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Chapter 10 Gases
1. Which of the following is not a gas at room temperature?

A) NH3 B) CO2 C) I2 D) CH4 E) H2
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
2. Which is not a property of a gas?

A) density varies with temperature
B) assumes the shape an volume of its container
C) is compressible
D) density is larger than that of a liquid
E) forms homogeneous mixtures with another
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
3. Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of gases?

A) high compressibility
B) relatively large distances between molecules
C) formation of homogeneous mixtures regardless of the nature of gases
D) a and b
E) a, b, and c
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
4. Which of the following defines pressure?

A) volume/density
B) temperature × density
C) density/gravitational constant
D) height × density × gravitational constant
E) gravity × density × area × height
5. Which of the following is the definition of pressure?

A) area/force D) height × volume.
B) force × area E) gravity × density × temperature
C) force/area
6. A pressure that will support a column of Hg to a height of 256 mm would support a

column of water to what height? The density of mercury is 13.6 g/cm3; the density of
water is 1.00 g/cm3.
A) 348 cm B) 1.00 × 102 ft C) 18.8 mm D) 33.8 ft E) 76.0 cm
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
Page 167
Chapter 10 Gases
7. Hydrogen gas exerts a pressure of 466 torr in a container. What is this pressure in
atmospheres (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 0.217 atm B) 0.466 atm C) 0.613 atm D) 1.63 atm E) 4.60 atm
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
8. The pressure of hydrogen sulfide gas in a container is 35,650 Pa. What is this pressure
in torr (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 46.91 torr B) 267.4 torr C) 351.8 torr D) 3612 torr E) 27,090 torr
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: easy
9. The pressure of sulfur dioxide in a container is 159 kPa. What is this pressure in
atmospheres (1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 0.209 atm B) 0.637 atm C) 1.57 atm D) 21.2 atm E) 15,900 atm
10. The air pressure in a volleyball is 75 psi. What is this pressure in torr (1 psi = 14.7 atm,
1 atm = 101,325 Pa = 760 torr)?
A) 520 torr B) 562 torr C) 3900 torr D) 7600 torr E) 75,000 torr
Ans: C Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
11. If the atmospheric pressure in Denver is 0.88 atm then what is this in mmHg (1 atm =
101,325 Pa = 760 torr, 1 torr = 1 mmHg)?
A) 151.5 mmHg D) 8.92 × 104 mmHg
–3
B) 1.16 × 10 mmHg E) 668.8 mmHg
C) 863.6 mmHg
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
12. A flask containing neon gas is connected to an open–ended mercury manometer. The
open end is exposed to the atmosphere, where the prevailing pressure is 745 torr. The
mercury level in the open arm is 50 mm below that in the arm connected to the flask of
neon. What is the neon pressure, in torr?
A) –50 torr B) 50 torr C) 695 torr D) 795 torr E) none of the above
13. A flask containing argon gas is connected to a closed–ended mercury manometer. The
closed end is under vacuum. If the mercury level in the closed arm is 230 mm above that
in the arm connected to the flask, what is the argon pressure, in torr?
A) –230 B) 230 C) 530 D) 790 E) none of the above
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
Page 168
Chapter 10 Gases
14. What is the pressure in atmospheres exerted by a column of water that is 12.5 m high
(density of water = 0.987 g/cm3, gravitational constant = 9.80665 m/s2,1 atm = 101,325
Pa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg)?
A) 0.012 atm D) 1.19 atm
B) 1.3 × 105 atm E) 1.01 × 10–6 atm
C) 815.8 atm
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
15. What is the pressure in atmospheres exerted by a column of mercury that is 100 m high
(density of mercury = 13.5951 g/cm3, gravitational constant = 9.80665 m/s2, 1 atm =
101,325 Pa = 760 torr = 760 mmHg)?
A) 1.4 × 1010 atm
B) 0.013 atm
C) 0.73 atm
D) 1.37 atm
E) 131.6 atm
Ans: E Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
16. “The pressure of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its volume at constant
temperature and number of moles” is a statement of __________________ Law.
A) Charles's
B) Boyle's
C) Amontons's
D) Avogadro's
E) Gay–Lussac's
17. “The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature at
constant pressure and number of moles” is a statement of ________________ Law.
A) Charles's B) Boyle's C) Amontons's D) Avogadro's E) Henry's
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
18. “The volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the number of moles of the gas at
constant temperature and pressure” is a statement of _____________ Law.
A) Charles's
B) Boyle's
C) Amontons's
D) Avogadro's
E) Gay–Lussac's
19. A sample of an ideal gas has its volume doubled while its temperature remains constant.
If the original pressure was 100 torr, what is the new pressure?
A) 10 torr B) 50 torr C) 100 torr D) 200 torr E) 1000 torr
Page 169
Chapter 10 Gases
20. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the pressure and volume
at constant temperature and constant moles?
A) PV = k1 B) V/P = k1 C) P/V = k1 D) k1P = V E) none of the above
21. A sample of a gas has an initial pressure of 0.987 atm and a volume of 12.8 L. What is
the final pressure if the volume is increased to 25.6 L?
22. A sample of nitrogen gas at 298 K and 745 torr has a volume of 37.42 L. What volume
will it occupy if the pressure is increased to 894 torr at constant temperature?
A) 22.3 L B) 31.2 L C) 44.9 L D) 112 L E) 380 L
23. A sample of carbon dioxide gas at 125°C and 248 torr occupies a volume of 275 L.
What will the gas pressure be if the volume is increased to 321 L at 125°C?
A) 212 torr B) 289 torr C) 356 torr D) 441 torr E) 359 torr
24. A sample of gas occupies 24.5 L at a pressure of 1.57 atm, what is the pressure if the
volume is increased to 48.3 L?
A) 0.796 atm B) 1.26 atm C) 3.1 atm D) 5.3 × 10–4 atm E) 1858 atm
25. What is the Kelvin temperature at 24°C?

A) 249 K B) 11.4 K C) –297 K D) –249 K E) 297 K
26. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the volume and
temperature at constant pressure and constant moles?
A) VT = k2
B) V2/T = k2
C) V = k2T
D) k2VT = 0
E) none of the above
27. What is the temperature in Celsius at 77 K which is the temperature of liquid nitrogen?
A) –350°C B) –196°C C) 350°C D) 196°C E) 3.55°C
28. What is the temperature in Celsius at 4 K which is the temperature of liquid helium?
A) –269°C B) 269°C C) 277°C D) 68.3°C E) –277°C
Page 170
Chapter 10 Gases
29. A sample of a gas occupies 1.40 × 103 mL at 25°C and 760 mmHg. What volume will
it occupy at the same temperature and 380 mmHg?
A) 2800 mL B) 2100 mL C) 1400 mL D) 1050 mL E) 700 mL
30. A sample of nitrogen gas has a volume of 32.4 L at 20°C. The gas is heated to 220ºC
at constant pressure. What is the final volume of nitrogen?
A) 2.94 L B) 19.3 L C) 31.4 L D) 54.5 L E) 356 L
Ans: D Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
31. If 25.5 L of oxygen are cooled from 150oC to 50oC at constant pressure, what is the new
volume of oxygen?
A) 0.0514 L B) 19.5 L C) 33.4 L D) 0.03 L E) 3.5 L
32. A sample of N2 gas occupies 2.40 L at 20°C. If the gas is in a container that can
contract or expand at constant pressure, at what temperature will the N2 occupy 4.80 L?
A) 10°C B) 40°C C) 146°C D) 313°C E) 685°C
33. A sample of nitrogen gas has the temperature drop from 250oC to 150oC at constant
pressure. What is the final volume if the initial volume is 310 mL?
A) 383.3 L B) 383 mL C) 0.251 L D) 0.4 L E) 6,85 L
34. A gas sample occupies 8.76 L at a temperature of 37°C, what is the volume if the
temperature is lowered to 0°C at constant pressure?
A) 9.95 L B) 0 L C) 4.22 L D) 74.1 L E) 7.71 L
35. What is the final temperature of a gas that expands from a volume of 22.4 L at 278 K to
a volume of 38.3 L?
A) 162.6 K B) 293.9 K C) 3.09 K D) 217.3 K E) 475.3 K
36. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the volume and number of
moles in the sample at constant pressure and constant temperature?
A) Vn = k3
B) V2/n = k3
C) n/V2 = k3
D) V/n = k3
E) none of the above
Page 171
Chapter 10 Gases
37. If 2.3 mol of a gas occupies 50.5 ml how many moles of the gas will occupy 85.5 mL at
the same temperature and pressure?
A) 1.4 moles B) 0.7 moles C) 3.9 moles D) 0.3 moles E) 2.3 moles
38. If 2.38 moles of a gas has a volume of 120.0 mL what is the volume of 1.97 mole of the
gas at the same temperature and pressure?
A) 57.5 mL B) 285.6 mL C) 11.8 mL D) 99.3 mL E) 145.0 mL
39. What is the volume of NH3 produced in the following reaction when 3.0 L of N2 reacts
with 4.0 L of H2?
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
A) 1.5 L B) 2.66 L C) 0.66 L D) 2.0 L E) 0.5 L
40. What is the formula which describes the relationship between the pressure, volume,
temperature, and moles?
A) PV
1 2 PV D) PT PT
= 2 1 1 1
= 2 2
n2T1 n1T2 n2V1 n1V2
B) PV
1 1 PV E) PT PT
= 2 2 1 2
= 2 1
n1T1 n2T2 n1V1 n2V2
C) PT
1 2 PT
= 2 1
n2V1 n1V2
41. If a constant number of moles of a gas is at a pressure of 1.35 atm and has a volume of
23.8 L at a temperature of 205.1 K then what is the final volume of the gas if the
pressure changes to 2.84 atm and the temperature rises to 233.4 K?
A) 9.9 L B) 44.0 L C) 12.9 L D) 57.0 L E) 0.18 L
42. If a constant number of moles of a gas is at a pressure of 2.71 atm and has a volume of
85.3 L at a temperature of 173.4 K then what is the final temperature of the gas if the
pressure changes to 1.04 atm in a 105.3 L container?
A) 53.9 K B) 4.6 K C) 366.0 K D) 82.1 K E) 557.8 K
43. What is the initial pressure of a gas having an initial temperature of 90.5 K, an initial
volume of 40.3 L, a final pressure of 0.83 atm, a final temperature of 0.54 K ,and a final
volume of 2.7 L?
Page 172
Chapter 10 Gases
44. A gas evolved during the fermentation of sugar was collected at 22.5°C and 702 mmHg.
After purification its volume was found to be 25.0 L. How many moles of gas were
collected (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg)?
A) 0.95 mol B) 1.05 mol C) 12.5 mol D) 22.4 mol E) 724 mol
45. How many molecules of N2 gas can be present in a 2.5 L flask at 50°C and 650 mmHg
(R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg, 1 mole = 6.022 × 1023 molecules)?
A) 2.1 × 10 –23 molecules D) 3.6 × 1025 molecules
B) 4.9 × 1022 molecules E) 0.081 molecules
23
C) 3.1 × 10 molecules
Ans: B Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
46. What are the conditions of STP?

A) 0 K and l atm D) 273.15°C and 760 torr
B) 273.15 K and 760 torr E) none of the above
C) 0°C and 760 atm
47. Calculate the volume occupied by 35.2 g of methane gas (CH4) at 25°C and 1.0 atm (R
= 0.0821 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 0.0186 L B) 4.5 L C) 11.2 L D) 49.2 L E) 53.7 L
48. Calculate the volume occupied by 25.2 g of CO2 at 0.84 atm and 25°C (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 0.060 L B) 1.34 L C) 16.9 L D) 24.2 L E) 734 L
49. Calculate the mass, in grams, of 2.74 L of CO gas measured at 33°C and 945 mmHg (R
= 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 0.263 g B) 2.46 g C) 3.80 g D) 35.2 g E) 206 g
50. A sample of propane, a component of LP gas, has a volume of 35.3 L at 315 K and 922
torr. What is its volume at STP (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 torr)?
A) 25.2 L B) 30.6 L C) 33.6 L D) 37.1 L E) 49.2 L
51. A sample of nitrogen gas is confined to a 14.0 L container at 375 torr and 37.0°C. How
many moles of nitrogen are in the container (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760
torr)?
A) 0.271 mol B) 2.27 mol C) 3.69 mol D) 206 mol E) 227 mol
Ans: A Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
Page 173
Chapter 10 Gases
52. A gas cylinder containing 1.50 mol compressed methane has a volume of 3.30 L. What
pressure does the methane exert on the walls of the cylinder if its temperature is 25°C (R
= 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 9.00 × 10–2 atm
B) 0.933 atm
C) 1.11 atm
D) 1.70 atm
E) 11.1 atm
53. Gases are sold in large cylinders for laboratory use. What pressure, in atmospheres,
will be exerted by 2500 g of oxygen gas (O2) when stored at 22°C in a 40.0 L cylinder
(R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 3.55 atm
B) 1510 atm
C) 47.3 atm
D) 7.56 × 104 atm
E) 10.2 atm
54. Calculate the density of carbon dioxide, CO2(g), at 100°C and 10.0 atm pressure (R =
0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 1.44 g/L B) 134 g/L C) 44.0 g/L D) 53.6 g/L E) 14.4 g/L
55. Calculate the density, in g/L, of SF6 gas at 27°C and 0.500 atm pressure (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 3.38 × 10–3 g/L
B) 2.96 g/L
C) 22.4 g/L
D) 32.9 g/L
E) 3.38 kg/L
56. Calculate the density of Ar(g) at –11°C and 675 mmHg (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1
atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 1.52 g/L B) 1.65 g/L C) –39.3 g/L D) 39.95 g/L E) 1254 g/L
57. Assuming ideal behavior, what is the density of argon gas at STP, in g/L (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 0.0176 g/L B) 0.0250 g/L C) 0.0561 g/L D) 1.78 g/L E) 181 g/L
Page 174
Chapter 10 Gases
58. What is the density of carbon dioxide gas at –25.2°C and 98.0 kPa (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 101,325 Pa)?
A) 0.232 g/L B) 0.279 g/L C) 0.994 g/L D) 1.74 g/L E) 2.09 g/L
59. Determine the molar mass of chloroform gas if a sample weighing 0.389 g is collected
in a flask with a volume of 102 cm3 at 97°C. The pressure of the chloroform is 728
mmHg (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 187 g/mol D) 31.6 g/mol
B) 121 g/mol E) 8.28 × 10–3 g/mol
C) 112 g/mol
60. Determine the molar mass of Freon–11 gas if a sample weighing 0.597 g occupies 100
cm3 at 95°C, and 1000 mmHg (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 mmHg).
A) 0.19 g/mol
B) 35.3 g/mol
C) 70.9 g/mol
D) 137 g/mol
E) 384 g/mol
61. A flask with a volume of 3.16 L contains 9.33 grams of an unknown gas at 32.0°C and
1.00 atm. What is the molar mass of the gas (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 7.76 g/mol
B) 66.1 g/mol
C) 74.0 g/mol
D) 81.4 g/mol
E) 144 g/mol
62. A 0.271 g sample of an unknown vapor occupies 294 mL at 140°C and 847 mmHg. The
empirical formula of the compound is CH2. What is the molecular formula of the
compound (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) CH2 B) C2H4 C) C3H6 D) C4H8 E) C6H12
63. A gaseous compound is 30.4% nitrogen and 69.6% oxygen by mass. A 5.25 g sample
of the gas occupies a volume of 1.00 L and exerts a pressure of 1.26 atm at –4.0°C.
Which of the following is its molecular formula (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) NO B) NO2 C) N3O6 D) N2O4 E) N2O5
Page 175
Chapter 10 Gases
64. A 250.0 mL sample of ammonia, NH3(g), exerts a pressure of 833 torr at 42.4°C. What
mass of ammonia is in the container (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760 torr)?
A) 0.0787 g B) 0.180 g C) 8.04 g D) 17.0 g E) 59.8 g
65. What volume of CO2 gas at 645 torr and 800 K could be produced by the reaction of 45
g of CaCO3 according to the equation CaCO3(s) → CaO(s) + CO2(g) (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 0.449 L B) 22.4 L C) 25.0 L D) 34.8 L E) 45.7 mL
66. How many liters of chlorine gas at 25°C and 0.950 atm can be produced by the reaction
of 12.0 g of MnO2? MnO2(s) + 4HCl(aq) → MnCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + Cl2(g) (R =
0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 5.36 × 10–3 L B) 0.138 L C) 0.282 L D) 3.09 L E) 3.55 L
67. Magnesium metal (0.100 mol) and a volume of aqueous hydrochloric acid that contains
0.500 mol of HCl are combined and react to completion. How many liters of hydrogen
gas, measured at STP, are produced? Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g) (R =
0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 2.24 L of H2 D) 11.2 L of H2
B) 4.48 L of H2 E) 22.4 L of H2
C) 5.60 L of H2
68. When active metals such as magnesium are immersed in acid solution, hydrogen gas is
evolved. Calculate the volume of H2(g) at 30.1°C and 0.85 atm that can be formed when
275 mL of 0.725 M HCl solution reacts with excess Mg to give hydrogen gas and
aqueous magnesium chloride (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 3.4 × 10–3 L B) 2.2 L C) 2.9 L D) 5.8 L E) 11.7 L
69. Calculate the volume of H2(g) at 273 K and 2.00 atm that will be formed when 275 mL
of 0.725 M HCl solution reacts with excess Mg to give hydrogen gas and aqueous
magnesium chloride (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1).
A) 0.56 L B) 1.12 L C) 2.23 L D) 4.47 L E) 3.54 L
70. What mass of KClO3 must be decomposed to produce 126 L of oxygen gas at 133°C
and 0.880 atm? (The other reaction product is solid KCl.) (R = 0.08206
L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 24.6 g B) 70.8 g C) 272 g D) 408 g E) 612 g
Page 176
Chapter 10 Gases
71. Hydrogen peroxide was catalytically decomposed and 75.3 mL of oxygen gas was
collected over water at 25°C and 742 torr. What mass of oxygen was collected? (Pwater =
24 torr at 25°C, R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)
A) 0.00291 g B) 0.0931 g C) 0.0962 g D) 0.0993 g E) 0.962 g
72. A block of dry ice (solid CO2, density = 1.56 g/mL) of dimensions 25.0 cm × 25.0 cm ×
25.0 cm is left to sublime (i.e., to pass from the solid phase to the gas phase) in a closed
chamber of dimensions 4.00 m × 5.00 m × 3.00 m. The partial pressure of carbon
dioxide in this chamber at 25°C will be (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1, 1 atm = 760
mmHg)
A) 171 mmHg. D) 0.171 mmHg.
B) 107 mmHg. E) 14.4 mmHg.
C) 0.225 mmHg.
73. The mole fraction of oxygen molecules in dry air is 0.2095. What volume of dry air at
1.00 atm and 25°C is required for burning 1.00 L of octane (C8H18, density = 0.7025
g/mL) completely, yielding carbon dioxide and water (R = 0.08206 L·atm·K-1·mol-1)?
A) 718 L B) 367 L C) 8990 L D) 1880 L E) 150 L
74. A 2.50 L flask contains a mixture of methane (CH4) and propane (C3H8) at a pressure of
1.45 atm and 20°C. When this gas mixture is then burned in excess oxygen, 8.60 g of
carbon dioxide is formed. (The other product is water.) What is the mole fraction of
methane in the original gas mixture?
A) 0.34 B) 1.00 C) 0.66 D) 0.85 E) 0.15
75. Hydrogen and oxygen gas are mixed in a 7.75 L flask at 65oC and contains 0.482 g of
hydrogen and 4.98 g of oxygen. What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the flask?
A) 0.557 atm B) 0.043 atm C) 1.11 atm D) 33.5 atm E) 67 atm
76. A spacecraft is filled with 0.500 atm of N2 and 0.500 atm of O2. Suppose an object
strikes this spacecraft and puts a very small hole in its side. Under these circumstances,
A) O2 is lost from the craft 6.9% faster than N2 is lost.
B) O2 is lost from the craft 14% faster than N2 is lost.
C) N2 is lost from the craft 6.9% faster than O2 is lost.
D) N2 is lost from the craft 14% faster than O2 is lost.
E) N2 and O2 are lost from the craft at the same rate.
Page 177
Chapter 10 Gases
77. 1.000 atm of oxygen gas, placed in a container having a pinhole opening in its side,
leaks from the container 2.14 times faster than does 1.000 atm of an unknown gas
placed in this same apparatus. Which of the following species could be the unknown
gas?
A) Cl2 B) SF6 C) Kr D) UF6 E) Xe
78. At what temperature in Kelvin is the root–mean–square speed of helium atoms (atomic
weight = 4.00) equal to that of oxygen molecules (molecular weight = 32.00) at 300. K?
A) 37.5 K B) 75 K C) 106 K D) 292 K E) 2400 K
79. Select the gas with the highest average kinetic energy per mole at 298 K.
A) O2
B) CO2
C) H2O
D) H2
E) All have the same average kinetic energy.
80. Select the gas with the largest root–mean–square molecular speed at 25°C.
A) NH3
B) CO
C) H2
D) SF6
E) All the gases have the same root–mean–square molecular speed at 25°C.
81. Calculate the root–mean–square speed of methane, CH4(g), at 78°C.

A) 23 m/s B) 350 m/s C) 550 m/s D) 667 m/s E) 740 m/s
82. Freon–12, CF2Cl2, which has been widely used in air conditioning systems, is
considered a threat to the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Calculate the
root–mean–square velocity of Freon–12 molecules in the lower stratosphere where the
temperature is –65°C.
A) 20 m/s B) 120 m/s C) 210 m/s D) 260 m/s E) 4.4 × 104 m/s
83. Which of the following gases effuses most rapidly?

A) nitrogen D) ammonia
B) oxygen E) carbon monoxide
C) hydrogen chloride
Page 178
Chapter 10 Gases
84. Arrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of effusion.

C2H6 Ar HCl PH3
A) Ar < HCl <PH3 < C2H6 D) C2H6 < HCl < PH3 < Ar
B) C2H6 < PH3 < HCl < Ar E) Ar <PH3 < HCl < C2H6
C) Ar < PH3 < C2H6 < HCl
85. A 3.0 L sample of helium was placed in container fitted with a porous membrane. Half
of the helium effused through the membrane in 24 h. A 3.0 L sample of oxygen was
placed in an identical container. How many hours will it take for half of the oxygen to
effuse through the membrane?
A) 8.5 h B) 12 h C) 48 h D) 60 h E) 68 h
86. A compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine effuses through a pinhole
0.411 times as fast as neon. Select the correct molecular formula for the compound.
A) CHCl3 B) CH2Cl2 C) C2H2Cl2 D) C2H3Cl E) CCl4
87. The temperature of the carbon dioxide atmosphere near the surface of Venus is 475°C.
Calculate the average kinetic energy per mole of carbon dioxide molecules on Venus.
A) 2520 J/mol D) 9330 J/mol
B) 4150 J/mol E) 5920 kJ/mol
C) 5920 J/mol
88. Which statement is false?

A) The average kinetic energies of molecules from samples of different “ideal” gases
is the same at the same temperature.
B) The molecules of an ideal gas are relatively far apart.
C) All molecules of an ideal gas have the same kinetic energy at constant
temperature.
D) Molecules of a gas undergo many collisions with each other and the container
walls.
E) Molecules of greater mass have a lower average speed than those of less mass at
the same temperature.
89. Complete this sentence: The molecules of different samples of an ideal gas have the
same average kinetic energies, at the same ________.
A) pressure B) temperature C) volume D) density
Page 179
Chapter 10 Gases
90. If equal masses of O2(g) and HBr(g) are in separate containers of equal volume and
temperature, which one of the following statements is true?
A) The pressure in the O2 container is greater than that in the HBr container.
B) There are more HBr molecules than O2 molecules.
C) The average velocity of the O2 molecules is less than that of the HBr molecules.
D) The average kinetic energy of HBr molecules is greater than that of O2 molecules.
E) The pressures of both gases are the same.
91. Which gas has molecules with the greatest average molecular speed at 25°C?
A) CH4 B) Kr C) N2 D) CO2 E) Ar
92. Which of the following gas molecules have the highest average kinetic energy at 25°C?
A) H2
B) O2
C) N2
D) Cl2
E) All the gases have the same average kinetic energy.
93. Deviations from the ideal gas law are greater at

A) low temperatures & low pressures. C) high temperatures & high pressures.
B) low temperatures & high pressures. D) high temperatures & low pressures.
94. For a substance that remains a gas under the conditions listed, deviation from the ideal
gas law would be most pronounced at
A) 100°C and 2.0 atm D) –100°C and 4.0 atm
B) 0°C and 2.0 atm E) 100°C and 4.0 atm
C) –100°C and 2.0 atm
95. Nitrogen will behave most like an ideal gas

A) at high temperature and high pressure.
B) at high temperature and low pressure.
C) at low temperature and high pressure.
D) at low temperature and low pressure.
E) at intermediate (moderate) temperature and pressure.
Page 180
Chapter 10 Gases
96. At very high pressures (~ 1000 atm), the measured pressure exerted by real gases is
greater than that predicted by the ideal gas equation. This is mainly because
A) such high pressures cannot be accurately measured.
B) real gases will condense to form liquids at 1000 atm pressure.
C) gas phase collisions prevent molecules from colliding with the walls of the
container.
D) of attractive intermolecular forces between gas molecules.
E) the volume occupied by the gas molecules themselves becomes significant.
97. True or False: Gases form heterogeneous mixtures or solutions with one another.
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
98. True or False: Gases are compressible and have a density that is much higher than
liquids and solids.
99. True or False: When a closed–ended manometer is used for pressure measurements,
and the closed end is under vacuum, the level of manometer liquid in the closed arm can
never be lower than that in the other arm.
Ans: True Bloom's Taxonomy: 2 Difficulty: moderate
100. True or False: For a gas obeying Boyle's Law, a plot of V versus 1/P will give a
straight line passing through the origin.
Ans: False Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: moderate
101. True or False: At a temperature of absolute zero, the volume of an ideal gas is zero.
Ans: True Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
102. True or False: For real gases, PV > nRT, always.

103. True or False: The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to its molar mass.
104. True or False: According to the postulates of kinetic–molecular theory, the molecules
of all gases at a given temperature have the same average speed.
105. Give five examples of elements that occur as gases at room temperature and pressure?
Ans: (Answers will vary.) Oxygen, nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, argon, chlorine
Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy
Page 181
Chapter 10 Gases
106. Give five examples of compounds that exist as gases at room temperature and pressure.
Ans: (Answers will vary.) Ammonia, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,
methane
107. If a liquid boils at –75oC then what is the temperature in Kelvin?

Ans: 198oC
108. What is the standard temperature used for STP conditions?

Ans: 0°C
109. What is the standard pressure used for STP conditions?

Ans: 1 atm
110. An aerosol can with a volume of 0.50 L has a bursting point of 2.6 atm. If the can
contains 1.0 g CO2 and is heated to 400°C, will it burst?
Ans: no
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: difficult
111. What is the mole fraction of NO in a 55.0 L gas cylinder at 30oC which comes from a
mixture of N2 and NO if you have 3.238 mol of N2 and the gas cylinder has a total
pressure of 2.14 atm?
Ans: 0.336
Bloom's Taxonomy: 3 Difficulty: moderate
112. _______________ is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere.

Ans: Atmospheric pressure
113. ___________ is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

Ans: Barometer
114. ___________ is a device used to measure the pressure of gases other than the
atmosphere.
Ans: Manometer
115. ___________ is theoretically the lowest attainable temperature.

Ans: Absolute zero
Page 182
Chapter 10 Gases
116. ___________ states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant
pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of a gas.
Ans: Charles's Law
117. ___________ is the equation for the pressure of an ideal gas.

Ans:
118. ___________ is the formula to determine the amount of a reactant or product in units of
moles using the ideal gas law.
Ans: n = PV/RT
119. STP stands for ___________ ___________ and ______________.

Ans: standard temperature and pressure
120. ___________ is the formula to determine the molar mass of a compound using the ideal
gas law.
Ans: M =dRT/P
121. ___________ is the formula to determine the density of a substance using the ideal gas
law.
Ans: d = pM/RT
122. What is the definition of “gas”?

Ans: A “gas” is a substance in which the molecules are separated on the average by
distances that are large compared with the sizes of the molecules.
123. Explain why you do not feel atmospheric pressure pushing on your body?
Ans: A pressure exists inside your body that is equal to the atmospheric pressure
pushing on the outside of your body.
124. State Avogadro's Law.

Ans: Equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same
number of particles.
Page 183
Chapter 10 Gases
125. Packaged cake mixes usually contain baking powder, a mixture of sodium hydrogen
carbonate and calcium hydrogen phosphate, that react to produce carbon dioxide gas
when they come into contact with water. Many such mixes have special instructions
for use at high altitudes. Why?
Ans: The baking powder acts as a leavening agent. Due to the reduced atmospheric
pressure, a greater volume of carbon dioxide is created.
126. Starting from the Ideal Gas Equation, derive an equation corresponding to Charles's
Law, stating all important assumptions or conditions.
Ans: Ideal Gas Equation is PV = nRT. Charles's Law refers to a fixed amount of gas (n
is a constant) and constant pressure P. R is always constant. Rearrange the
equation to V = (nR/P)T. The quantities in parentheses are all constant, so V =
constant × T, which is Charles's Law.
127. What is the significance of the magnitude of the van der Waals “a” constant?
Ans: The magnitude of the van der Waals “a” constant reflects the strength of the
attractions between molecules of a given type of gas.
Page 184
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[489] Cf. Appendix I., and Frazer, ii. 316; Jevons, Plutarch,
lxix. 143, on the struggle between two wards—the Sacred
Way and the Subura—for the head of the October Horse at
Rome.
[490] Haddon, 270. The tug-of-war reappears in Korea and
Japan as a ceremony intended to secure a good harvest.
[491] Mrs. Gomme, s. vv. Bandyball, Camp, Football, Hockey,
Hood, Hurling, Shinty. These games, in which the ball is
fought for, are distinct from those already mentioned as
having a ceremonial use, in which it is amicably tossed
from player to player (cf. p. 128). If Golf belongs to the
present category, it is a case in which the endeavour
seems to be actually to bury the ball. It is tempting to
compare the name Hockey with the Hock-cart of the
harvest festival, and with Hock-tide; but it does not really
seem to be anything but Hookey. The original of both the
hockey-stick and the golf-club was probably the shepherd’s
crook. Mr. Pepys tried to cast stones with a shepherd’s
crook on those very Epsom downs where the stockbroker
now foozles his tee shot.
[492] F. L. vii. 345; M. Shearman, Athletics and Football, 246;
Haddon, 271; Gomme, Vill. Comm. 240; Ditchfield, 57, 64;
W. Fitzstephen, Vita S. Thomae (†1170-82) in Mat. for Hist.
of Becket (R. S.), iii. 9, speaks of the ‘lusum pilae
celebrem’ in London ‘die quae dicitur Carnilevaria.’ Riley,
571, has a London proclamation of 1409 forbidding the levy
of money for ‘foteballe’ and cok-thresshyng.’ At Chester the
annual Shrove Tuesday football on the Roodee was
commuted for races in 1540 (Hist. MSS. viii. 1. 362). At
Dublin there was, in 1569, a Shrove Tuesday ‘riding’ of the
‘occupacions’ each ‘bearing balles’ (Gilbert, ii. 54).
[493] Haddon, loc. cit.; Gomme, loc. cit.; Gloucester F. L. 38.
Cf. the conflictus described in ch. ix, and the classical
parallels in Frazer, Pausanias, iii. 267.
[494] F. L. iii. 441; Ditchfield, 85.
[495] F. L. vii. 330 (a very full account); viii. 72, 173; Ditchfield,
50. There is a local aetiological myth about a lady who lost
her hood on a windy day, and instituted the contest in
memory of the event.
[496] Mrs. Gomme, s. v. Oranges and Lemons.
[497] Mrs. Gomme, s. vv.
[498] Dyer, 6, 481. ‘Stang’ is a word, of Scandinavian origin,
for ‘pole’ or ‘stake.’ The Scandinavian nið-stöng (scorn-
stake) was a horse’s head on a pole, with a written curse
and a likeness of the man to be ill-wished (Vigfusson, Icel.
Dict. s. v. níð).
[499] Cf. with Mr. Barrett’s account, Northall, 253; Ditchfield,
178; Northern F. L. 29; Julleville, Les Com. 205; also
Thomas Hardy’s Mayor of Casterbridge, and his The Fire at
Tranter Sweatley’s (Wessex Poems, 201). The penalty is
used by schoolboys (Northern F. L. 29) as well as villagers.
[500] Grenier, 375; Ducange, s. v. Charivarium, which he
defines as ‘ludus turpis tinnitibus et clamoribus variis,
quibus illudunt iis, qui ad secundas convolant nuptias.’ He
refers to the statutes of Melun cathedral (1365) in
Instrumenta Hist. Eccl. Melud. ii. 503. Cf. Conc. of Langres
(1404) ‘ludo quod dicitur Chareuari, in quo utuntur larvis in
figura daemonum, et horrenda ibidem committuntur’; Conc.
of Angers (1448), c. 12 (Labbé, xiii. 1358) ‘pulsatione
patellarum, pelvium et campanarum, eorum oris et
manibus sibilatione, instrumento aeruginariorum, sive
fabricantium, et aliarum rerum sonorosarum,
vociferationibus tumultuosis et aliis ludibriis et irrisionibus,
in illo damnabili actu (qui cariuarium, vulgariter charivari,
nuncupatur) circa domos nubentium, et in ipsorum
detestationem et opprobrium post eorum secundas nuptias
fieri consuetum, &c.’
[501] Cf. ch. xvi, and Leber, ix. 148, 169; Julleville, Les Com.
205, 243. In 1579 a regular jeu was made by the Dijon
Mère-Folle of the chevauchée of one M. Du Tillet. The text
is preserved in Bibl. Nat. MS. 24039 and analysed by M.
Petit de Julleville.
[502] In Berks a draped horse’s head is carried, and the
proceeding known as a Hooset Hunt (Ditchfield, 178).
[503] Ducange, s. v. Asini caudam in manu tenens.
[504] Julleville, Les Com. 207.
[505] So on Ilchester Meads, where the proceeding is known
as Mommets or Mommicks (Barrett, 65).
[506] On Hock-tide and the Hock-play generally see Brand-
Ellis, i. 107; Strutt, 349; Sharpe, 125; Dyer, 188; S. Denne,
Memoir on Hokeday in Archaeologia, vii. 244.
[507] Cf. Appendix H. An allusion to the play by Sir R.
Morrison (†1542) is quoted in chap. xxv.
[508] Laneham, or his informant, actually said, in error, 1012.
On the historical event see Ramsay, i. 353.
[509] There were performers both on horse and on foot.
Probably hobby-horses were used, for Jonson brings in
Captain Cox ‘in his Hobby-horse,’ which was ‘foaled in
Queen Elizabeth’s time’ in the Masque of Owls (ed.
Cunningham, iii. 188).
[510] Cf. Representations, s. v. Coventry.
[511] Rossius, Hist. Regum Angliae (ed. Hearne, 1716), 105
‘in cuius signum usque hodie illa die vulgariter dicta Hox
Tuisday ludunt in villis trahendo cordas partialiter cum aliis
iocis.’ Rous, who died 1491, is speaking of the death of
Hardicanute. On the event see Ramsay, i. 434. Possibly
both events were celebrated in the sixteenth century at
Coventry. Two of the three plays proposed for municipal
performance in 1591 were the ‘Conquest of the Danes’ and
the ‘History of Edward the Confessor.’ These were to be
upon the ‘pagens,’ and probably they were more regular
dramas than the performance witnessed by Elizabeth in
1575 (Representations, s. v. Coventry).
[512] Leland, Collectanea (ed. Hearne), v. 298 ‘uno certo die
heu usitato (forsan Hoc vocitato) hoc solempni festo
paschatis transacto, mulieres homines, alioque die
homines mulieres ligare, ac cetera media utinam non
inhonesta vel deteriora facere moliantur et exercere,
lucrum ecclesiae fingentes, set dampnum animae sub
fucato colore lucrantes, &c.’ Riley, 561, 571, gives London
proclamations against ‘hokkyng’ of 1405 and 1409.
[513] Brand-Ellis, i. 113; Lysons, Environs of London, i. 229; C.
Kerry, Accts. of St. Lawrence, Reading; Hobhouse, 232; N.
E. D. s. vv. Hock, &c.
[514] Owen and Blakeway, Hist. of Shrewsbury, i. 559.
[515] Dyer, 191; Ditchfield, 90.
[516] N. E. D. s. v. Hock-day.
[517] Brand-Ellis, i. 106.
[518] Ibid. i. 109.
[519] Ducange, s. v. Prisio; Barthélemy, iv. 463. On Innocents’
Day, the customs of taking in bed and whipping were
united (cf. ch. xii).
[520] Northern F. L. 84; Brand-Ellis, i. 94, 96; Vaux, 242;
Ditchfield, 80; Dyer, 133.
[521] Brand-Ellis, i. 106; Owen and Blakeway, i. 559; Dyer,
173; Ditchfield, 90; Burne-Jackson, 336; Northern F. L. 84;
Vaux, 242. A dignified H. M. I. is said to have made his first
official visit to Warrington on Easter Monday, and to have
suffered accordingly. Miss Burne describes sprinkling as an
element in Shropshire heaving.
[522] Belethus, c. 120 ‘notandum quoque est in plerisque
regionibus secundo die post Pascha mulieres maritos suos
verberare ac vicissim viros eas tertio die.’ The spiritually
minded Belethus explains the custom as a warning to keep
from carnal intercourse.
[523] Dyer, 79; Ditchfield, 83.
[524] Brand-Ellis, i. 114; Ditchfield, 252. Mr. W. Crooke has just
studied this and analogous customs in The Lifting of the
Bride (F. L. xiii. 226).
[525] Suffolk F. L. 69; F. L. v. 167. The use of largess, a
Norman-French word (largitio), is curious. It is also used for
the subscriptions to Lancashire gyst-ales (Dyer, 182).
[526] Ditchfield, 155.
[527] Frazer, ii. 233; Pfannenschmidt, 93.
[528] Haddon, 335; Grosse, 167; Herbert Spencer in Contemp.
Review (1895), 114; Groos, Play of Man, 88, 354. Evidence
for the wide use of the dance at savage festivals is given
by Wallaschek, 163, 187.
[529] Grimm, i. 39; Pearson, ii. 133; Müllenhoff, Germania, ch.
24, and de antiq. Germ. poesi chorica, 4; Kögel, i. 1. 8. The
primitive word form should have been laikaz, whence
Gothic laiks, O. N. leikr, O. H. G. leih, A.-S. lâc. The word
has, says Müllenhoff, all the senses ‘Spiel, Tanz, Gesang,
Opfer, Aufzug.’ From the same root come probably ludus,
and possibly, through the Celtic, the O. F. lai. The A.-S. lâc
is glossed ludus, sacrificium, victima, munus. It occurs in
the compounds ecga-gelâc and sveorða-gelâc, both
meaning ‘sword-dance,’ sige-lâc, ‘victory-dance,’ as-lâc,
‘god-dance,’ wine-lâc, ‘love-dance’ (cf. p. 170), &c. An A.-S.
synonym for lâc is plega, ‘play,’ which gives sweord-plega
and ecg-plega. Spil is not A.-S. and spilian is a loan-word
from O. H. G.
[530] Gummere, B. P. 328; Kögel, i. 1. 6.
[531] S. Ambrose, de Elia et Ieiunio, c. 18 (P. L. xiv. 720), de
Poenitentia, ii. 6 (P. L. xvi. 508); S. Augustine, contra
Parmenianum, iii. 6 (P. L. xliii. 107); S. Chrysostom, Hom.
47 in Iulian. mart. p. 613; Hom. 23 de Novilun. p. 264; C. of
Laodicea ( † 366), c. 53 (Mansi, ii. 571). Cf. D. C. A. s. v.
Dancing, and ch. i. Barthélemy, ii. 438, and other writers
have some rather doubtful theories as to liturgical dancing
in early Christian worship; cf. Julian. Dict. of Hymn. 206.
[532] Du Méril, Com. 67; Pearson, ii. 17, 281; Gröber, ii. 1.
444; Kögel, i. 1. 25; Indiculus Superstitionum (ed. Saupe),
10 ‘de sacrilegiis per ecclesias.’ Amongst the prohibitions
are Caesarius of Arles ( † 542), Sermo xiii. (P. L. xxxix.
2325) ‘quam multi rustici et quam multae mulieres
rusticanae cantica diabolica, amatoria et turpia memoriter
retinent et ore decantant’; Const. Childeberti (c. 554) de
abol. relig. idololatriae (Mansi, ix. 738) ‘noctes pervigiles
cum ebrietate, scurrilitate, vel canticis, etiam in ipsis sacris
diebus, pascha, natale Domini, et reliquis festivitatibus, vel
adveniente die Dominico dansatrices per villas
ambulare ... nullatenus fieri permittimus’; C. of Auxerre
(573-603), c. 9 (Maassen, i. 180) ‘non licet in ecclesia
choros secularium vel puellarum cantica exercere nec
convivia in ecclesia praeparare’; C. of Chalons (639-54), c.
19 (Maassen, i. 212) ‘Valde omnibus noscetur esse
decretum, ne per dedicationes basilicarum aut festivitates
martyrum ad ipsa solemnia confluentes obscoena et turpia
cantica, dum orare debent aut clericos psallentes audire,
cum choris foemineis, turpia quidem decantare videantur.
unde convenit, ut sacerdotes loci illos a septa basilicarum
vel porticus ipsarum basilicarum etiam et ab ipsis atriis
vetare debeant et arcere.’ Sermo Eligii (Grimm, iv. 1737)
‘nullus in festivitate S. Ioannis vel quibuslibet sanctorum
solemnitatibus solstitia aut vallationes vel saltationes aut
caraulas aut cantica diabolica exerceat’; Iudicium
Clementis (†693), c. 20 (Haddan-Stubbs, iii. 226) ‘si quis in
quacunque festivitate ad ecclesiam veniens pallat foris, aut
saltat, aut cantat orationes amatorias ... excommunicetur’
(apparently a fragment of a penitential composed by
Clement or Willibrord, an A.-S. missionary to Frisia, on
whom see Bede, H. E. v. 9, and the only dance prohibition
of possible A.-S. provenance of which I know); Statuta
Salisburensia (Salzburg: † 800; Boretius, i. 229) ‘Ut omnis
populus ... absque inlecebroso canticu et lusu saeculari
cum laetaniis procedant’; C. of Mainz (813), c. 48 (Mansi,
xiv. 74) ‘canticum turpe atque luxuriosum circa ecclesias
agere omnino contradicimus’; C. of Rome (826), c. 35
(Mansi, xiv. 1008) ‘sunt quidam, et maxime mulieres, qui
festis ac sacris diebus atque sanctorum natalitiis non pro
eorum quibus debent delectantur desideriis advenire, sed
ballando, verba turpia decantando, choros tenendo ac
ducendo, similitudinem paganorum peragendo, advenire
procurant’; cf. Dicta abbatis Pirminii (Caspari,
Kirchenhistorische Anecdota, 188); Penitentiale pseudo-
Theodorianum (Wasserschleben, 607); Leonis IV Homilia
(847, Mansi, xiv. 895); Benedictus Levita, Capitularia
(†850), vi. 96 (M. G. H. Script. iv. 2); and for Spain, C. of
Toledo (589), c. 23 (Mansi, ix. 999), and the undated C. of
Braga, c. 80 (quoted on p. 144). Cf. also the denunciations
of the Kalends (ch. xi and Appendix N). Nearly four
centuries after the C. of Rome we find the C. of Avignon
(1209), c. 17 (Mansi, xxii. 791) ‘statuimus, ut in sanctorum
vigiliis in ecclesiis historicae saltationes, obscoeni motus,
seu choreae non fiant, nec dicantur amatoria carmina, vel
cantilenae ibidem....’ Still later the C. of Bayeux (1300), c.
31 (Mansi, xxv. 66) ‘ut dicit Augustinus, melius est festivis
diebus fodere vel arare, quam choreas ducere’; and so on
ad infinitum. The pseudo-Augustine Sermo, 265, de
Christiano nomine cum operibus non Christianis (P. L.
xxxix. 2237), which is possibly by Caesarius of Arles,
asserts explicitly the pagan character of the custom: ‘isti
enim infelices et miseri homines, qui balationes et
saltationes ante ipsas basilicas sanctorum exercere non
metuunt nec erubescunt, etsi Christiani ad ecclesiam
venerint, pagani de ecclesia revertuntur; quia ista
consuetudo balandi de paganorum observatione remansit.’
A mediaeval preacher (quoted by A. Lecoy de la Marche,
Chaire française au Moyen Âge, 447, from B. N. Lat. MS.
17509, f. 146) declares, ‘chorea enim circulus est cuius
centrum est diabolus, et omnes vergunt ad sinistrum.’
[533] Tille, D. W. 301; G. Raynaud, in Études dédiées à
Gaston Paris, 53; E. Schröder, Die Tänzer von Kölbigk, in
Z. f. Kirchengeschichte, xvii. 94; G. Paris, in Journal des
Savants (1899), 733.
[534] H. E. Reynolds, Wells Cathedral, 85 ‘cum ex choreis
ludis et spectaculis et lapidum proiectionibus in praefata
ecclesia et eius cemeteriis ac claustro dissentiones
sanguinis effusiones et violentiae saepius oriantur et in hiis
dicta Wellensis ecclesia multa dispendia patiatur.’
[535] Menestrier, Des Ballets anciens et modernes (1863), 4;
on other French church dances, cf. Du Tilliot, 21;
Barthélemy, iv. 447; Leber, ix. 420. The most famous are
the pilota of Auxerre, which was accompanied with ball-
play (cf. ch. vi) and the bergeretta of Besançon. Julian,
Dict. of Hymn. 206, gives some English examples.
[536] Grove, 106. A full account of the ceremony at the feast of
the Conception in 1901 is given in the Church Times for
Jan. 17, 1902.
[537] Grove, 103; Bérenger-Féraud, iii. 430; Mélusine (1879),
39; N. and Q. for May 17, 1890. The dance is headed by
the clergy, and proceeds to a traditional tune from the
banks of the Sûre to the church, up sixty-two steps, along
the north aisle, round the altar deasil, and down the south
aisle. It is curious that until the seventeenth century only
men took part in it. St. Willibrord is famous for curing
nervous diseases, and the pilgrimage is done by way of
vow for such cures. The local legend asserts that the
ceremony had its origin in an eighth-century cattle-plague,
which ceased through an invocation of St. Willibrord: it is a
little hard on the saint, whose prohibition of dances at the
church-door has just been quoted.
[538] Bérenger-Féraud, iii. 409. A similarly named saint, St.
Martial, was formerly honoured in the same way. Every
psalm on his day ended, not with the Gloria Patri, but with
a dance, and the chant, ‘Saint-Marceau, pregas per nous,
et nous epingaren per vous’ (Du Méril, La Com. 68).
[539] Cf. p. 26. There were ‘madinnis that dansit’ before
James IV of Scotland at Forres, Elgin and Dernway in
1504, but nothing is said of songs (L. H. T. Accounts, ii.
463).
[540] Carm. Bur. 191:
‘ludunt super gramina virgines decorae

quarum nova carmina dulci sonant ore.’
Ibid. 195:
‘ecce florescunt lilia,

et virginum dant agmina
summo deorum carmina.’
[541] W. Fitzstephen, Descriptio Londin. (Mat. for Hist. of

Becket, R. S. iii. 11) ‘puellarum Cytherea ducit choros
usque imminente luna, et pede libero pulsatur tellus.’
[542] Jeanroy, 102, 387; Guy, 504; Paris, Journal des Savants
(1892), 407. M. Paris points out that dances, other than
professional, first appear in the West after the fall of the
Empire. The French terms for dancing—baller, danser,
treschier, caroler—are not Latin. Caroler, however, he
thinks to be the Greek χοραυλεῖν, ‘to accompany a dance
with a flute.’ But the French carole was always
accompanied, not with a flute, but with a sung chanson.
[543] Paris, loc. cit. 410; Jeanroy, 391. In Wace’s description of
Arthur’s wedding, the women carolent and the men
behourdent. Cf. Bartsch, Romanzen und Pastourellen, i.
13:
‘Cez damoiseles i vont por caroler,

cil escuier i vont por behorder,
cil chevalier i vont por esgarder.’
[544] On the return of Edward II and Isabella of France in

1308, the mayor and other dignitaries of London went
‘coram rege et regina karolantes’ (Chronicles of Edward I
and Edward II, R. S. i. 152). On the birth of Prince Edward
in 1312, they ‘menerent la karole’ in church and street
(Riley, 107).
[545] Kögel, i. 1. 6.
[546] Mrs. Gomme, ii. 228; Haddon, 345.
[547] Cf. ch. vi on the motion deasil round the sacred object. It
is curious that the modern round dances go withershins
round a room. Grimm, i. 52, quotes Gregory the Great,
Dial. iii. 28 on a Lombard sacrifice, ‘caput caprae, hoc ei,
per circuitum currentes, carmine nefando dedicantes.’
[548] At Bradford-on-Avon, Wilts (which preserves its Anglo-
Saxon church), and at South Petherton, Somerset, in both
cases on Shrove Tuesday (Mrs. Gomme, ii. 230); cf. Vaux,
18. The church at Painswick, Gloucester, is danced round
on wake-day (F. L. viii. 392). There is a group of games, in
which the players wind and unwind in spirals round a
centre. Such are Eller Tree, Wind up the Bush Faggot, and
Bulliheisle. These Mrs. Gomme regards as survivals of the
ritual dance round a sacred tree. Some obscure references
in the rhymes used to ‘dumplings’ and ‘a bundle of rags’
perhaps connect themselves with the cereal cake and the
rags hung on the tree for luck. In Cornwall such a game is
played under the name of ‘Snail’s Creep’ at certain village
feasts in June, and directed by young men with leafy
branches.
[549] Du Méril, La Com. 72; Haddon, 346; Grove, 50, 81;
Haigh, 14; N. W. Thomas, La Danse totémique en Europe,
in Actes d. Cong. intern. d. Trad. pop. (1900).
[550] Plot, Hist. of Staffs. (1686); F. L. iv. 172; vii. 382 (with
cuts of properties); Ditchfield, 139.
[551] The O. H. G. hîleih, originally meaning ‘sex-dance,’
comes to be ‘wedding.’ The root hi, like wini (cf. p. 170),
has a sexual connotation (Pearson, ii. 132; Kögel, i. 1. 10).
[552] Coussemaker, Chants populaires des Flamands de
France, 100:
‘In den hemel is eenen dans:

Alleluia.
Daer dansen all’ de maegdekens:
Benedicamus Domino,
Alleluia, Alleluia.
‘t is voor Amelia:
Alleluia.
Wy dansen naer de maegdekens:
Benedicamus, etc.’
[553] Frazer, i. 35; Dyer, 7; Northall, 233. A Lancashire song is
sung ‘to draw you these cold winters away,’ and wishes
‘peace and plenty’ to the household. A favourite French
May chanson is
‘Étrennez notre épousée,

Voici le mois,
Le joli mois de Mai,
Étrennez notre épousée
En bonne étrenne.
Voici le mois,
Le joli mois de Mai,
Qu’on vous amène.’
If the quêteurs come on a churl, they have an ill-wishing

variant. The following is characteristic of the French
peasantry:
‘J’vous souhaitons autant d’enfants,

Qu’y a des pierrettes dans les champs.’
Often more practical tokens of revenge are shown. The Plough

Monday ‘bullocks’ in some places consider themselves
licensed to plough up the ground before a house where
they have been rebuffed.’
[554] Mrs. Gomme, ii. 1, 399; Haddon, 343; Du Méril, La Com.
81. Amongst the jeux of the young Gargantua (Rabelais, i.
22) was one ‘à semer l’avoyne et au laboureur.’ This
probably resembled the games of Oats and Beans and
Barley, and Would you know how doth the Peasant? which
exist in English, French, Catalonian, and Italian versions.
On the mimetic character of these games, cf. ch. viii.
[555] Text from Harl. MS. 978 in H. E. Wooldridge, Oxford Hist.
of Music, i. 326, with full account. The music, to which
religious as well as the secular words are attached, is
technically known as a rota or rondel. It is of the nature of
polyphonic part-song, and of course more advanced than
the typical mediaeval rondet can have been.
[556] On these songs in general, see Northall, 233;
Martinengo-Cesaresco, 249; Cortet, 153; Tiersot, 191;
Jeanroy, 88; Paris, J. des Savants (1891), 685, (1892),
155, 407.
[557] H. A. Wilson, Hist. of Magd. Coll. (1899), 50. Mr. Wilson
discredits the tradition that the performance began as a
mass for the obit of Henry VII. The hymn is printed in Dyer,
259; Ditchfield, 96. It has no relation to the summer festival,
having been written in the seventeenth century by Thomas
Smith and set by Benjamin Rogers as a grace. In other
cases hymns have been attached to the village festivals. At
Tissington the well-dressing,’ on Ascension Day includes a
clerical procession in which ‘Rock of Ages’ and ‘A Living
Stream’ are sung (Ditchfield, 187). A special ‘Rushbearers’
Hymn’ was written for the Grasmere Rushbearing in 1835,
and a hymn for St. Oswald has been recently added (E. G.
Fletcher, The Rushbearing, 13, 74).
[558] Dyer, 240, from Hertfordshire. There are many other
versions; cf. Northall, 240.
[559] Kögel, i. 1. 32.
[560] Pertz, Leges, i. 68 ‘nullatenus ibi uuinileodos scribere vel
mittere praesumat.’ Kögel, i. 1. 61: Goedeke, i. 11, quote
other uses of the term from eighth-century glosses, e.g.
‘uuiniliod, cantilenas saeculares, psalmos vulgares,
seculares, plebeios psalmos, cantica rustica et inepta.’
Winiliod is literally ‘love-song,’ from root wini (conn. with
Venus). Kögel traces an earlier term O. H. G. winileih, A.-S.
winelâc = hîleih. On the erotic motive in savage dances, cf.
Grosse, 165, 172; Hirn, 229.
[561] Romania, vii. 61; Trad. Pop. i. 98. Mr. Swinburne has
adapted the idea of this poem in A Match (Poems and
Ballads, 1st Series, 116).
[562] Romania, ix. 568.
[563] K. Bartsch, Chrest. Prov. 111. A similar chanson is in G.
Raynaud, Motets, i. 151, and another is described in the
roman of Flamenca (ed. P. Meyer), 3244. It ends
‘E, si parla, qu’il li responda:

Nom sones mot, faitz vos en lai,
Qu’entre mos bracs mos amics j’ai.
Kalenda maia. E vai s’ en.’
[564] Trimousette, from trî mâ câ, an unexplained burden in
some of the French maierolles.
[565] Guy, 503.
[566] Tiersot, Robin et Marion; Guy, 506. See the refrain in
Bartsch, 197, 295; Raynaud, Rec. de Motets, i. 227.
[567] Langlois, Robin et Marion: Romania, xxiv. 437; H. Guy,
Adan de la Hale, 177; J. Tiersot, Sur le Jeu de Robin et
Marion (1897); Petit de Julleville, La Comédie, 27; Rep.
Com. 21, 324. A jeu of Robin et Marion is recorded also as
played at Angers in 1392, but there is no proof that this
was Adan de la Hale’s play, or a drama at all. There were
folk going ‘desguiziez, à un jeu que l’en dit Robin et
Marion, ainsi qu’il est accoutumé de fere, chacun an, en les
foiries de Penthecouste’ (Guy, 197). The best editions of
Robin et Marion are those by E. Langlois (1896), and by
Bartsch in La Langue et la Littérature françaises (1887),
col. 523. E. de Coussemaker, Œuvres de Adam de la Halle
(1872), 347, gives the music, and A. Rambeau, Die dem
Trouvère Adam de la Halle zugeschriebenen Dramen
(1886), facsimiles the text. On Adan de la Hale’s earlier
sottie of La Feuillée, see ch. xvi.
[568] Thomas Wright, Lyrical Poems of the Reign of Edward I
(Percy Soc.).
[569] Cf. ch. xvii.
[570] The May-game is probably intended by the ‘Whitsun
pastorals’ of Winter’s Tale, iv. 4. 134, and the ‘pageants of
delight’ at Pentecost, where a boy ‘trimmed in Madam
Julias gown’ played ‘the woman’s part’ (i. e. Maid Marian)
of Two Gentlemen of Verona, iv. 4. 163. Cf. also W.
Warner, Albion’s England, v. 25:
‘At Paske began our Morrise, and ere Penticost our

May.’
[571] Flores Historiarum (R. S.), iii. 130 ‘aestimo quod rex
aestivalis sis; forsitan hyemalis non eris.’
[572] Cf. Appendix E.
[573] ‘King-play’ at Reading (Reading St. Giles Accounts in
Brand-Hazlitt, i. 157; Kerry, Hist. of St. Lawrence, Reading,
226).
[574] ‘King’s revel’ at Croscombe, Somerset (Churchwardens’
Accounts in Hobhouse, 3).
[575] ‘King’s game’ at Leicester (Kelly, 68) and ‘King-game’ at
Kingston (Lysons, Environs of London, i. 225). On the other
hand the King-game in church at Hascombe in 1578
(Representations, s. v. Hascombe), was probably a
miracle-play of the Magi or Three Kings of Cologne. This
belongs to Twelfth night (cf. ch. xix), but curiously the
accounts of St. Lawrence, Reading, contain a payment for
the ‘Kyngs of Colen’ on May day, 1498 (Kerry, loc. cit.).
[576] Cf. ch. xvii. Local ‘lords of misrule’ in the summer occur
at Montacute in 1447-8 (Hobhouse, 183 ‘in expensis Regis
de Montagu apud Tyntenhull existentis tempore aestivali’),
at Meriden in 1565 (Sharpe, 209), at Melton Mowbray in
1558 (Kelly, 65), at Tombland, near Norwich (Norfolk
Archaeology, iii. 7; xi. 345), at Broseley, near Much
Wenlock, as late as 1652 (Burne-Jackson, 480). See the
attack on them in Stubbes, i. 146. The term ‘lord of misrule’
seems to have been borrowed from Christmas (ch. xvii). It
does not appear whether the lords of misrule of Old
Romney in 1525 (Archaeologia Cantiana, xiii. 216) and
Braintree in 1531 (Pearson, ii. 413) were in winter or
summer.
[577] Owen and Blakeway, i. 331; Jackson and Burne, 480 (cf.
Appendix E). Miss Burne suggests several possible
derivations of the name; from mar ‘make mischief,’ from
Mardoll or Marwell (St. Mary’s Well), streets in Shrewsbury,
or from Muryvale or Meryvalle, a local hamlet. But the form
‘Mayvoll’ seems to point to ‘Maypole.’
[578] Representations, s. v. Aberdeen. Here the lord of the
summer feast seems to have acted also as presenter of the
Corpus Christi plays.
[579] Cf. ch. xvii.
[580] Batman, Golden Books of the Leaden Gods (1577), f. 30.
The Pope is said to be carried on the backs of four
deacons, ‘after the maner of carying whytepot queenes in
Western May games.’ A ‘whitepot’ is a kind of custard.
[581] Such phrases occur as ‘the May-play called Robyn Hod’
(Kerry, Hist. of St. Lawrence, Reading, 226, s. a. 1502),
‘Robin Hood and May game’ and Kynggam and Robyn
Hode’ (Kingston Accounts, 1505-36, in Lysons, Environs of
London, i. 225). The accounts of St. Helen’s, Abingdon, in
1566, have an entry ‘for setting up Robin Hood’s bower’
(Brand-Hazlitt, i. 144). It is noticeable that from 1553 Robin
Hood succeeds the Abbot of Mayvole in the May-game at
Shrewsbury (Appendix E). Similarly, in an Aberdeen order
of 1508 we find ‘Robert Huyid and Litile Johne, quhilk was
callit, in yers bipast, Abbat and Prior of Bonacord’
(Representations, s. v. Aberdeen). Robin Hood seems,
therefore, to have come rather late into the May-games,
but to have enjoyed a widening popularity.
[582] The material for the study of the Robin Hood legend is
gathered together by S. Lee in D. N. B. s. v. Hood; Child,
Popular Ballads, v. 39; Ritson, Robin Hood (1832); J. M.
Gutch, Robin Hood (1847). Prof. Child gives a critical
edition of all the ballads.
[583] Piers Plowman, B-text, passus v. 401.
[584] Fabian, Chronicle, 687, records in 1502 the capture of ‘a
felowe whych hadde renewed many of Robin Hode’s
pagentes, which named himselfe Greneleef.’
[585] Cf. p. 177.
[586] Kühn, in Haupt’s Zeitschrift, v. 481.
[587] Ramsay, F. E. i. 168.
[588] In the Nottingham Hall-books (Hist. MSS. i. 105), the
same locality seems to be described in 1548 as ‘Robyn
Wood’s Well,’ and in 1597 as ‘Robyn Hood’s Well.’ Robin
Hood is traditionally clad in green. If he is mythological at
all, may he not be a form of the ‘wild-man’ or ‘wood-woz’ of
certain spring dramatic ceremonies, and the ‘Green Knight’
of romance? Cf. ch. ix.
[589] The earliest mention of her is ( † 1500) in A. Barclay,
Eclogue, 5, ‘some may fit of Maide Marian or else of Robin
Hood.’
[590] Hist. MSS. i. 107, from Convocation Book, ‘pecuniae
ecclesiae ac communitatis Welliae ... videlicet,
provenientes ante hoc tempus de Robynhode, puellis
tripudiantibus, communi cervisia ecclesiae, et huiusmodi.’
[591] The accounts of Croscombe, Somerset, contain yearly
entries of receipts from ‘Roben Hod’s recones’ from 1476
to 1510, and again in 1525 (Hobhouse, 1 sqq.). At Melton
Mowbray the amount raised by the ‘lord’ was set aside for
mending the highways (Kelly, 65).
[592] Lysons, Environs, i. 225. Mention is made of ‘Robin
Hood,’ ‘the Lady,’ ‘Maid Marion,’ ‘Little John,’ ‘the Frere,’
‘the Fool,’ ‘the Dysard,’ ‘the Morris-dance.’
[593] Archaeologia Cantiana, xiii. 216.
[594] C. Kerry, History of St. Lawrence, Reading, 226. ‘Made
Maryon,’ ‘the tree’ and ‘the morris-dance,’ are mentioned.
[595] L. H. T. Accounts, ii. 377.
[596] Stowe, Survey (1598), 38. He is speaking mainly of the
period before 1517, when there was a riot on ‘Black’ May-
day, and afterwards the May-games were not ‘so freely
used as before.’
[597] Appendix E (vi).
[598] Cf. Representations.
[599] Bower (†1437), Scotichronicon (ed. Hearne), iii. 774 ‘ille
famosissimus sicarius Robertus Hode et Litill-Iohanne cum
eorum complicibus, de quibus stolidum vulgus hianter in
comoediis et tragoediis prurienter festum faciunt, et, prae
ceteris romanciis, mimos et bardanos cantitare
delectantur.’ On the ambiguity of ‘comoediae’ and
‘tragoediae’ in the fifteenth century, cf. ch. xxv.
[600] Gairdner, Paston Letters, iii. 89; Child, v. 90; ‘W. Woode,
whyche promysed ... he wold never goo ffro me, and ther
uppon I have kepyd hym thys iij yer to pleye Seynt Jorge
and Robyn Hod and the Shryff off Nottyngham, and now,
when I wolde have good horse, he is goon into Bernysdale,
and I withowt a keeper.’ The Northumberland Household
Book, 60, makes provision for ‘liveries for Robin Hood’ in
the Earl’s household.
[601] Printed by Child, v. 90; Manly, i. 279. The MS. of the
fragment probably dates before 1475.
[602] Printed by Child, v. 114, 127; Manly, i. 281, 285. They
were originally printed as one play by Copland (†1550).
[603] Printed in Dodsley-Hazlitt, vol. viii. These plays were
written for Henslowe about February 1598. In November
Chettle ‘mended Roben hood for the corte’ (Henslowe’s
Diary, 118-20, 139). At Christmas 1600, Henslowe had
another play of ‘Roben hoodes penerths’ by William
Haughton (Diary, 174-5). An earlier ‘pastoral pleasant
comedie of Robin Hood and Little John’ was entered on the
Stationers’ Registers on May 18, 1594. These two are lost,
as is The May Lord which Jonson wrote (Conversations
with Drummond, 27). Robin Hood also appears in Peele’s
Edward I ( † 1590), and the anonymous Look About You
(1600), and is the hero of Greene’s George a Greene the
Pinner of Wakefield ( † 1593). Anthony Munday introduced
him again into his pageant of Metropolis Coronata (1615),
and a comedy of Robin Hood and his Crew of Soldiers,
acted at Nottingham on the day of the coronation of
Charles II, was published in 1661. On all these plays, cf. F.
E. Schelling, The English Chronicle Play, 156.
[604] Furnivall, Robert Laneham’s Letter, clxiii. Chaucer, Rom.
of Rose, 7455, has ‘the daunce Joly Robin,’ but this is from
his French original ‘li biaus Robins.’
[605] Cf. p. 176.
[606] Dyer, 278; Drake, 86; Brand-Ellis, i. 157; Cutts, Parish
Priests, 317; Archaeologia, xii. 11; Stubbes, i. 150; F. L. x.
350. At an ‘ale’ a cask of home-brewed was broached for
sale in the church or church-house, and the profits went to
some public object; at a church-ale to the parish, at a clerk-
ale to the clerk, at a bride-ale or bridal to the bride, at a bid-
ale to some poor man in trouble. A love-ale was probably
merely social.
[607] At Reading in 1557 (C. Kerry, Hist. of St. Lawrence,
Reading, 226).
[608] At Tintinhull in 1513 (Hobhouse, 200, ‘Robine Hood’s
All’).
[609] Brand-Ellis, i. 157; Dyer, 278. A carving on the church of
St. John’s, Chichester, represents a Whitsun-ale, with a
‘lord’ and ‘lady.’
[610] Cf. p. 141.
[611] At Ashton-under-Lyne, from 1422 to a recent date (Dyer,
181). ‘Gyst’ appears to be either ‘gist’ (gîte) ‘right of
pasturage’ or a corruption of ‘guising’; cf. ch. xvii.
[612] Cf. p. 91. On Scot-ale, cf. Ducange, s. v. Scotallum;
Archaeologia, xii. 11; H. T. Riley, Munimenta Gildhallae
Londin. (R. S.), ii. 760. The term first appears as the name
of a tax, as in a Northampton charter of 1189 (Markham-
Cox, Northampton Borough Records, i. 26) ‘concessimus
quod sint quieti de ... Brudtol et de Childwite et de
hieresgiue et de Scottale, ita quod Prepositus
Northamptonie ut aliquis alius Ballivus scottale non faciat’;
cf. the thirteenth-century examples quoted by Ducange.
The Council of Lambeth (1206), c. 2, clearly defines the
term as ‘communes potationes,’ and the primary sense is
therefore probably that of an ale at which a scot or tax is
raised.
[613] Malory, Morte d’ Arthur, xix. 1. 2.
[614] Hall, 515, 520, 582; Brewer, Letters and Papers of Henry
VIII, ii. 1504. In 1510, Henry and his courtiers visited the
queen’s chamber in the guise of Robin Hood and his men
on the inappropriate date of January 18. In Scotland, about
the same time, Dunbar wrote a ‘cry’ for a maying with
Robin Hood; cf. Texts, s. v. Dunbar.
[615] Latimer, Sermon vi before Edw. VI (1549, ed. Arber,
173). Perhaps the town was Melton Mowbray, where Robin
Hood was very popular, and where Latimer is shown by the
churchwardens’ accounts to have preached several years
later in 1553 (Kelly, 67).
[616] Machyn, 20.
[617] Ibid. 89, 137, 196, 201, 283, 373. In 1559, e. g. ‘the xxiiij
of June ther was a May-game ... and Sant John Sacerys,
with a gyant, and drumes and gunes [and the] ix wordes
(worthies), with spechys, and a goodly pagant with a
quen ... and dyvers odur, with spechys; and then Sant
Gorge and the dragon, the mores dansse, and after Robyn
Hode and lytyll John, and M[aid Marian] and frere Tuke,
and they had spechys round a-bout London.’
[618] ‘Mr. Tomkys publicke prechar’ in Shrewsbury induced the
bailiffs to ‘reform’ May-poles in 1588, and in 1591 some
apprentices were committed for disobeying the order. A
judicial decision was, however, given in favour of the ‘tree’
(Burne-Jackson, 358; Hibbert, English Craft-Gilds, 121). In
London the Cornhill May-pole, which gave its name to St.
Andrew Undershaft, was destroyed by persuasion of a
preacher as early as 1549 (Dyer, 248); cf. also Stubbes, i.
306, and Morrison’s advice to Henry VIII quoted in ch. xxv.
[619] Archbishop Grindal’s Visitation Articles of 1576
(Remains, Parker Soc. 175), ‘whether the minister and
churchwardens have suffered any lords of misrule or
summer lords or ladies, or any disguised persons, or
others, in Christmas or at May-games, or any morris-
dancers, or at any other times, to come unreverently into
the church or churchyard, and there to dance, or play any
unseemly parts, with scoffs, jests, wanton gestures, or
ribald talk, namely in the time of Common Prayer.’ Similarly
worded Injunctions for Norwich (1569), York (1571),
Lichfield (1584), London (1601) and Oxford (1619) are
quoted in the Second Report of the Ritual Commission; cf.
the eighty-eighth Canon of 1604. It is true that the Visitation
Articles for St. Mary’s, Shrewsbury, in 1584 inquire more
generally ‘whether there have been any lords of mysrule, or
somer lords or ladies, or any disguised persons, as morice
dancers, maskers, or mum’ers, or such lyke, within the
parishe, ether in the nativititide or in som’er, or at any other
tyme, and what be their names’; but this church was a
‘peculiar’ and its ‘official’ the Puritan Tomkys mentioned in
the last note (Owen and Blakeway, i. 333; Burne-Jackson,
481).
[620] Stafford, 16.
[621] Stubbes, i. 146; cf. the further quotations and references
there given in the notes.
[622] 6 Mary, cap. 61.
[623] Child, v. 45; cf. Representations, s.v. Aberdeen, on the
breaches of the statute there in 1562 and 1565.
[624] Dyer, 228; Drake, 85. At Cerne Abbas, Dorset, the May-
pole was cut down in 1635 and made into a town ladder (F.
L. x. 481).
[625] Grimm, ii. 784; Kleinere Schriften, v. 281; Pearson, ii.
281.
[626] Frazer, ii. 82; Grant Allen, 293, 315; Grimm, ii. 764;
Pearson, ii. 283.
[627] Frazer, ii. 86; Martinengo-Cesaresco, 267. Cf. the use of
the bladder of blood in the St. Thomas procession at
Canterbury (Representations, s. v.).
[628] Frazer, iii. 70. Amongst such customs are the expulsion
of Satan on New Year’s day by the Finns, the expulsion of
Kore at Easter in Albania, the expulsion of witches on
March 1 in Calabria, and on May 1 in the Tyrol, the
frightening of the wood-sprites Strudeli and Strätteli on
Twelfth night at Brunnen in Switzerland. Such ceremonies
are often accompanied with a horrible noise of horns,
cleavers and the like. Horns are also used at Oxford (Dyer,
261) and elsewhere on May 1, and I have heard it said that
the object of the Oxford custom is to drive away evil spirits.
Similar discords are de rigueur at Skimmington Ridings. I
very much doubt whether they are anything but a
degenerate survival of a barbaric type of music.
[629] Frazer, iii. 121.
[630] Tylor, Anthropology, 382.
[631] Caspari, 10 ‘qui in mense februario hibernum credit
expellere ... non christianus, sed gentilis est.’
[632] Frazer, ii. 91.
[633] Frazer, ii. 60.
[634] Sometimes the Pfingstl is called a ‘wild man.’ Two
‘myghty woordwossys [cf. p. 392] or wyld men’ appeared in
a revel at the court of Henry VIII in 1513 (Revels Account in
Brewer, ii. 1499), and similar figures are not uncommon in
the sixteenth-century masques and entertainments.
[635] Frazer, ii. 62.
[636] Ibid. ii. 61, 82; E. Meier, Deutsche Sagen, Sitten und
Gebräuche aus Schwaben, 374, 409.
[637] Syr Gawayne and the Grene Knyghte (ed. Madden,
Bannatyne Club, 1839); cf. J. L. Weston, The Legend of Sir
Gawain, 85. Arthur was keeping New Year’s Day, when a
knight dressed in green, with a green beard, riding a green

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Full download Chemistry 3rd Edition Burdge Test Bank all chapter 2024 pdf

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Chemistry 3rd Edition Burdge Test

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1. Which of the following is not a gas at room temperature?

2. Which is not a property of a gas?

3. Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of gases?

4. Which of the following defines pressure?

5. Which of the following is the definition of pressure?

6. A pressure that will support a column of Hg to a height of 256 mm would support a

25. What is the Kelvin temperature at 24°C?

46. What are the conditions of STP?

81. Calculate the root–mean–square speed of methane, CH4(g), at 78°C.

83. Which of the following gases effuses most rapidly?

84. Arrange the following gases in order of increasing rate of effusion.

88. Which statement is false?

93. Deviations from the ideal gas law are greater at

95. Nitrogen will behave most like an ideal gas

102. True or False: For real gases, PV > nRT, always.

107. If a liquid boils at –75oC then what is the temperature in Kelvin?

108. What is the standard temperature used for STP conditions?

109. What is the standard pressure used for STP conditions?

112. _______________ is the pressure exerted by the Earth's atmosphere.

113. ___________ is an instrument used to measure the atmospheric pressure.

115. ___________ is theoretically the lowest attainable temperature.

117. ___________ is the equation for the pressure of an ideal gas.

Bloom's Taxonomy: 1 Difficulty: easy

119. STP stands for ___________ ___________ and ______________.

122. What is the definition of “gas”?

124. State Avogadro's Law.

‘ludunt super gramina virgines decorae

‘ecce florescunt lilia,

[541] W. Fitzstephen, Descriptio Londin. (Mat. for Hist. of

‘Cez damoiseles i vont por caroler,

[544] On the return of Edward II and Isabella of France in

‘In den hemel is eenen dans:

‘Étrennez notre épousée,

If the quêteurs come on a churl, they have an ill-wishing

‘J’vous souhaitons autant d’enfants,

Often more practical tokens of revenge are shown. The Plough

‘E, si parla, qu’il li responda:

‘At Paske began our Morrise, and ere Penticost our

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119. STP stands for _____ _ and __________.