced Mahatma Gandhi to allow
women to join the Salt Satyagraha movement. Mahatma
Gandhi led the civil disobedience movement called the Salt
March, sometimes referred to as the Salt Satyagraha, the
Dandi March and the Dandi Satyagraha.
113. The Champaran Agrarian Act was passed in 1917. This Act
was a result of the Champaran Satyagraha led by Mahatma
Gandhi to address the issues faced by indigo farmers who
were being forced to grow indigo by the British colonial
landlords and were subjected to unfair treatment and
exploitation.
114. Before the Partition of Bengal in 1905, Bengal was the
biggest province of British India, which included Bihar and
Orissa. The partition was made for administrative
convenience, but it angered people all over India, leading to
the Swadeshi movement.
115. Annie Besant was a British reformer who campaigned for
women's rights and supported Indian nationalism. She was
41
connected to the Home Rule Movement in India and launched
the All India Home Rule League in 1916 with Bal Gangadhar
Tilak.
116. Mahatma Gandhi founded the Satyagraha Ashram in the
year 1915 at Kocharab near Ahmedabad. Later in 1917, the
ashram was shifted to Sabarmati. The ashram was relocated
because Gandhiji wanted to carry out agricultural activities.
NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1919 - 1939)
117. Government of India Act of 1935 introduced provincial
autonomy by providing for a new system of government for
the provinces. It abolished Dyarchy in the provinces and
established provincial autonomy, while also adopting Dyarchy
at the center.
118. The Bardoli Movement, a tax-free movement in India, was
launched in the year 1928. It was a significant event of the
Civil Disobedience movement and played a crucial role in
India's war for independence. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel
headed the movement and successfully led the farmers of
Bardoli taluka to refuse to pay their taxes
119. Depressed classes were given reserved seats in legislative
councils in 1932, allocated through the Poona Pact. 147 seats
were designated for electoral college to elect candidates, with
joint electorate and reserved seats in the Central Assembly.
The system lasted for a decade without discrimination in
government service or local bodies.
120. Tagore renounced his knighthood to protest against the
Jallianwala Bagh massacre. He was the first non-European to
win Nobel Prize in Literature. Naoroji, Tyabji, and Banerji were
notable Indian leaders during British Raj.
121. General Dyer enforced Martial Law Act in 1919, prohibiting
opposition to the reigning powers. He opened fire on a
gathering in Jallianwala Bagh. Indian Constitution has limited
mention of martial law. Use of language promoting
discrimination or violence is illegal. Preventive detention is
practiced to incarcerate accused individuals before trial.
122. The founder of the non-violent movement called 'Khudai
Khidmatgars' was Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan. He was a
political and spiritual leader who worked towards the
independence of India and the betterment of the lives of the
people. The movement was based on the principles of non-
violence and social service.
123. After the Chauri Chaura incident, Mahatma Gandhi
called off the Non-Cooperation Movement. Chauri Chaura
was a town in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India, where on
February 5, 1922, a group of protesters participating in the
Non-Cooperation Movement clashed with police, resulting in
the death of three policemen.
124. The correct answer is Hindustan Republican Association.
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association was formed by
Chandrasekhar Azad, Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar and
Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee. They assassinated Assistant
Superintendent of Police John Saunders in 1927.
125. The Revolutionary Socialist Party is a communist party in
India that was established in 1940 by Tridib Chaudhuri. Its
roots can be traced back to the Bengali liberation movement
Anushilan Samiti and the Hindustan Socialist Republican
Army.
126. The headquarters of the Gadar Party, a liberation
movement of India, was established at Yugantar Ashram in
San Francisco. The original name of the Ghadar Party was
Pacific Coast Hindustan Association. The founding chairman
of the Ghadar Party was Sohan Singh Bhakna and Lala
Hardayal was the co-founder of this party.
127. Masterda Surya Sen led the Chittagong Armoury Raid in
1930, capturing the armouries but failing to find the
ammunition. He was a revolutionary freedom fighter hanged
in 1934. The raid dislocated the railway link of Chittagong and
resulted in the death of over 80 troops and 12 revolutionaries
in the Battle of Jalalabad Hills.
128. Madan Mohan Malaviya founded Banaras Hindu
University in 1916 and served as its Vice-Chancellor from 1919-
1938. The university recently celebrated its centenary with a
seminar on higher education. Other notable colleges include
Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Fort William College,
and Hindu College (now Presidency University, Kolkata).
129. Ashfaqulla Khan was hanged for his involvement in the
Kakori Train Robbery, organized by the Hindustan Republic
Association to loot the British Government's money. HRA was
founded in 1924 by Bismil, Chatarjee, and Sanyal. Chauri
Chaura and Alipore Conspiracy Case are separate incidents.
130. Jawaharlal Nehru headed the National Planning
Committee formed by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1938 to
establish an economic strategy for ensuring a good standard
of living. The committee stressed on national independence
and learning from other nations' planned development.
Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Lal Bahadur Shastri, and Sardar
Vallabhbhai Patel were notable political figures of the time.
131. The Non-Cooperation Movement led by Gandhiji was
called off after the Chauri Chaura incident in Uttar Pradesh,
where a violent protest resulted in the burning of a police
station and the death of 22 policemen on February 5, 1922.
132. Gandhiji founded the All India Harijan Sevak Sangh in
1932 to fight untouchability. It launched a weekly newspaper,
helped underprivileged classes access public facilities, and
built schools and hostels across the country. The Sangh was
formed after Gandhiji's fast at Yervada Jail, which led to the
Poona Pact.
133. The correct answer is Hunter Commission was appointed
by the British Government. The Hunter Commission was
appointed to examine the Jallianwala Bagh massacre that
occurred on 13th April 1919.
134. On 8 April 1929, Bhagat Singh and B. K. Dutt threw a
bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly.They were members
of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association.It was
against the Public Safety Bill and the Trade Dispute Bill.
135. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad was a leader of the Khilafat
Movement. The movement was launched to preserve the
authority of the Ottoman Sultan as Caliph of Islam after the
breakup of the Ottoman Empire. Muslims were worried about
the future of Islamic places of worship after the partition of
the Turkish Empire.
136. The Ghadar Party, established in 1913 by migrant Indians
in San Francisco, aimed to end British rule in India. It was
dissolved in 1948. BJP was founded in 1980, Simon
Commission was appointed in 1927, and Indian National
Congress was established in 1885.
137. The correct answer is Both I and II. The Simon
Commission was sent by the British government in 1927 to
decide India's political future, but it had no Indian
representative, which was met with criticism in India. A
resolution was passed at the 1927 Madras Congress session
advocating the boycott of the Simon Commission at every
stage and in every form.
138. The British Government of India abolished the Council of
India through the Government of India Act of 1935, which also
introduced provincial autonomy and the All India Federation.
42
The Indian Council Act of 1892 increased the size of legislative
councils, while the Charter Act of 1853 established the Central
Legislative Council and introduced the Civil Service
Examination.
139. The correct answer is Leaders of the movement shifted
their focus towards domestic work thus created a void. The
Non-Cooperation Movement was launched by INC under
Gandhi's leadership to eradicate untouchability and adopt
Swadeshi habits. It was abruptly called off following the
Chauri Chaura incident where a police station was set on fire
by a mob.
140. The Bardoli Satyagraha was a movement launched by
Sardar Vallabhai Patel for the farmers of Bardoli against
illegal tax increases during the independence war in 1928.
FREEDOM TO PARTITION (1939-1947)
141. Subhas Chandra Bose revived the Indian National Army in
1943 and formed the first independent provisional government
named Azad Hind Government. Mahatma Gandhi led the
national freedom struggle, while Jawaharlal Nehru was the
first Prime Minister of free India. Bhagat Singh was involved in
the Lahore conspiracy case and was hanged on March 23,
1931.
142. The Quit India Resolution was adopted by the Congress
Working Committee at Wardha in July 1942, authorizing
Gandhi to lead the non-violent mass movement. The
movement aimed to end British rule and was launched by
Gandhi with his famous "Do or Die" call at the August Kranti
Maidan in Mumbai. The movement's slogan "Quit India" was
coined by Yusuf Meherally, who also coined "Simon Go Back".
143. In 1940, the Muslim League passed a resolution
demanding autonomy for Muslim majority areas of India.
These areas were to be "independent states" with full
sovereignty.
144. Clement Attlee announced on Feb 20, 1947 that power
would be transferred to Indians by June 1948. Lord
Mountbatten was appointed Viceroy in place of Lord Wavell.
He announced the Mountbatten Plan on June 3, 1947, dividing
India into two independent countries. Nehru became the first
Prime Minister of independent India.
145. In 1946, Mahatma Gandhi visited Noakhali and other riot-
torn areas to stop communal violence. The riots in Noakhali
took place in the backdrop of unrest due to the demand for
partition by the Muslim league. This happened in Noakhali, a
place in then Bengal(now in Bangladesh) in the year 1946.
146. The battle of Imphal was won in 1944. It was a major
confrontation between the Indian National Army and the
British. The Japanese 15th Army was formed specifically to
attack Burma (Myanmar).
147. The Indian Independence Act of 1947 partitioned British
India into India and Pakistan. The Act abolished the title of
"Emperor of India" and established Lord Mountbatten and
Jawaharlal Nehru as India's first Prime Minister. The Act of
1919 introduced self-governing institutions in India, while the
Act of 1935 granted provincial autonomy and recommended a
federal form of government.
GOVERNOR GENERAL & VICEROYS
148. Lord Charles T. Metcalfe signed the Amritsar Treaty with
Maharaja Ranjit Singh in 1809. The treaty marked the
beginning of Dogra rule in Kashmir and was significant in the
First Anglo-Sikh War.
149. Warren Hastings was the first Governor-General of
Bengal from 1774 to 1785. He started as a clerk in the East
India Company and became the British resident at
Murshidabad in 1758. During his tenure, the first Anglo-
Maratha and second Anglo-Mysore wars were fought.
150. Lord Dalhousie was the Governor-General of India from
1848 to 1856 who introduced the Doctrine of Lapse. The policy
stated that if an Indian ruler died without a natural heir, the
territory would be annexed by the British East India Company.
151. Under Lord Hastings, the British East India Company
initiated the policy of "paramountcy" which asserted its
dominance over Indian princely states. Lord Amherst oversaw
the First Anglo-Burmese War, Lord Cornwallis introduced the
Permanent Settlement of Bengal, and Lord Auckland pursued
an expansionist policy in Afghanistan.
152. Warren Hastings was elected as the first Governor-
General of India in 1773. He was a British colonial
administrator who held various positions including the
Governor of the Presidency of Fort William and the head of
the Supreme Council of Bengal.
153. Lord Lytton was the Viceroy of India from 1876 to 1880
and approved the 1878 Arms Act and the Vernacular Press
Act. The Arms Act controlled the production and sale of
firearms in India and required government permits for
possession. It was created in response to rising Indian
nationalism.
154. Lord William Bentinck enacted the law against the Sati
practice in December 1829. He served as Governor-General
from 1828 to 1835 and during his tenure, he abolished Sati and
other cruel rites, suppressed thugs, introduced English as the
official language, and passed the Charter Act of 1833.
155. Lord Dufferin was the Viceroy of India during the
formation of the Indian National Congress in 1885. He
remained in this position from 1884 to 1888. The first session of
INC was conducted in Bombay, chaired by W.C. Bannerjee,
with 72 delegates attending from all over India.
156. Lord Ripon repealed the Vernacular Press Act and passed
the First Factory Act. He established Local Boards with non-
Official members, increased age requirement for civil services,
and appointed an education commissioner. Lord Northbrook
enacted the Indian Christian Marriage Act, while Lord Lytton
passed the Vernacular Press Act and Lord Dufferin witnessed
the formation of the INC.
157. In 1856, Governor-General Canning declared the end of
the Mughal dynasty and renamed the descendants as princes.
The family was relocated, and the king's name was removed
from coinage. Lord Cornwallis supported the Cornwallis Code
and Permanent Settlement, while Lord Hastings was the first
governor-general of Bengal. Sir Thomas Munro was governor
of the Madras Presidency.
158. Lord Lytton proposed the Vernacular Press Act in 1878 to
prevent the vernacular press from criticizing British policies.
He also passed the Arms Act 1878 which prohibited Indians
from carrying weapons without licenses, excluding
Englishmen.
159. Lord Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of Lapse during
his tenure as Governor-General in 1848. Under this policy, a
protected state would not pass to an adopted heir when the
ruler died without a natural heir. Dalhousie used this policy to
annex Avadh and other kingdoms. Lord Auckland, Lord
Bentinck, and Lord Hardinge were not responsible for
introducing this policy.
43
160. Lord Dalhousie served as the Governor-General of India
from 1848-1856. He annexed the Nawab of Awadh, Wajid Ali
Shah, in 1856 and merged several territories under the
Doctrine of Lapse. He also initiated the first railway
construction in India and created a separate Public Works
Department during his tenure. Lord Dalhousie's period
witnessed the last expansion of British Indian territory.
161. Lord Rippon appointed the Indian Education Commission
of 1882 under the Chairmanship of Sir William Hunter to
address complaints about the Woods Dispatch of 1854 not
being properly followed and Christian missionaries,
complaints about the Indian education administration.
162. The correct answer is Lord Reading. The Kakori Train
Robbery occurred in 1925 near Lucknow, India. Members of
the Hindustan Republican Association looted the train,
leading to arrests and death sentences for four members. Lord
Reading was the Viceroy of India at the time and oversaw
major incidents, including the Chauri-Chaura incident and the
formation of the Swaraj Party.
163. Lord Irwin was the Viceroy of India at the time of the
Dandi March initiated by Gandhiji. The march was a historic
event in India's freedom struggle as it attracted enormous
publicity both in India and overseas. It was followed by
wholesale illegal manufacture and sale of salt, accompanied
by the boycott of foreign clothes and liquor.
164. Lord Dalhousie annexed Awadh in 1856 on the account of
maladministration. In his tenure from 1848 to 1856, he annexed
eight states. He directed Sleeman, the Resident in Awadh to
take a tour of the state and submit a report describing the
anarchical condition. Dalhousie introduced the Doctrine of
lapse, the first railway line, and started the Public Works
Department.
165. Warren Hastings was the Governor of India during the
first Anglo-Maratha war, fought between the East India
Company and the Maratha Empire from 1775-1782. The war
resulted in the Treaty of Salbai, with the Marathas emerging
victorious.
166. The Rowlatt Act was passed in February 1919 under the
Viceroy of British India, Lord Chelmsford. It allowed the
government to imprison suspects without trial, which caused
resentment among the Indian public. Gandhi organized a
protest movement, leading to the Massacre of Amritsar. The
act was never implemented, but opposition remained strong.
167. Lord Dalhousie, in 1851, described Awadh as "a cherry that
will drop into our mouth one day." This statement referred to
the British East India Company's intention to annex Awadh.
The region was strategically located and had the potential to
become Upper India's primary market.
OTHER DIMENSIONS
168. Shyamji Krishna Varma established India House in
London in 1905. India House was a student residence in North
London. Varma was an Indian patriot, lawyer, and journalist
who founded the Indian Home Rule Society, India House, and
The Indian Sociologist in London. The Indian Sociologist was
an Indian nationalist journal. Varma inaugurated The Indian
Home Rule Society on 18 February 1905.
169. The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi, who was
assassinated by Nathuram Godse on 30th Jan 1948. He led
the national freedom struggle against British rule and is
known as the father of the nation. Nehru, Nana Sahib, and Bal
Gangadhar Tilak were prominent leaders but were not
assassinated.
170. Cotton mills in 19th century India were mainly in
Maharashtra, with a monopoly on cotton textiles for 3,000
years. The first mill was in Bombay, and the industry expanded
in the 1870s. The British Spinning and Weaving Company was
the first mill. The industry grew due to world wars, Swadeshi
Movement, and fiscal protection. Jute industries were in
Bengal, cotton mills in Maharashtra and Gujarat.
171. The Vernacular Press Act allowed the British government
in India to confiscate newspaper assets for objectionable
content. The Ilbert Act aimed for parity between British and
Indian judges but was withdrawn due to white opposition. The
Media Act encouraged nationalism and open debates, while
the Newspaper Act amended laws governing printed
periodicals.
172. Bhagat Singh is credited with popularizing the
catchphrase "Inquilab Zindabad" which means "Long live
revolution". The slogan was first given by Moulana Hasrat
Mohani, but Bhagat Singh popularized it after he and B. K.
Dutt threw a bomb on the central legislative assembly in Delhi
in 1929.
173. Rajaram Mohan Rai wrote the book titled "Gift to
Monotheism" in 1809. He was an eminent social reformer in
India who advocated for monotheism and provided evidence
for it in the old Hindu texts. He is considered the founder of
modern India and the father of the Indian Renaissance. He
was given the title "Raja" by Akbar II.
174. Mahatma Gandhi is associated with the maxim "do or
die." During the Gandhiji-led Quit India Campaign, this
catchphrase was created. On August 9, 1942, the Indian
National Congress (INC), under the direction of Mahatma
Gandhi, formally introduced the catchphrase.
175. The correct answer is tribes. The Warli tribe revolted
against colonial policies in Maharashtra in 1940 due to
exploitation from landlords and money-lenders. They refused
to work on landlords; fields until they received 12 annas a day
in wages.
176. Jyotirao Phule wrote "Gulamgiri" and fought against
Upper Caste dominance, while also founding Satya Shodhak
Samaj. His wife, Savitri Bai Phule, started the first girls' school
in Pune. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Narayana Guru, and
Ghasidas were other notable authors who wrote on social
issues.
177. Renowned Indian author RK Narayan is known for his
works based on the fictional town of Malgudi. He is
considered one of the foremost writers of early Indian
literature in English. He has been awarded the Padma
Bhushan, Filmfare Award for Best Story and Padma Vibhushan
for his contribution to literature.
178. Bishnu Charan Biswas and Digambar Biswas led the
famous Indigo Revolt in Bengal.The Indigo Revolt was a
peasant movement and subsequent uprising of indigo farmers
against indigo planters that erupted in 1859 in the Chaugacha
village of Nadia, Bengal.
179. The famous quote "Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have
it" was given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, also known as
Lokmanya Tilak.
180. The famous Iron pillar in Delhi was built by the Gupta
dynasty, as mentioned in the inscription on the pillar. The
pillar is a remarkable example of the skill of Indian craftsmen,
made of iron, 7.2 m high, and weighing over 3 tonnes.
181. Henry Louis Vivian Derozio is the founder of the Young
Bengal movement. He was an Indian poet of Portuguese
origin and assistant headmaster of Hindu College, Kolkata. He
was a radical thinker of his time and one of the first Indian
44
educators to disseminate Western learning and science
among the young men of Bengal.
182. Sir Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler emphasized the
importance of following stratigraphy during archaeological
excavations in the 1940s. Alexander Cunningham is known as
the Father of Indian Archaeology, and John Hubert Marshall
discovered key city sites of the Indus Civilization. Wheeler's
contribution earned him recognition for preventing the loss of
valuable information due to mixed-up artifacts.
183. Dr. Ambedkar initiated a temple entry movement in 1927
to allow lower caste people to enter temples. He fought for the
rights of Dalits and other backward classes and is known as
the father of the Indian constitution.
184. The Bengal Famine of 1943 resulted in the deaths of 2-3
million people due to malnutrition and disease. It was caused
by economic factors that hindered food distribution and
worsened by wartime policies. Retailers were not among the
most affected, unlike fishermen, agricultural laborers, and
transport workers.
185. Raja Ram Mohan Roy published a Bengali weekly
newspaper, Sambad Kaumudi, in 1821 from Kolkata. It was a
reformist magazine that supported the abolition of sati. Roy
was a multi-faceted social, religious, and educational reformer
who opposed practices such as sati, child marriage and social
divisions, as well as supported education.
186. Qutub Minar is an example of Indo-Islamic architecture
and is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Delhi. It is the tallest
minaret in the world built of bricks with a height of 72.5
meters. The Nagara or North Indian temple style and
Dravidian Style of Architecture are two distinct styles in India.
The Vesara Style is a hybrid temple architecture, combining
features of both Nagara and Dravidian styles.
187. Bidar Fort is situated in the state of Karnataka, India. It
was constructed by Sultan Ahmad Shah I of the Bahmanid
Dynasty in 1427 after he relocated his capital from Gulbarga
to Bidar. The fort has about 30 monuments and was witness
to the rise and fall of various dynasties in the Deccan region.
In 2014, UNESCO added the complex to its tentative list of
potential World Heritage Sites.
188. To propagate caste equality, Jyotiba Phule founded the
Satyashodhak Samaj. It was founded in Pune, Maharashtra on
24 September 1873. They advocated for the empowerment of
Dalits in Maharashtra, through education and greater political
and social access.
189. Ramakrishna Mission, founded by Swami Vivekananda,
emphasizes the ideal of salvation through selfless action and
social service. The mission is based on the principles of karma
yoga, where work is done selflessly with dedication to God.
The mission's motto is "For one's own salvation and for the
welfare of the world."
190. Jyotiba Phule wrote 'Gulamgiri' in Marathi language in
1873, which criticizes the caste system. He was a social
reformer, writer, and anti-caste crusader who founded the
Satyashodhak Samaj. He also established the first girls-only
school in Pune in 1848 with his wife, Savitribai Phule.
191. Mahatma Gandhi said, "Be the change you wish to see in
the world." He was a prominent Indian freedom fighter who
led the national freedom struggle against British rule. Gandhiji
launched several movements like the Non-Cooperation
Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement and Quit India
Movement to force the British to give India its independence.
192. Hindu College, established in 1791 in Banaras by Sri
Jonathan Duncan and Governor General Lord Cornwallis to
promote Sanskrit studies, is now Presidency University located
in Calcutta. It was renamed Sampurnanand Sanskrit
University in 1958 by Dr Sampurnanand and Education
Minister Pt. Kamlapati Tripathi in Varanasi. Anandiben Patel is
the Chancellor and Hare Ram Tripathi is the Vice Chancellor.
193. The Women's Indian Association (WIA) was established in
Madras (Chennai) in 1917 by Annie Besant, Margaret Cousins,
Jeena Raja Dasa, and others. The aim was to improve the
political and socio-economic conditions of women in India.
The WIA later became a powerful force in the fight against
social issues such as child marriage, illiteracy, and the
Devadasi system.
194. 'Vande Mataram' is India's national song, written by
Bankim Chandra Chatterjee in 1882. It was taken from his
novel 'Anand Math', which depicts the Sanyasi revolt. The title
means "I praise the Mother". It was first sung at the 1896
Congress session in Calcutta under the Presidentship of
Rahimtullah M. Sayani. The original song has 6 stanzas.
195. The main demand of the peasant movement of Kheda,
also known as the Bardoli Satyagraha, was to relax revenue
collection. The movement was a response to the oppressive
taxation policies imposed by the British colonial government
on the peasants of Kheda, who were already suffering from
crop failures and economic hardships.
196. The Chipko Movement, led by rural villagers in Garhwal,
aimed to protect trees and forests from government logging.
The Jungle Bachao Andolan and Narmada Bachao Andolan
also aimed to protect forests and rivers, while the Bishnoi
Movement started in Rajasthan 260 years ago.
197. The peasant revolt against moneylenders and grain
traders in the Deccan started in 1875 in the district of Poona.
The uprising began at Supa village and spread to over 30
villages for two months.
POST INDEPENDENCE EVENTS
45
198. Big dams have a negative social impact as they displace
people in the upstream reservoir area, leading to violations of
human rights and evictions of vulnerable populations. The
Narmada Bachao Andolan is a social movement fighting
against such projects through legal actions, protests, and
hunger strikes. The Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat displaced
around 2.5 lakh residents from 245 villages.
199. The correct answer is 1984. The Bhopal Gas Tragedy
occurred on December 3, 1984, due to the leakage of Methyl
Isocyanate from the pesticide plant of Union Carbide in
Bhopal. It is estimated that around 40 tonnes of gas and other
chemicals leaked from the factory.
200. In 1960, Bombay State was divided into Gujarat and
Maharashtra. Gujarat has a majority Gujarati-speaking
population, while Maharashtra has a majority Marathi-
speaking population.
201. Andhra Pradesh was the first Indian state to be carved
out on the basis of language in 1956. This decision was
announced by Jawahar Lal Nehru in 1952, and in 1953, the
state of Andhra was formed for Telugu-speaking people.
202. Operation Polo was the code name for the police action
against the Princely State of Hyderabad in September 1948 by
the newly independent republic of India. It was a five-day-
long military action that Indian Union took against
Hyderabad.
203. The Tebhaga movement took place
in Bengal around 1946-1947. It was a struggle for
sharecroppers to retain two-thirds of the produce for
themselves and pay only one-third as rent to the landholders.
Earlier, the landlords used to collect half the share of the
produce from the tenants.
CHAPTER꞉ 4

WORLD GEOGRAPHY
A) Edwin Hubble B) Carl Edward Sagan
C) Charles Messier D) Tycho Brahe
SOLAR SYSTEM
14. All changes in the weather of the earth are caused by the
_____. [SSC CPO 2022]
1. Which among the following is not a type of solar eclipse? A) altitude B) tides
[SSC CHSL 2023] C) sun D) moon
A) Annular B) Partial
C) Penumbral D) Total 15. Which of the following is a part of celestial objects?
I. Stars
2. Which among the following is another word for universe?
II. Planets
[SSC CHSL 2023]
III. Moon
A) Big Crunch B) Astronomy
[SSC CPO 2022]
C) Cosmos D) Supernova A) Only I and III B) Only I and II
3. Identify the only natural satellite of Earth. C) I, II and III D) Only II and III
[SSC GD Constable 2023]
A) Callisto B) Lo
C) Titan D) Moon GEOMORPHOLOGY
4. With reference to space science, which of the following
planets do NOT have even one moon? 16. What is the approximate percentage, by weight, of oxygen
A) Jupiter and Saturn B) Venus and Mercury in the earth's crust?
C) Neptune and Mars D) Uranus and Neptune A) 46.6% B) 19.6%
5. What is the radius of the earth? [SSC CHSL 2023] C) 16.6% D) 36.6%
A) 7456 km B) 6371 km 17. With reference to abundant elements in Earth's Crust,
C) 5619 km D) 4728 km which among the following is the most abundant metal in
6. Which of the following is the largest moon of Saturn? the earth's crust?
A) Barium B) Aluminium
[SSC MTS 2022]
A) Europa B) Atlas C) Titanium D) Manganese
C) Titan D) Carme 18. Which of the following is NOT an example of rocks?
7. Nita is telling her friend about the smallest planet of our A) Granite B) Asphalt
solar system. Which of the following planets is she talking C) Schist D) Basalt
about? [SSC MTS 2022] 19. Who among the following is considered as the father of
A) Earth B) Mars Plate Tectonics?
C) Mercury D) Venus A) Alfred Wegener B) James Rennell
8. Which of the following planets is considered as Earth’s twin C) Antoine Lavoisier D) Antonie Philips Van
planet? [SSC CHSL 2023] Leeuwenhoek
A) Neptune B) Uranus 20. 'Natural Levees' are꞉
C) Venus D) Mars A) erosional landforms of river B) depositional landforms of
wind
9. The distance of the Sun from the Earth is about _________
C) erosional landforms of wind D) depositional landforms of
light minutes. [SSC CHSL 2023]
river
A) 6 B) 4.3
C) 12 D) 8 21. What was the name of the giant single landmass which
had split to form the present continents of world?
10. Which of the following is NOT an inner planet of our solar
A) Panthalassa B) Pangaea
system? [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Gondwana D) Tethys
A) Mars B) Venus
C) Mercury D) Jupiter 22. Asthenosphere is a part of ______________.
A) Earth's Core B) Earth's Mantle
11. Which of the following constellation is also called the
C) Earth's Crust + Mantle D) Earth's Crust
hunter? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Cassiopeia B) Orion 23. The core of the Great Himalayas is composed of ______.
C) Ursa Major D) Leo Major [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Slate B) Granite
12. In approximately how much time does Mars complete one
C) Sandstone D) Limestone
spin on its axis? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) 1 day B) 1 day 18 hours 24. The breaking up of the rocks on the earth’s surface is
C) 18 hours D) 16 hours called ______. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) conurbation B) weathering
13. Who among the following discovered the concept of
C) desertification D) flacking
expanding universe? [SSC CPO 2022]
25. The core of the earth is mainly made up of ________.

46
 [SSC MTS 2022] A) A tectonic plate is a B) The theory of plate
A) nickel and silica B) silica and magnesium massive, regularly-shaped tectonics proposes that the
C) nickel and iron D) silica and alumina slab of solid rock. earth’s lithosphere is divided
into seven major and some
26. Namita talks about an example of metamorphic rock. minor plates.
Which of the following can it be? [SSC MTS 2022] C) Plates move vertically over D) A tectonic plate is
A) Halite B) Marble the asthenosphere as rigid composed of only continental
C) Limestone D) Shale units. lithosphere.
27. Sam talks about an example of an igneous rock. Which of 38. Which of the following is NOT one of the major tectonic
the following can it be? [SSC MTS 2022] plates of the earth? [SSC CPO 2022]
A) Sandstone B) Basalt A) Nazca plate B) Pacific plate
C) Limestone D) Marble C) Africa with the eastern D) India-Australia-New
Atlantic floor plate Zealand plate
28. The crust is the Earth's outermost layer that is less than
percent of Earth by mass, with oceanic crust and 39. New seafloor is created at a꞉ [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
continental crust often consisting of more felsic rocks. A) deep sea trench B) mid ocean ridge
[SSC CGL 2022] C) transform fault D) subduction zone
A) 5 B) 1
40. Which of the following earthquake waves are longitudinal
C) 2 D) 10 waves? [SSC CHSL 2023]
29. The theory of plate tectonics proposes that the earth’s A) L waves B) P waves
lithosphere is divided into ______ major and some minor C) N waves D) S Waves
plates. [SSC CGL 2022]
41. At places the groundwater is stored between layers of hard
A) 7 B) 6
rock below the water table. This is known as _____.
C) 12 D) 16 [SSC CHSL 2023]
30. is found in association with rocks composed of A) a well B) an aquifer
calcium carbonates. [SSC CGL 2022] C) a lake D) a pond
A) Limestone B) Gold
42. What type of the rock is Granite? [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Iron D) Diamond A) Extrusive igneous rocks B) Sedimentary rocks
31. What is an aquifer? C) Metamorphic rocks D) Intrusive igneous rocks
A) Pockets of freshwater B) Sheets of frozen water
43. The upper portion of the mantle is called .
trapped in sandy beds in a found in rocky caves at high
desert altitudes [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Lithosphere B) Stratosphere
C) Water that flows through D) Water stored underground
natural channels in an estuary between layers of hard rock C) Mesosphere D) Asthenosphere

32. What type of plate boundaries occur along spreading

centres where plates are breaking apart and pushing upward
from the mantle by magma to form a new crust?
CLIMATOLOGY
[SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
A) Uniform boundaries B) Transform boundaries 44. Which of the following statements is NOT correct
C) Convergent boundaries D) Divergent boundaries regarding the stratosphere? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) It lies above the B) It extends up to a height of
33. Which of the following earthquake waves are surface
mesosphere 50 km.
waves? [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) It contains a layer of ozone D) This layer is almost free
A) P waves B) L waves
gas. from clouds.
C) S waves D) M waves
45. Which of the following is NOT a permanent wind?
34. When the grains of sand are very fine and light, the wind [SSC CHSL 2023]
can carry it over very long distances. When such sand is A) Westerlies B) Loo
deposited in large areas, it is called _______. [SSC CHSL 2023]
C) Easterlies D) Trade winds
A) stacks B) loess
C) moraines D) mushroom 46. Loo is a characteristic feature of which season?
[SSC GD Constable 2023]
35. Which of the following rocks may also contain fossils of A) Summer B) Winter
plants, animals and other microorganisms that once lived on
C) Spring D) Autumn
them? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Sedimentary rocks B) Extrusive igneous rocks 47. In India, during October-November, with the apparent
C) Metamorphic rocks D) Intrusive igneous rocks movement of the sun towards the south, the ______ over the
northern plains becomes weaker. [SSC GD Constable 2023]
36. In the movement of the tectonic plates when one plate A) Upper level trough B) Monsoon trough
plunges beneath another it is called ______.
C) Lee trough D) Inverted trough
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) spreading B) subduction 48. How much percentage of nitrogen is present in the
C) collision D) convection atmosphere? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) 78% B) 89%
37. Which of the following statement is correct according to
C) 67% D) 71%
plate tectonics? [SSC CPO 2022]
49. The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is
____________.

47
A) 0.3% B) 0.03% A) willy - willy B) hurricane
C) 71% D) 21% C) typhoon D) mango shower
50. _______ is the climate at the centre of large landmasses, 64. Which of the following climate type is found under the
typified by a large annual range in temperature, with cold climates? [SSC CGL 2022]
precipitation most likely in the summer. A) Humid subtropical B) Highland
A) Temperature Climate B) Extreme Climate C) Humid continental D) Tundra
C) Maritime Climate D) Continental climate
65. Which layer of atmosphere helps in radio transmission?
51. At which of these places is the thickness of the [SSC CGL 2022]
troposphere the greatest? A) Exosphere B) Thermosphere
A) South Pole B) Equator C) Mesosphere D) Stratosphere
C) Above Mountains D) North Pole
66. How thick is the lithosphere? [SSC CGL 2022]
52. In which layer of the atmosphere is ozone most A) 25 to 45 kilometres B) 10 to 25 kilometres
concentrated? C) 10 to 200 kilometres D) 5 to 10 kilometres
A) Troposphere B) Mesosphere
67. Which of the following is the highest layer of atmosphere?
C) Thermosphere D) Stratosphere
A) Mesosphere B) Stratosphere
53. The geostrophic flow conditions occur when the pressure C) Exosphere D) Thermosphere
gradient force is balanced by __________.
68. Which of the following codes signify the Cold Climate with
A) Geostatic force B) Gravitational force
Dry Winters according to Koeppen? [SSC CPO 2022]
C) Hydrostatic force D) Coriolis force
A) EF B) Df
54. In coastal areas, during the night, wind blows from land to C) ET D) Dw
sea because꞉ [SSC MTS 2022]
69. 1 September marks the beginning of the meteorological
A) low pressure is created on B) land cools slower than
land water _______ in the Southern Hemisphere.
[SSC Selection Post 2022]
C) water cools slower than D) high pressure is created at
land sea A) summer B) autumn
C) spring D) winter
55. Ocean acidification is the ongoing decrease in the pH of
the Earth’s oceans, caused by the uptake of ________ from the 70. Which of the following regions have long, cold winters with
atmosphere. [SSC MTS 2022] high winds and average temperatures below freezing for six to
A) methane B) carbon dioxide ten months of the year? [SSC CPO 2022]
C) nitrogen D) argon A) Mediterranean region B) Southern Australia region
C) Tundra region D) Tropical region
56. Which winds are also known by the name of ‘Roaring
Forties’? [SSC MTS 2022] 71. Which air mass is warm?
A) Polar easterlies B) Westerly winds A) Continental Tropical B) Continental Polar
C) Polar winds D) Trade winds C) Maritime Polar D) Continental Arctic

57. The minimum temperature of the day occurs generally 72. Low annual range of temperature and high annual rainfall
______. [SSC MTS 2022] are characteristics of a _______. [SSC CGL 2022]
A) in the evening B) at night A) Mediterranean climate B) temperate climate
C) in the afternoon D) in the early morning C) tropical humid climate D) cold climate

58. In which layer of atmosphere does the meteorites burn up

on entering from the space? [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Stratosphere B) Thermosphere
OCEANOGRAPHY
C) Mesosphere D) Exosphere
73. El-Nino develops in which of these oceans? [SSC CGL 2022]
59. The percentage of nitrogen in air is about ______ by
A) Arctic Ocean B) Indian Ocean
volume. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) 76% B) 78% C) Atlantic Ocean D) Pacific Ocean
C) 82% D) 74% 74. Where is the famous Bermuda triangle located?
A) Black Sea B) Atlantic Ocean
60. How much percentage of oxygen is present in the
atmosphere? [SSC CGL 2022] C) Caspian Sea D) South China sea
A) 39% B) 79% 75. The Mediterranean Sea is connected with the _________
C) 10% D) 21% through the Suez Canal.
A) Pacific Ocean B) Black Sea
61. Polar easterlies are which kind of winds? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Seasonal winds B) Permanent winds C) Red Sea D) Atlantic Ocean
C) Sea storm D) Local winds 76. Kuroshio current flows in which of the following oceans?
A) Southern Ocean B) Pacific Ocean
62. What is the average height of troposphere?
[SSC CHSL 2023] C) Atlantic Ocean D) Indian Ocean
A) 20 km B) 13 km 77. The lowest known point on earth is called ________, which
C) 24 km D) 8 km is present in the Pacific Ocean. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Factorial Deep B) Challenger Deep
63. A cyclone is known by different names in different parts of
the world. In Philippines it is called as _______. [SSC CGL 2022] C) Great Blue Hole D) Great Barrier Reef

48
78. El Nino is a name given to the periodic development of a
warm ocean current along the coast of _______. BIOGEOGRAPHY
[SSC CHSL 2023]
A) Columbia B) Peru
92. ______ is the largest tropical rainforest in the world.
C) Chile D) Bolivia
[SSC MTS 2022]
79. The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is A) Sahara B) Amazon
called a ______. [SSC MTS 2022] C) Cango D) Prairies
A) fall B) tide
93. The climatic conditions of thorn forests and scrubs are the
C) wave D) current
most ideal for which of the following plant species?
80. Mona writes about an ocean that separates North [SSC MTS 2022]
America from Europe. Which ocean is it? [SSC MTS 2022] A) Rosewood B) Teak
A) Atlantic Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Juniper D) Euphorbia
C) Indian Ocean D) Pacific Ocean
94. In India, Silver fir, junipers, pines and birches are the
81. The percentage of earth's water found in the oceans is common trees of which of the following forests?
______. [SSC CGL 2022] [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) 94 percent B) 97.2 percent A) Tropical Deciduous Forests B) Mangrove Forests
C) 90.2 percent D) 92.2 percent C) Tropical Evergreen Forests D) Montane Forests
82. From the point of view of commerce, the busiest ocean of 95. The Amazon Rainforest which is well known as the lungs of
the world is ________. [SSC CGL 2022] the earth is located in ______.
A) Pacific ocean B) Indian ocean A) North America B) Africa
C) Arctic ocean D) Atlantic ocean C) Asia D) South America
83. Which waterway connects the Atlantic Ocean with the 96. Mahogany tree is found in which of the following types of
Pacific Ocean? [SSC GD Constable 2023] vegetation? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Suez Canal B) Kiel Canal A) Mangrove forests B) Tropical evergreen forests
C) Volga-Don Canal D) Panama Canal C) Tropical thorn forests D) Montane forests
84. Which of the following straits is located between the Java 97. Dry deciduous forests are found in areas having rainfall
Sea and the Indian Ocean? [SSC CHSL 2023] between approximately _________. [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Palk B) Malacca A) 150 cm and 120 cm B) 100 cm and 70 cm
C) Sunda D) Cook C) 200 cm and 150 cm D) 80 cm and 50 cm
85. What percentage of earth’s water is fresh? [SSC CPO 2022] 98. Which of the following is a temperate grassland in Russia?
A) 4.8 percent B) 5.2 percent [SSC MTS 2022]
C) 3.9 percent D) 2.7 percent A) Amazon B) Prairies
C) Congo D) Steppes
86. Which of the following African nations does NOT have a
coastline along the Indian Ocean? [SSC Selection Post 2022] 99. Productivity of an ecosystem is composed of which of the
A) Ethiopia B) Somalia following? [SSC CGL 2022]
C) Kenya D) Tanzania A) Gross productivity and B) Primary and secondary
primary productivity productivity
87. Of the given options, which is the saltiest sea in the world?
C) Net productivity and D) Net prime productivity and
A) Baltic Sea B) Red Sea consumption gross prime productivity
C) Celebes Sea D) Black Sea
100. Which of the following is a tree found in Mountain
88. El Nino, the event during which warm ocean current flows vegetation? [SSC CGL 2022]
along the Peruvian coast happens in which ocean? A) Sundari B) Keekar
A) Atlantic Ocean B) Arctic Ocean C) Chir D) Teak
C) Indian Ocean D) Pacific Ocean
101. The type of forests located in mid latitudinal coastal
89. The Dead Sea, a highly saline water body is located in region is . [SSC CGL 2022]
which of the following continents? A) Tropical rainforest B) Mediterranean vegetation
A) North America B) Europe C) Monsoon forest D) Temperate evergreen forest
C) Asia D) Africa
102. Which of these methods is used for conservation of land
90. Which of the following contains the largest amount of resource? [SSC CGL 2022]
fresh water on earth? [SSC MTS 2022] A) Deforestation B) Poaching
A) Ice caps B) Inland seas C) Land reclamation D) Indiscriminate use of
C) Atmosphere D) Groundwater chemical pesticides
91. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the Pacific 103. Plant and animal communities living together in similar
Ocean? [SSC CHSL 2023] climatic conditions are called______. [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Asia, Australia, North and B) The Pacific Ocean is A) biome B) biosphere
South Americas surround it perfectly oval in shape. C) environment D) habitat
C) The Pacific Ocean is the D) Mariana Trench, the
largest ocean. deepest part of the earth, lies 104. _______ is the process by which water- soluble salts
in the Pacific Ocean. accumulate in the soil. [SSC Selection Post 2022]
A) Salinization B) Convection
C) Ablation D) Denudation

49
105. The wet temperate type of forests are found between a A) Lahore line B) McMahon line
height of _________ metres. [SSC CHSL 2023] C) Radcliffe line D) Delhi line
A) 2000 and 3000 B) 1500 and 3000
117. Which of the following is a young fold mountain?
C) 1000 and 2000 D) 500 to 1000
[SSC MTS 2022]
106. Which of the following pairs regarding soil is correct? A) The Alps B) The Appalachians
I. Forest soil – These soils are loamy and silty in valley sides C) Aravalli Range D) The Vosges
II. Black soil – generally poor in phosphoric contents 118. “Radcliffe line” separate India with which country?
[SSC CHSL 2023] [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Both I and II B) Only I A) China B) Pakistan
C) Only II D) Neither I nor II C) Nepal D) Bhutan
107. Tropical grasslands of Brazil are known as ______. 119. Which of the following countries lies in the east of India?
[SSC CHSL 2023] [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Pampas B) Savanna A) Sri-Lanka B) Nepal
C) Llanos D) Campos C) Bangladesh D) Afghanistan
108. Which of the following causes slow erosion of soil ? 120. The world’s longest river the Nile flows through which of
[SSC Selection Post 2022] the following continent? [SSC CGL 2022]
A) Tornadoes B) Floods A) Africa B) North America
C) Earthquakes D) Geological weathering C) South America D) Europe
109. Which of the following statements is NOT correct about 121. Sri Lanka is separated from India by a narrow channel of
the decline of wildlife in India? [SSC CPO 2022] sea formed by __________.
A) Incidence of forest fire is B) Agriculture and human A) The Palk Strait and the Gulf B) Only the Gulf of Mannar
not a reason of declining settlement of Mannar
wildlife
C) Strait of Malacca D) Only the Palk Strait
C) Grazing by domestic cattle D) Industrial and
technological advancement 122. As per area, India is the _______ largest country in the
world. [SSC CHSL 2023]
A) 2nd B) 7th
IMPORTANT LOCATIONS AROUND C) 10th D) 4th

THE WORLD 123. The Panama Canal is located in which of the following
regions?
A) East Europe B) Central America
110. Which of the following countries belong to the polar
C) South Asia D) Arabian Peninsula
regions? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Canada B) Colombia 124. Republic of Maldives which is also called Maldive Islands
C) Chile D) China is an independent island country in the north-central꞉
A) Indian Ocean B) Arabian Sea
111. Manu writes about a sea which is so salty that it is very
C) South China Sea D) Bay of Bengal
difficult to drown in it. Which sea is it? [SSC MTS 2022]
A) Arabian Sea B) Dead Sea 125. Atlas mountain range lies in which of the following
C) Green Sea D) Red Sea continents?
A) Africa B) Europe
112. Which of the following countries does NOT have direct
C) North America D) Asia
access to a sea?
A) Myanmar B) Bangladesh 126. Which of the following fishing grounds is located on the
C) Nepal D) Pakistan confluence of Labrador current and Gulf Stream?
A) Falkland island B) Southwest African Coast
113. Which of the following pair of country – name of
C) Newfoundland D) Oyashio fishing ground
grassland is correct?
I. Argentina – Pampas 127. Santos Port also known as 'coffee port' of the world is
II. Brazil – Steppe located in ______.
[SSC CHSL 2023] A) France B) Canada
A) Only II B) Neither I nor II C) the United Kingdom D) Brazil
C) Only I D) Both I and II 128. In which of the following countries is the Sri Pada
114. Which of the following mountain ranges is considered as mountain located? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
the boundary between Asia and Europe? A) China B) Sri Lanka
A) Alps B) The Great Dividing Range C) Bangladesh D) Myanmar
C) Atlas D) Urals 129. Which is the highest plateau in the world?
115. What is the total number of India’s neighbouring [SSC CHSL 2023]
countries? [SSC MTS 2022] A) East African Plateau B) Deccan plateau
A) Twelve B) Six C) Western plateau D) Tibet plateau
C) Eight D) Nine 130. Which of the following pairs of "term - definition" is
116. The border line which separate Indian and Pakistan is correct?
known as ______. [SSC CGL 2022] I. Strait - a narrow strip of land joining two landmasses
II. Isthmus - a narrow passage of water connecting two large
water bodies
50
 [SSC CHSL 2023] A) Berring B) Palk
A) Only II B) Both I and II C) Hudson D) Bosphorus
C) Neither I nor II D) Only I
133. Galwan River is located near the border of꞉
131. Which of the following is the highest mountain of Bhutan? [SSC Selection Post 2022]
[SSC Selection Post 2022] A) India and Afghanistan B) India and Bangladesh
A) Gyemo Chen B) Kangphu Kang I C) India and Nepal D) India and China
C) Chomolhari D) Gangkhar Puensum
134. Which of the following is the longest beach in the world?
132. The Arctic Ocean is located within the Arctic Circle and [SSC Stenographer 2022 ]
surrounds the North Pole. It is connected with the Pacific A) Praia do Cassino Beach, B) Playa Novillero Beach,
Ocean by a narrow stretch of shallow water known as Brazil Mexico
______strait. [SSC CHSL 2023] C) Padre Island, Texas D) Cox’s Bazar, Bangladesh

ANSWER KEY
Q. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Ans C C D B B C C C D D B A A C
Q. 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
Ans C A B B A D B B B B C B B B
Q. 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ans A A D D B B A B B A B B B D
Q. 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56
Ans D A B A B A B D B D D C B B
Q. 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Ans D C B D B B C D B C C D C C
Q. 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84
Ans A C D B C B B B B A B D D C
Q. 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98
Ans D A B D C A B B D D D B B D
Q. 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112
Ans D C D C A A C A D D A A B C
Q. 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126
Ans C D D C A B C A A B B A A C
Q. 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134
Ans D B D C D A D A

5. The radius of the earth is 6371 kilometres. The earth's

SOLUTIONS
SOLAR SYSTEM
1. Penumbral is not a type of solar eclipse. A solar eclipse
occurs when the moon comes between the sun and Earth,
blocking the sun;s light. The three types of solar eclipses are
total, partial and annular. In a penumbral eclipse, the moon
passes through the Earth;s penumbra, causing a subtle
darkening of the moon;s surface but no noticeable change in
the sun;s appearance.
2. Cosmos is the correct answer. The word "Universe" refers to
the entirety of all matter and energy, including all celestial
bodies and forms of energy in space. Astronomy and
cosmology study the universe's nature and origins.
3. The natural satellite of Earth is known as the Moon. It is the
fifth-largest moon in the solar system and the largest relative
to its host planet. The Moon is responsible for the tides on
Earth and has been studied extensively by astronomers and
scientists. It is also the only celestial body beyond Earth that
has been visited by humans.
4. Venus and Mercury are the only planets in our solar system
that do not have a single natural moon orbiting them. While
Earth has one moon, Mars has two, Jupiter has between 80
and 95, Saturn has 146 (53 confirmed, 29 provisional), Uranus
has 27, and Neptune has 14 moons.
51
interior is divided into three layers꞉ crust, mantle, and core.
The crust is the outermost layer, while the core is the
innermost layer, located at a depth of 2900 km.
6. The largest moon of Saturn is Titan (5,149.5 km). It is an icy
world whose surface is completely obscured by a hazy golden
atmosphere. It is bigger than Earth's moon and larger than
even the planet Mercury.
7. Nita is talking about Mercury, the smallest planet in our
solar system. It is the first planet from the sun and has the
most craters in the Solar System. Its orbit around the Sun
takes 87.97 Earth days, and it has no satellite of its own.
Mercury's small size and proximity to the sun make it
challenging to observe from Earth.
8. Venus is considered Earth's twin planet due to their similar
size, mass, and composition. However, Venus has a much
thicker atmosphere, extreme temperatures, and no life or
water oceans. Neptune is the farthest planet from the Sun,
Uranus was the first planet discovered with a telescope, and
Mars is known as the Red Planet and has two satellites.
9. The distance between the Sun and Earth is 149.6 million km,
taking 8.16.6 minutes for sunlight to reach Earth. Light travels
at 299,792 km/s. The Moon orbits Earth in 27.32 days, Venus
orbits the Sun in 225 Earth days, and Jupiter orbits in 12 Earth
years. The Sun's corona is visible during a solar eclipse and
reaches high temperatures. The Sun's surface is covered in
magnetic fields.
10. Jupiter is not an inner planet of our solar system. It is an
outer planet or Jovian planet. The inner planets are Mercury,
Venus, Earth, and Mars. Jupiter is the largest planet in our
solar system and is composed mostly of gas and liquid.
11. Orion, named after a Greek hunter known for its bright
stars and distinctive belt. According to the myth, Orion was
eventually placed among the stars as a constellation after his
death. It is known for its bright stars, including Betelgeuse and
Rigel, which are among the brightest stars in the night sky.
12. Mars completes one spin on its axis in approximately one
day, which is similar to the rotation of Earth. However, Mars
takes longer to complete one orbit around the Sun, which is
about 1.88 Earth years. The axis of Mars is tilted, which causes
seasons on its surface. Also, Mars has two small moons named
Demos and Phobos, and no magnetic field to protect its
surface from radiation from the Sun.
13. Edwin Hubble discovered the expanding universe concept
in 1925 and proved the direct relationship between galaxy
speeds and distances from Earth. The Hubble Space
Telescope is named after him, and the rate of cosmic
expansion is called the Hubble Constant.
14. The Sun is a big star that produces energy through nuclear
fusion, and it is the hottest glowing sphere of plasma at the
center of the solar system. It is mostly made up of hydrogen
and helium, and it is one of the most important sources of
energy for life on earth.
15. Celestial objects include stars, planets, moons, nebulae,
star clusters, and galaxies. They are natural objects outside of
Earth's atmosphere. Stars are plasma spheroids held by
gravity. Our solar system has 8 planets, and the Moon orbits
Earth. These objects fill the universe and are called
astronomical bodies.
GEOMORPHOLOGY
16. Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust,
making up almost half of its weight in the form of oxides.
Therefore, the approximate percentage, by weight, of oxygen
in the earth's crust is 46.6%. Oxygen and silicon together
account for 75% of the weight of the Earth's crust. Carbon
makes up only about 0.025% of Earth's crust, while hydrogen
makes up 0.14% of its weight.
17. Aluminium is the third most abundant element, and the
most abundant metal, in the Earth's crust. Barium is never
found as a free element while Titanium is found as an oxide
and Manganese is often found in minerals in combination with
iron.
18. Asphalt is NOT an example of rocks. It is a mixture of
asphalt binder, aggregate particles, and air voids used as
pavement surface material. Granite is a coarse-grained
igneous rock, schist is a metamorphic rock, and basalt is an
extrusive igneous rock. Therefore, option 2, Asphalt, is the
correct answer.
19. Alfred Wegener proposed the Continental Drift Theory in
1912, stating that all continents were once a single mass called
Pangaea. The supercontinent split into two masses,
Gondwanaland and Laurasia, which further broke into smaller
continents. This theory did not cover mantle convection until
Arthur Holmes proposed it.
20. The correct answer is the depositional landforms of
rivers. Natural levees are raised banks formed by silt and
debris pushed to one side by river water. They can direct river
flow and be constructed artificially. Wind erosion creates
52
different landforms while rivers create erosional landforms like
valleys, waterfalls, and meanders.
21. The giant single landmass that split to form the present
continents of the world was called Pangaea. This was
according to the Continental Drift Theory, which also states
that the supercontinent began to split around 200 million
years ago. Other supercontinents mentioned include
Gondwana and Panthalassa. Laurasia is the northern
supercontinent formed as part of the split of Pangaea.
22. The Asthenosphere is a part of Earth;s mantle. It is a
weaker & denser layer located between 100-410 km beneath
Earth;s surface. Due to high temperature & pressure, rocks
soften & become semi-molten. The lithosphere-asthenosphere
boundary (LAB) marks the difference in ductility between the
two layers of the upper mantle.
23. The core of the Great Himalayas is composed of granite.
This range is the most continuous and consists of the loftiest
peaks with an average height of 6,000 metres. The folds of
the Great Himalayas are asymmetrical in nature. Granite is a
hard, coarse-grained rock that is widely used in construction
and monuments due to its durability and strength.
24. Weathering is the breaking up of rocks on the earth's
surface caused by various agents such as water, ice, acids,
salts, plants, animals, and changes in temperature. Erosion
then transports the broken bits of rock and mineral away. No
rock on Earth is hard enough to resist the forces of weathering
and erosion.
25. The core of the earth is primarily composed of nickel and
iron. This has been confirmed through seismic studies and the
density of material at the center of the earth. The outer core is
liquid while the inner core is solid. The core is referred to as
the "nife layer" due to its composition.
26. Marble is an example of metamorphic rock. Metamorphic
rocks are formed when rocks are subjected to high heat and
high-pressure changes inside the Earth. Marble is formed from
limestone that has been subjected to heat and pressure. It is
composed of recrystallized carbonate minerals. Therefore,
Namita's example of metamorphic rock can be marble.
27. Sam is talking about an example of an igneous rock.
Igneous rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification
of magma or lava. Basalt is an example of an extrusive
igneous rock that forms from lava that has emerged from
underground. Sandstone, limestone, and marble are examples
of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks that form through
different processes.
28. The Earth's crust is the outermost and thinnest layer,
consisting of different types of rocks. It's less than 1% of the
planet's volume and separated from other layers through
discontinuities. The oceanic crust is denser than the
continental crust, and the density of rocks found at the
surface and sea floor varies.
29. Plate tectonics theory divides Earth's lithosphere into 7
major and 8 minor plates, explaining surface movements,
earthquakes, and volcanoes. Antarctic, Eurasian, and North
American plates are largest. Arabian, Caribbean, Nazca, and
Scotia plates are minor. Continental plates are thicker than
oceanic plates. Plate tectonics updates Alfred Wegener's
Continental drift theory.
30. Limestone is a vital raw material for cement and iron
processing, and 30% of the world's petroleum reservoirs are
found in it. Gold and iron are elements with higher atomic
numbers, while diamonds are a solid form of carbon in a
crystal structure. The correct option for rocks composed of
calcium carbonates is limestone.
31. An aquifer is a rock layer containing water that can be
released in appreciable amounts. It has water-filled pore
spaces that can flow through the matrix of the rock. Highly
fractured rocks make good aquifers, while rocks like granite
and schist are poor ones. Aquifers can be drilled into, and
precipitation helps recharge them.
32. Divergent boundaries occur along spreading centers
where plates break apart and push upward from the mantle
by magma to form a new crust. These boundaries are also
known as constructive boundaries and are formed by tectonic
plates pulling apart from each other.
33. L waves, or Love waves, are one type of surface wave in
seismic activity. Love waves move the ground from side to side
in a horizontal plane perpendicular to the direction of
propagation. As they travel along the Earth's surface, they
cause horizontal shearing and produce entirely horizontal
motion.
34. When fine sand is carried by wind and deposited in large
areas, it is called loess. It's typically pale yellow or buff, loosely
compacted, and often calcareous. Loess deposits can be very
thick, even hundreds of meters, and can blanket very large
areas. It is derived from the German term "Löss," which means
loose or crumbly.
35. Sedimentary rocks are likely to contain fossils of plants,
animals, and microorganisms. Extrusive igneous rocks rarely
preserve fossils, while metamorphic rocks do not contain
fossils due to intense heat and pressure. Intrusive igneous
rocks cool slowly and also do not contain fossils. Fossils are
primarily found in sedimentary rocks.
36. Subduction occurs when one tectonic plate plunges
beneath another at convergent boundaries. This happens
mostly with oceanic lithosphere. Divergent boundaries create
new oceanic crust through upwelling of molten material.
Transform faults offset mid-oceanic ridges. Subduction zones
are found at convergent plate boundaries.
37. Plate tectonics theory divides the earth's lithosphere into
plates that move over the asthenosphere. Different types of
plate boundaries generate distinct geologic processes. Hess
explained continental drift using plate tectonics in the 1960s.
38. Tectonic plates are massive slabs of rock that make up the
earth's lithosphere. Nazca plate is a minor plate between
South America and the Pacific Plate. The concept of tectonic
plates was introduced in 1967.
39. New seafloor is formed at mid-ocean ridges through
volcanic activity. Deep sea trenches are located near
earthquake and volcanic areas. Transform faults occur when
plates slide past each other. Subduction zones form trenches
when an oceanic plate is embedded in a continental plate.
40. The longitudinal waves, also known as compressional
waves or primary waves, are represented by the letter "P". P
waves are the fastest seismic waves and can travel
through solid, liquid, and gas. They cause particles to move in
the same direction as the wave propagation, creating a push-
pull motion.
41. Aquifers are underground layers of porous rocks that store
groundwater. The rainwater enters the aquifer through the soil
and becomes a part of the groundwater. Hydrogeology is the
study of groundwater and aquifers.
42. Granite is a type of Intrusive igneous rocks. A rock is
any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of one or
more minerals or mineraloid matter.
43. The asthenosphere is a denser and weaker layer located
between 100 to 410 km beneath Earth's surface. Its high
temperature and pressure cause rocks to soften and partially
53
melt, making it more viscous than the lithosphere. The
lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary marks the difference in
ductility between the two layers.
CLIMATOLOGY
44. Option 1 is incorrect as the stratosphere lies above the
troposphere, not the mesosphere. It extends up to 50 km and
contains the ozone layer which absorbs harmful UV radiation.
The stratosphere is almost free from clouds. The Earth's
atmosphere has five layers꞉ troposphere, stratosphere,
mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
45. The correct asnwer is Loo. It's a strong, dry and hot wind
from the west in North India and Pakistan. It's not a
permanent wind, unlike Trade winds, Westerlies and Easterlies.
Windward is upwind, while leeward is downwind.
46. Loo is a characteristic feature of summer season. It is a
hot and dry wind that blows across the Indo-Gangetic Plain in
India and Pakistan. It is known for its high temperature and
low humidity, making it uncomfortable for people to be
outside for long periods of time.
47. During October-November in India, the Monsoon trough
over the northern plains weakens due to the movement of the
sun towards the south. The monsoon trough is a low-pressure
system associated with the summer monsoon season from
June to September.
48. Nitrogen and oxygen are the main components,
accounting for 99% of the atmosphere. Nitrogen is a major
component of chlorophyll and amino acids, while oxygen
makes life possible. Other gases present in the atmosphere
include argon, carbon dioxide, neon, helium, krypton, and
hydrogen, with their respective percentages.
49. Carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere is only
0.03%. This small amount is increasing rapidly due to global
warming caused by human activities such as burning fossil
fuels and clearing forests. About half of the CO2 is absorbed
by the ocean and plants, while the rest remains in the
atmosphere. It is important to limit our carbon emissions to
reduce the negative impacts of climate change.
50. Continental climate has a large annual temperature range
and moderate summer rainfall. It occurs in big landmasses
with prevailing winds blowing overland. Northern Hemisphere
has warm summers and cold winters with extreme weather
events. Oceanic climate is typical of west coasts in higher
middle latitudes of continents with cool summers and mild
winters.
51. The thickness of the troposphere is greatest at the equator
due to strong convectional currents and thermal expansion.
The rotation of the earth and seasonal changes also affect its
thickness. The convection currents of air expand the thickness
of the troposphere at the poles.
52. The ozone layer is concentrated in the Stratosphere,
protecting Earth from harmful UV radiation. The Troposphere
is where weather occurs, while the Mesosphere lies below the
Thermosphere. The Thermosphere contains the ionosphere
and promotes the photoionization/photodissociation of
molecules.
53. Geostrophic motion is the motion in which fluid flow in a
direction parallel to lines of equal pressure (isobars) in a
rotating system, such as the Earth. Geostrophic flow
conditions occur when the pressure gradient force is balanced
by the Coriolis deflection. The velocity of the flow is
proportional to the gradient of the pressure and inversely
proportional to latitude.
54. Coastal areas experience land breezes at night due to the
land cooling faster than the water, creating high-pressure over
land. During hot summer days, sea breezes occur as the land
heats up faster than the water, creating a low-pressure zone
on land, causing wind to blow from the water to the land.
55. Ocean acidification is caused by carbon dioxide uptake
from the atmosphere, reducing ocean pH and alkalinity. This
harms marine organisms' metabolic rates and immune
responses. Oceans absorb one-third of human CO2 emissions,
buffering climate change.
56. Westerly winds are also known as 'Roaring Forties'
because they create a very noisy atmosphere and are
unsuitable for sailors. These winds are noticed mostly in the
Southern Hemisphere. In the middle latitudes, the circulation
is that of sinking cold air that comes from the poles and rising
warm air that blows from the subtropical high. At the surface,
these winds are called westerlies.
57. Diurnal temperature variation causes minimum
temperature in the morning and maximum in the afternoon.
The average temperature on Earth is 14°C, warmer near the
equator and colder in the Arctic and Antarctic. Andaman and
Nicobar Islands have equal day and night all year round.
58. Meteorites burn up on entering from space in the
mesosphere layer of the atmosphere. This layer lies above the
stratosphere and extends up to a height of 80 km. The
temperature in this layer decreases with altitude and reaches
up to minus 100°C at a height of 80 km. The upper limit of the
mesosphere is known as mesopause.
59. The atmosphere is mainly composed of nitrogen and
oxygen, with nitrogen making up the majority at 78.084% by
volume. Oxygen is the second most abundant gas at 20.946%.
The remaining gases such as argon, carbon dioxide, neon,
helium, krypton, and hydrogen are present in smaller
quantities.
60. Oxygen is a vital gas for sustaining life on Earth, and it
constitutes around 21% of the atmospheric air. This makes it
the second most abundant gas after nitrogen. The presence
of oxygen in the atmosphere is essential for the survival of
animals and plants, as it is used in the process of respiration
and photosynthesis.
61. Polar easterlies are permanent winds that blow from the
east and emanate from the polar highs. They flow to sub-
polar regions. Seasonal winds change direction in different
seasons, sea storms are caused by the Sun's heat, and local
winds are caused by uneven surface heat within a small area.
Westerlies are prevailing winds that blow from the west at
mid-latitudes.
62. The troposphere, at an average height of 13 km, is where
weather events primarily occur. Above it is the stratosphere
(up to 50 km) with ozone. The mesosphere follows, where
meteorites disintegrate. The thermosphere, including the
ionosphere and exosphere, houses the International Space
Station, and lighter gases escape into space.
63. A cyclone is a low-pressure system characterized by
rotating winds. It is called a typhoon in the Philippines and
Japan and a hurricane in the Atlantic Ocean. Factors like
wind, temperature, humidity influence its formation. The calm
center is called the 'eye of the storm', surrounded by high-
speed winds in a low-pressure system.
64. The correct answer for cold climates is Tundra, with little
precipitation found in areas below ice caps, Siberia, North
America, Europe, and tall mountain summits. Humid
subtropical has mild winters, Highland climate has high
insolation, while Humid continental has four distinct seasons
and frigid winters.
54
65. The thermosphere layer of the atmosphere helps in radio
transmission and contains the ionosphere. It is located above
the mesosphere and below the exosphere. In the
thermosphere, the temperature rises rapidly with increasing
height.
66. The lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth
consisting of the upper mantle and crust. Its thickness varies
from 10-200 km and is determined by the transition between
brittle and viscous behavior. The asthenosphere, located in
the upper mantle, is the main source of magma for volcanic
eruptions.
67. The highest layer of the Earth's atmosphere is the
Exosphere, which starts from 700 to 10,000 km above the
Earth's surface. The atmosphere is divided into five layers꞉
Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and
Exosphere. The Exosphere is the thinnest and has high
temperature due to direct solar radiation. It contains light
gases like Helium and Hydrogen, which float into space.
68. Koeppen classified climates into 5 major groups based on
temperature and precipitation. A, C, D, and E indicate humid
climates, while B represents dry climates. The climatic groups
are further divided into types based on seasonality of
precipitation and temperature. B is subdivided into S for
steppe or semi-arid and W for deserts.
69. Spring, for the September Equinox in the southern
hemisphere. Equinoxes occur twice a year when direct rays of
the sun fall on the equator, resulting in equal days and nights.
Seasons change due to the rotation and revolution of the
earth.
70. The Tundra region has long, cold winters with high winds
and average temperatures below freezing for six to ten
months of the year.
71. Identify the warm air mass꞉ Continental Tropical. Air
masses are large volumes of air with uniform temperature and
humidity that can extend thousands of kilometers and reach
the stratosphere. They originate from source regions and
retain their characteristics while moving to other areas.
72. Tropical humid climate is characterized by low
temperature range and high annual rainfall. Mediterranean
climate has hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters.
Temperate climate is neither extremely hot nor cold. Cold
climates are inhospitable to most species except for a few
lichens and moss.
OCEANOGRAPHY
73. The correct answer is Pacific Ocean. El Nino is a periodic
event that causes warm ocean waters along the coast of
Ecuador and Peru, reducing hurricanes in the Atlantic. It's
linked to Hadley and Walker Circulation and has an inverse
relationship with Indian Monsoon rains. El Nino is increasingly
used for climate forecasting.
74. The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is
an urban legend focused on a loosely-defined region in the
western part of the North Atlantic ocean.
75. Redsea is a seawater inlet of the Indian Ocean and is
located between Africa and Asia. The Suez Canal connects
the Mediterranean Sea with the Red Sea, making it the
shortest maritime route to Asia from Europe. The Red Sea is
known for its saltiest and hottest seawater, and its name is
derived from the color changes observed in its water.
76. Kuroshio current, also known as Japan Current, is the
second largest ocean current in the world, flowing in the North
Pacific Ocean. It's warm and salty due to the North Equatorial
Current.
77. The lowest known point on earth is Challenger Deep in the
Pacific Ocean's Mariana Trench, which is almost 7 miles deep.
The majority of the Mariana Trench is a US protected zone.
The Java Trench in the Indian Ocean is the second deepest,
and the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean is the Milwaukee
Deep in the Puerto Rico Trench.
78. El Nino is a weather condition that occurs in the Pacific
Ocean, specifically along the coast of Peru. It is caused by the
warming of surface waters in the tropical Pacific and affects
Indian storms and agriculture. Other ocean currents
mentioned include the Gulf Stream, West Wind, Peru Current,
and West Australian Current.
79. The rhythmic rise and fall of ocean water twice in a day is
called a tide. Tides are caused by the gravitational pull of the
moon and the sun on the earth;s oceans. As the earth rotates,
different parts of the ocean are pulled towards the moon and
the sun, creating a bulge in the water.
80. The Atlantic Ocean is located between North and South
America and also between Europe and Africa. It is the
second-largest ocean and has a depth of about 12000 ft.
It separates Africa from South America and North
America. Mediterranean Sea, Caribbean Sea, Gulf of Mexico,
Hudson Bay, Labrador Sea etc are some of the biggest seas in
the Atlantic Ocean. The Ural mountains separate Europe from
Asia.
81. The oceans contain 97.3% of the water on Earth, while
freshwater sources such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater
make up less than 1% of the total water supply.
82. The Atlantic Ocean is the busiest ocean for commerce,
covering 29% of the sea surface area and playing a crucial
role in globalisation. It divides Africa, Europe and Asia from
the Americas and was the epicentre of the Columbian
Exchange and the slave trade. It still plays a significant role in
international trade.
83. Panama Canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean, allowing ships to avoid the long and dangerous
trip around the southern tip of South America. The canal is a
key route for international trade and commerce, and is one of
the most important engineering feats in modern history.
84. The correct answer for the strait between the Java Sea
and Indian Ocean is option 3, Sunda. Malacca connects
Andaman Sea and South China Sea, Hormuz connects Gulf of
Persia and Gulf of Oman, and Nemuro is in Japan.
85. Only 2.7% of Earth's water is fresh. Out of this, 98.8% is in
ice and groundwater, and less than 0.3% is in rivers, lakes, and
the atmosphere. Out of the total water present on the planet
earth, the majority is in the form of seas and oceans (more
than 97%) and is termed saline water.
86. Ethiopia is a landlocked country in the Horn of Africa and
does not have a coastline along the Indian Ocean. Somalia,
Kenya, and Tanzania all have coastlines along the Indian
Ocean. Kenya has the longest coastline, while Tanzania
borders several countries on the Indian Ocean. India has a
coastline of around 7,500 kilometers, with natural harbors and
tourist attractions.
87. The Red Sea is the saltiest sea in the world, with a
maximum depth of 3,040 meters and an area of over 174,000
square km. It connects Europe and Asia and is a busy
waterway. The Baltic Sea is enclosed by several countries in
Europe, while the Celebes Sea is located in the Philippines
and Indonesia. The Black Sea is a peripheral Mediterranean
sea located between Europe and Asia.
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88. El Nino is a climate pattern that describes the unusual
warming of surface waters in the eastern tropical Pacific
Ocean. It is a warm ocean current appearing along the Peru
coast, generally in December. It replaces the cold Peru Ocean
current flowing along the coast in normal years. Thus, the
correct answer is the Pacific Ocean.
89. The Dead Sea, located in Asia, is an extremely salty lake
that cannot flow out and evaporates instead. Its high salinity
prevents the human body from sinking in it. The seven
continents, in order of size, are Asia, Africa, North America,
South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. The world's
oceans are Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic.
90. Ice caps hold the largest amount of freshwater on Earth.
Inland seas are landlocked bodies of water, while the
atmosphere is a gas layer around a planet. Groundwater is
present beneath the Earth's surface and accounts for 30% of
freshwater.
91. The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest ocean in the
world. Most of the islands of this ocean are volcanic or of
coral origin. Mariana Trench is the deepest trench of the
world, lies in there. It is flanked by the North and South
Americas on the western side, and Europe and Africa on the
eastern side.
BIOGEOGRAPHY
92. Amazon is the largest tropical rainforest in the world,
covering an enormous 6.7 million square kilometers. It is home
to over 30 million people and one in ten known species on this
planet. The Congo is the second largest rainforest, but the
Amazon is the undisputed number one and the most famous
forest on this planet.
93. Thorn forests and scrubs provide the perfect climate for
Euphorbia, a genus of flowering plants with unique structures
and toxic latex. These regions typically have low rainfall and
temperatures between 25-30°C. Tropical evergreen forests
contain cinchona, rosewood, mahogany, and ebony, while
deciduous forests have oak, beech, birch, maple, and elm
trees.
94. The common trees mentioned in the question are not
typically found in Montane forests in India. Montane forests
are characterized by oak trees, rhododendrons, conifers, and
birch trees adapted to higher altitudes. Some common
species include Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron
arboreum, Abies spectabilis, and Betula utilis.
95. The Amazon Rainforest in South America spans across
multiple countries and is known for its incredible biodiversity.
It contains over 3 million species and 2,500 tree species,
making it the largest tropical rainforest and biodiverse field in
the world. It covers 40% of South America and is often
referred to as the "lungs of the earth."
96. Mahogany tree is found in Tropical evergreen forests.
These forests are dense, multi-layered, and rich in numerous
species of trees. They receive heavy rainfall and are very
dense, where sunlight does not reach the ground. These
forests always see "Green" and are known as "Evergreen
Forests". Mahogany is one of the many species of trees found
in these forests.
97. Dry deciduous forests are found in areas with rainfall
ranging from 70 cm to 100 cm. These forests are present in the
rainier parts of the Peninsular Plateau and the plains of Bihar
and Uttar Pradesh. The yearly rainfall in these forests is 100-
150 cm, with 5 to 6 dry months within the annual cycle. Trees
like Teak, Neem, Peepal, Sal, Khair, Bel, Axle wood, Palas,
Laurel, etc.
98. Temperate grasslands have cold winters and warm
summers with some rain.The grasses die back to their roots
annually and the soil and the sod protect the roots and the
new buds from the cold of winter or dry conditions. Examples
of temperate grasslands include Eurasian steppes, North
American prairies, and Argentine pampas
99. The productivity of an ecosystem is composed of net
primary productivity (NPP) and gross primary productivity
(GPP). GPP is the rate of organic matter production during
photosynthesis, while NPP is GPP minus the energy lost to
metabolism and maintenance. NPP is the rate at which
energy is stored as biomass by primary producers and made
available to consumers.
100. Indian forests cover 19.26% of the country and are
classified into five major groups. Chir pine is found in the
Montane Temperate forest of the Himalayas. Sundari trees are
found in the Sunderbans and used for boat making. Keekar
and khair trees are prevalent in the semi-desert plains of
Haryana. Different forests have different vegetation and
rainfall patterns, as shown in the table provided.
101. Temperate evergreen forests are located in the mid-
latitudinal coastal regions and have warm summers and cool
winters. They consist of trees like oak, pine, and eucalyptus.
Other types of forests include tropical rainforests, tropical
deciduous forests, and temperate deciduous forests, each with
their own unique characteristics and tree species.
102. Land reclamation is the sustainable way to preserve land
resources and protect the environment. The process of
reconverting disturbed land to its former or other productive
uses.
103. Plant and animal communities living in similar climatic
conditions are known as biomes. Biomes are characterized by
climate, vegetation, animal life, and soil type. No two biomes
are alike, and their boundaries are determined by climate,
temperature, and precipitation.
104. Salinization is the process by which water-soluble salts
accumulate in the soil. Soil salinization involves a combination
of processes like evaporation, salt precipitation, and
dissolution, salt transport, ion exchange, etc.
105. Wet temperate forests thrive in high elevations with
moderate temperatures and abundant rainfall. These regions
have diverse flora and fauna, with dense vegetation unique to
each location. Their height ranges from 1000 to 2000 meters.
106. Forest soil is loamy and silty in valley sides, and black soil
is generally poor in phosphoric contents. Black soil has high
clay content and retains moisture well but has low natural
fertility in terms of essential nutrients like phosphorus.
107. Tropical grasslands in Brazil are known as Campos and
are located in the interior of continents. They are diverse and
rich in plant species. Campos in Brazil is also
called Savanna grasslands.
108. Geological weathering causes slow erosion of soil.
Weathering is the breaking down of rocks and minerals on
Earth's surface, while erosion transports them away.
109. The correct answer is Incidence of forest fire is not a
reason of declining wildlife. According to the World Animal
Fund's most recent Living Planet Report, monitored wildlife
populations, which include mammals, birds, amphibians,
reptiles, and fish, have decreased by 69% between 1970 and
2018.
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IMPORTANT LOCATIONS AROUND
THE WORLD
110. Canada is the only country in the polar region. The area
around the North or South Pole is covered in snow and is very
cold. The polar regions are affected by little direct sunlight,
and the temperature can drop as low as -37 degrees Celsius in
winter.
111. Manu talks about a sea where drowning is hard due to its
high salt content. This is the Dead Sea in Israel, where the
water's density makes humans more buoyant. The Red Sea
and Gulf of Aden were formed by plate separation, while the
Arabian Sea is in the northern Indian Ocean. The Red Sea's
color is due to Trichodesmium erythraeum bacteria.
112. Nepal shares a border with two major countries, India and
China. Boundaries of Nepal have been shifted time and often
in the historical period. India shares a borderline with Nepal of
about 1751 Km. It does not have any direct access to the sea.
113. Pampas grasslands are in Argentina, with little vegetation
or animal diversity and mostly horses. Steppes are temperate,
located between forests and deserts, with extreme
temperatures and moderate rainfall. Other temperate
grasslands are found in Hungary, North America, South Africa,
Australia, New Zealand, and Russia.
114. The Urals or the Ural mountain forms a boundary
between the continents of Europe and Asia. It runs from north
to south of Western Russia, from the coast of the Arctic Ocean
to the river of Ural and northwestern Kazakhstan. The length
of the Urals is 2500 km and the elevation is 1895 m. Asia is the
largest continent. It covers about one-third of the total land
area of the earth. The continent lies in the Eastern
Hemisphere. The Tropic of Cancer passes through this
continent. Asia is separated from Europe by the Ural
mountains on the west.
115. A total of 9 countries shares borders with India. Out of
these, 7 countries share land borders while 2 countries share
sea borders. India shares its border with seven countries -
Afghanistan (106 km), Bangladesh (4096.7 km), Bhutan (699
km), China (3488 km), Myanmar (1643 km), Nepal (1751 km),
Pakistan (3323 km).
116. Radcliffe Line was drawn by Sir Cyril Radcliffe to divide
India and Pakistan during the partition of India in 1947. The
line became the international border between the two
countries and was declared on August 17, 1947.
117. The Alps are a young fold mountain range with rugged
relief and high conical peaks. They were formed due to the
collision of the African and Eurasian plates. The Aravalli range
in India is one of the oldest fold mountain systems in the
world. The Appalachians in North America and the Ural
mountains in Russia are old fold mountains with rounded
features and low elevation.
118. The Radcliffe Line is a demarcation line that separates
India and Pakistan. It was named after Cyril Radcliffe, who
was responsible for dividing 175,000 square miles of land with
88 million inhabitants. Following the partition of British India,
the line was made public and now forms part of the border
between India and Pakistan.
119. Bangladesh lies in the east of India. India and Bangladesh
share a 4,096-kilometre-long international border, which is the
fifth-longest land border in the world. After the Partition of
India in 1947, the Radcliffe line became the border between
India and East Pakistan, and following the liberation of
Bangladesh in 1971, the same line became the border between
India and Bangladesh.
120. The Nile, the longest river in the world, flows through
Africa. Its drainage basin covers 11 countries and is the
primary water source for Egypt and Sudan. The river has two
major tributaries, the White Nile and the Blue Nile.
121. Sri Lanka and India are separated by the Palk Strait and
the Gulf of Mannar. The 50km long Adam's Bridge connects
Palk Strait with Mannar Gulf. The Gulf of Mannar is a shallow
harbor in the Indian Ocean. The Coromandel Coast lies
between southeastern India and western Sri Lanka.
122. India is the 7th largest country in the world, occupying
2.4% of the total land area and having a population of 17.7%
of the total world population. It has the largest postal system,
is the second-largest English speaking country, and has the
world's largest Hindu population. The correct answer is option
2.
123. Panama Canal is located in Central America. It connects
the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean.The Panama Canal
linking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans is a water passage
across the isthmus of Panama where it proved a vital
component of expanding global trade routes in the 20th
century.
124. The Maldives is an independent island country in the
Indian Ocean, consisting of over 1,200 small coral islands and
sandbanks. It is famous for its marine life and is the flattest
country globally, with an average altitude of 1.5m above sea
level. It is not located in the Arabian Sea, South China Sea, or
Bay of Bengal.
125. The Atlas Mountain range is located in Africa, specifically
in the northwestern region known as the Maghrib. It runs
southwest to northeast and spans across the countries of
Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. The Atlas Mountains take the
shape of an oblong and consist of various plains and
plateaus. The drainage features are determined by the
periodic nature of the rains, which fall in torrents.
126. Grand Bank near the North American coast in Atlantic
Ocean, Dogger Bank near the European coast and the warm
Gulf Stream and the cold Labrador currents meet near the
Newfoundland island are some of the examples.
127. Brazil is the top coffee-producing country, with Santos
Port being known as the 'coffee port' of the world. Vietnam is
the second-largest coffee producer, accounting for roughly 20
57
percent of the world's coffee production. Ethiopia produces
the best quality coffee. India's first coffee plant was in
Karnataka, which is the leading producer of coffee in India,
with three types of coffee planted.
128. Sri Pada mountain is located in Sri Lanka. It is the second
highest mountain in Sri Lanka. It is also known as Adam's
Peak. It is a 2,243 m tall conical mountain located in central
Sri Lanka.
129. The Tibetan Plateau is the highest plateau globally,
covering seven countries. It has an elevation of 4,500 metres
and an area of 2,500,000 square kilometres.
130. A strait is a narrow strip of water that connects two
larger areas of water, while an isthmus is a narrow strip of
land that connects two larger areas of land. Therefore, the
definitions given in options I and II are opposite to each other
and are both incorrect.
131. Gangkhar Puensum, Bhutan's highest mountain at 7,570
meters (24,836 feet) with a prominence of 2,995 meters,
remains the world's highest unclimbed peak. Its name,
meaning "White Peak of the Three Spiritual Brothers," reflects
its significance. Located on the border with Tibet, it is
accompanied by Liankang Kangri, a 7,535-meter (24,721-foot)
subsidiary peak, which was ascended by a Japanese
expedition in 1999 through a ridge separating it from
Gangkhar Puensum.
132. The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the
world's five oceans, located in the Northern Hemisphere. It has
extensive sea ice cover and is rich in natural resources, but is
vulnerable to climate change, which threatens its ecosystems,
wildlife, and indigenous communities.
133. The Galwan River is located near the border of India and
China. It flows from Aksai Chin, China's side of the LAC, to
Ladakh, where it meets the Shyok River on India's side of the
LAC. The Galwan valley sits between steep mountains that
buffet the river. This information is important for anyone who
needs to know the location of the Galwan River.
134. The longest beach in the world is Praia do Cassino Beach
in Brazil, stretching over 254 km. Playa Novillero Beach in
Mexico is the seventh longest at 82 km, while Padre Island in
Texas is the longest barrier island at 182 km. Cox's Bazar
Beach in Bangladesh is the fourth longest at 120 km and the
longest in Asia and the Indian Ocean.