Dwiastuti Et Al_ Rhizosphere Fungi Abundance on Acid Dry _ E3S Web of Conf 2024

E3S Web of Conferences 483, 00001 (2024) https://doi.org/10.
1051/e3sconf/202448300001
ISST 2023
PREFACE
I am pleased to present the conference proceedings for the International Seminar of Science
and Technology (ISST). The International Seminar of Science and Technology (ISST) is an
annual conference organized by the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST) of Universitas
Terbuka (UT). The third iteration of the conference, 3 rd ISST, was held at Universitas
Terbuka Convention Centre (UTCC) on 19th October 2023, with the theme “Trends in
Science and Technology for Sustainable Living” with the focus on subthemes of “Trends
in Mathematics and Computer Science for Sustainable Living,” “Sustainable Living
through Functional and Eco-friendly Agricultural Trends,” and “Collaborative
Contribution to Sustainable Environment.” The conference focuses on the different facets
of science and technology and their contribution to solving challenges in human life. We
invited academics and practitioners worldwide to disseminate and share their knowledge and
new ideas at our conference.
This conference proceeding is the culmination of the knowledge presented in ISST. On
the committee's behalf, I would like to thank our keynote speakers and invited speakers,
experts from the Ministry of Tourism and Creative Economy of Indonesia, IPB University,
Kasetsart University, Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, Southampton
University, Microsoft APAC, and Universitas Terbuka, for sharing their expertise with our
audience and the presenters who have presented and submitted their papers. Furthermore, I
would also like to express my gratitude to the committee members, reviewers, sponsors, and
all parties involved in making the ISST conference a successful event. Without their
dedication, it would have been impossible for the event and this proceeding to gather quality
papers and presentations. I also value the support from the E3S Web of Conferences and EDP
Sciences in publishing our presenters' conference papers.
In conclusion, the 3rd ISST conference has been a great success, providing a platform for
scholars and experts to disseminate their knowledge and exchange ideas on the latest trends
in science and technology for sustainable living. We hope that it will inspire further research
and innovation in the field. In the future, we aim to reach a broader audience and make the
event even better. Thank you for everyone’s contribution and we hope to see everyone at the
next ISST conference.
Tangerang Selatan, 19 January 2024
Dr. Ernik Yuliana, S.Pi., M.T.

Chair of 3rd ISST
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Volume 483 (2024)
The 3rd International Seminar of Science and Technology (ISST 2023)
Pamulang (Hybrid), Banten, Indonesia, October 19, 2023
M.R. Radiansyah, T.M. Wardiny, R. Noviyanti, E.N. Kusumaningrum, L. Warlina, Isfarudi, D. Nursantika, A.
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 Collaborative Contribution to Sustainable  Trends in Mathematics and Computer Science for
Environment Sustainable Living
 Sustainable Living through Functional and Eco-
friendly Agricultural Trends
Open Access
Preface 00001
Ernik Yuliana
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448300001
Abstract PDF (114.2 KB)
- Collaborative Contribution to Sustainable Environment

Open Access
Rhizosphere Fungi Abundance on Acid Dry and Tidal Soils in Borneo Prima Citrus
Fields, East Kalimantan 01001
Mutia Erti Dwiastuti, Suharjono, Unun Triasih, Listy Anggraeni, Anang Triwiratno, Fauziah Fauziah
and Nensi Agustina
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E3S Web of Conferences 483, 01001 (2024) https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448301001
ISST 2023
Rhizosphere Fungi Abundance on Acid Dry and

Tidal Soils in Borneo Prima Citrus Fields, East
Kalimantan
Mutia Erti Dwiastuti1*, Suharjono2, Unun Triasih1, Listy Anggraeni1, Anang Triwiratno1,
Fauziah Fauziah1, and Nensi Agustina2
1National Research and Innovation Agency, Research Center for Horticulture and Estate Crop, 16111
Bogor, West Java. Indonesia
2Universitas Brawijaya, Biology Department, 12870 Malang, East Java, Indonesia
Abstract. Acid dry and Tidal land in East Kalimantan is one of the sub-
optimal land ecosystems, that needs to increase the quality of its fertility to
support the production of citrus of the Borneo Prima variety. One of them
with rhizosphere microbes can increase fertility, decomposition process
and and as biological control agents to plant diseases. The aim of the study
was to determine the abundance of rhizosphere fungi on citrus trees on dry
acid and tidal soils and their relationship with soil physico-chemical
factors. Rhizosphere fungi was isolated from the soil around citrus plant
roots, East Kalimantan were analysed for their abundance and their
correlation with soil physio-chemical factors. The results showed that
found 29 rhizosphere fungi. The highest importance value index was found
TR25 rhizosphere fungi isolates in the acid dry land block A and TR 17 in
block B. The highest importance value index is at TR1 in block A tidal
land, and TR23 in block B. Principal Component Analysis results showed
that there is a strong relationship between the abundance of rhizosphere
fungi and soil physicochemical. The highest number of rhizosphere fungal
colonies was on tidal land B. The number of colonies was directly
proportional to humidity.
1 Introduction
The Borneo Prima tangerine variety (Citrus reticulata) is a local superior variety native to
East Kalimantan which has been released by the Minister of Agriculture as East Kalimantan
germplasm to be developed nationally (East Kalimantan Provincial Agriculture Office
2012). This variety is known to be able to adapt in a wide lowland area in Indonesia. It is
known that the Province of East Kalimantan has an area of agricultural land of 46,265.79 ha
[1] some of which are tidal land of around 10,716 ha while the rest is acid dry land. Tidal
land in this area has been used for the development of food crops, especially rice around
46.3% with an average productivity level of 2 t/ha and others for plantation and
horticultural crops [2]. The development of citrus in East Kalimantan is in Rantau Pulung,
* Corresponding author: mutiaed@gmail.com
© The Authors, published by EDP Sciences. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
ISST 2023
East Kutai Regency and Tanah Grogot, Paser Regency. This potential variety has not been
optimally produced, due to several factors, including biotic and abiotic pressures. The most
disturbing biotic pressure on Borneo Prima citrus plantations is the attack of the pathogen
Lasiodiplodia theobromae which causes diplodia stem rot (DSR). It is feared that the threat
of this disease will cause a decrease in production and plant death. Visually, symptoms of
disease attack can be found in citrus plantations on dry land and Tidal land in East
Kalimantan. Until now, citrus cultivation in East Kalimantan is still relatively
environmentally friendly. Therefore, DSR control is also expected to be able to utilize
potential biological microbial resources to control BBD disease.
Some antagonistic microbes have been proven to be able to control this disease.
Trichoderma harzianum, T. Asperellum and T. viride [3][4]. Bacillus subtilis, Gliocladium
sp. [4][5], T. virens, and T. Pinophilus [3]. These microbes are mostly present in the
rhizosphere. Soil biological quality will increase with the presence of soil microorganisms,
especially in the rhizosphere. The rhizosphere is the zone around roots and is
interconnected with root exudates (proteins and sugars), respiration and biogeochemical
reactions [6]. The population of microorganisms in the rhizosphere is generally higher more
numerous and varied compared to non-rhizosphere soils. The activity of rhizosphere
microorganisms is influenced by the exudate produced by plant roots [7]. Some rhizosphere
microorganisms play a role in nutrient cycling and soil formation processes, plant growth,
influencing the activity of microorganisms, as well as biological control of root pathogens.
Rhizosphere fungi are more has the potential to spread in the soil compared to rhizosphere
bacteria [8]. Some rhizosphere microorganisms play a role in nutrient cycling and soil
formation processes, plant growth, influencing the activity of microorganisms, as well as
biological control of root pathogens. Rhizosphere fungi are more has the potential to spread
in the soil compared to rhizosphere bacteria [9]. Rhizosphere fungi are known to play an
important role in nutrient cycles and soil formation processes, plant growth (Plant Growth
Promoting Fungi) [10].
The abundance of rhizosphere fungus is influenced by several factors, among others,
substrate, humidity, temperature, and organic matter. Substrate is the main source of
nutrients for fungi. New nutrients can be utilized after the mold has excreted extracellular
enzymes that can break down complex compounds from the substrate into simpler
compounds and are able to excrete α-amylase enzymes to convert starch into glucose. The
glucose compound is then absorbed by the fungus [11]. Moisture is very important for
mold growth. Common low-grade fungus such as Rhizopus or Mucor require an
environment of 90% relative humidity, whereas Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium and
many other hyphomycetes can thrive at lower relative humidity of 80%. Molds are
classified as xerophilic and can survive at 70% relative humidity, for example Wallemia
sebi, Aspergillus glaucus, many strains of Aspergillus tamarii and Aspergillus flavus [12].
Rhizospheric fungus, such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Humicola, and Penicillium are
common and have been reported to be found in many vegetable and fruit agricultural fields
[13]. Temperature can affect the diameter of colonies. The optimum temperature for colony
growth is at 28°C and the smallest colony growth occurs at 39°C, generally yeast prefers a
pH below 7.0 [14]. Certain fungus grows at a fairly low pH, ie pH 4.5-5.5. Observations in
the of Rhizopus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium, Mucor could grow at 35°C and all
fungal isolates grew at temperatures of 20, 25 and 30°C but no fungal isolates grew at
40°C. At pH 5 and 7 all fungal isolates grew, but at pH 3 only Mucor spp. which can grow
slowly. At pH 9-11 no fungal isolates grew [15]. The aim of the study was to determine the
abundance of rhizosphere mold on Borneo Prima citrus plants in 2 types of land, to analyse
its correlation with physicochemical characters.
2
ISST 2023
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Sampling
The research was carried out in early 2023 on dry land and tidal land. Samples were
obtained using a purposive sampling survey method on Borneo Prima citrus varieties
infected with L. theobromae in Padang Prapat village, Tanah Grogot subdistrict, Paser
regency (figure 1).
The land used for sampling is in Padang Prapat Village, one of the villages in Tanah
Grogot District, Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia, with a geographic
location at coordinates 116.214407 BT/ -1.842763 LS. Sampling on acidic dry land at the
coordinates -1050’27”,116o14’54”, 61,2m.1730 and -1050’35”, 116o14’28”, 62,9m. 2720 dan
lahan pasang surut pada -1050’37”,116015’20”,66,4m,1010 dan -1050’29” ,116o15’29”.
62,1m.3580. For each type of land, samples were taken from 2 different gardens, with the
criteria of containing a population of ± 100 plants. Samples were taken diagonally at
several points (5%). Soil was taken from healthy plants around the canopy to a depth of ±
10 cm [16], each amount was ± 10 g, then combined with samples from other points.
Fig. 1. Map of Borneo Prima citrus soil sampling locations
2.2 Isolation and purification of rhizosphere microbial isolates

Isolation using the 10-1-10-5 serial dilution technique using Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)
media with the pour plate method [17] using 0.85% NaCl solution which is isotonic with
cytoplasm cell. 28 g of PDA dissolved in 1000 ml and distilled water. Stir vigorously and
dissolve with a hot plate then sterilize in an autoclave for 15 minutes at 121°C. Then it is
allowed to cool after that it is poured into a Petri dish and allowed to solidify. The isolation
process was carried out by pipetting 0.1 ml of the soil sample solution in each dilution
series into a petri dish containing PDA media, then incubating at 25°C and observing the
growth of the fungus every day. Observations were made for 2-7 days. The selection of
purified microbial colonies was based on differences in colony morphological characters,
both in terms of colour, elevation, surface texture, radial lines, concentric circles, and
3
ISST 2023
exudate drops in order to obtain pure isolates. Purification of fungal isolates using the point
method in the transfer process into PDA media.
2.3 Soil physicochemical characterization

Environmental parameters measured included soil and air temperature, soil and air
humidity, soil acidity (pH), light intensity, altitude, and organic matter content. Soil
temperature, air temperature, air humidity, light intensity, altitude was measured directly at
the time of sampling, while pH, moisture and soil organic matter were measured in the
laboratory. Air temperature is measured using a thermometer, light intensity is measured
using a luxmeter, and altitude is measured using Garmin's Global Positioning System
(GPS). Soil pH parameters were measured by means of 5 grams of soil sample mixed with
25 mL of distilled water, homogenized, and precipitated. Soil sample suspensions were
measured using a calibrated pH meter using buffer solutions of pH 10, 7, and 4.
Moisture and soil organic matter content were measured by the gravimetric method. The
100 g soil sample was put into a porcelain cup. The soil is then dried in an oven at 105 oC
for 24 hours (a). Soil moisture is calculated using the formula, namely soil moisture = (100-
a) 100-1 x 100% [18]. After 24 hours of baking at 105 oC (a), 2 grams of soil samples were
taken and then put into a porcelain cup. The soil sample is burned in a furnace at 500 oC
until the soil turns gray-red or the ash weight becomes constant (b). Soil organic matter is
calculated using the formula, namely soil organic matter = ½ (2-b) x 100% [19].
2.4 Abundance and domination of Borneo Prima citrus rhizosphere fungi in 2

types of land
Types of fungal isolates from purification were selected macroscopically. Then the
Importance Value Index (IVI) of an isolate was determined based on the average values of
relative abundance, relative dominance, and relative frequency. The calculation of
significant values follows the formula from [20].
2.5 The relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of the soil

and the rhizosphere fungus colonies
Correlation between physical and chemical characters of soil and fungus colonies was
analysed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA).
2.6 Data Analysis
The IVI of the species was estimated by the use of the following formula as described by
[20].
IVI = (RF +RD + RD0)/3 (1)

IVI = Important Value Index
RF = Relative frequency (RF)
RD = isolates relative density (RD)
RD0 = isolates relative dominant (RDo)
Soil physicochemical variables including temperature, humidity, pH, and soil organic
matter were analysed by one-way ANOVA and if there was a difference, it was continued
with the BNJ test p value <0.05 using SPSS software version 24.
4
ISST 2023
Important soil physicochemical variables in a field were analyzed using Principal

Component Analysis (PCA), to determine the correlation value and the form of the
relationship between soil physicochemical and the number of fungus colonies determined
using a biplot with PAST4.12b software.
3 Results and discussion
3.1 Actual Land Conditions

The citrus fields for the Borneo Prima variety has an area of 10 hectares throughout the
village of Padang Prapat, spread over dry acid and tidal land (Figure 2). The average
production of Borneo Prima is 40 kg/tree, less than the Siam variety which can harvest 50-
60 kg/tree. However, the price of Borneo Prima can be 2.5 times that of the Siam variety,
whose market price is IDR 10,000 per kg. From field observations it is known that the
production of prime Borneo oranges tends to be higher in tidal areas (table 2). Because
irrigation is more guaranteed for plant needs. Meanwhile, on dry land, acidic water
conditions are more limited.
Fig. 2. The actual condition of Borneo Prima citrus land on land types A) acid dry, B) tidal
Table 1. Environmental conditions of the garden atmosphere where samples were taken in the
Padang Prapat village, Tanah Grogot District, Paser Regency, East Kalimantan
Land types Block Light intensity (Lux) Temperature Humidity
Inner canopy Outer canopy (0C) (%)
Acid dry A 5.20 ± 0.15 6.70 31.2 65
B 3.11 ± 0.06 4.50 33.8 54
Tidal A 1.73 ± 0.01 2.54 28.0 74
B 2.40 ± 0.22 4.25 45 40
The average plant height is over 2 meters, and the crown is not well developed (Fig.1).
The stems of the plants are generally not clean, mostly overgrown with moss and
pathogenic fungus. The environmental conditions were recorded to be quite hot with
temperatures between 28-450C, and low humidity between 40-74%. Even though the
temperature was quite high, the sunlight recorded in the afternoon was low, both in the
shade and outside the canopy (Table 1).
Table 2. Plant conditions, cultivation and citrus production of Borneo Prima in 2 land types
5
ISST 2023
No Cultivation and Acid dry land Tidal land

production
1 Planting system Monoculture in the yard, Surjan Intercropping with
around residential areas rice
2 Number of plants 200 plants 400 plants
3 Plant age 8 – 12 years 12 years
4 Plant spacing 4x 4 - 5 x5 4x8
5 Plant condition 2 meters and the crown is Plant conditions generally
not well developed. The lack plant maintenance,
stems of the plants are especially branch pruning,
generally not clean, mostly production pruning and
overgrown with moss and sanitary pruning are not
pathogenic fungus. carried out optimally
6 Fertilization Manure, Ponska, and TSP Manure, Ponska, and TSP
7 Irrigation Irrigation with rainwater or Flooding of water around
watering using a water the orange plantations
pump from the river
8 Pruning Almost Not done Trimming shape
9 Pests and Diseases mildew, antracnose mildew, anthracnose,
diplodia, phytophtora.
10 Pest and disease Using pesticides, including Using pesticides, including
control Marshall, Mite, antracol, Marshall, Mite, antracol,
Dithane Dithane. (not yet familiar
with vegetable
pesticides/biological
agents).
11 Production 30 - 75 kg / tree 50 - 100 kg/tree
12 Price Rp. 15.000–Rp.25.000/ kg Rp. 10.000-Rp. 30.000/kg
3.2 Soil physicochemical character
From the results of the analysis of the samples taken on the 4 indicators of the physico-
chemical condition of the soil, it was found that the pH of the soil in the acid dry land of
block A, tidal blocks A and B was not significantly different with a pH 4,08-4,34, but lower
and significantly different from the soil pH in acid dry land block B. Moisture in dry land
(blocks A and B) is lower (63,25-66,19%) and significantly different from the soil in tidal
land (blocks A and B). with humidity above 72,14%-75,00%). Meanwhile, the soil
temperature in tidal land is lower (25,67- 26,50 0C) than the soil temperature in acid dry
land (27,33-28,170C). The results of the organic matter content test conducted in the MIPA
UB laboratory showed that the organic matter in the tidal land was much higher than in the
low tide (29,75-3,67%) (Fig.3).
6
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Fig. 3. Soil physicochemistry (KA = Dry Acid Block A; KB = Dry Acid Block B; PA = Tidal Block
A; PB = Tidal Block B).
3.3 Abundance of Borneo Prima citrus rhizosphere Fungus in 2 types of land
The Importance Value Index (IVI) reflects the role (dominance) of isolate types in a
particular community. This important value provides an overview of the role of a type of
rhizosphere fungus in the soil ecosystem and can also be used to determine the dominance
of an isolate in the community. The results of the isolation of rhizosphere fungus in Borneo
Prima orange plantations found 29 rhizosphere fungus. Each type of land has different
rhizosphere fungus with the highest importance in Borneo Prima. The highest number of
isolates was in acidic dry land A (11 isolates) followed by tidal land B (10 isolates) and
tidal B (8 isolates) and the least in dry land B (7 isolates). There are 5 highest INPs in acid
dry land A, namely TR25, TR23, TR37, TR2 and TR 18. In dry land B, namely TR 17, TR
36, TR 37, TR22, TR 23 and TR 15. In Tidal A, isolates with INP The highest were TR 1,
TR 23, TR 20, TR 3. At tidal B, the dominant isolates were TR 23, TR 16, TR 34, TR 10
and TR 3. TR3 rhizosphere fungus isolates were found in 3 types of land, namely acid dry
land block A, tidal land blocks A and B. The highest important value index in acid dry land
block A was isolate TR25, while in block B it was isolate TR17. The highest value index
for rhizosphere fungus is in tidal fields in block A, namely TR1, while in block B, it is
TR23 (Figure 4).
In this study, the abundance of rhizosphere fungus on Borneo Prima citrus plants on
acidic dry land in different tidal areas was not too great. This could possibly happen
because these 2 types of land receive enough fertilizer (see table 1). Manure, Ponska and
7
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TSP are given to these two types of land. Microbial diversity is greatly influenced by the
availability of organic material in the roots in the soil because organic material is used as a
building block and energy source for soil microbes [21]. The availability of nutrients in the
form of exudate secreted by plants helps the germination of fungal spores.
According to [22] the quality and quantity of organic matter in the soil has a direct
influence on the abundance/number of fungi in the soil because most fungi are
heterotrophic. The results of the identification of fungal isolates have not been finalized.
However, some of them were identified morphologically as Trichoderma sp1, Aspergillus
sp1, Aureobasidium sp1, Penicillium sp1, Paecylomeces sp1, Mucor sp1, Rhizopus sp1,
Aspergilus sp2, Trichoderma sp2, Cunninghamella sp1. The rhizosphere fungi exist
everywhere. This is caused by various vegetation factors and adaptability to the
environment is quite high. Trichoderma, Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Rhizopus are found
in the soil around the clove plant rhizosphere [23].
Fusarium sp., Fusidium sp., Penicillium sp., and Trichoderma sp. Found from the
rhizosphere of citrus Siam Pontianak organic farming [24]. Aspergillus and mucor are
known to easily adapt to environmental conditions so they are easily found in various
treatments [25]. The Aspergillus genus is known to be able to increase plant growth by
secreting phytohormones in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) [26] and has been reported
to produce many metabolite compounds that are important in the medical field such as
antimicrobial and anticancer substances [27]. The Mucor genus can act as a decomposer
that helps fertilize the soil and is able to produce proteases, namely enzymes that play a role
in the nitrogen cycle in the soil and produce metabolite compounds that are important in the
medical field such as antitumor substances [28].
Fig. 4. Rhizospheric fungal community structure based on the Important Value Index on Borneo
Prima plants (KA = Dry Acid Block A; KB = Dry Acid Block B; PA = Tidal Block A; PB = Tidal
Block B. TR1-TR44 = Code of rhizosphere fungi isolates)
8
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3.4 Relationship between rhizosphere mold abundance and soil

physicochemical characteristics
Based on data on the physicochemical conditions of the soil (pH, soil moisture, soil
temperature, organic matter) and the number of colonies (table 3) found in different land
types, the eigenvalues and variance percentages (table 4) can be determined which are used
to analyse PCA.
Table 3. Soil physicochemical indicators and number of colonies.

Land types pH Soil Soil Organic Number of
moisture temperature matter colonies (103)
(%) (0C)
Dry Acid Block
4.08 ± 0.15 27.33 ± 0.29 66.19 ± 1.04 4.42 ± 0.03 19.67 ± 8.39
A
Dry Acid Block B 5.01 ± 0.06 28.17 ± 0.29 63.25 ± 1.44 1.72 ± 0.47 16.33 ± 1.53
Tidal Block A 4.34 ± 0.01 26.50 ± 0.29 72.14 ± 0.80 29.75 ± 0.65 103.33 ± 5.77
Tidal Block B 4.08 ± 0.22 25.67 ± 0.29 75.00 ± 1.76 32.85 ± 1.60 126.67 ± 5.77
Table 4. PC. Eigen value and % variance 5 factor
PC Factor Eigen value % variance
1 pH 4.23 84.57
2 Soil moisture 0.65 12.90
3 Soil temperature 0.10 1.94
4 Organic matter 0.02 0.47
5 Number of colonies 0.01 0.12
Based on the PCA summary results on the 5 factors whose relationship you want to
know, it shows that only 1 factor that has been formed has an eigenvalue > 1, while the
others are < 1 (table 3). The results of principal component analysis (PCA) of the main
physico-chemical components of soil show a PC1 value of 84.57% and PC2 of 12.90%.
The physico-chemical values of block A's tidal land are similar to block B's tidal land.
Meanwhile, the physicochemical values of acid dry land A are similar to block B's acid dry
land. The number of rhizosphere mold colonies is direct proportional to soil moisture and
soil organic matter, which meaning that the higher the organic material and humidity, the
higher the number of rhizosphere mold colonies. However, the number of rhizosphere mold
colonies was inversely proportional to soil temperature and pH (Figure 5).
Sufficient soil organic matter can stimulate metabolic activity in the roots, causing more
intensive root and shoot growth. Optimal root growth is characterized by the production of
9
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root exudates which are increasingly released into the environment/soil. This root exudate
will stimulate rhizosphere mold to grow and develop in plant roots, especially in the
rhizosphere zone and enter into symbiosis with the plant [29][30]. The composition of this
root exudate is also will determine the structure and community of fungi in the rhizosphere
[31]. This is because root exudates are chemoattractant compounds which will colonize
with molds to live in the rhizosphere zone because this exudate is a source of nutrition for
molds so that the rhizosphere mold community will actively affect the composition of the
rhizosphere. In return, this rhizosphere mold population will degrade organic and inorganic
compounds present in the soil into simpler compounds and bring them to the rhizosphere
zone so that they are more easily absorbed by plants [32]. The response of fungi to soil
physical and chemical properties and types of vegetation varies, and soil environmental
factors are the main factors influencing the diversity of soil fungi [33]. By analyzing the
relationship between fungal diversity and soil environmental factors, it can indirectly reflect
whether the soil is healthy, and has significance as a guide in recording the dynamic
changes of soil fungal communities and restoration of the ecological environment [34].
Fig. 5. Principal component analysis
4 Conclusions
Twenty nine rhizosphere fungus isolates were found in the Borneo Prima citrus plantation
endemic of L.theobromae with values. The abundance of rhizosphere fungi varies between
acid and tidal dry land types. The highest abundance of isolates was found in acidic dry
land A (11 isolates). The highest importance value index was found TR25 rhizosphere
fungi isolates in the acid dry land block A and TR 17 in block B. The highest importance
value index is at TR1 in block A tidal land, and TR23 in block B. TR3 rhizosphere fungus
isolates were found in 3 types of land, namely acid dry land block A, tidal land blocks A
and B.
Based on PCA analysis, a relationship was found between the physical and chemical
properties of soil and rhizosphere fungal colonies. The number of rhizosphere fungal
10
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colonies is directly proportional to soil moisture and soil organic matter. However, it is
inversely proportional to temperature and soil pH. These findings will be followed by
molecular identification of the isolate and further testing to determine the potential of the
microbe in controlling L.theobromae, the cause of DSR disease which is endemic to citrus
plants.
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Rhizosphere Fungi Abundance on Acid Dry and

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2 Materials and methods

Fig. 1. Map of Borneo Prima citrus soil sampling locations

2.2 Isolation and purification of rhizosphere microbial isolates

2.3 Soil physicochemical characterization

2.4 Abundance and domination of Borneo Prima citrus rhizosphere fungi in 2

2.5 The relationship between the physicochemical characteristics of the soil

2.6 Data Analysis

IVI = (RF +RD + RD0)/3 (1)

Important soil physicochemical variables in a field were analyzed using Principal

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Actual Land Conditions

No Cultivation and Acid dry land Tidal land

3.2 Soil physicochemical character

3.3 Abundance of Borneo Prima citrus rhizosphere Fungus in 2 types of land

3.4 Relationship between rhizosphere mold abundance and soil

Table 3. Soil physicochemical indicators and number of colonies.

PC Factor Eigen value % variance

2 Soil moisture 0.65 12.90

3 Soil temperature 0.10 1.94

4 Organic matter 0.02 0.47

5 Number of colonies 0.01 0.12

Fig. 5. Principal component analysis

12. A. Hernandez-Agreda, R. D. Gates, and T. D. Ainsworth, “Defining the Core

27. G. Yadav and M. Meena, “Bioprospecting of endophytes in medicinal plants of Thar

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