1.

Introduction to Dynamics of Machines

 Dynamics: Study of forces and their effects on motion.

 Machine Dynamics: Focuses on analyzing and designing machines and their
components to ensure proper function and performance under dynamic conditions.

2. Kinematics of Rigid Bodies

 Kinematic Analysis: Study of motion without considering forces.

 Types of Motion: Translational (straight-line) and rotational (circular).
 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration: Fundamental quantities describing motion.
 Relative Motion: Motion of one body with respect to another.

3. Kinematic Chains and Mechanisms

 Kinematic Chain: Assembly of rigid bodies connected by joints.

 Mechanism: A kinematic chain with at least one link fixed.
 Degrees of Freedom (DOF): Number of independent movements possible.
 Grashof’s Criterion: Predicts the mobility of four-bar linkages.

4. Linkages and Mechanisms

 Four-Bar Linkage: Simplest planar linkage with four links.

 Slider-Crank Mechanism: Converts rotary motion to linear motion or vice versa.
 Quick Return Mechanism: Produces a faster return stroke compared to the forward
stroke.
 Cam and Follower: Converts rotary motion to a specified oscillatory motion.

5. Dynamics of Rigid Bodies

 Newton’s Laws of Motion: Fundamental principles for analyzing dynamics.

 Equations of Motion: Differential equations describing the motion of a system.
 D’Alembert’s Principle: Converts a dynamic problem into a static problem by including
inertial forces.
 Energy Methods: Kinetic and potential energy, work-energy principle.

6. Vibration Analysis

 Vibration: Oscillatory motion of a mechanical system.

 Types of Vibration: Free (natural), forced, damped, and undamped.
 Natural Frequency: Frequency at which a system naturally vibrates.
 Damping: Resistance to vibration that dissipates energy.
 Resonance: Condition where the forcing frequency matches the natural frequency,
leading to large amplitude oscillations.
7. Balancing of Rotating Masses

 Static Balancing: Ensures the center of mass is on the axis of rotation.

 Dynamic Balancing: Balances the system so that no net dynamic forces and moments
act during rotation.
 Balancing Techniques: Adding counterweights, redistributing mass, and using balancing
machines.

8. Gyroscope and Precession

 Gyroscope: A rotating body that maintains its orientation due to angular momentum.
 Precession: The slow, conical motion of the axis of a spinning object.
 Gyroscopic Effect: Causes forces and moments in rotating bodies, important in
navigation and stability.

9. Gear Dynamics

 Gear Train: A series of gears working together to transmit motion.

 Gear Ratios: Ratio of the rotational speeds of two meshing gears.
 Involute Profile: Common gear tooth shape ensuring constant velocity ratio.
 Dynamic Loading in Gears: Analyzing forces due to gear meshing and rotational
speeds.

10. Flywheels

 Flywheel: A rotating mass used to store kinetic energy and smoothen fluctuations in
rotational speed.
 Moment of Inertia: Measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotation.
 Energy Storage: Flywheel energy (E) = 0.5 * I * ω², where I is the moment of inertia
and ω is angular velocity.

11. Cam Dynamics

 Cam Profile Design: Determines the motion of the follower.

 Types of Followers: Knife-edge, roller, flat-faced, and spherical.
 Cam Dynamics: Analysis of the motion and forces in cam-follower systems, considering
factors like acceleration, jerk, and contact stresses.

12. Dynamics of Reciprocating Engines

 Piston and Connecting Rod Dynamics: Analysis of forces and motion in internal
combustion engines.
 Inertia Forces: Forces due to the reciprocating and rotating masses.
 Engine Balancing: Reducing vibrations by balancing reciprocating and rotating masses.
13. Control Systems in Machinery

 Open-Loop Control: No feedback; the system runs based on pre-set inputs.

 Closed-Loop Control: Uses feedback to adjust inputs and maintain desired output.
 PID Controllers: Proportional, Integral, and Derivative control methods to maintain
system stability and performance.

14. Computer-Aided Dynamic Analysis

 Simulation Software: Tools like MATLAB, Simulink, and ANSYS for dynamic
analysis.
 Multibody Dynamics (MBD): Simulating and analyzing the dynamic behavior of
interconnected rigid or flexible bodies.