Full download Milady Standard Nail Technology 7th Edition, (Ebook PDF) file pdf all chapter on 2024

Milady Standard Nail Technology 7th
Edition, (Ebook PDF)

Visit to download the full and correct content document:
https://ebookmass.com/product/milady-standard-nail-technology-7th-edition-ebook-pd
f/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
eTextbook 978-1285080598 Spanish Translated, Milady

Standard Nail Technology
https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-1285080598-spanish-
translated-milady-standard-nail-technology/
Milady Standard Cosmetology 2012 (Milady’s Standard

Cosmetology) 12th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/milady-standard-
cosmetology-2012-miladys-standard-cosmetology-12th-edition-ebook-
pdf/
Milady Standard Esthetics: Fundamentals 11th Edition,

(Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/milady-standard-esthetics-
fundamentals-11th-edition-ebook-pdf/
Spanish Translated Milady Standard Cosmetology 13th

Edition – Ebook PDF Version
https://ebookmass.com/product/spanish-translated-milady-standard-
cosmetology-13th-edition-ebook-pdf-version/
eTextbook 978-1305100558 Milady Standard Barbering
https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-1305100558-milady-
standard-barbering/
eTextbook 978-1111306991 Spanish Translated Milady

Standard Esthetics: Fundamentals
https://ebookmass.com/product/etextbook-978-1111306991-spanish-
translated-milady-standard-esthetics-fundamentals/
Delmar’s Standard Textbook of Electricity 7th Edition –

Ebook PDF Version
https://ebookmass.com/product/delmars-standard-textbook-of-
electricity-7th-edition-ebook-pdf-version/
Delmar's Standard Textbook of Electricity, 7th Edition

Herman
https://ebookmass.com/product/delmars-standard-textbook-of-
electricity-7th-edition-herman/
Introduction to Agricultural Economics (What’s New in

Trades & Technology) 7th Edition, (Ebook PDF)
https://ebookmass.com/product/introduction-to-agricultural-
economics-whats-new-in-trades-technology-7th-edition-ebook-pdf/
MILADY StAnDArD
®
nAIL tECHnOLOGY
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203
12 The Basics of Electricity / 201
Why Study the Basics of Electricity? / 203
Electricity / 203
Electrical Equipment Safety / 207
PART NAIL CARE / 211
3
13 Manicuring / 212
Why Study Manicuring? / 214
State Regulations for Nail Professionals / 214
Nail Technology Tools / 215
Professional Nail Products / 224
The Basic Manicure / 228
A Man’s Manicure Service / 231
Massage / 232
Spa Manicures / 234
Aromatherapy / 236
Paraffin Wax Treatment / 236
Nail Art / 238
Only the Beginning / 238
14 Pedicuring / 256
Why Study Pedicuring? / 258
Pedicure Tools / 259
Professional Pedicure Products / 265
About Pedicures / 266
Disinfection / 273
15 Electric Filing / 282

Why Study Electric Filing? / 284
Types of Electric Files / 285
Battery-Operated Micrometer Machines / 285
Hand-Held Micrometer Machines / 285
Choosing an Electric File / 286
All About Bits / 288
Electric Filing Techniques / 293
Electric Files for Pedicures / 298
Troubleshooting / 298
Safety Tips for Electric Filing / 301
Continuing Education / 301
16 Nail Tips and Wraps / 305

Why Study Nail Tips and Wraps? / 307
Nail Tips / 307
Nail Wraps / 309
Nail Wrap Maintenance, Repair, and Removal / 310
17 Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements / 325

© iStockphoto/Thinkstock
Why Study Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder

Nail Enhancements? / 328
Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail
Enhancement Chemistry / 328
Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancement Supplies / 330
Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancement
Maintenance and Crack Repair / 334
Odorless Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Products / 336
Colored Polymer Powder Products / 336
vi Table of Contents
18 UV and LED Gels / 354
Why Study UV and LED Gels? / 356
Chemistry of UV and LED Gels / 356
UV and LED Gels / 357
UV and LED Gel Supplies / 360
When to Use UV or LED Gels / 361
Choosing the Proper UV or LED Gel / 362
UV and LED Lamps and Bulbs / 362
Gel Polishes / 364
UV and LED Gel Maintenance and Removal / 365
19 The Creative Touch / 386

Why Study Nail Art? / 388
Introducing Clients to Nail Art / 388
Color Theory / 389
Getting the Look: Art Mediums / 390
Polish / 390
Paint / 392
Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Art / 394
UV Gel Nail Art / 395
Embellishments / 396
Airbrushing / 397
Nail Art Competitions / 400
Just the Beginning / 405
PART
4
BUSINESS SKILLS / 419
20 Seeking Employment / 420
Why Study How to Prepare for and Seek Employment? / 422
Preparing for Licensure / 422
Preparing for Employment / 426
Résumé and Cover Letter Development / 431
Employment Portfolio / 436
Preparing for a Job Interview / 437
Doing It Right / 451
21 On the Job / 453

Why Study What It Is Like on the Job? / 455
Moving from School to Work / 455
Out in the Real World / 457
Managing Your Money / 464
Discover the Selling You / 469
Keeping Current Clients and Expanding Your Client Base / 474
On Your Way / 476
22 The Salon Business / 478

Why Study the Salon Business? / 480
Going into Business for Yourself / 481
Operating a Successful Salon / 492
Building Your Business / 499
Selling in the Salon / 500
Glossary / 503
Index / 521
Table of Contents
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 vii
Procedures
■ Procedure 5–1 Cleaning and Disinfecting Nonelectrical
Tools and Equipment / 88
■ Procedure 5–2 Cleaning and Disinfecting Foot Spas or Basins / 90
■ Procedure 5–3 Proper Hand Washing / 98
■ Procedure 5–4 Handling an Exposure Incident During a Manicure / 99
■ Procedure 13–1 Preservice Procedure / 239
■ Procedure 13–2 Postservice Procedure / 242
■ Procedure 13–3 Performing a Basic Manicure / 244
■ Procedure 13–4 Hand and Arm Massage / 248
■ Procedure 13–5 Polishing the Nails / 251
■ Procedure 13–6 Paraffin Wax Treatment / 253
■ Procedure 14–1 Performing a Basic Pedicure / 274
■ Procedure 14–2 Foot and Leg Massage / 278
■ Procedure 15–1 Disinfecting Metal File Bits / 302
■ Procedure 16–1 Nail Tip Application / 312
■ Procedure 16–2 Nail Tip Removal / 315
■ Procedure 16–3 Nail Wrap Application / 316
■ Procedure 16–4 Fabric Wrap Maintenance / 319
■ Procedure 16–5 Fabric Wrap Removal / 322
■ Procedure 17–1 One-Color Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder

Nail Enhancements over Nail Tips or Natural Nails / 338
viii Procedures
■ Procedure 17–2 Two-Color Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder
Nail Enhancements Using Forms / 341
■ Procedure 17–3 One-Color Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Maintenance / 346
■ Procedure 17–4 Crack Repair for Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder
Nail Enhancements / 349
■ Procedure 17–5 Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancement Removal / 351
■ Procedure 18–1 One-Color Method UV or LED Gel on Tips or Natural Nails with
UV or LED Gel Polish / 366
■ Procedure 18–2 Two-Color Method UV or LED Gel on Tips or Natural Nails / 371
■ Procedure 18–3 UV or LED Gel over Forms / 374
■ Procedure 18–4 UV and LED Gel Maintenance / 377
■ Procedure 18–5 UV or LED Gel over Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder
Nail Enhancements with UV or LED Gel Polish / 380
■ Procedure 18–6 UV and LED Gel Removal—Hard Gel / 382
■ Procedure 18–7 UV and LED Gel Removal—Soft Gel or Gel Polishes / 383
■ Procedure 19–1 The French Manicure Using Polish / 406
■ Procedure 19–2 Animal Print Design Using Paint / 408
■ Procedure 19–3 3-D Flower Design Using Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder / 410
■ Procedure 19–4 Confetti Inlaid Design Using UV Gel / 412
■ Procedure 19–5 Crystal Art on Polish Using Embellishments / 414
■ Procedure 19–6 Two-Color Fade or Color Graduation Using an Airbrush / 416

Procedures
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 ix
Preface
■ TO THE STUDENT
Congratulations! You have chosen a career filled with unlimited potential, one
that can take you in many directions and holds the possibility to make you a
confident, successful professional. As a nail professional, you will play a vital role
in the lives of your clients. Your clients will come to rely on you to provide them
with ongoing service, helping them to look and feel their best.
According to Nails magazine industry statistics, in 2013, professional nail
technicians performed more than 7.5 billion dollars’ worth of manicuring, pedi-
curing, and nail enhancement services for millions of fashion-conscious clients
in the United States. The business of nails continues to progress and grow with
new breakthroughs in product technologies, application techniques, and business
strategy. The need for educated and competent nail technicians is expanding in
the same way. Milady Standard Nail Technology, 7th edition, is the complete first
step to basic nail technology that all professional nail technicians need to kick
off their career.
You are fortunate because you will learn from gifted instructors who will
share their skills and experiences with you. You will meet other industry profes-
sionals at seminars, workshops, and conventions where you will learn the latest
techniques, specific product knowledge, and management procedures. All of
the experiences in which you have the opportunity to participate will provide
you with additional insights into the profession you have chosen. You will build a
network of professionals to turn to for career advice, opportunity, and direction.
Whatever direction you choose, we wish you a successful and enjoyable journey!
■ TO THE INSTRUCTOR
This seventh edition of Milady Standard Nail Technology was prepared with the
help of many instructors and professionals. Milady surveyed instructors, prac-
ticing nail professionals, and state board officials from across the United States
and received in-depth comments from a host of experts to learn what needed
to be changed, added, or deleted from the previous edition.
Milady Standard Nail Technology, 7th edition, contains new and updated
information on many subjects, including infection control, product chemistry,
manicuring, pedicuring, electric filing, monomer liquid and polymer powder
nail enhancements, and UV and LED gels. Chapter 19, The Creative Touch, is
loaded with the latest nail art mediums and techniques.
As instructors you asked Milady to make your job easier by aligning over-
lapping content between Milady Standard Nail Technology and Milady Standard
Cosmetology, and we listened! This alignment includes the following chapters:
Cosmetology
History and Opportunities; Life Skills; Your Professional Image; Communicating
for Success; Infection Control: Principles and Practices; General Anatomy and
Physiology; Skin Structure, Growth, and Nutrition; Nail Structure and Growth; Nail
Disorders and Diseases; The Basics of Chemistry; The Basics of Electricity; Seek
Seek-
ing Employment; On the Job, Business Skills; Manicuring; Pedicuring; Monomer
Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements; and UV Gels. We also listened
when you asked for photographs and art that depict nail technicians performing
x Preface
their work and serving their clients; we conducted a 6-day photo shoot to update
more than 230 pieces of art throughout the book, including procedural art.
■ FEATURES OF THIS EDITION

In response to your needs, this exciting new edition of Milady Standard Nail
Technology, 7th edition, includes the following features:
• Chapters and Parts. The book is organized into 22 chapters and four
1
History and Career
parts—making it is very easy to use. Opportunities
•
1
Chapter Outline
Full-Color Art. All art is in full color, with brand-new photographs to show • Why Study the History of Beauty and Nail
Technology and Career Opportunities
for Nail Technicians?
• A Brief History of Cosmetology and Nail
Technology
you step-by-step procedures for manicuring, pedicuring, tips and wraps,

• Career Paths for Nail Technicians
electric filing, monomer liquid and polymer powder nail enhancements,

UV gels, and a completely new basic nail art.
© Valua Vitaly/www.Shutterstock.com
Orientation
•
© iStockphoto/Deborah Cheramie
Learning Objectives and Review Questions. Learning objectives provide History
and Career
CHAPTER 1
Opportunities
Your Professional Image
2
CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 4
Chapter 1
measurable outcomes-based goals for the students in each chapter.

Communicating for Success
CHAPTER 2
Life Skills
These objectives are reinforced by review questions that assess how well Part 1 Orientation Orientation
1
the student has mastered the goals established in the learning objectives.
• Actual Photos of Skin and Nail Disorders and Diseases. Full-color photos ■ Review Questions
are included to help students identify skin and nail disorders and diseases
1. What are the origins of personal beautification? 3. What are some of the career opportunities avail-
2. What are some of the advancements that were able to licensed nail technicians?
made in nail technology during the twentieth
and early twenty-first centuries?
more accurately. Learning Objectives
•
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
LO1
Client Consultation Guidelines. A complete chapter focuses on client

Explain the origins of personal beautification.
LO2 Discuss the advancements made in nail

technology during the twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries.
LO3 List several career opportunities available to

a licensed nail technician.
consultation and gives suggestions for identifying and meeting the
© Digital Vision/Thinkstock
needs of each individual client. Key Terms
Page number indicates where in the chapter the term is used.
cosmetology / 4
•
nail technology / 4
Chemical Safety Coverage. A complete chapter is devoted to the important 12
topic of chemical safety in the nail salon. Students will learn to identify the
© Kamira/www.Shutterstock.com Chapter 1 History and Career Opportunities
chemicals commonly used in the nail salon, how they can cause harm, how Part 1 Orientation 3
to protect themselves and their clients, and how to read Safety Data Sheets
(SDSs) (formerly known as Material Safety Data Sheets [MSDSs]).
• State Licensing Exam Topics.
Topics The topics required for state licensing 6 7 8
examinations are presented in a complete, easy-to-read fashion. 6

Press and smooth the enhancement
product to fill the crack. Be careful
not to let the product seep under the
7
Apply additional beads, if needed, to
fill in the crack or reinforce the rest of
the nail. Shape the enhancement and
allow it to harden.
8
Remove the form, if used.
• Procedure 17-4
Reshape the nail enhancement using Buff the nail enhancement until it is Clean nails before application of nail
9 10 smooth. Remove the dust and apply
11 polish or gel sealant.
oil to the enhancement and sur-
Safety Cautions.
Cautions Highlighted safety cautions alert students to services
rounding skin. Wash the client’s hand
and nails with soap and water. Apply
hand cream and massage the hand
Crack Repair for Monomer Liquid and and arm.
Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements12
that include potentially dangerous procedures. These cautions explain IMPLEMENTS AND MATERIALS
In addition to the basic materials on your manicuring table, you will need the following supplies for the Crack Repair for
Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements Procedure:
•
•
Nail dehydrator
Nail primer
•
•
Monomer liquid
Polymer powder
•
•
Dappen dishes
Abrasives
how to avoid dangerous situations and how to provide services in a safe,

• Nail forms • Application brushes
Preparation 12
Copyright © 2011 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. Photography by Dino Petrocelli.
Refer to Procedure 13–1, Preservice Procedure.
Procedure Postservice
clean environment.
Apply nail dehydrator to any exposed , Postservice Procedure. LO6
1 2 natural nail in the crack.
3
• Tips. These tips provide hints on the most efficient and effective ways to
Remove the existing polish or gel seal- Apply nail primer to any exposed
1 ant. File a V shape into the crack or file
3 natural nail in the crack.
Copyright © 2011 Milady, a part of Cengage Learning. Photography by Dino Petrocelli.
flush to remove crack. File more than

just the crack for extra protection. 350 Chapter 1 Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements
Prepare the monomer liquid and

4 5 5 polymer powder. Pick up one or more
small beads of the product and apply
complete step-by-step procedures and help students improve their nail

them to the cracked area. If you are
using the two-color system, be sure
to use the correct color of polymer
powder.
If the crack needs support, apply a

4 nail form.
technology skills.
Part 3 Nail Care 349
• Regulatory Agency Alerts. Because state regulations vary, regulatory

agency alerts remind students to check with their instructors for specific
regulations in their state.
• Business Tips. These tips help nail technicians improve their business
relations to achieve complete customer satisfaction.
Preface
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xi
However, if someone calls to ask for an appointment with a particular nail
technician on a particular day and time, every effort should be made to accom-
modate the client’s request. If the nail technician is not available at the time the
client requests, there are several ways to handle the situation:
• Suggest other times that the nail technician is available.
• Application Tips. These tips give additional insight to nail technicians as
they perform the service procedures.
• If the client cannot come in at any of those times, suggest that another
nail technician provide the service for this visit.
• If the client is unwilling to try another nail technician, offer to call the cli-
ent if there is a cancellation at the desired time.
•
WEB RESOURCES This chapter provides a general overview of the
complex issues involved in salon and spa ownership. There are many
Web Resources. Throughout the text, the reader will be directed to a variety
resources on the Internet for further study. The Web sites listed here are a
good start.
Design Advice on business topics from A
http://www.beautydesign.com to Z as well as, business resources
Click on Design Center to view see for accounting, sales, marketing,
various salon layouts and to see salon technology, and more.
photos from all over the world. http://www.isquare.com
of useful and informational Web sites that they can use in and out of school.
Human Resources The Small Business Advisor — Provides
http://www.dol.gov/compliance/guide information on starting and operating
Look through this Employment Law a small business.
Guide from U.S. Department of Labor’s http://www.salonbuilder.com
Web site. Search for: employment law Information on starting a salon.
guide
http://www.smallbusinessnotes.com
http://www.eeoc.gov Various business-related articles.
Research relevant equal employment
http://www.strategies.com
opportunity regulations; check out the
The source for salon business growth
compliance manual.
seminars, training, and coaching.
http://hr.blr.com
Human Resources – Business and legal Salon Software
reports related to human resources. http://www.shortcuts.net
Find a forum, dozens of topics, and http://www.salonbiz.com
regulations by state. http://www.http://www.saloniris.
comsalon2K.com
Small Business Ownership
http://www.salon-software.com
and Operation
http://www.business.com
Handling Complaints by Telephone

Handling complaints, particularly over the phone, is a difficult task. The caller is
probably upset and short-tempered. Respond with self-control, tact, and cour-
■ SUPPLEMENTS FOR THE STUDENT

tesy, no matter how trying the circumstances. Only then will the caller be made
to feel that she has been treated fairly.
498 Chapter 22 The Salon Business
AND INSTRUCTOR
Milady Standard Nail Technology, 7th Edition, features these supplements:
Available Translations
• SPANISH TRANSLATED MILADY STANDARD NAIL TECHNOLOGY CORE
TEXTBOOK
o A Spanish translation of the core textbook
• SPANISH STUDY RESOURCE FOR MILADY STANDARD NAIL TECHNOLOGY
o A Spanish translation of the student Workbook and the Exam Review
• VIETNAMESE TRANSLATED STUDY SUMMARY FOR MILADY STANDARD NAIL
TECHNOLOGY
o This translated text includes the chapters most requested by nail tech schools
with significant Vietnamese student populations, including Infection Con-
trol; Nail Disorders and Diseases; Nail Structure, Growth, and Nutrition;
Manicuring; Pedicuring; Electric Filing; Nail Tips; and Wraps; UV Gels; The
Creative Touch (nail art); and the glossary of key terms and definitions from
the core textbook.
o Exam review questions in Vietnamese
Milady Standard Nail Technology Workbook

This interactive workbook provides students with exercises, problems to solve,
ideas to think about, and resolutions to create that will engage their interest
and contemplative skills. The four-color workbook includes short-answer and
short essay questions; sentence completion, matching, definition, and labeling
activities; crossword puzzles; and word review activities. The workbook also
includes tips on preparing for the practical exam.
Milady Standard Nail Technology Student

Exam Review
This student book of exam reviews contains multiple-choice-type questions
similar to those found on state nail technology licensing exams. Questions are
arranged in groups under major subject areas.
xii Preface
New Student Supplement: Milady Standard
Nail Technology Coursemate
CourseMate is an online tool that combines classroom management with
interactive student tools. CourseMate provides instructors with all the reporting
tools they need to track student engagement, while students access interactive
study tools in a dynamic, online learning environment.
Get Started with Coursemate:

1. Students receive a Printed Access Card that contains a code and instruc-
tions for accessing their course.
2. Instructors set up free access to CourseMate through Milady.
3. Through a simple process, instructors set up a unique course key to share
with their students that will enable the engagement tracker to begin
tracking each student’s activity.
Component 1 Component 2 Component 3

Student Learning
Interactive eBook Pathway Engagement Tracker
Features highlighting, Includes Chapter Prep- A Web-based reporting
note taking, book aration, Study Notes, and tracking tool that
marking, and in-text Audio Glossary, Flash allows the instructor
search so that students Cards, Quizzes, Videos, to see each student’s
can immediately jump Crossword Puzzles, and progress across all of
to the section they Games. Each of these the activities. View an
need to reference. activities is reported individual student’s
directly to the Engage- progress through each
ment Tracker so that of the tools, including
the instructor is aware time spent and, where
of the student’s applicable, grades and
progress. completion percent-
age. Also, view a class
as a whole and imme-
diately identify the stu-
dents that need help.
Preface
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xiii
Milady Standard Nail Technology Course
Management Guide on CD
This step-by-step, simple-to-use course guide has been designed specifically
to help the nail technology instructor set up and operate a successful nail
technology training program. It includes:
• Guidelines for starting and implementing a nail technology program
• Detailed lesson plans for each chapter in the book along with a chapter test
• Learning reinforcement ideas or activities that can be implemented in
the nail technology classroom
• Answers to review questions at the end of each textbook chapter and
answers to the Milady Standard Nail Technology Workbook
• A computerized test bank for instant creation of review tests with answer keys
• An image library that includes all images in the text for use as handouts
or in PowerPoint® presentations
Milady Standard Nail Technology Instructor

Support Slides
The Instructor Support Slides contain a complete PowerPoint® presentation
for every textbook chapter along with a new interactive feature of audio
pronunciation for difficult terminology.
Milady Standard Nail Technology DVD Series

This ALL NEW DVD series brings to life complete coverage of the practical
applications of the textbook. This series will enhance classroom learning and is
essential for remedial work and individual learning.
Instructor Website for Milady Standard

Nail Technology
This new instructor Web site contains all the content an instructor needs in one
password-protected Web site. The instructor Web site includes the materials
found in the following individual products:
• The Course Management Guide on CD
• The Instructor Support Slides
• Answers to the English and Spanish workbooks
xiv Preface
About the Authors
■ ALISHA RIMANDO BOTERO
Alisha Rimando Botero is recognized as one of the nail industry’s leading
experts in training and education. In her first 2 years as an educator, she taught
classes in over 100 beauty schools and vo-techs across the United States. In her
14 years of experience, Botero’s work has been described as “groundbreaking”;
she has been a platform artist and motivational speaker for more than 1,500
promotional and educational events. She has competed in over 100 nail com-
petitions around the globe, winning a World Championship in 2005. Botero
Photo courtesy of Alisha Rimando Botero

has worked with R&D chemists to develop artificial nail enhancement prod-
ucts, nanotechnology skin care and cuticle treatments, polish collections, and
natural nail treatments. One of her innovative product lines was awarded an
industry ABBIE for best packaging, and several others have been recognized
with readers’ choice awards for best products.
As executive vice president and creative director of Artistic Nail Design,
Botero continues to challenge herself and her team to create high-quality
products and superior education for the professional nail market.
■ JOHN HALAL
John Halal began his career in the beauty industry as a hairstylist over 43 years
ago. He is a licensed cosmetology instructor, a former salon and school owner,
and currently the director of education at Tricoci University of Beauty Culture.
Halal is an affiliate member of the Society of Cosmetic Chemists (SCC) and the
treasurer of Beauty Changes Lives (BCL). He is the immediate past president
of the American Association of Cosmetology Schools (AACS) and the current
president of the Indiana Cosmetology and Barbering Association (ICBA). John
Photo courtesy of John Halal

is the author of Hair Structure and Chemistry Simplified and Milady Hair Care and
Product Ingredient Dictionary. He is also a contributor to the Milady Standard
Cosmetology Textbook and several other Milady publications. Halal obtained
his associate’s degree, with highest distinction, from Indiana University. He is a
member of the Golden Key National Honor Society and Alpha Sigma Lambda.
He has authored numerous articles on a wide variety of topics and been
published in several professional trade magazines. He often travels as a guest
speaker to address both professional and consumer groups.
■ MARY ANN KILGORE

Mary Ann Kilgore holds a B.A. in psychology and a M.A. in industrial organiza-
tional psychology. She is a licensed cosmetologist. After graduating from high
school, she followed her passion for beauty and enrolled in cosmetology school.
She opened a full-service salon just 5 years after graduating. With salon owner-
Photo courtesy of Mike Steele
ship experience and over a dozen years of dedication as a hair designer, she can
clearly relate to the role of being a manager in a creative industry. Kilgore has
a thirst for learning; while working in the salon during the day, she attended
college and earned her master’s degree in psychology in 2001. She transitioned
her career into a corporate role and still maintained a small clientele.
About the Authors

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xv
With more than 15 years of training development and facilitation
experience, Kilgore has designed and delivered a wide range of learning
solutions for teams in areas such as finance, human resources, customer
service, operations, manufacturing, and the beauty industry. She has also
managed a team of beauty consultants in a leading retail beauty store. She
now holds a position as a salon consultant for a national beauty product
company and works as a nail technologist.
Photo courtesy of Jim McConnell, McConnell Labs, Inc.
■ JIM MCCONNELL
Jim McConnell received his B.S. in chemistry from the University of Oregon
in 1986. He has been a chemist in the field of polymers since 1988. After
graduating from the University of Oregon, he worked as a catalytic chemist
in the petroleum industry and as a urethane and epoxy chemist in the wood
products, concrete coating, and steel coating industries for 12 years. He and
his wife, Lezlie, founded McConnell Labs, Inc., in 1998, making Light Elegance
Nail Products for their salon in Eugene, Oregon. They soon began selling the
UV gel products internationally. McConnell has contributed to numerous nail
technology magazines around the world to answer questions, contribute
Photo courtesy of Janet McCormick, MS, Nail Technician, Esthetician and Author, Frostproof, FL
chemistry, and explain UV light technology. He has served on the board of

various committees for SSPC (Steel Structures Painting Council) and NACE
(National Association of Corrosion Engineers).
■ JANET MCCORMICK, MS, CIDESCO

Janet McCormick is a licensed and experienced esthetician and manicurist, a
sought-after trainer, a former spa director, and the former owner of success-
ful salons. The author of three books, she has also contributed chapters to the
industry’s leading textbooks for two specialties and written hundreds of highly
respected articles in the beauty industry trade magazines.
McCormick is co-owner of Medinail Learning Center, which provides two
certifications—the Advanced Nail Technician certification program for salon-
based nail technicians and the Medical Nail Technician certification, a program
to prepare nail technicians to work in podiatry offices. She is also owner of Spa
Techniques, a consulting and training firm, and writes under that banner.
■ VICKI PETERS
As a nail technician, Vicki Peters has wowed the industry with her championship
nails. As a cover artist and author, her work has been published worldwide
more than any other tech in the history of the nail business. As an educator, she
has trained techs from Russia, Germany, Japan, Ireland, the United Kingdom,
Canada, Mexico, Africa, Australia, and the United States. As an industry leader,
she has mentored thousands and pioneered the industry to new levels. Peters
is a 31-year veteran nail technician, past competition champion, judge and
competition director, technical educator, and featured business speaker. She
Photo courtesy of Vicki Peters
is also author of the Milady Nails Q&A Book, Drilltalk, The Competitive Edge, and
Novartis’ Nail Healthy Guide. Her nail artistry has been on the covers of TV Guide,
Dayspa, Nails, Nailpro, Nailpro Europe, and numerous fashion magazines. Her
expertise in the nail business ranges from salon work and hands-on technical
experience to R&D, education, and lecturing worldwide.
xvi About the Authors

■ DOUGLAS SCHOON
Doug Schoon has over 30 years of experience as a research scientist, international
lecturer, author, and educator; he has become a recognized authority in the
professional beauty industry. He led Creative Nail Design’s (CND) research and
development program for 19 years, and for the last 6 years has been president
of his own consulting firm, Schoon Scientific. He works as a strong advocate
for salon safety and represents the professional nail industry on scientific and
Photo courtesy of Doug Schoon

technical issues in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia, and Japan.
Schoon is the author of several books and video and audio training programs
as well as hundreds of articles about salon chemicals, chemical safety, and
disinfection. As a writer and speaker, he is applauded for his ability to make
complex theories and concepts seem interesting and easy to understand. His
latest book, Nail Structure & Product Chemistry, Second Edition, Cengage Learning,
is also considered an excellent resource for nail professionals. Currently, Schoon
is a co-chair of the Nail Manufacturers Council (NMC) of the Professional Beauty
Association (PBA).
■ JERYL E. SPEAR
Jeryl Spear is a veteran stylist and previous salon owner who perfected her
craft over a 20-year stint in the beauty business. After spending 4 years as
executive editor of Beauty Launchpad, in 2011 Jeryl became the editor in chief
Photo courtesy of Jeryl Spear

and creative director of HOT beauty magazine, a leading trade publication
(print and digital) that focuses on all specialties within the professional-beauty
industry (http://www.hot.hairshow.us).
■ PREVIOUS EDITION CONTRIBUTORS

DEBORAH BEATTY
JEWELL CUNNINGHAM
CATHERINE M. FRANGIE
LIN HALPERN
LACINDA HEADINGS
NANCY KING HEUPEL
TERRI LUNDBERG
GODFREY F. MIX, D.P.M.
LAURA J. MIX
REBECCA MORAN
JACQUELINE OLIPHANT
SUE ELLEN SCHULTES
About the Authors

Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xvii
Acknowledgments
The Milady staff and the contributors wish to acknowledge the many individuals
and organizations who helped shape the seventh edition of Milady Standard
Nail Technology. Their input enabled us to produce a book that will be a valuable
resource for both students and professionals in the field of nail technology.
We extend our sincere thanks and appreciation to all those who contributed to
this edition.
■ SPECIAL THANKS TO:

• Entity 1 Gel Technology (http://www.entitybeauty.com)
• Atwood Industries (http://www.atwoodindustries.net)
• Medicool, Inc. (http://www.medicool.com). Special thanks to Steve
Wallace for supplying the images of electric bits for Chapter 15.
• KUPA, Inc. (http://www.kupainc.com)
• Josephine (Pina) More for her fantastic job on the photo shoot, her
perfect technical skills, and her unwavering energy and professionalism.
• Jeff Cardarella, president, Aerovex Systems, Inc. for providing the nail
salon ventilation equipment.
• Tony VU, nail artist of Bella Moda, Clifton Park, NY, for his extraordinary
nail art creations featured throughout the book.
• Danielle Klahr, Inside Out Beauty Consulting, Latham, NY, for applying
her professionalism, expertise, and technique knowledge.
• Thom Cammer, makeup artist, Guilderland, NY
• Amy Elizabeth Smith, makeup artist, for her incredible makeup designs
on our models.
• Debra Windus, The Burmax Company, Inc., Holtsville, NY, for her tre-
mendous help in gathering all of the supplies for our photo shoot.
• Jean Claude and his team from Jean Paul Day Spa and Hair Salons,
Albany, NY (www.jeanpaulspa.com). Jean Claude welcomed the Milady
staff for a full day of shooting. Special thanks to Shannon Grady, Kathleen
Dewy, Morgan Duke, Ashley Junco, and Debra Beaudoin for all of their
assistance.
• The nail art and hand models for their patience and dedication: Shirley
Arensberg, Tunika Beard, Kimberly Cardona, Samantha Cook, Stephanie
Ferretti, Danielle Klahr, Marchelle Milkes, Greg Rayno, Jr., Patricia Reilly,
Bob Resnick, Sheena Salone, Nisha Thomas, and Rosie Vu.
• Bryan Durocher, president, Durocher Enterprises Inc.
• Nails Magazine
• Manx National Heritage
• The Rome Nail Academy
• Catherine Wong, Ecsalonce
xviii Acknowledgments
• Viv Simmonds, VIVid Nail & Beaute Salon
• Cindy Davis
• Nails made by Massimiliano Braga
• Noble Nails by Louise Callaway
• LCN / Wilde Cosmetics GmbH
• Emilio (http://www.emilio-online.com)
■ SEVENTH EDITION REVIEWERS

Barbara Acello, Innovations in Health Care, Denton, TX
Frances L. Archer, MHSA, the Nail Clinic School of Manicuring, Columbia, SC
Melanie Beachy, Carriage Court Salon, Plain City, OH
Ami Barth, Bellevue, KY
Melinda T. Borrego, Marinello School of Beauty, North Granby, CT
Yota Botsaras, salon owner, Cypress, CA
Suzanne Casabella, NYS-licensed nail technician and esthetician, Coxsackie, NY
Lisa W. Crawford, Bellafonte Academy of Beauty, Maysville, KY
JoAnn DiPrete, Ultronics, Copley, OH
Lauren Gellar, Evergreen Beauty College, Marysville, WA
Shari Golightly, owner/cosmetologist/RCMT/Reiki master, Greeley, CO
Jennifer Hain, Columbia Montour Area Vocational Technical School, Middleburg, PA
John Halal, Honors Beauty College, Inc., Indianapolis, IN
Donna Haynes, Houston Training School, Missouri City, TX
Cindy Heidemann, ABC School of Cosmetology, Esthetics, & Nail Technology,
Inc., Lake in the Hills, IL
Meg King, Spa Solas by Meg & Company, Ardmore, PA
Susan Kolar, David Pressley Professional School of Cosmetology, Transitions
School of Cosmetology Careers, Armada, MI
Lori Manicho, YourNewSchool, Amlin, OH
Yolanda Matthews, the Cosmetology Connection & Consulting Services,
Houston, TX
Janet McCormick, Frostproof, FL
Lauria Mullins, Leander ISD, Georgetown, TX
Darlene Ray, Miller-Motte Technical College, Ooltewah, TN
Leslie Roste, director of education, King Research, Prairie Village, KS
Cheryl Simkins-Anderson, Jean Paul Salon & Day Spa, Albany, NY
Vickie Servais, New Horizons Regional Education Center, Hampton, VA
Robert Spalding, DPM, MediNail Learning Center, Signal Mtn., TN
Donna Simmons, Tulsa Tech, Collinsville, OK
Madeline Udod, Eastern Suffolk BOCES (retired), Farmingville, NY
Kimberly Cutter-Williams, M.Ed., Savannah Technical College, Savannah, GA
Acknowledgments
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 xix
■ PHOTO SHOOT LOCATIONS:
• Austin’s School of Spa Technology, Albany, NY
• CNY Healing Arts Wellness Center & Spa, Latham, NY
• Jean Paul Spa & Salons, Albany and Latham, NY
• Kimberley’s… A Day Spa, Ltd., Latham, NY
■ PHOTOGRAPHERS:
• Joseph Schuyler Photography, Albany, NY
schuylerphoto@gmail.com
• Dino Petrocelli, professional photographer, Albany, NY

(http://www.dinopetrocelli.com)
• Paul Castle, Castle Photography, Inc., Troy, NY

(http://www.castlephotographyinc.com)
• Michael Dzaman Photography © Michael Dzaman/Dzaman Photography

(http://www.dzamanphoto.com)
xx Acknowledgments
1
© Valua Vitaly/www.Shutterstock.com
OrientationCHAPTER 1 CHAPTER 3
History Your Professional Image
and Career
CHAPTER 4
Opportunities
Communicating for Success
CHAPTER 2
Life Skills
Part 1 Orientation Orientation

1
1
History and Career
Opportunities
Chapter Outline
• Why Study the History of Beauty and Nail
Technology and Career Opportunities
for Nail Technicians?
• A Brief History of Cosmetology and Nail
Technology
• Career Paths for Nail Technicians
© iStockphoto/Deborah Cheramie
2 Chapter 1
Learning Objectives
After completing this chapter, you will be able to:
LO1 Explain the origins of personal beautification.
LO2 Discuss the advancements made in nail

technology during the twentieth and early
twenty-first centuries.
LO3 List several career opportunities available to

a licensed nail technician.
© Digital Vision/Thinkstock
Key Terms
Page number indicates where in the chapter the term is used.
cosmetology / 4
nail technology / 4
© Kamira/www.Shutterstock.com
Part 1 Orientation
Copyright 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-200-203 3
Cosmetology is a term used to encompass a broad range of beauty specialties,
including hairstyling, nail technology, and esthetics. It is the art and science of
beautifying and improving the nails, hair, and skin and the study of cosmetics
and their applications. In this text, we will primarily focus on nail technology,
which is defined as “the art and science of beautifying and improving the nails
and skin of the hands and feet.”
WHY STUDY THE HISTORY OF BEAUTY

AND NAIL TECHNOLOGY AND CAREER
OPPORTUNITIES FOR NAIL TECHNICIANS?
Nail technicians should have a thorough understanding of the history of
beauty and nail technology as well as career opportunities available, because:
❱ Knowing the history of your profession can help you predict and
understand upcoming trends.
❱ Learning about the many different nail care services will help broaden your
offerings or assist you in developing one or more specialties within your
practice.
❱ Learning about the many possible career paths will help you see the wide
range of opportunities open to nail technicians.
■ A BRIEF HISTORY OF COSMETOLOGY

AND NAIL TECHNOLOGY
Personal beautification dates back to the dawn of history, with each subsequent
period contributing new approaches to beautifying the hair, skin, and nails.
While scientists and beauty visionaries in the twenty-first century have
made many breakthroughs in beauty products, even they have been heavily
influenced by past uses and achievements.
© iStockphoto/Valentin Casarsa
4 Chapter 1 History and Career Opportunities

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
CHAPTER VIII
RETRENCHMENT
In the arithmetic of the customs, two and two, instead of

making four, make sometimes only one.—Dean Swift.
W HEN the sixteenth Parliament of Great Britain met on 18th May

1784 the arrears of legislation and accumulation of debt were
as serious as at any time in our history; for, owing to fierce party strifes
and the distractions of war, very few remedial measures had been
passed in recent years. The “Economic Reform” passed by Lord
Rockingham’s Government is the only oasis in an otherwise arid
waste, strewn with the wrecks of partisan warfare. The condition of
affairs was therefore becoming most serious; and a collapse could be
averted only by the utmost skill and care. The three per cent.
government stocks told a tale of waning confidence. Even after the
peace they steadily declined, from an average of 65 in January 1783 to
56 at the close of that year. They were as low as 53⅞ in part of
January 1784; and it is a striking tribute to the confidence which Pitt
inspired that, on the results of the elections of the spring of 1784 being
known, they rose to more than 58. That first essential to a revival of
national credit, a firm Government, was now assured, and patriots
looked anxiously for the measures whereby the young Minister might
stave off disaster.
The King’s Speech laid stress on two topics, finance and the East
India Company. Within the limits of a short session Pitt could not
possibly hope to pass other large measures; and he urged Alderman
Sawbridge not to persevere with his annual motion in favour of
Parliamentary Reform, promising to bring it forward himself in the
session of 1785. When the Alderman pressed the matter to a division,
he was defeated by a majority of seventy-four—a result damaging to
225
the cause which he sought to serve.
The way being thus left clear for the two great questions that would
admit of no delay, Pitt sought to lay the ghost of national bankruptcy.
The imminence of the danger can scarcely be realized. In that decade
we link together the thought of bankruptcy with that of France; but if
those years closed with the Revolution in France and prosperity in
England, the result may be ascribed very largely to the wasteful
financial system pursued at Versailles and to the wise husbanding of
Britain’s resources by Pitt. According to the French statesman, Necker,
226
the National Debts of the two countries were almost exactly equal.
The pamphlet literature of the years 1783–84 reveals a state of things
wellnigh as serious in England as that which brought about the crash
in France. One of the closest students of finance, Dr. Price, in a
pamphlet of the early part of 1783, stated that the Fox-North Ministry
openly avowed its inability to pay off any of the public debts; and he
asserted that such helpless conduct must carry us fast to the brink of
disaster. Another writer urged that, in order to abolish the National
Debt, tithes must be swept away, the revenues of the Church
reformed, and all citizens must submit to the payment of one-sixth part
of their incomes. The National Debt, which amounted to £215,717,709
in January 1783, was denounced in language whose extravagance
would cause a mild surprise to a generation that placidly bears a
burden nearly four times as great; but, to a kingdom which with the
utmost difficulty raised £25,000,000 in revenue, this burden seemed
overwhelming. Dr. Price summed up a widespread conviction in his
statement that the growth of debt brought about increased
subservience to the Crown, prosperity to stock-jobbers, and
227
depression to all honest traders.
The war which ended in 1783 had been carried on in a singularly
wasteful manner. Price computed that the increase to the National
Debt owing to the war had been £115,654,000 up to January 1783,
when all the accounts had not yet come in; he also reckoned that the
last four years of that struggle had cost £80,016,000 as against
£60,835,000 for the last four years of the Seven Years’ War. This
increase resulted largely from the reckless way in which North had
issued loans, so that bankers and subscribers, and, it is said, the
Ministers themselves, reaped large profits, while the nation suffered.
According to Price, loans which cost the nation £85,857,691, actually
228
brought to the exchequer only £57,500,000. This resulted partly
from corrupt practices, but also from North’s endeavour to keep down
the rate of interest to three or four per cent.; the outcome being that, in
the impaired state of public credit of the year 1781 he had to allot £150
of stock in the three per cents and £25 in the four per cents for every
£100 actually borrowed. Thus, the raising of a sum of £12,000,000 on
these terms actually cost the nation £21,000,000; and interest had to
be paid on £9,000,000 which never came into the exchequer.
Obviously he would have done better to raise £100 for £100 stock,
even had he given 6 or 7 per cent. interest; for the experience of the
past showed that in time of peace and prosperity the rate of interest
could be reduced without much difficulty. Nevertheless, the advisers of
the Crown always preferred to keep to a low rate of interest, even at
the cost of tempting lenders by allotting £175 of Government stock for
every £100 of cash.
Such was the state of affairs when Pitt introduced his Budget (30th
June 1784). It will be convenient to set forth and explain his proposals
singly and in connection with the facts which he had to face. The first
was the appallingly large deficit, constantly swollen by the coming in of
bills for war expenses. The champion of peace and retrenchment had
to confess that, despite all his efforts to balance income and
expenditure, he must raise a loan of £6,000,000. Obviously, as
Consols still stood as low as 58, he could borrow only on exorbitant
terms; but it is regrettable that he now fell back on North’s plan of
borrowing at a low rate of interest and of burdening the funds with a
vast amount of fictitious debt. He proposed to allot to every subscriber
of £100 no less an amount of stock than £100 of three per cents, £50
of four per cents, and 5s. 6d. of long annuities, besides three fifths of a
229
lottery ticket in a lottery of 36,000 tickets. He computed that the
terms and chances now offered were actually worth £103 14s. 4½d.,
230
and that lenders would therefore be tempted to lend. This was so.
But, for the reasons stated above, the burdens bequeathed to posterity
were crushing, though less than those entailed by North’s loan of
1781.
As regards Pitt’s personal dealings with financiers, his conduct
shone radiantly clear when contrasted with those of Lord North. It had
been the custom for that guardian of the public purse to arrange the
price of the loan with a few favoured supporters in the City, and then
allot scrip on scandalously low terms to his friends in Parliament, who
could thereafter sell at a handsome profit. Pitt now threw open to
public competition all tenders for his loan; and the proposals sent in
were formally opened at the Bank in a way which precluded jobbery
and safeguarded the nation’s interests.
Scarcely less serious was the problem of the huge floating, or
unfunded, debt, that is, that portion of the National Debt for which no
provision whatever had been made by Parliament. In the main it
consisted of unpaid bills, which had been increased by about one
quarter or even one third of their original amount. It now stood at about
£14,000,000. Pitt ardently desired to fund the whole of it, but he found
that so great an effort would cause too much disturbance in the money
market. He therefore proposed to fund at present only £6,600,000,
forming it into stock bearing 5 per cent. interest and issued at 93. He
defended this high rate of interest on the ground that such a stock
could in the future be redeemed on more favourable terms than a three
per cent. stock which might be worth a comparatively small sum when
capitalized. The argument was surely just as applicable to the former
231
loan of £6,000,000.
* * * * *
It still remains to notice the worst ills that beset the fiscal and
commercial life of our land. Indeed, we shall not understand the daring
nature of Pitt’s experiment of the year 1784 unless we take a
comprehensive view of the losses, both material and moral, which
resulted from the extraordinary prevalence of smuggling. Never had
contraband trade been so active as of late. How should it be otherwise,
when the customs dues were tangled and burdensome; when the
Navigation Laws, especially respecting the coasting trade in Scotland,
were so annoyingly complex that the papers which a vessel needed for
crossing the Firth of Forth involved nearly as much expense and delay
232
as if she were bound for Canada. In such a state of things illicit
trade was ever gaining recruits from the ranks of honest merchants
and seamen.
For monopoly, too, depressed their calling and exalted that of the
smuggler. By far the most important article subject to monopoly was
tea. That expensive luxury of the days of Queen Anne, a “dish of tea,”
was now fast becoming a comfort of the many. Indeed, Arthur Young
found that the use of tea had spread into the homes of cottagers; and
he classed as extravagant those villages which owed their refreshment
to China, and commended the frugality of those which adhered to
233
home-brewed ale. The increased use of Bohea was certainly not
due to the East India Company or to the State; for the former sold the
“drug” at the high prices warranted by its monopoly of trade with China;
and on the arrival of the precious chests at our shores, an ad valorem
duty of 119 per cent. had to be met. The increase of habits which
Arthur Young deprecated and temperance reformers now applaud was
due to smugglers. We learn from Adam Smith that Dutch, French, and
234
Swedish merchants imported tea largely; and from their ports
enterprising skippers conveyed it to our shores, there to be eagerly
welcomed by a populace which found the cheating of Government far
more attractive and gainful than agriculture. The annals of the time
show how deeply the coast population was infected. The large barns
which the tourist admires in many an East Anglian coast village, more
often held contraband than corn. Thomas Hardy has shown how the
dull life of a Wessex village kindled at the news of a successful “run
in,” and how all classes helped to defeat the “King’s men.” The poet
Crabbe, with his keen eye for the stern realities of life in his parish of
Aldborough, tells of his grief at finding there, not the simple home-
loving life of an old English village,
But a bold, artful, surly savage race.
Their sport was not cricket or wrestling on the village green, but
smuggling.
Beneath yon cliff they stand

To show the freighted pinnace where to land,
To load the ready steed with guilty haste,
To fly with terror o’er the pathless waste,
Or, when detected in their straggling course,
To foil their foes by cunning or by force,
Or yielding part (which equal knaves demand)
To gain a lawless passport through the land.
These are the words of a moralist. To the easy-going many the

smuggler was merely a plucky fellow who cheated the common foe of
all, the Government, and helped poor folks to get spirits, tea, and
tobacco at cheap prices. As for showing any reluctance to buy
235
smuggled goods, this seemed “a pedantic piece of hypocrisy.” It
must also be admitted that Government had sinned against light; for
the great reduction of the tea duty by Pelham in 1745 had almost put
an end to smuggling in that article; but unfortunately his successors,
when confronted with the results of war, re-imposed the old duties and
236
thereby gave new life to the smuggler’s calling.
The excess of an evil sometimes works its cure. It was the stupidity
of the fiscal regulations in France which helped to turn the attention of
her most original thinkers to the subject of national finance; whence it
came about that Political Economy had its first beginnings in the land
where waste and want were rampant. So, too, it was reserved for the
son of a Kirkcaldy customs officer to note early in life the follies of our
system; and, when further enlightened by contact with men and affairs,
especially with the French Economistes, he was able to give to the
world that illuminating survey of a subject where tradition and prejudice
had previously reigned supreme. Finally, it was in the very darkest
hour of Britain’s commercial and financial annals that remedial
measures were set on foot by the young statesman who had laid to
heart the teachings of the “Wealth of Nations.”
It is not easy to say whether Pitt owed more to Adam Smith or to
Earl Shelburne. Probably the influence of the Scottish thinker on the
young statesman at this time has been exaggerated; for it seems
certain that the later editions of the “Wealth of Nations” were modified
237
so as to bring them into line with some of Pitt’s enactments. Further,
Pitt made no public acknowledgement of his debt to Adam Smith until
his Budget speech of 1792, when he expressed the belief that the
philosopher, then deceased, had given to the world the best solution to
all commercial and economic questions. It may be, then, that Pitt in
1784 owed less to Adam Smith than to his first chief, Shelburne, and to
other men of affairs, including his own brother-in-law, that able though
eccentric nobleman, Lord Mahon. Shelburne was the depository of the
enlightened aims of that age; and, as Price pointed out, he and Pitt in
the year 1782 were about to make reforms in the public service which
238
would have saved the revenue some half a million a year.
Now, with a freer hand, he took up the task which the Coalition of
Fox and North had interrupted; and in a measure which supplemented
his Budget, he proposed to cut the ground from under the smuggler by
reducing the duty on tea from an average of 119 per cent. to 12½ per
cent. on the cheaper varieties, though on the finer kinds of tea
239
(Suchong, Singlo, and Hyson) he imposed a higher scale of duties.
Even so, he expected that the produce of the tea duty would sink at
first from £800,000 to £169,000, though he must have hoped soon to
recoup a large part of this sum. As there was a large deficit on the past
year, it was necessary to devise a tax which would help to make up the
temporary loss with no risk of leakage.
Such a source of revenue Pitt found in an increase of the window-
tax. Every house with seven windows was now to pay, not four
shillings, but seven shillings a year. On a house with eight windows
eight shillings were paid, and so on, except that houses with more than
ten windows paid half-a-crown per window. He reckoned the increase
from this source at about £700,000. Whatever objections might be
urged against the tax on the score of health, it certainly fell mainly on
the middle and wealthy classes; for as many as 300,000 of the poorest
houses went duty free. The impost may therefore be considered as a
first rough attempt at taxation according to income. The change was
beneficial in another way. The old customs duty on tea violated the
canon of taxation laid down by Adam Smith—that a tax should take
from the pockets of the people as little as possible over and above
what it brings into the treasury of the State. The 119 per cent. duty
seemed to challenge evasion, and the attempt to enforce it probably
cost the country more than the tax yielded. The window tax belonged
to the class of excise duties the expenses of which amounted only to
about 5½ per cent. of the total yield; and the new impost could not
possibly be evaded except by the heroic remedy of blocking up
windows.
Thus, both in regard to economic doctrine and common sense (the
former is but the latter systematized) Pitt’s experiment ushered in a
new era in British finance and therefore in British commerce. The City
of London welcomed the change, which promised to lead to the
employment of twenty more clipper ships for the China tea-trade and
to the destruction of the contraband tea-trade to these shores carried
on hitherto by the French and Dutch East India Companies. Indeed, no
sooner did this Commutation Bill (as it was called) gain general assent
than the Dutch Company offered to sell to us its cargoes of tea at a
loss of 40 per cent. on prime cost and expenses. This fact alone ought
to have stilled all opposition to the measure; but Fox continued to
oppose it with a vehemence worthy of a better cause; he was
240
ultimately beaten by 143 votes to 40 (10th August 1784).
We may note here that by further regulations of the year 1784 and
by what was called the “Manifest Act” of 1786, frauds on the revenue
were made far more difficult. Thus to Pitt belongs the credit of having
done more than any minister (for he succeeded where Walpole largely
failed) to stop a material loss and a grave moral evil.
It would be incorrect to claim that Pitt was the first to light on the
idea of substituting lower and effective duties for the exorbitant and
ineffective duty on tea. William Eden (the future Lord Auckland)
declared that very many persons had advocated some such change,
and he attributed to Lord John Cavendish the formation of the revenue
committee, the results of whose inquiries were now utilized by the
Prime Minister. Pitt, on the other hand, gave the credit of the measure
to his relative, Lord Mahon. The mention of that nobleman reminds us
of an incident which enlivened the debate. While sawing the air in
order to emphasize his hearty approval of the death blow now dealt to
smuggling, he gave Pitt a smart knock on the head, to the unbounded
amusement of the House.
The details of the Budget itself do not imply a very firm belief in the
principles of what is called Free Trade. As has been shown, the
difficulties in Pitt’s way were enormous. The new loan, the funding
operation, and the interest on the unfunded debt altogether entailed an
added charge of £910,000 a year. This sum he proposed to raise by
means that may be termed old-fashioned. Looking round the domain of
industry, he singled out for taxation the few articles that were duty-free
or were only lightly burdened. Men’s hats were now to pay a toll of two
shillings a-piece (felt hats only sixpence), and thus bring £150,000 to
the nation’s purse; female finery (ribbons and gauzes) was mulcted to
the extent of £120,000. He also estimated that a duty of three shillings
on every chaldron of coals (not only in London as heretofore, but
throughout Great Britain) would bring in about £150,000; but he
proposed to free from its operations all manufacturers who met with
sharp foreign competition. Further, he imposed a tax on all horses
used for riding or for pleasure, which he estimated at £100,000; and he
eked out the remainder of the sum by duties on printed linens and
calicoes, candles, hackney coaches, bricks and tiles, paper, licences
for shooting, and licences for traders in excisable goods.
Most of these proposals were received with resignation, but
several members urgently protested against the impost on coals as
likely to be ruinous to industry, and ultimately Pitt withdrew it. This,
however, led him to impose a tax on race-horses (especially winners),
to raise the licence for shooting from one guinea to two guineas, to
increase the postage for letters, and to curtail the privileges of franking
letters by Members of Parliament. This had been disgracefully abused.
Every member of both Houses had the right both of sending and of
receiving letters free. As if this were not sufficient, in days when a
shilling was an ordinary charge for the receiver of a letter, several
members were known to sell envelopes which they had franked; and a
large firm is said to have paid a member £300 a year for franking their
correspondence. Pitt struck at these abuses by requiring that franked
letters must bear the name of the member, the date, and the post town
from which the letter was to be sent. By this and other restrictions a
leakage which had amounted to nearly £200,000 a year was stopped,
at least in part. The notion that every Member of Parliament ought to
enjoy privileges which were withheld from the many was so deeply
rooted that the abuses of “franking” persisted up to the time of the
complete abolition of the privilege in 1840, when penny postage
became the law of the land. Thus in January 1802 we find a
distinguished diplomatist, Sir George Jackson, commiserating his
sister on the scarcity of noblemen in Bath, which implied “a dearth of
frank-men to fly to.”
The effort to curb the abuses of that hateful class privilege forms
the best feature of Pitt’s Budget of 1784. In other respects it is not
remarkable. The new imposts have none of the merits attending his
Commutation Act for the repression of smuggling. What is surprising is
that he did not try the experiment of increasing the House Duty, an
impost which fell mainly upon the rich, was easy to collect, and could
241
be made very remunerative. It was actually tried by North in 1778,
242
apparently because it had borne good results in Holland. Thus, the
machinery was at hand, and only needed to be more strenuously
worked. I have failed to find in the Pitt Papers the reason why the
statesman did not try this expedient; still less why he imposed the
niggling and irritating little taxes named above. He estimated the yield
of the duties on bricks, paper, and hackney coaches at no more than
£50,000, £18,000, and £12,000 respectively. Further, the tax on
candles, though only of one halfpenny the pound, was certainly
burdensome to the poor. On the whole, it is not surprising that a
rhymester thus set forth the condition of John Bull:
One would think there’s not room one new impost to put
From the crown of the head to the sole of the foot.
Like Job, thus John Bull his condition deplores,
Very patient, indeed, and all covered with sores.
Other persons of a quasi-scientific turn sought comfort in the reflection

that taxation ought, like the air, to press on the individual at all points in
order not to be felt.
In truth, Pitt’s financial genius matured slowly. Possibly he thought
the situation too serious to admit of doubtful experiments. Certainly he
went step by step, as is seen by reference to his next Budget. Its most
significant feature was the endeavour to simplify the collection of
taxes. Hitherto there had been much overlapping and consequent
waste of effort, owing to the existence of three Boards or Committees.
The Excise Department managed the taxes on carriages, wagons,
carts, and male-servants; the new taxes on horses and race-horses
were under the Commissioners of Stamps; while separate
Commissioners administered the imposts on houses and windows. In
place of this complex, expensive, and inefficient machinery, Pitt
instituted a single “Board for Taxes,” which supervised affairs more
cheaply and left few loopholes for evasion. The imposts named above
243
were thenceforth termed “the assessed taxes.” In that year he also
imposed taxes on female servants, shops, and attorneys. Here again
his fiscal policy distinctly belonged to the old order of things, when
men, despairing of finding any widespread and very lucrative tax,
grumblingly submitted to duties on every article of consumption and
every important action of life. The days of a few simple and highly
244
productive taxes had not fully dawned. The sequel will show that,
only under the intolerable pressure of the long war with France, did Pitt
work his way to the Income Tax; and the terms in which he replied to
the Lord Provost of Glasgow, who in March 1798 recommended that
impost, show that, while always favouring it on theoretical grounds, he
doubted the possibility of collecting it systematically.
In 1785 we are still in the age of youthful hopes and experiments.
We find Pitt writing to Wilberforce on the last day of September: “The
produce of our revenues is glorious, and I am half mad with a project
which will give our supplies the effect almost of magic in the reduction
245
of debt.” Equally hopeful is his letter to Lord Buckingham on 8th
November, in which he speaks of the rise of stocks being fully justified
by the splendid surplus of “£800,000 per annum at least. The little that
is wanting to make good the complete million may be had with
246
ease.” Both references are to the plan of a Sinking Fund which was
to work wonders with the National Debt, blotting it out in two or three
generations by the alchemy of compound interest.
* * * * *
The plan of a Sinking Fund was not wholly his, although it came to
bear Pitt’s name. Walpole, early in his career, had started a scheme
whereby a certain sum was annually set apart for forming a fund which
would accumulate by compound interest and finally be available for the
extinction of the National Debt. This plan came to grief, because in
1732 Walpole began to draw on his own fund rather than increase the
Land Tax and annoy country gentlemen. This, we may note, is one of
the perils of a Sinking Fund that, guard it as its founder may, some
thriftless Chancellor of the Exchequer will insist on filching from it. That
was the fate of Walpole’s fund. The scheme, however, survived, and
received a new impulse in 1772, when Dr. Price, a Nonconformist
minister, called public attention to it by a pamphlet on the National
Debt. In this he proved by irrefutable arithmetic that a Sinking Fund, if
honestly worked, must ultimately wipe out the largest debt that can be
conceived. For, as he hopefully pointed out, a single seed, if its
produce could be entirely set apart for sowing, would in course of time
multiply so vastly as to fill all the lands where it could grow. This is true;
but the simile implies singular powers of self-control in the sowers,
especially if they are beset by hunger before that glorious climax is
attained. Descending to the more practical domain of the money
market, Price proved that a sum of £200,000, set apart annually,
together with its compound interest, would in eighty-six years be worth
£258,000,000. Whether the nation were at peace or at war, said Dr.
Price, the stipulated sum must be set aside, even if it were borrowed at
a high rate of interest; for the nation borrowed at simple interest in
order to gain the advantages of compound interest. While admitting the
folly of such conduct for a private individual, he maintained with equal
naïveté that a State must benefit by it, even if there were no surplus of
247
revenue and if money were dear.
Such was the scheme which fired Pitt with hope; but it is very
questionable whether he accepted all its details. Certainly he did not
act precipitately. On 11th April 1785 he felt the pulse of the House of
Commons by stating his confident hope of having a surplus of one
million available for the present plan, and his determination next year
to found “a real Sinking Fund” on a basis which would absolutely
preclude pilfering in the future. It is also noteworthy that he resolved to
raise that million by taxation, not by borrowing. This is a fact which has
been ignored by Hamilton, McCulloch, Lecky, and other critics of Pitt’s
experiment; but the debate just referred to and those soon to be
considered place it beyond possibility of denial. Mr. Dempster urged
him to begin at once, even if he had to borrow, seeing that France had
started a Sinking Fund which “would enable her in a few years to get
rid of the greatest part of her National Debt.” But the Prime Minister
declined to be hurried, especially if he had to borrow at a high rate of
248
interest. Clearly, then, Pitt did not share the extravagant hopes of
Price.
His relations to Price cannot be wholly cleared up. Early in January
1786 he wrote to him in the following terms:
The situation of the revenue certainly makes this the time to

establish an effectual Sinking Fund. The general idea of
converting the 3 per cents with a fund bearing a higher rate of
interest, with a view to facilitate redemption, you have on many
occasions suggested, and particularly in the papers you were so
good as to send me last year. The rise of the stocks has made a
material change since that period, and I am inclined to think
something like the plan I now send you may be more adapted to
249
the present circumstances. There may be, I believe, some
inaccuracies in the calculations, but not such as to be very
material. Before I form any decisive opinion, I wish to learn your
sentiments upon it, and shall think myself obliged to you for any
improvement you can suggest if you think the principle a right one,
or for any other proposal which from your knowledge of the subject
you may think preferable.
With his reply Price sent the three alternative plans which the
curious may peruse in his “Memoir and Works.” Unfortunately the ten
volumes consecrated to his fame by his nephew, William Morgan, are
instinct with so bitter a prejudice against Pitt as to be worthless on all
questions affecting him. Morgan does not print Pitt’s proposal, but
brushes it aside as puerile, and gives the impression that Price did so;
he gives no account of the interview which Pitt had with Price in the
middle of January, but asserts that the Minister threw aside his own
proposals, adopted the third and least efficient of Price’s plans,
mangled it in the process, and never acknowledged his debt to his
250
benefactor. The first of these charges can be refuted by Price’s
reply to Pitt’s letter given above. He pronounced the Prime Minister’s
proposals “very just,” but pointed out some defects, especially the
proviso which placed the Sinking Fund at the disposal of Parliament
when the interest on it amounted to £4,000,000, as he expected it
251
would by the year 1812. Morgan’s unfairness is further revealed by
his statement that Pitt did not choose to increase the taxes in 1786 so
as to provide the million surplus which ought to have been
forthcoming. Whereas the fact is that in the Budget of 1785 the
Minister imposed taxes for that very purpose; and when these proved
252
scarcely sufficient, he imposed others on 29th March 1786.
False and acrid charges such as these do not surprise us in the
partisan biographies of that age. What is surprising is that McCulloch
and Lecky should have endorsed some of Morgan’s statements,
especially respecting Pitt’s omission of his acknowledgements to
253
Price. On this I must observe, firstly, that it is not proven that Pitt
owed to Price everything that was good in his Sinking Fund, and
spoiled the plan by his own alterations of it; for the omission of Pitt’s
proposal by Morgan leaves us without means of comparing the original
proposals of the two men; secondly, that the official reports of the three
debates of the spring of 1786 on this subject are so meagre as to
furnish no decisive evidence on what was, after all, a minor detail.
Further, it is probable that Price’s influence on Pitt’s proposal was less
than has been supposed. In the Pitt Papers is a letter of Pulteney to
Pitt dated 18th April 1786, in which he urges him carefully to
reconsider Price’s third plan before finally adopting it. He states that Sir
John Sinclair, Sir Edward Ferguson, Mr. Beaufoy, and Mr. Dempster
had yesterday met Dr. Price at Bath House in order to discuss the
merits of Price’s plan, and also one by Mr. Gale. The discussion left
Pulteney with the conviction that Gale’s plan was “infinitely preferable
to any of the three produced by Dr. Price,” and he begged Pitt to add it
254
to his Bill as an alternative. I have not found a copy of Gale’s plan
or any evidence as to its adoption in part by Pitt; but the statesman
certainly repudiated the notion of borrowing in order to pay off debt, on
which Price had laid stress. And yet by a strange irony of fate, this
expedient, to which the statesman had temporary recourse only under
the strain of war, is that which has been pronounced by nearly all
critics the characteristic part of his scheme.
The chief features of Pitt’s proposals were his efforts to raise the
whole of the annual million from revenue, and to safeguard this fund
255
from the depredations of wasteful financiers in the future. He
therefore placed it under the control of six responsible persons, among
whom were the Chancellor of the Exchequer and the Governor of the
Bank of England. The disposal by Parliament of the fund when the
yearly income arising from it should amount to four millions, may be
termed a concession of the financier to the parliamentary spirit.
The scheme met merely with indirect criticism, the debates turning
on general policy, or on the question whether there was a surplus of a
million, or any surplus at all. These were the issues to which the eager
partisanship of Fox and Sheridan sought to divert the attention of the
House. Let them beware, exclaimed Fox, of tying up a sum of a million
a year, when they might want all their available resources for a war. As
for Sheridan, he sought to ridicule the experiment, not on financial
grounds, but because it was the height of folly to add to the present
enormous burdens when “we had but one foe, and that the whole
world.”
There seems to have been in these debates no reference to Dr.
Price’s schemes, though they then enjoyed considerable notoriety.
Mention was made of the writings of Baron Maseres on the efficacy of
Compound Interest; but the Opposition confined itself almost entirely to
complaints about the taxes, and gloomy prophecies about the advent
of another war. Surely some member of that angry and disappointed
group would have accused Pitt of filching his scheme wholesale from
that of Price, if the charge had been possible. We can imagine that
Sheridan, instead of croaking over the impending coalition of Europe
against England, would in that case have declaimed against Pitt as the
thief of the magic wand of the real Prospero of finance. Would not Fox
also have brought his sound and sturdy sense to the congenial task of
exposing the fallacies of Price and the imposture of Pitt? The darling of
Brooks’s Club, who well knew the perils of borrowing in order to pay off
old debts, would have fastened on the folly of borrowing at high rates
in order to gain the advantage of Compound Interest. We can picture
him asking how a plan, which was admittedly foolish for an individual,
could be profitable for a nation, and where the taxes could be raised
that would make good the interest on the sums set apart every year for
the wonder-working fund. Surely the Opposition was not so ignorant of
finance and of Price’s proposals as not to detect the weakness of the
256
Prime Minister’s plan, had it been modelled solely on them.
The debates in which the Commons dealt with this great and
complex subject seem to have been fruitful only in personalities. At the
final stage of the Bill, however, Fox moved an amendment with the aim
of lightening the burdens on the nation in time of war. He proposed
that, whenever a new loan should be raised, the Minister should be
pledged to raise moneys sufficient to pay the interest on the loan, and
also to make good to the Sinking Fund what might be taken from it. He
stated as a concrete example that, if a new loan of £6,000,000 were
required in time of war, and if £1,000,000 were in the hands of the
Commissioners of the National Debt, that sum should be transferred to
the account of the loan; for this, he claimed, would save the public the
expense of raising that million through bankers and the Stock
Exchange, and the Sinking Fund would not be injured if the million
temporarily borrowed from it were made good by taxation. His speech
contained one statement of personal interest, namely, that he had
shown his proposal to the Chancellor of the Exchequer, who approved
of it. This, then, was one of the few occasions on which Pitt conferred
with Fox. He now accepted Fox’s amendment, because (to take the
supposed case), apart from the saving of commission on the million,
Government would be able to raise the five millions on better terms
than the six millions. Pitt also expressed the hope that the addition of
the amendment to his Bill would do away with all temptation to a
257
Minister to rob the Sinking Fund.
This last argument cut both ways. As Earl Stanhope (formerly Lord
Mahon) pointed out to the Lords, when he introduced a rival scheme a
few days later, it would be absurd to lessen the temptation to commit
an offence which he (Pitt) had declared to be thenceforth impossible.
In fact, the permission to transfer the yearly million to another fund
rather tended to strengthen the argument for alienation in any other
case where expediency might be urged. Stanhope’s plan for rendering
the Sinking Fund permanent is too complex to be discussed here; the
debates on it were closed by the royal assent being given to Pitt’s
258
measure on 26th May.
If we examine carefully the many criticisms that have been levelled
against Pitt’s Sinking Fund, they apply only to his handling of the fund
during the Great War with France. Every sciolist in finance can now
see the folly of borrowing money at a high rate of interest in order to
259
provide the fund with its quarterly supply. It is clearly a case of
feeding a dog on his own tail. But such a proceeding, though lauded by
Price, was quite contrary to Pitt’s original intention, which was the
thoroughly sound one of paying off debt by a steady application of the
annual surplus. He departed from this only under stress of
circumstances which he looked on as exceptional and temporary.
Strange to say, even the officials of the Treasury seem to have
overlooked the fact that the nation was thereby increasing its debt in a
cumbrous attempt to lessen it. In 1799, when the pinch caused by the
withdrawal of a million a year was severely felt, George Rose, the
Secretary of the Treasury, praised the Sinking Fund as an example of
integrity and economy which must in the highest degree promote the
prosperity of the nation. And Lord Henry Petty, who succeeded Pitt as
Chancellor of the Exchequer, stated in his first Budget Speech in
March 1806 that “it was owing to the institution of the Sinking Fund that
the country was not charged with a much larger amount of debt. It was
an advantage gained by nothing.” This extraordinary statement,
coming from a political opponent, shows how that generation was
mesmerized by the potency of Compound Interest.
Yet, delusive as the scheme came to be, it conferred two benefits
on Great Britain. Firstly, it tended to the reduction of the National Debt
during the time of peace. Nearly eleven millions were written off in the
260
years 1784–1792; and the country felt no inconvenience until the
million had to be borrowed at ruinous rates. But, far more than this,
faith in the Sinking Fund buoyed up British credit at a time when
confidence was the first essential of the public safety. In the dark days
of 1797 and 1805 Britons were nerved by the spirit of their leader, who
never quailed even in face of mutiny, disaster, and the near approach
of bankruptcy. There are times when unjustifiable trust is better than
the most searching scrutiny. Finally, it is the barest justice to the
memory of Pitt to remember that his whole financial policy in the early
part of the Great War rested on the assumption that France would
soon be overborne; and, as we shall see, that assumption was justified
by the experience of the past and by every outward sign in her present
life. It was the incalculable element in the French Revolution, from the
levée en masse of 1793 down to Austerlitz in 1805, which baffled Pitt
and metamorphosed his Sinking Fund into a load of lead.
CHAPTER IX
REFORM
Unblest by Virtue, Government a league

Becomes, a circling junto of the great
To rob by law; Religion mild, a yoke
To tame the stooping soul, a trick of State
To mask their rapine, and to share their prey.
Thomson, Liberty.
The distempers of monarchy were the great subjects of

apprehension and redress in the last century; in this, the
distempers of Parliament.—Burke, Thoughts on the present
Discontents.
T HE experience of statesmen has generally led them to link

together the question of retrenchment with that of Reform. The
connection between these two topics indeed lies in the nature of
things. The brunt of taxation has in the past fallen on the middle and
artisan classes; and where they have only a small share in the
government, the spending departments are apt to run riot. Under an
oligarchy or plutocracy the Government is likely to become a close
preserve for the benefit of landless younger sons, the preservation of
great estates being thus assured by means which lower the public
services to the level of eleemosynary institutions. Whenever the mass
of taxpayers gains political power, it will insist on efficiency and
economy; or, at the worst, it will claim that the unprivileged shall also
have an entry into the domain of Government. In either case, the result
will be not unlike that which happens in a household where the
husband sleepily pays and the wife lavishly spends. When the rude
awakening comes, the spending department will probably yield to the
power that holds the purse. The ultima ratio of husbands and
Parliaments is, after all, much the same. On the other hand, if the
House of Commons represents little more than the rent-receiving
classes, what hope is there that it will draw the purse strings? Whence
it comes about that economists have for the most part pleaded for a
truly representative system.
As we have seen, Pitt had twice brought forward the question of
the Reform of Parliament, and had twice suffered defeat. The need of
caution was obvious; and this explains his conduct in begging that
veteran reformer, Alderman Sawbridge, not to press his motion on this
subject in the short session of May–August 1784. The Prime Minister,
however, promised to bring it before the House of Commons early in
261
the following session. Some surprise was therefore felt on the
opening day, 25th January 1785, when the King’s Speech contained
no promise more definite than that he would concur in every measure
262
which would “secure the true principles of the constitution.” Pitt
himself, while admitting that the King’s Speech might in that House be
assumed to be the speech of the chief Minister, stated that it was
impossible to include in it a reference to that topic. The inference was
obvious, that the King objected to its inclusion in the speech.
For Pitt’s interest in the subject certainly had not cooled. In the
spring of 1784 he had assured the Rev. Christopher Wyvill and the
Yorkshire Association of his devotion to the cause in the following as
yet unpublished letter.
263
London, March 11, 1784.
Gentlemen,
I consider myself greatly obliged to you for the favour of
your letter, which I received upon the 6th instant. I beg leave to
assure you that my zeal for Reform in Parliament is by no means
abated, and that I will ever exert my best endeavours to
accomplish that important object.
(Signed) W. Pitt.

Full download Milady Standard Nail Technology 7th Edition, (Ebook PDF) file pdf all chapter on 2024

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Full download Milady Standard Nail Technology 7th Edition, (Ebook PDF) file pdf all chapter on 2024

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Milady Standard Nail Technology 7th

Edition, (Ebook PDF)

eTextbook 978-1285080598 Spanish Translated, Milady

Milady Standard Cosmetology 2012 (Milady’s Standard

Milady Standard Esthetics: Fundamentals 11th Edition,

Spanish Translated Milady Standard Cosmetology 13th

eTextbook 978-1111306991 Spanish Translated Milady

Delmar’s Standard Textbook of Electricity 7th Edition –

Delmar's Standard Textbook of Electricity, 7th Edition

Introduction to Agricultural Economics (What’s New in

PART NAIL CARE / 211

15 Electric Filing / 282

16 Nail Tips and Wraps / 305

17 Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements / 325

Why Study Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder

19 The Creative Touch / 386

21 On the Job / 453

22 The Salon Business / 478

■ Procedure 5–2 Cleaning and Disinfecting Foot Spas or Basins / 90

■ Procedure 5–3 Proper Hand Washing / 98

■ Procedure 5–4 Handling an Exposure Incident During a Manicure / 99

■ Procedure 13–1 Preservice Procedure / 239

■ Procedure 13–2 Postservice Procedure / 242

■ Procedure 13–3 Performing a Basic Manicure / 244

■ Procedure 13–4 Hand and Arm Massage / 248

■ Procedure 13–5 Polishing the Nails / 251

■ Procedure 13–6 Paraffin Wax Treatment / 253

■ Procedure 14–1 Performing a Basic Pedicure / 274

■ Procedure 14–2 Foot and Leg Massage / 278

■ Procedure 15–1 Disinfecting Metal File Bits / 302

■ Procedure 16–1 Nail Tip Application / 312

■ Procedure 16–2 Nail Tip Removal / 315

■ Procedure 16–3 Nail Wrap Application / 316

■ Procedure 16–4 Fabric Wrap Maintenance / 319

■ Procedure 16–5 Fabric Wrap Removal / 322

■ Procedure 17–1 One-Color Monomer Liquid and Polymer Powder

■ Procedure 18–3 UV or LED Gel over Forms / 374

■ Procedure 18–4 UV and LED Gel Maintenance / 377

■ Procedure 18–6 UV and LED Gel Removal—Hard Gel / 382

■ Procedure 19–1 The French Manicure Using Polish / 406

■ Procedure 19–2 Animal Print Design Using Paint / 408

■ Procedure 19–4 Confetti Inlaid Design Using UV Gel / 412

■ Procedure 19–5 Crystal Art on Polish Using Embellishments / 414

■ Procedure 19–6 Two-Color Fade or Color Graduation Using an Airbrush / 416

■ FEATURES OF THIS EDITION

you step-by-step procedures for manicuring, pedicuring, tips and wraps,

electric filing, monomer liquid and polymer powder nail enhancements,

measurable outcomes-based goals for the students in each chapter.

more accurately. Learning Objectives

Client Consultation Guidelines. A complete chapter focuses on client

LO2 Discuss the advancements made in nail

LO3 List several career opportunities available to

consultation and gives suggestions for identifying and meeting the

Chemical Safety Coverage. A complete chapter is devoted to the important 12

examinations are presented in a complete, easy-to-read fashion. 6

Polymer Powder Nail Enhancements12

how to avoid dangerous situations and how to provide services in a safe,

Refer to Procedure 13–1, Preservice Procedure.

flush to remove crack. File more than

Prepare the monomer liquid and

complete step-by-step procedures and help students improve their nail

If the crack needs support, apply a

• Regulatory Agency Alerts. Because state regulations vary, regulatory

Handling Complaints by Telephone