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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1.1. EMBEDDED SYSTEM
As its name suggests, embedded means something that is attached to another things. An
embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in it.
An embedded system can be an independent system. or it can be a part of a large system An embedded
system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to perform a specific
task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.

An embedded system has three components:

 It has hardware.
 It has application software.

It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the application software and provide
mechanism to let the processor run a process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the
latencies. RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules during the execution of application
program. A small scale embedded system may not have RTOS.

1.2 EMBEDDED SYSTEMS APPLICATIONS

Embedded systems find numerous applications in various fields such as :-
• Digital electronics

• Telecommunications

• Computing network

• Smart cards

• Satellite systems

• Military defiance system equipment Research system equipment.

• Central heating systems

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1.3. MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a small computer on a single VLSI integrated circuit chip. A microcontroller

contains one or more CPU’s along with memory and programmable input/output peripherals. Program
memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as
well as a small amount of RAM. Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to
the microprocessors used in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of
various discrete chips. In modern terminology, a microcontroller is similar to, but less sophisticated than,
a system on a chip (SoC). A SoC may connect the external microcontroller chips as the motherboard
components, but an SoC usually integrates the advanced peripherals like graphics processing unit (GPU)
and Wi-Fi interface controller as its internal microcontroller unit circuits. Microcontrollers are used in
automatically controlled products and devices, such as automobile engine control systems, implantable
medical devices, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power tools, toys and other embedded
systems. By reducing the size and cost compared to a design that uses a separate microprocessor,
memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it economical to digitally control even more
devices and processes. Mixed signal microcontrollers are common, integrating analog components needed
to control non-digital electronic systems. In the context of the internet of things, microcontrollers are an
economical and popular means of data collection, sensing and actuating the physical world as devices.
Some microcontrollers may use four-bit words and operate at frequencies as low as 4 kHz for low power
consumption (single-digit mill watts or microwatts). They generally have the ability to retain functionality
while waiting for an event such as a button press or other interrupt; power consumption while sleeping
(CPU clock and most peripherals off) may be just neonates, making many of them well suited for long
lasting battery applications. Other microcontrollers may serve performance-critical roles.

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1.3 INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT)

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnected network of everyday physical devices,
vehicles, appliances, and other objects embedded with sensors, software, and connectivity that enable
them to collect and exchange data. This vast ecosystem allows these devices to communicate and
interact with each other, often through the internet, creating a seamless and intelligent web of
interconnected systems. IoT has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of our daily lives, from
smart homes and cities to industrial processes and healthcare. The proliferation of IoT devices
facilitates data-driven decision-making, automation, and enhanced efficiency across diverse sectors.
However, the widespread adoption of IoT also raises concerns about privacy, security, and the ethical
implications of collecting and sharing massive amounts of personal and sensitive information.
Moreover, the Internet of Things extends beyond consumer applications, playing a crucial role in
industries such as agriculture, manufacturing, and healthcare. In agriculture, IoT devices like soil
sensors and drones enable farmers to monitor and optimize crop conditions, leading to more sustainable
and efficient farming practices. In manufacturing, IoT contributes to the concept of Industry 4.0, where
smart factories use connected devices and data analytics to improve production processes, reduce
downtime, and enhance overall productivity.

The healthcare sector benefits from IoT through the development of wearable devices, remote
patient monitoring, and smart medical equipment. These technologies enable healthcare professionals
to gather real-time data, track patient health remotely, and provide timely interventions. Despite these
advancements, challenges persist, including interoperability issues, standardization concerns, and the
need for robust cyber security measures to safeguard sensitive information.

As the IoT ecosystem continues to evolve, it holds the potential to create a more interconnected
and intelligent world, but careful consideration and proactive measures are essential to address the
associated challenges and ensure a secure and ethical deployment of thesetechnologi

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVE

Every software program software improvement calls for the survey technique. The Survey
approach wanted to get the requirement to the software. The Survey includes reading the
present system and it has read approximately the gear needed for the development of the
software program. A right expertise of gadget is very lots vital. Literature survey is a
technique for the identification of the troubles via studies and proposing the improvement of
the tool to clear the issues of gift machine.

Authors [1] offers an IoT-based totally automobile accident detection and classification
(ADC) system, which uses the phone's integrated and related sensors are not located but in
addition to document the form of coincidence. This approach improves the rescue efficacy of
diverse emergency offerings, which encompass immediate clinical services fire stations,
towing services and so on expertise about the various of twist of fate is fairly treasured in
making plans and execution of rescue and relief operations.

An author [2] proposes an automatic IOT based accident detection tool. Right now, after an
incident, the data facts dispatched to the user, immediate SMS is forwarded to the victim
buddies and also send the information to the applicable authorities such as web page site
visitors control room, close by police station, ambulance carrier. To assess the overall
performance of the gadget. The spot acquired after a thorough integration and device trying
out demonstrates that the proposed gadget not handiest achieve the purpose of the studies
however it can deliver expected very last outcomes in a rather charge-powerful manner.

Authors [3] describe the feasibility of vehicle with technology that come across the accident
and alert the emergency employees. When there may be a vehicle coincidence a person has to
actively be seeking assist which include calling 911 for immediate services. There is no
computerized notification to the police, ambulance, pals, or family. The net of factors (IOT)
can be used to supply an automatic notification and reaction to the scene. A signal from an
accelerometer and a GPS sensor are routinely despatched to the cloud and from there, an alert
message will be received by whoever is subscribed to that car.

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CHAPTER 3

PROBLEM STATEMENT, SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS AND

OBJECTIVES
3.1 PROBLEM STATEMENT

 Existing vehicle safety systems rely on individual sensors, resulting in fragmented hazar detection.

 Fragmented Hazard Detection in Vehicles.

 There is a lack of integrated safety solutions that combine multiple sensors to detect various
hazards in vehicles.

 Challenges in Driver Monitoring and Intervention and Need for Improved Road Safety Measures

3.2 SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM

 Comprehensive Integrated Safety System for Vehicles.

 Develop a centralized safety system that integrates Eye Blink Sensors, Alcohol Sensors,
Ultrasonic Sensors, and Flame Sensors

 Utilize microcontroller platforms like Arduino Nano to facilitate communication and coordination
among sensors. Activate warning alerts or intervention measures, such as seat vibrations or audible
alarms, when signs of drowsiness or alcohol impairment are detected.

3.3 OBJECTIVES

 Design and develop a centralized safety system that integrates Eye Blink Sensors, Alcohol
Sensors, Ultrasonic Sensors, and Flame Sensors into a cohesive unit.

 Implement algorithms to continuously monitor driver behaviour, including eye movements and
alcohol intoxication levels, using the Eye Blink and Alcohol Sensors.

 Utilize the integrated sensors to detect potential hazards such as driver drowsiness, alcohol
impairment, obstacles in the vehicle's path, and fire risks within or near the vehicle.

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CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY
3.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM

EYE BLINK
SENSOR Buzzer

FLAME Led 1
SENSOR

Led 2
ALCOHOL
SENSOR
AURDINO NANO
Ultrasonic sensor Relay

Power supply
Gear dc
motor

3.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF CAR ACCIDENT AVOIDING SYSTEM

 The proposed system using Arduino is designed to enhance safety and functionality by
integrating a range of sensors and actuators.
 It includes a power supply to provide stable and reliable DC power to all components. The
central unit, Arduino, processes inputs from various sensors:
 the eye blink sensor detects drowsiness, the ultrasonic sensor measures distance to detect
obstacles, the flame sensor identifies the presence of fire, and the alcohol sensor senses the
presence of alcohol in the air.
 The system uses actuators such as a buzzer for audible alarms, LEDs for visual alerts, a relay
module for controlling high-voltage devices, and a gear DC motor for mechanical
movements.
This integrated approach ensures the system can monitor and respond to various environmental and
situational conditions, providing enhanced safety and operational efficiency.

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CHAPTER 5

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQURMENT

HARDWARE COMPONENTS:

4.1: ARDUINO NANO

Figure 4.1: Arduino Nano

A microcontroller is small computer on a single VLSI integrated circuit (IC) chip. A

microcontroller contains one or more CPUs (processor cores) along with memory and
programmable input/output peripherals. Program memory in the form of ferroelectric RAM, NOR
flash or OTP ROM is also often included on chip, as well as a small amount of RAM.
Microcontrollers are designed for embedded applications, in contrast to the microprocessors used
in personal computers or other general purpose applications consisting of various discrete chips.
The Arduino Nano is Arduino's classic breadboard friendly designed board with the
smallest dimensions. The Arduino Nano comes with pin headers that allow for an easy attachment
onto a breadboard and features a Mini-B USB connector. The classic Nano is the oldest member of
the Arduino Nano family boards. It is similar to the Arduino but made for the use of a breadboard
and has no dedicated power jack. Successors of the classic Nano are for example the Nano 33 IOT
featuring a WIFI module or the Nano 33 BLE Sense featuring Bluetooth® Low Energy and several
environment sensors.

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4.2: EYE BLINK SENSOR

Figure 4.2: Eye Blink Sensor

An eye blink sensor is a sophisticated device designed to detect and measure the
blinking of an eye, leveraging advanced technology to serve various applications across
multiple fields. In medical and health monitoring, eye blink sensors play a crucial role in
diagnosing and managing conditions such as dry eye syndrome, fatigue, and neurological
disorders. By meticulously tracking the blink rate and patterns, these sensors provide
invaluable data that healthcare professionals can use to better understand and treat these
conditions. In the automotive industry, eye blink sensors are integral to driver drowsiness
detection systems. These systems monitor the frequency and duration of blinks to identify
signs of fatigue and alert the driver, thereby enhancing road safety and reducing the risk of
accidents. Additionally, eye blink sensors have revolutionized human-computer interaction,
particularly for individuals with disabilities. By interpreting blink patterns, these sensors
enable users to control devices and communicate more effectively, offering a significant
improvement in accessibility and independence. In the realms of virtual reality (VR) and
augmented reality (AR), eye blink sensors contribute to creating more immersive and
responsive environments, enhancing the user experience by providing real-time feedback
and interaction. Furthermore, in the gaming industry, eyeblink sensors are being
incorporated into advanced gaming systems to create more interactive and engaging
experiences, allowing gamers to control aspects of the game through their blinks. Typically
utilizing infrared technology, these sensors are embedded in wearable devices such as
glasses or headbands.

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4.3: FLAME SENSOR

Figure 4.3: Flame Sensor

A flame sensor is a critical device used to detect the presence of a flame or fire, primarily in
safety and control systems. These sensors are designed to ensure the safe operation of various
equipment by identifying the presence of a flame and taking appropriate actions, such as shutting off
fuel supplies or activating alarms to prevent potential hazards. Flame sensors are widely employed in
industrial settings, residential heating systems, gas-powered appliances, and fire detection systems.
There are several types of flame sensors, each utilizing different detection methods to identify
flames. The most common types include ultraviolet (UV) flame sensors, infrared (IR) flame sensors,
and ionization flame sensors. UV flame sensors detect the ultraviolet radiation emitted by a flame,
making them highly effective in identifying fast-burning fires. However, they are limited to
detecting only open flames and are not suitable for smoldering fires. IR flame sensors, on the other
hand, detect infrared radiation, which allows them to identify flames even in smoky or dusty
environments. They are commonly used in industrial applications where fires can occur in
challenging conditions. Ionization flame sensors detect the presence of ions produced by a flame,
typically used in gas appliances like furnaces and boilers. These sensors ensure the safe operation of
the equipment by confirming the presence of a flame before allowing the flow of gas. Flame sensors
are integral to fire safety systems in commercial and residential buildings, providing early detection
of fires to facilitate prompt evacuation and emergency response. In industrial settings, flame sensors
are used in manufacturing processes involving combustible materials, ensuring immediate detection
and mitigation of fire risks. The integration of flame sensors in these environments helps protect
lives, property, and equipment from the devastating effects of fires.

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4.4: ALCOHOL SENSOR

Figure 4.4: Alcohol Sensor

An alcoholic sensor, also known as an alcohol sensor or breathalyzer, is a device designed to detect
and measure the presence of alcohol in a person's breath, blood, or other bodily fluids. These sensors
are widely used in various applications, including law enforcement, healthcare, automotive safety,
and personal monitoring, due to their ability to provide quick and accurate readings of blood alcohol
concentration (BAC). One of the most common types of alcoholic sensors is the breathalyzer, which
is typically used by law enforcement officers during roadside sobriety tests. Breathalyzers work by
measuring the amount of alcohol in a person's breath, which is then used to estimate their BAC. The
technology behind these devices usually involves either a chemical reaction in a fuel cell sensor or
the absorption of infrared light in a semiconductor sensor. Fuel cell sensors are known for their
accuracy and reliability, as they generate an electrical current proportional to the amount of alcohol
in the breath sample. Semiconductor sensors, while generally less expensive use changes in
electrical resistance caused by alcohol molecules to detect its presence. In the healthcare field,
alcoholic sensors play a crucial role in monitoring patients with conditions related to alcohol
consumption. These sensors can be used in hospitals and rehabilitation centers to ensure patients
adhere to their treatment plans and to monitor their recovery progress. Continuous alcohol
monitoring devices, which can be worn by patients, provide real-time data and alerts to healthcare
providers, helping them make informed decisions about patient care. The automotive industry has
also integrated alcoholic sensors into vehicle safety systems. These systems, often referred to as
ignition interlock devices, prevent a vehicle from starting if the driver has a BAC above a
predetermined limit. This technology is particularly effective in preventing drunk driving incidents
and is commonly mandated for individuals with previous DUI convictions.

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4.5: ULTRASONIC SENSOR

Figure 4.5: Ultrasonic Sensor

An ultrasonic sensor is a device that uses ultrasonic waves to measure the distance to an object
or detect its presence. These sensors operate by emitting a sound wave at a frequency above the
range of human hearing (typically above 20 kHz) and then listening for the echo that bounces back
from the object. The time it takes for the echo to return is used to calculate the distance to the object
based on the speed of sound. Ultrasonic sensors are widely used in various applications due to their
reliability, accuracy, and non-contact nature. One of the primary applications of ultrasonic sensors is
in distance measurement and object detection. They are commonly used in robotics for navigation
and obstacle avoidance, allowing robots to move autonomously and safely in their environment. In
industrial automation, ultrasonic sensors are used to detect the presence and position of objects on
assembly lines, ensuring precise control and coordination of manufacturing processes. Ultrasonic
sensors are also extensively used in automotive applications. Parking assistance systems in modern
vehicles often rely on ultrasonic sensors to detect obstacles and provide feedback to the driver,
making parking maneuvers safer and more efficient. These sensors can also be found in adaptive
cruise control systems, where they help maintain a safe distance from the vehicle ahead by
continuously measuring the distance and adjusting the speed accordingly. In the field of
environmental monitoring, ultrasonic sensors are employed to measure water levels in tanks, rivers,
and reservoirs. They provide accurate and real-time data, which is crucial for flood monitoring and
water resource management. Additionally, ultrasonic sensors are used in the medical industry for
applications such as measuring the flow rate of liquids in intravenous (IV) systems and monitoring
respiratory functions. Another significant application of ultrasonic sensors is in the detection of
flaws and defects in materials. Non-destructive testing (NDT) using ultrasonic sensors is a common
practice in industries such as aerospace, automotive, and construction.

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4.6: Relay

Figure 4.6: Relay

Relays are crucial components in both electrical and electronic systems, serving as electrically
operated switches that enable the control of high-power circuits using low-power signals. They play
a vital role in providing electrical isolation between different parts of a circuit, protecting sensitive
components from potentially damaging voltages and currents. This capability makes relays essential
in applications where safety and reliability are paramount, such as industrial automation, automotive
systems, and household appliances. There are several types of relays, each suited to different needs.
Electromechanical relays (EMRs) are known for their robustness and ability to handle high currents
and voltages, making them ideal for industrial applications. Solid-state relays (SSRs), on the other
hand, use semiconductor devices for silent operation and fast switching, suitable for applications
requiring high-speed performance and low noise. Reed relays, with their sensitive operation and
excellent isolation, find use in applications requiring precise control and minimal interference.
Relays are widely employed in industrial settings to control machinery, conveyor belts, and safety
systems, where they ensure precise and reliable operation. In the automotive industry, relays manage
functions such as headlights, fuel pumps, and electric windows, providing essential control over
vehicle operations. Household appliances, including washing machines, refrigerators, and heating
systems, also rely on relays for efficient and safe operation.Modern relays incorporate advanced
features such as time-delay settings, latching capabilities, and compatibility with both AC and DC
loads, enhancing their versatility and applicability. Ongoing advancements in relay technology focus
on improving efficiency, reliability, and integration into increasingly complex electronic systems. As
a result, relays continue to play a pivotal role in enabling the automation and control systems that
drive modern industries and everyday life.

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4.7: GEAR DC MOTOR

Figure 4.7:-Gear DC Motor

A gear DC motor, also referred to as a geared DC motor, combines the fundamental

principles of a DC motor with the mechanics of a gearbox to achieve specific performance
characteristics suitable for a wide range of applications. The integration of a gearbox with a DC
motor allows for the adjustment of speed and torque output according to the requirements of the
application, making these motors highly versatile and effective in various industries. At the heart of
a gear DC motor is the DC motor itself, which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
through the interaction of magnetic fields. This motor typically consists of a stationary part (stator)
and a rotating part (rotor) equipped with either permanent magnets or electromagnets. When an
electric current is applied to the motor, it generates a magnetic field that interacts with the magnetic
field of the rotor, causing it to rotate. The gearbox attached to the motor shaft serves to increase the
torque output and reduce the speed of the motor. It achieves this through a series of gears arranged in
a specific configuration, such as spur gears, planetary gears, or worm gears. Each gear type offers
different advantages in terms of torque multiplication and speed reduction, allowing for tailored
performance based on the application's needs.Gear DC motors are widely used in industrial
automation for tasks such as conveyor belt operation, robotic arm movement, and precision
positioning systems. In these applications, the ability to provide high torque at lower speeds ensures
smooth and reliable operation. They are also prevalent in automotive systems, powering functions
like power windows, door locks, and windshield wipers, where their compact size and robust
performance are advantageous.

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4.8: 9V BATTERY

Figure 4.8:- 9V Battery

A 9V battery is a compact and commonly used power source in various electronic devices due
to its moderate voltage output and convenient size. Typically constructed of six smaller cells
connected in series, each providing approximately 1.5 volts, a 9V battery delivers a total voltage of 9
volts. This makes it suitable for applications that require a higher voltage than typical AA or AAA
batteries can provide, yet do not demand high current. These batteries are frequently employed in
consumer electronics such as smoke detectors, remote controls, portable radios, and guitar pedals,
where their compact size and sufficient voltage make them ideal. Additionally, they are used in
testing and measurement devices like multi meters and stud finders for their reliability and consistent
power supply. Many alarm systems and security devices also utilize 9V batteries as backup power
due to their long shelf life and ability to maintain voltage over time. Overall, 9V batteries offer a
balance of compactness, voltage output, and longevity, making them a versatile choice for a variety
of electronic applications from household gadgets to professional equipment..

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4.9: BREADBOARD

Figure 4.9: Breadboard

A breadboard, solder less breadboard, or proto board is a construction base used to build
semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a strip board, breadboards do not
require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable. For this reason, breadboards are
also popular with students and in technological education. A variety of electronic systems may be
prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital circuits to complete

4.10: JUMPER WIRES

Figure 4.10: Jumper Wires

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is an electrical wire, or group of
them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end, which is normally used to interconnect the
components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or
components, without soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their connectors" into
the slots provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test
equipment

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4.11: BUZZER

Figure 4.11: Buzzer

A buzzer is an essential electronic device that generates a buzzing or beeping sound when an
electrical current passes through it. Typically, it consists of an electromechanical transducer, which
converts electrical energy into sound waves. The basic construction includes a coil of wire
(electromagnet), a diaphragm or piezoelectric element, and a housing to amplify and direct the
sound. When an electric current flows through the coil, it creates a magnetic field that moves the
diaphragm or piezoelectric element, causing it to vibrate and produce sound. Buzzers are available in
different types, including electromagnetic buzzers and piezoelectric buzzers. Electromagnetic
buzzers use an electromagnet to move a diaphragm, producing a buzzing sound. Piezoelectric
buzzers generate sound using a piezoelectric crystal, known for its efficiency and clear sound output.
These devices are widely used for audible alerts, notifications, and alarms across various
applications. In consumer electronics, they signal the end of cycles in appliances like washing
machines and microwave ovens, and they provide feedback in electronic clocks and timers. Buzzers
are crucial in safety and emergency systems, such as fire alarms, smoke detectors, and industrial
machinery alarms, where their audible alerts can indicate potential hazards. They are also found in
communication devices like telephones and intercoms to signal incoming calls or messages. Buzzers
offer advantages such as clear audible alerts, reliability, and versatility in size and type. However,
they are limited in the range of sounds they can produce and may consume more power compared to
other indicators. Overall, buzzers play a fundamental role in providing simple and effective sound
signaling in electronic devices and systems, contributing to safety, convenience, and functionality in
everyday applications.

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4.12: LED

Figure 4.12: LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light when an electric
current flows through it. When current passes through an LED, the electrons recombine with holes
emitting light in the process. LEDs allow the current to flow in the forward direction and block the
current in the reverse direction

4.13: RESISTER

Figure 4.13: Resister

A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance

as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow, adjust signal
levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines, among other uses.

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SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
4.14: ARDUINO SOFTWARE

The Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE) is a comprehensive software application

designed for programming Arduino microcontroller boards. It features a user-friendly interface with
a built-in code editor that supports syntax highlighting, auto-completion, and indentation, making it
easy to write and edit Arduino sketches (programs). The IDE utilizes the GNU Compiler Collection
(GCC) to compile sketches into machine-readable code (hex files) and provides a seamless process
for uploading these files to Arduino boards via USB. Additionally, the IDE includes a Library
Manager for managing Arduino libraries, a Serial Monitor for debugging and communication, and a
collection of example sketches to help beginners get started. It supports a wide range of Arduino-
compatible boards and is available for Windows, macOS, and Linux operating systems, catering to a
diverse community of electronics enthusiasts and developers. Overall, the Arduino IDE is an
essential tool for prototyping and developing embedded systems, offering powerful features and ease
of use for both novice and advanced users alike.

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ADVANTAGES

1. Collision Avoidance System: Arduino Nano can be used to create a collision avoidance system
by integrating sensors such as ultrasonic distance sensors or LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
sensors. These sensors can detect objects in the vehicle's path and provide feedback to the driver or
activate autonomous braking systems to prevent collisions.

2. Lane Departure Warning System: Arduino Nano can be employed to create a lane departure
warning system using cameras or infrared sensors to monitor lane markings. When the vehicle drifts
out of its lane without signaling, the system can alert the driver through visual or auditory signals,
helping them stay within their lane.

3. Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC): ACC can be implemented using Arduino Nano with distance
sensors to maintain a safe distance between vehicles. It adjusts the vehicle's speed based on the
speed of the vehicle in front, reducing the risk of rear-end collisions.

4. Blind Spot Detection System: Arduino Nano can be used to create a blind spot detection system
using ultrasonic sensors or radar sensors. This system alerts the driver when there is a vehicle in the
blind spot, helping to avoid accidents during lane changes.

5. Emergency Brake Assist: Arduino Nano can be integrated with brake actuators and sensors to
create an emergency brake assist system. It detects sudden obstacles or pedestrians in the vehicle's
path and automatically applies the brakes to prevent collisions.

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DISADVANTAGES:

1. Processing Power and Capability:

 Limited Processing Power: Arduino Nano has limited processing capabilities

compared to more powerful microcontrollers or dedicated automotive processors.
This limitation may constrain the complexity and responsiveness of certain safety
systems.
 Limited Memory: Arduino Nano has limited memory (both RAM and flash memory),
which may restrict the amount of data that can be processed and stored, affecting the
performance of complex algorithms.

2. Real-Time Performance:

 Real-Time Constraints: Arduino Nano may struggle to meet stringent real-time

requirements for safety-critical applications such as collision avoidance or emergency
braking systems. This could impact the reliability and responsiveness of these
systems.
 Sensor Integration:Limited Sensor Support: Arduino Nano supports a range of
sensors, but it may not support the high-resolution sensors or specialized automotive-
grade sensors required for some advanced safety systems.

3. Interface Compatibility: Integration with certain sensors and communication protocols (e.g.,
CAN bus) used in automotive applications may require additional hardware or software
modifications.
4. Power Requirements:Power Consumption: Arduino Nano's power consumption may be
higher compared to specialized automotive microcontrollers, which could impact the
vehicle's overall energy efficiency and battery life.:

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CHAPTER 5:
PLANNED FLOW CHART

Figure 3.2:- Flow chart of Nano safe drive

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5.1 ALGORITHM

1. Start
2. First of all, the system is powered with the proper amount of power supply.
3. After the system is on, alcohol sensor detects if the driver is drunk or not. If
he/she is over drunk the system provides warning and the engine of the vehicle
stop functioning.
4. If no alcohol is detected then the vehicle starts properly or does not stop running.
5. Eye blink sensors detects whether the driver is drowsy or not. If the driver is
asleep the system warns him with alarm and red light alert.
6. Continuously Temperature sensor helps us in detecting the heat of the engine
and if the engine is overheated then that of a normal condition, driver gets red
light alert else keeps moving.
7. If accident occurs, accelerometer detects the occurrence of accident and sends
signal to the microcontroller for further functioning.
8. GPS module finds the location and GSM module sends message with latitude,
longitude and link of google map to emergency numbers of ambulance and
police.

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. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure: - Connections

For setting up the hardware components of your car accident avoidance system using Arduino
Nano and the specified sensors, follow these steps:

Hardware Setup:

1.Arduino Nano Connection: Connect the Arduino Nano to your computer using a USB cable for
programming and power.

2. Flame Sensor Connection: Wire the flame sensor to the Arduino Nano as per its datasheet.
Typically, the flame sensor has three pins: VCC, GND, and OUT. Connect VCC to 5V on the
Arduino, GND to GND, and OUT to a digital pin (e.g., D2).

3.Eye Blink Sensor Connection: Wire the eye blink sensor to the Arduino Nano following its
datasheet. Depending on the sensor, it may have two or three pins. Connect VCC to 5V, GND to
GND, and OUT to a digital pin (e.g., D3).

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 Nano Safe Drive 2022-2023

Figure:- Hardware Setup

4. Alcohol Sensor Connection: Connect the alcohol sensor to the Arduino Nano. The MQ-3 alcohol
sensor typically has four pins: VCC, GND, AOUT, and DOUT. Connect VCC to 5V, GND to GND,
AOUT to an analog pin (e.g., A0), and DOUT to a digital pin (e.g., D4).

5. Ultrasonic Sensor Connection: Connect the ultrasonic sensor to the Arduino Nano. The HC-SR04
ultrasonic sensor has four pins: VCC, Trig, Echo, and GND. Connect VCC to 5V, GND to GND,
Trig to a digital pin (e.g., D5), and Echo to another digital pin (e.g., D6).

6. Alert Device Connection: Connect a buzzer or LED to the Arduino Nano for providing alerts.
Connect the buzzer's positive (or LED's anode) to a digital pin (e.g., D7) and the negative (or LED's
cathode) to GND.

7. Finalize Connections: Double-check all connections and ensure they are securely attached.
Organize the wiring neatly to avoid confusion and ensure stability.

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 Nano Safe Drive 2022-2023

Figure:- Test & Final Results

Upload a test code to the Arduino Nano that reads data from each sensor and outputs it to the
serial monitor. Verify that each sensor is providing the expected readings. Test the integration of
sensors by simulating various scenarios (e.g., flame detection, eye blink monitoring, alcohol
detection, obstacle detection). By following these steps, you should have a functional hardware setup
for your car accident avoidance system using Arduino Nano and the specified sensors. Upload a test
code to the Arduino Nano that reads data from each sensor and outputs it to the serial monitor.
Verify that each sensor is providing the expected readings. Test the integration of sensors by
simulating various scenarios (e.g., flame detection, eye blink monitoring, alcohol detection, obstacle
detection). By following these steps, you should have a functional hardware setup for your car
accident avoidance system using Arduino Nano and the specified sensors

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CONCLUSION

The integration of Eye Blink Sensors can detect driver drowsiness or distraction, alerting the
driver to stay focused on the road. Alcohol Sensors can prevent drunk driving incidents by
immobilizing the vehicle if the driver is intoxicated, thus significantly reducing the risk of accidents
caused by impaired driving. Ultrasonic Sensors play a crucial role in detecting obstacles or vehicles
in the vehicle's vicinity, providing early warnings or initiating automatic braking systems to avoid
collisions. This feature enhances safety, especially in crowded or urban driving environments. Flame
Sensors contribute to fire prevention by detecting potential ignition sources within the vehicle or
nearby environments. Early detection allows for prompt intervention, preventing vehicle fires and
minimizing the risk of injury or damage. By combining these sensors into a cohesive safety suite,
vehicles can offer comprehensive protection against a wide range of potential hazards, including
driver fatigue, impairment, collisions, and fire incidents. Implementing these safety features aligns
with regulatory efforts aimed at improving road safety and reducing accidents. Compliance with
safety standards and regulations ensures that vehicles equipped with these sensors meet minimum
safety requirements, contributing to overall traffic safety. The integration of advanced safety
sensors enhances user confidence in vehicle safety systems, fostering trust in vehicle manufacturers
and promoting the adoption of safer driving practices.

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REFERENCE

[1] A. Khan, M. Pohl, S. Bosse, S. Hart and K. Turowski, “A Holistic View of the IoT Process from
Sensors to the Business Value”, Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on IoT BDS, pp
392-399, 2017.

[2] C. Kotronis et al., "Managing Criticalities of e-Health IoT systems," IEEE 17th International
Conference on Ubiquitous Wireless Broadband (ICUWB), Salamanca, 2017.

[3]. S. A. Hadiwardoyo, S. Patra, C. T. Calafate, J. C. Cano, and P. Manzoni, "An Android ITS
Driving Safety Application Based on Vehicle-to Vehicle (V2V) Communications," 26th
International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 2017.

[4]. J. Lohokare, R. Dani, S. Sontakke, A. Apte and R. Sahni, "Emergency services platform for
smart cities," IEEE Region 10 Symposium (TENSYMP), 2017.

[5] A. John and P. R. Nishanth, "Real-time embedded system for accident prevention," International
Conference of Electronics, Communication, and Aerospace Technology

(ICECA), pp. 645-648, 2017

[6] H. N. Saha, N. F. Raun, and M. Saha, "Monitoring patient's health with smart ambulance system
using the Internet of Things (IOTs)," 8th Annual Industrial Automation and Electromechanical
Engineering Conference (IEMECON), pp. 91-95, 2017.

[7] S. Kumar, D. Akash, K Murali, R. Shriram, “Call Ambulance Smart Elderly Monitoring System
with Nearest Ambulance Detection using Android and Bluetooth”, Second International Conference
on Science Technology Engineering and management (ICONSTEM), 2016.

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