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Coyle Supply Chain Management: A Logistics Perspective, 9th Edition
Chapter 7 Test Bank
CHAPTER 7 TEST QUESTIONS
True-False
1. Outbound-to-customer logistics systems are also referred to as physical distribution.

ANSWER: True, Page 217
2. Materials management and physical supply are terms that cannot be used interchangeably.
ANSWER: False, Page 217
3. Demand management might be defined as focused efforts to estimate and manage customers’
demand, with the intention of using this information to shape operating decisions.
4. Phantom demand is created by over-ordering during peak demand.
5. The essence of demand management is to estimate and manage customer demand so that
demand and supply are balanced to the point where there are zero stockouts and zero safety
stocks.
6. External balancing methods involve managing production and inventory flexibility to help
offset the imbalance of supply and demand.
7. Forecasting has become extremely accurate, especially since the development of the S&OP
process.
8. Dependent demand is directly influenced by independent demand.
9. A weighted moving average assigns higher weights to more recent periods.
10. Exponential smoothing can use constants higher than 1, but not more than 5.
11. Adjusting a forecast for seasons basically uses a combination of seasonal factors and average
demand to arrive at an adjusted forecast.
12. While there are four types of forecast error measures that can be used, none are foolproof.
ANSWER: True, Pages 229-230
13. A sales and operations planning process (S&OP) can produce a forecast internally that all
functional areas agree upon and can execute.
14. Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) has not been considered to be
a good process, as it excludes transportation.
15. A channel of distribution is controlled by the marketing department, which selects the
physical structures and intermediaries through which the product(s) flow.
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Chapter 7 Test Bank
16. An important observation to note about channel structure is that it involves the elements of
fixed costs versus variable costs.
17. Integrated fulfillment is preferred to dedicated fulfillment.
Multiple Choice
18. An outbound-to-customer logistics system is also referred to as

a. integrated fulfillment.
b. dedicated fulfillment.
c. store fulfillment.
d. physical distribution.
ANSWER: d, Page 217
19. An inbound-to-operations logistics system is also referred to as
a. physical distribution.
b. physical supply.
c. dedicated fulfillment.
d. demand management.
ANSWER: b, Page 217
20. Demand management includes
a. Flows of products.
b. Flows of services.
c. Flows of capital.
d. All of the these answers
ANSWER: d, Page 217
21. The term functional silos refers to:
a. product storage for physical supply.
b. the non communication between customers and vendors.
c. a technique to secure corporate marketing strategies.
d. lack of coordination between departments.
ANSWER: d, Page 218
22. Oversupply is created by
a. phantom demand.
b. returns and cancellations.
c. forecasting failures.
d. poor channel selection.
ANSWER: a, Page 219
23. The essence of demand management is to estimate and manage ___________ and use this
information to make operating decisions.
a. channel orders
b. vendors and suppliers
c. customer demand
d. SO&P processes
ANSWER: c, Page 217
24. The internal balancing method deals with
7-2
Chapter 7 Test Bank
a. price and lead time.

b. inventory and production flexibility.
c. functional silos.
d. channel selection.
ANSWER: b, Page 220
25. One type of demand fluctuation is caused by random variation. What is random variation?
a. errors in inventory management
b. errors not caught by using exponential smoothing
c. a development that cannot normally be anticipated
d. failure to properly execute the SO&P process plan
ANSWER: c, Page 221
26. The weighted moving average method assigns
a. a value in each period being averaged.
b. a weight greater than 1.
c. information based on a simple average.
d. a weight to each previous period.
ANSWER: d, Page 223
27. Exponential smoothing
a. is one of the most commonly used techniques.
b. uses primarily weighted averages to compensate for errors.
c. is used to determine random variations.
d. is used to reduce channel fluctuations.
ANSWER: a, Page 225
28. Four types of forecast error measures can be used. Which one of the following is not one of
the four types?
a. cumulative sum of forecast errors
b. exponential smoothing for trends
c. mean squared error
d. mean absolute deviation
ANSWER: b, Page 230
29. Many industry initiatives have attempted to create efficiency and effectiveness through the
integration of supply chain activities and processes. Among the various initiatives is/are
a. quick response (QR)
b. vendor-managed inventory (VMI)
c. efficient consumer response (ECR)
d. all of these answers
ANSWER: d, Page 237
Essay
30. There are two types of demand. What are they, and how do they influence the supply
chain?
ANSWER: Two types of demand exist: (1) independent demand, which is the demand for the
primary item, and (2) dependent demand, which is directly influenced by the demand for the
independent item. For example, the demand for bicycles would be called independent. It is the
demand for the primary, or finished, product and is directly created by the customer. The demand
for bicycle tires would be called dependent, because the number of tires demanded is determined
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Chapter 7 Test Bank
by the number of bicycles demanded. Most forecasting techniques focus on independent demand.
For example, a bicycle manufacturer will forecast the demand for bicycles during a given period.
Given that level of demand, the manufacturer knows that two tires will be required for each
bicycle demanded. As such, there is no need for the bicycle manufacturer to forecast the demand
for tires. From a different perspective, the tire manufacturer will need to forecast the demand for
tires, because these are its independent demand items. However, the tire manufacturer will not
need to forecast the demand for rims since each tire requires one rim. So, each organization in a
particular supply chain will have different definitions for independent and dependent demand
items. Forecasting, however, will still usually be done at the independent demand item level.
(Page 221)
31. There are at least three forecasting methods. Name them and choose one to discuss in
more detail, including advantages and disadvantages.
ANSWER: Simple Moving Average
The simple moving average is probably the simplest to develop method in basic time series
forecasting. It makes forecasts based on recent demand history and allows for the removal of
random effects. The simple moving average method does not accommodate seasonal, trend, or
business cycle influences. This method simply averages a predetermined number of periods and
uses this average as the demand for the next period. Each time the average is computed, the
oldest demand is dropped and the most recent demand is included. A weakness of this method is
that it forgets the past quickly. A strength is that it is quick and easy to use.
Weighted Moving Average
In the simple moving average method, each previous demand period was given an equal weight.
The weighted moving average method assigns a weight to each previous period with higher
weights usually given to more recent demand. The weights must be equal to one. The weighted
moving average method allows emphasis to be placed on more recent demand as a predictor of
future demand. However, the results from the weighted moving average method are still not very
good forecasts of demand. There are three possible causes for this. First, the weights assigned to
the previous periods might not accurately reflect the patterns in demand. Second, the number of
periods used to develop the forecast might not be the appropriate number. Finally, the weighted
moving average technique does not easily accommodate demand patterns with seasonal
influences.
Exponential Smoothing
Exponential smoothing is one of the most commonly used techniques because of its simplicity
and its limited requirements for data. Exponential smoothing needs three types of data: (1) an
average of previous demand, (2) the most recent demand, and (3) a smoothing constant. The
smoothing constant must be between 0 and 1. Using a higher constant assumes that the most
recent demand is a better predictor of future demand. Exponential smoothing forecasts will lag
actual demand. If demand is relatively constant, exponential smoothing will produce a relatively
accurate forecast. However, highly seasonal demand patterns or patterns with trends can cause
inaccurate forecasts using exponential smoothing. (Pages 222-225)
32. Discuss how seasonality affects forecasts and give examples.
ANSWER: Many organizations are faced with seasons that repeat themselves during a particular
period. These seasons might be by time of day (for example, demand for hamburgers at a fast-
food outlet), by day of the week (for example, the demand for gasoline), by week, by the month,
or by some combination of these. Adjusting a forecast for seasons basically uses a combination
of seasonal factors and average demand to arrive at an adjusted forecast. (Page 228)
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Chapter 7 Test Bank
33. There are four types of forecast error measures that can be used. Name them, and
choose one to discuss.
ANSWER: The first type of forecast error measure is called the cumulative sum of forecast
errors (CFE). It calculates the total forecast error for a set of data, taking into consideration both
negative and positive errors. This is also referred to as bias. This gives an overall measure of
forecast error. However, taking into consideration both negative and positive errors, this method
can produce an overall low error total although individual period forecasts can either be much
higher or much lower than actual demand.
The second measure of forecast error is mean squared error (MSE), which squares each period
error so the negative and positive errors do not cancel each other out. MSE also provides a good
indication of the average error per period over a set of demand data.
The third type is Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) and is closely related to MSE. By taking the
absolute value of each error, the negative and positive signs are removed and a good indication of
average error per period is calculated. This measure is popular because it is easy to understand
and provides a good indication of the accuracy of the forecast.
The final measure of forecast error is mean absolute percent error (MAPE), and it relates the
forecast error to the level of demand so different types of forecasts can be compared. (Page 230)
34. A process that organizations can use to arrive at a consensus forecast is called Sales and
Operations Planning. Discuss the five steps used to implement this process.
ANSWER: The S&OP Benchmarking Consortium in the Center for Supply Chain Research
adopted a five-step process in arriving at this consensus forecast. Step 1 (Run sales forecast
reports) requires the development of a statistical forecast of future sales. This would be done
using one or more forecasting techniques. Step 2 (Demand planning phase) requires the sales
and/or marketing departments to review the forecast and make adjustments based on promotions
of existing products, the introductions of new products, or the elimination of products. This
revised forecast is usually stated in terms of both units and dollars since operations are concerned
with units and finance is concerned with dollars. Step 3 (Supply planning phase) requires
operations (manufacturing, warehousing, and transportation) to analyze the sales forecast to
determine if existing capacity is adequate to handle the forecasted volumes. This requires
analyzing not only the total volumes but also the timing of those volumes. Step 4 (Pre-S&OP
meeting) asks individuals from sales, marketing, operations, and finance to attend a meeting that
reviews the initial forecast and any capacity issues that might have emerged during Step 3. Initial
attempts will be made during this meeting to solve capacity issues by attempting to balance
supply and demand. Alternative scenarios are usually developed to present at the executive S&OP
meeting (Step 5) for consideration. These alternatives would identify potential lost sales and
increased costs associated with balancing supply and demand. The sales forecast is also converted
to dollars to see if the demand/supply plan meets the financial plan of the organization. Step 5
(Executive S&OP meeting) is where final decisions are made regarding sales forecasts and
capacity issues. This is where the top executives from the various functional areas agree to the
forecast and convert it into the operating plan for the organization. (Pages 234-235)
35. Define and discuss Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) and
its impact on supply chain management.
ANSWER: One of the most recent initiatives aimed at achieving true supply chain integration is
collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR). CPFR has become recognized as
a breakthrough business model for planning, forecasting, and replenishment. Using this approach,
retailers, distributors, and manufacturers can utilize available Internet-based technologies to
collaborate on operational planning through execution. Transportation providers have now been
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Chapter 7 Test Bank
included with the concept of collaborative transportation management (CTM). Simply put, CPFR
allows trading partners to agree to a single forecast for an item where each partner translates this
forecast into a single execution plan. This replaces the traditional method of forecasting where
each trading partner developed its own forecast for an item and each forecast was different for
each partner.
CPFR is a sequence of several business processes that include the consumer, retailer, and
manufacturer. The four major processes are (1) strategy and planning, (2) demand and supply
management, (3) execution, and (4) analysis. Two aspects of this model are important to note.
First, it includes the cooperation and exchange of data among business partners. Second, it is a
continuous, closed-loop process that uses feedback (analysis) as input for strategy and planning.
CPFR emphasizes a sharing of consumer purchasing data (or point-of-sale data) as well as
forecasts at retail among and between trading partners for the purpose of helping to manage
supply chain activities. From these data, the manufacturer analyzes its ability to meet the
forecasted demand. If it cannot meet the demand, a collaborative effort is undertaken between the
retailer and manufacturer to arrive at a mutually agreed-upon forecast from which execution plans
are developed. The strength of CPFR is that it provides a single forecast from which trading
partners can develop manufacturing strategies, replenishment strategies, and merchandising
strategies.
The CPFR process begins with the sharing of marketing plans between trading partners. Once an
agreement is reached on the timing and planned sales of specific products, and a commitment is
made to follow that plan closely, the plan is then used to create a forecast, by stock-keeping unit
(SKU), by week, and by quantity. (Pages 237-238)
36. Define channels of distribution and discuss their roles in fulfillment.
ANSWER: A channel of distribution consists of one or more organizations or individuals who
participate in the flow of goods, services, information, and finances from the production point to
the final point of consumption. A channel of distribution can also be thought of as the physical
structures and intermediaries through which these flows travel. These channels encompass a
variety of intermediary firms, including those that can be classified as distributors, wholesalers,
retailers, transportation providers, and brokers. Some of these intermediary firms take physical
possession of the goods, some take title to the goods, and some take both. Thus, it is critical in the
design of a distribution channel to take into consideration both the logistics channel and the
marketing channel.
The logistics channel refers to the means by which products flow physically from where they are
available to where they are needed. The marketing channel refers to the means by which
necessary transactional elements are managed (for example, customer orders, billing, accounts
receivable). (Page 240)
37. Pick two of the following direct-to-customer (DTC) fulfillment channel structures and
discuss their characteristics, advantages and disadvantages.
ANSWER:
• Integrated Fulfillment
• Dedicated Fulfillment
• Outsourced Fulfillment
• Drop Ship Fulfillment
• Store Fulfillment
• Flow-through fulfillment
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Chapter 7 Test Bank
Integrated fulfillment means that the retailer operates one distribution network to service two
channels – both retail stores and Internet sites where customers can buy direct. In a typical
distribution center for this model, both store orders and consumer orders are received, picked,
packed, and shipped. One advantage to this model is low start-up costs. If the retailer has an
established distribution network that handles store orders and then decides to develop an Internet
presence, the existing network can service both. In other words, new distribution centers need not
be built. This would also eliminate the need to have a duplicate inventory to handle the Internet
orders. Another advantage to this model is workforce efficiency because of consolidated
operations. The existing workforce now has an opportunity to move more volume through a
fixed-cost facility. However, this model has several challenges. First, the order profile will
change with the addition of consumer Internet orders. While store orders would probably be
picked in case and/or pallet quantities, consumer orders would require consumer units (eaches) in
smaller order quantities. Second, products might not be available in eaches. Third, the addition of
unit pick (each pick) would require a “fast pick”, or broken case, operation to be added to the
distribution center. Finally, a conflict might arise between a store order and an Internet order if
there is not sufficient inventory to fill both.
Dedicated Fulfillment Another option for the retailer that desires to have both a store and an
Internet presence is called dedicated fulfillment, which achieves the same delivery goals as
integrated fulfillment but with two separate distribution networks. Having a separate distribution
network for store delivery and consumer delivery eliminates most of the disadvantages of
integrated fulfillment. However, now the retailer is faced with duplicate facilities and duplicate
inventories. This assumes that the retailer offers exactly the same product offering through both
channels. However, many retailers offer many more products on their Internet sites than they
offer in their stores. This makes dedicated fulfillment a more logical choice.
Outsourced Fulfillment While both integrated and dedicated fulfillment assume that the retailer
will perform the fulfillment itself, outsourced fulfillment assumes that another firm will perform
the fulfillment. Many retailers will maintain internal control of store fulfillment and outsource
some, if not all, Internet fulfillment to a third party. One advantage of this outsourcing is low
start-up costs for the retailer to service the Internet channel. Also, possible transportation
economies could result from using outsourced fulfillment for Internet orders. A major
disadvantage often cited with outsourcing fulfillment is the loss of control the retailer might
experience over service levels. So, the major benefit of outsourced fulfillment is the ability to use
existing external expertise in fulfillment. The major disadvantage of this model is the potential
loss of control.
Drop-Shipped Fulfillment According to the model known as drop-shipped fulfillment, which is
also referred to as direct store delivery, the manufacturer delivers its product directly to a
retailer’s stores, bypassing the retailer’s distribution network. A major advantage of this model is
the reduction of inventory in the distribution network. This occurs because the retailer does not
need to stock the manufacturer’s inventory in its distribution centers. Another major advantage to
the manufacturer is the direct control of its inventories at the store level. A disadvantage to the
retailer is the possible reduction of inventory visibility of the manufacturer’s products since the
retailer does not “touch” these products in its distribution network.
This type of model requires close collaboration and agreement between the manufacturer and
retailer for several reasons. First, not every retailer supplier can do drop-shipped fulfillment.
From a practical perspective, if every supplier to a store delivered direct on a daily basis, the
number of delivery vehicles and manufacturer personnel in a store would cause overwhelming
congestion at the store. Second, the retailer and manufacturer need to agree on the types and
timing of information shared on inventory levels to provide the retailer with the proper level of
inventory visibility. Finally, drop-shipped fulfillment works best for products that have a short
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Chapter 7 Test Bank
shelf life and/or where freshness is a requirement. As such, this model makes sense for a limited
number of products sold in a retail store.
Store Fulfillment For a retailer that has both a storefront as well as an Internet presence, store
fulfillment can offer several opportunities. In this model, the order is placed through the Internet
site. The order is sent to the nearest retail store where it is picked and put aside for the customer
to pick up. Several advantages exist for this type of fulfillment. First, there is a short lead time to
the customer if the item is in stock. Second, there are low start-up costs for the retailer. Inventory
is already in place in close proximity to the consumer. Third, returns can be handled in the usual
manner through the retail store. Finally, the product will be available in consumer units.
Several disadvantages exist for this type of fulfillment. First, there might be reduced control and
consistency over order fill since each store will be responsible for its own order picking. Second,
conflict may arise between inventories. Stores hold inventories for the shopper, which can result
in impulse buys. Now the store is required to remove the item from the shelf for an Internet order,
resulting in a possible out-of-stock at the shelf. One method to alleviate this conflict is to adjust
the profit of the store so it also gets credit for the Internet sale. Third, the retailer must have real-
time visibility to in-store inventories in order to satisfy the Internet order. Finally, stores lack
sufficient space to store product. Staging products for customer pickups in any area of the store
takes space away to generate additional sales for the store.
Flow-Through Fulfillment is very similar to store fulfillment. The main difference between the
two is that in flow-through fulfillment the product is picked and packed at the retailer’s
distribution center and then sent to the store for customer pickup. The flow-through model
eliminates the inventory conflict the store might realize between store sales and Internet sales.
Because the consumer is providing the pickup service, the retailer avoids the cost of the “last
mile” transportation. The retailer also does not need store-level inventory status in the flow-
through model. Returns can be handled through the existing store network, as in store fulfillment.
Storage space at the store for pickup items remains an issue. (Pages 243-248)
7-8
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The curiosities
of food
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The curiosities of food

or, The dainties and delicacies of different nations
obtained from the animal kingdom
Author: P. L. Simmonds
Release date: August 28, 2023 [eBook #71509]
Language: English
Original publication: London: Richard Bentley, 1859
Credits: Alan, Aaron Adrignola and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

CURIOSITIES OF FOOD ***
THE
CURIOSITIES OF FOOD;
OR THE
DAINTIES AND DELICACIES OF DIFFERENT
NATIONS
OBTAINED FROM THE
ANIMAL KINGDOM.
BY
PETER LUND SIMMONDS, F.R.G.S., F.S.S.,

AUTHOR OF “A DICTIONARY OF TRADE PRODUCTS,”
“THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM,”
ETC., ETC.
Cassius. Will you dine with me to-morrow?

Casca. Ay, if I be alive, and your mind hold, and your dinner worth the eating.
Julius Cæsar.
Horatio. O day and night, but this is wondrous strange!
Hamlet. And therefore as a stranger give it welcome.
There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio,
Than are dreamt of in your philosophy.
Hamlet, Act 1, scene 5.
LONDON:
RICHARD BENTLEY, NEW BURLINGTON STREET.
1859.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY G. PHIPPS, RANELAGH STREET, EATON SQUARE.
P R E FA C E .
The sustentation of the body, and the repairing of its waste by an

adequate supply of wholesome and nutritious daily food, is a subject
of general importance, and necessarily occupies a large share of
attention. But all nations have not the advantages of skilful cattle-
breeders, slaughter-houses, well-supplied meat and poultry markets,
and butchers’ shops graced with all the tempting joints of beef,
mutton, and pork, which gladden the eyes of an Englishman, and
keep up his stamina for labour. The traveller, the settler, and the
savage, must be content to put up with what they can most readily
obtain, and to avail themselves of many an unusual article of food,
which would be rejected under more favourable circumstances, and
with a greater choice for selection.
The subject of Food, in a physiological point of view, has been often
discussed. Popular and learned treatises on all the art and mysteries
of Cookery have been sold by thousands. We have had pleasant
details furnished us too on the Food and the Commissariat of
London.—But with respect to the animal substances, eaten by other
people in foreign countries, we have known little—except from mere
scraps of information.
The basis of the present volume is a lecture on the Curiosities of
Food, which I delivered at several of the metropolitan literary
institutions. Having been favourably received,—from the novelty of
the subject, and the singularity of the specimens from my private
museum by which it was illustrated,—I have been led to believe that
it might prove generally interesting in a more amplified shape.
In order, however, to bring the details within a convenient compass, I
have limited myself to a description of the Curiosities of Animal
Food; but should the work be well received, I may follow it up
hereafter by a companion volume, on the Curiosities of Vegetable
Food.
In the arrangement of the materials for this work, one of two modes
of description was open to me, either to dress up the details in
characteristic pictures of the food-customs and viands in use in
different quarters, and by different people; or to group the whole
scientifically under natural history divisions. As the subject is curious
and striking enough in its simplicity without the aid of fiction or
embellishment, I have preferred adopting the latter arrangement, and
have followed it as closely as the miscellaneous character of the
selections and quotations would permit.
Many of the articles of food named are so outrageously repulsive,
and the consideration of the subject, in a collected form, is altogether
so new, that I have preferred citing authorities in all instances, so as
to relieve myself from the charge of exaggeration, or the imputation
of untenable assertions. For this reason, and from the varied and
very extended nature of the field of enquiry, I can claim no merit for
original writing in this work. I have merely desired to present the
public with a readable volume; and I think its perusal will show that in
this, as in other cases, truth is often stranger than fiction.
After a perusal of these pages, it can scarcely be said that, ‘there is
nothing new under the sun,’ for many of the articles of food which I
have described as being served up in different parts of the world, will
be certainly new to many. Probably, some of the hints thrown out will
make the fortune of any restaurateur in the city or at the west-end,
who chooses to dish up one or more of the reputed delicacies, under
a proper disguise, and with a high-sounding name.
P.L.S.
8, Winchester Street, Pimlico,
December 1858.
CONTENTS.
PRELIMINARY REMARKS.
John Bull’s partiality for Beef, 2. Comparative quantities of meat eaten
in Paris, New York, and London—Different parts of Animals eaten by
choice, 5. Want of courage to taste new Food, 6. Various kinds of
Food eaten in different countries—Man’s omnivorous propensities, 7.
Weight of Food eaten in a man’s life-time—instances of gluttony, 10.
Ethnological view of the question, 11. Jerked beef consumed in Cuba
—Varieties of—tasajo, rebenque, charqui, sesina, 12. Mode of
preparing the sun-dried meat in Chile—Grasa or melted fat, 13.
Biltonge or dried meat of the Cape Colony—Pastoormah—dried
Elephant’s flesh—Hung Beef, 14. Mode of preparing Pemmican, 15.
Gelatine—Beef and Bone Soup, 17. Jellies unnutritious—Portable
Soup, 18. Meat Biscuit—Mode of making it, 19. Utilization of the Blood
of Animals for food, 21. M. Brocchieri’s experiments—Anecdote of an
unlucky Pig doomed to perpetual blood-letting, 23. Arctic luxuries—
Climatic difficulties, 25. A Tuski Feast, 27. A Greenland Banquet, 29.
Animal Food in the Arctic Regions, 30. A Sledge made of frozen
Salmon, 34. Frozen Food brought to the St. Petersburg Market, 35. A
Russian Dining-room, 36. Cooking at Cape Coast Castle—Food
customs and delicacies of the Aborigines of various Countries, 38.
Raw-flesh eaten in Greenland and Abyssinia, 42. Australian Food
delicacies, 45.
QUADRUMANA.
Monkeys eaten in South America, Africa, and the Eastern
Archipelago, 46. Mode of cooking them. Cheiroptera, or hand-winged
Animals—The Fox Monkey, and Bats eaten in the East, 50. Carnivora
—Hyena eaten by Arabs—Pole-cat in North America—Foxes in Italy
—Prairie Wolf in North America, 51. The Lion by the Arabs—The Tiger
by the Malays—The Puma by the Americans, 52. No reason why
Carnivorous Animals should not furnish wholesome and palatable
Food—Bear’s Flesh—A draught of a Quart of Bear’s Grease, 53.
Bear’s Paws and Steaks—Flesh of the Badger, 54. Dogs eaten in
olden times by the Greeks and Romans, and still considered a
delicacy in China, Zanzibar, Australia, and the Pacific, 57. Anecdote of
a Dog Feast. Marsupialia, or Pouched Animals—The Kangaroo—
Food delicacies from it—Mode of cooking, 58. Aboriginal practices
and Food in Australia, 60. Kangaroo-Rat—Opossum—Wombat, 63.
Rodentia—Marmot—Mouse—Musk-Rat, 64. Field-Rat—Rats eaten in
West Indies, Brazil, Australia, China, &c., 65. Chinese Dishes and
Chinese cooking, 66. California bills of fare, 69. Abundance of Rats in
Hong Kong and in Scinde, 62. Salted Rats an article of export from
India to China, 70. Bandicoot, Coffee Rat, Dormouse, Lemming, and
Jerboa eaten as Food, 71. Beaver—Porcupine, 72. Anecdote on
Rabbits, 73. Arctic Hare—Water Dog—Guinea Pig—Agouti—Paca
and Viscascha, 74. Edentata, or Toothless Animals—Native Porcupine
of Australia—Ant-eater and Armadillo, 76.
PACHYDERMATA, OR THICK-SKINNED
ANIMALS.
Baked Elephants’ Paws—Mode of cooking them, 76. Cutting-up the
Elephant, 78. African Haggis—Hippopotamus Flesh and Fat—Zee-
koe Speck, 80. Products of the Hog—Reading Bacon and eating
Bacon, 81. Swine feeding on Corpses in the Ganges, 82. Pigs fed on
Mutton, 83. Acres of Pork in America, 84. ‘Going the whole Hog,’ 85.
Origin of roast Pig, 86. Spanish Pigs, 90. Toucinho, or fat Pork, used
in Brazil—Peccary, Rhinoceros, and Tapir eaten, 92. Horse-flesh, the
recent endeavours to popularize it as an article of Food, 94. M. St.
Hilaire’s exertions in the cause—Historical progress—Horse-flesh
eaten in Africa, America, Asia, and Europe, 97. Experimental trials
and cooking, 100. Horse-flesh eaten unknowingly in many cases, 104.
Anecdote of Sausages—Evidence before Parliamentary committee
respecting Horse Sausages, 105. Unwholesome Meat, 106. Blowing
Veal, 109. Asses’ Flesh—The Quagga 110.
RUMINANTIA AND CETACEA.

Camel’s Flesh, 111. Axis Deer—Moose Deer—Caribboo—Venison not
Meat in North America—Reindeer, 112. Giraffe—Eland—Hottentot
cooking—Antelope Tribe—The Hartebeest—Sassaby—Ourebi—
Boshbok—Rheebok—Gnu, &c., 113. Alpaca Tribe—Sheep’s Milk—
Large Tailed Cape Sheep—Dried Flesh of the Argali—Goat’s Flesh,
115. Bison Beef—Buffalo Humps—Musk-Ox, 116. Cetacea—Manatus,
117. Flesh and Tongue of the Sea-Lion, 118. Walrus Meat—Sea-Bear
—Seal Flesh, 119. Flesh of the Whale eaten in various quarters—
Porpoise, an ancient dainty—Mode of serving it at the tables of
English Nobility, 120.
BIRDS.
No Carnivorous Birds eaten—Insessores or Perching Birds—Becafico
—Edible nest of the Eastern Swallow or Swift, 122. Mode of collecting,
localities, statistics, and details in the Eastern Archipelago, 123. The
Guacharo Bird, 128. The Diablotin or Goat-sucker—Spitted Larks,
129. Crows, Thrushes, and Robin Redbreasts eaten in Italy—The
Rice Bunting, 130. The Toucan—Parrot Pie—Gallinaceous Fowls—
Peacock Enkakyll, 131. Wild Turkey of New Granada—Value of
Poultry and Eggs consumed, 132. Fixed Tariff for Poultry and Game,
&c., in London in 1272—Price of Eggs, Pigeons, &c., in 1313, 133.
Prices of Poultry and Game in 1575, 134. Prices of Food and Poultry
in 1531, 135. Ancient Receipt for making a Game Pie in 1394, from
the Books of the Salter’s Company—Prices of Cattle and Dairy
produce in 1548, 137. Consumption and Statistics of Eggs—
Comparative use in Paris and London—Imports from Ireland—Modes
of testing the quality of Eggs, 138. Preservation of Eggs—Salted Eggs
—Pickled Eggs—Painted Eggs—Condensed Egg, 140. Roman
Preserves for fattening Poultry—Wild Game in Jamaica, 142.
Canadian mode of cooking Partridge, 143. Red-legged Partridge run
down on foot—Quail—Turtle Dove—Passenger Pigeon, 144. Hogs fed
upon the Squabs—Canvas-back Duck, 146. Cock of the wood—Wild
Birds of New Zealand, 147.
GRALLATORES.
Ostrich and Emu Eggs, 148. Bustards, 149. Clucking Hen and
Mangrove Hen of Jamaica, 150. Bittern—Snipe Woodcock—
Flamingoes’ tongues, 152.
NATATORES.
Sea-gulls eaten by the Chinese—Livers and Hearts of Penguins—
Puffins pickled with Spices, 153. The Mutton-Bird of Australia—Habits
of the Bird—Mode of taking them by the New Zealanders, 154. Birds
eaten in the Arctic Regions—Grouse Pie—Dovekey and Auk Pie—
Guillemot Soup, 156. Eggs of Sea Fowl—Large sale of them in San
Francisco, and at the Cape of Good Hope, 158. Penguins’ Eggs in
Tristan d’Acunha, 160. The Rookeries—Exciting Sport, 161. Annual
Egg gathering visits to the Pedro Keys from Jamaica—Description of
the Islets—Birds which frequent them—Recognised customs among
the Boatmen—The Egg Bird, 163. Turtle Eggs, 167. Wild and
Domestic Geese—Half-hatched Eggs eaten by the Esquimaux, 168.
Cygnets—Pintail Duck—Widgeon and Teal, 169.
REPTILIA.
Enumeration of the Reptiles in the Four Orders, eaten as Food, 169.
Land Tortoises and their Eggs, 170. Terrapin or Box Tortoise—Cruel
mode of killing them, 171. Tenacity of Life—Fluviatile Tortoises—The
Hiccatee of Honduras, 172. Shooting a Turtle—Abundance of large
Land Tortoises in the Gallipagos Islands—Very generally eaten in the
Pacific, Australia, South America, and Europe—Tortoise oil, 174.
Salted Turtle—Chasing the Turtle—Horrible process of removing the
Shell, 175. Dampier’s Description of Land Tortoises in the West Indies
in 1684—First Introduction of Turtle to England—Statistics of
Consumption—Noted City Houses for Turtle Soup, 176. Turtling in the
Grand Caymans, West Indies, 177. Mock Turtle and Real Turtle—
Ascension the Head Quarters for keeping Turtle, 178. Adventures of
Old ‘Nelson’—Turtle should be sent home in a Sealed Cask—Jaguars
of South America fond of Turtle and their Eggs—A Brazil Native will
eat 20 or 30 Turtle Eggs at a meal, 180. Description of the Eggs—
Hawk’s-bill Turtle eaten, but sometimes unwholesome—Collecting
Turtle Eggs on the Orinoco, by the Indians—Preparation of an Oil
called ‘Mantega’ from them—Gives Employment to several thousand
Persons, 181. Quantity made and Value—Not very pure—Uses of
Turtle Oil for Culinary and Illuminating Purposes, 182. The Iguana—
Description of it—Repulsive Appearance—Very Delicate Eating, 183.
Mode of cooking it—First Repugnance of the Early Spaniards to it, as
related by Peter Martyn, 184. Mode of Catching the Reptile by
Natives, 185. Hunted by Dogs in the Bahamas Islands—Met with and
esteemed in Australia, 186. Aboriginal Appreciation of it—Eaten by
Natives of Ceylon, 187. Eggs of this Lizard an esteemed Delicacy—
Should be introduced to our Tables—All kinds of Lizards eaten by the
Blacks of Australia, 188. Lizard Family obnoxious to Poisons—Lizards
brought to the Rio Janeiro market—Hatching a Crocodile by a Fancy
Poultry Breeder, 190. Eggs of the Alligator eaten—Effect of
Imagination on the Stomach, at a Dinner given by Dr. Buckland, 191.
Australian Crocodile eats like Veal, 192. Origin of the Australian
‘Bunyip’ Fiction—Flesh of the Crocodile musky, 193. Various Opinions
of Alligator Meat, 194. An Alligator Hunt in South America, 195. Eggs
and Skin of the Alligator eaten—Oil prepared from the Fat, 196.
Lizards, Serpents, and Snakes, 197. Swallowing Live Lizards
supposed to cure the Cancer—Boa-constrictor eaten, 198. Fried
Rattlesnake or ‘Musical Jack,’ 199. Roasted Snakes in Australia, 202.
Extending use of Frogs for Food in Europe, America, and the East—
Toads frequently sold for frogs, 204. Mode of skinning and preparing
them—Eaten boiled in Brazil, without any Preparation, 206.
FISH.
Abundance of Fish—Modes of preserving them—Analyses of their
Flesh, 208. Presence of Iodine, 210—Fish Chowder—Fish Glue and
Isinglass—Fish-maws, immense Trade in, 211. Caviar and the dried
Roes of Fish, 212. Ancient Customs, Prices, and Kinds of Fish used,
215. Fish Ordinaries, 216. The Russian Piroga, an oily Fish-cake—
Dried loaves of putrid pounded Fish eaten in Africa and South
America, 218. Bony Fishes—Unwholesome and Poisonous Fishes—
Assumed Causes for the Fish Poison, 219. Fish Liver and Gall, 221.
Classification of Fishes—Neglect of our Fisheries, 222. Ocean Fishes
dry eating—Mode of drying the Bonito—The hard horny pieces, under
the name of Cummelmums, used to rasp over Rice, 223. Shark’s
Flesh sold in the Havana Market—Shark Hunting—Excitement of the
Sport, 224. The Picked Shark—Spotted Dog-Fish—Pigs fed on them
—Shark oil, 228. Fisheries for the Sharks in India for the Fins—
Extensive Trade in these to China—Dogs trained to bring Sharks
ashore, 229. Anecdotes of Sharks, 231. The Sturgeon, a Royal Fish—
Flesh not much esteemed—Sturgeon’s Skull-cap and Shark’s Fin
Stew, Chinese Delicacies, 236. Lampreys—Eel Pies and stewed Eels
—Spearing Eels—Jews prohibited from eating them, 238. Comparison
between British Fish and Mediterranean Fish, 240. Finnon Haddock—
Fresh Herrings—Pickled Herrings—Red Herrings and Bloaters—
Origin of Smoked Herrings—Herring Pies sent from Yarmouth
periodically to the Queen, 242. Conger Eel dried and grated to powder
for making Fish Soup—Congers formerly reared in Vivaria by the
Romans, 244. The Sand-Eel and Sand-launce—Smelts—Whitebait,
245. Substitutes for Whitebait in distant Seas, 246. The Anchovy—An
Irishman’s Blunder, 249. The Sardine Fishery, 252. West Indian
Fishes—Hog Fish—Snapper—Queen Mullet—Paracuta—Callipeva—
Red Mullet—King Fish, &c., 253. The Sun Fish—Pacou—Gourami—
Caffum, 256. The Pirarucu—The Sheep’s Head—The Green Cavalla
—The John and Goggle-Eye—The Flying Fish, 259. Sprats—
Coveeching Fish—Mud Fish, 261. Lut-fisk of Sweden—Fish exported
from New Brunswick—The Sea-perch—The striped Bass—Brook
Trout and Sea Trout, 263. Gaspereaux or Alewives—Salmon-trout—
Skate—Capelan—Halibut Fins—Smoked Eels in New Brunswick and
Port Phillip, 266. White Fish of the North American Lakes—Gizzard
Fish—Mashkilonge—Trout and other Lake Fish, 268. Modes of
Fishing—Scoop Nets and Gill Nets—Angling through the Ice, 271.
Extreme Fatness of Lake Fish, 274. Fish Soup, 275. Fish of the
Pacific Coasts—Robalo, Corvino, Lisa, Bagre, 227. A Hawaiian
Restaurant—Raw Fish eaten—Salmon the King of Fresh-water Fish,
278. Salmon Fisheries of Oregon and California, 279. Chinese
Fisheries—Fish of the Australian and Indian Seas—Tamarind-fish—
Mango-fish—Black and white Pomfrets—Bombay Duck, 284. Fish of
the Cape Colony—Géelbeck or Cape Salmon, Snook, Silver fish,
Harders, Jacob Evertsen, Kabeljauw, Hottentot Fish, Windtoy,
Bamboo Fish, Galleon, Lake, &c., 286.
INSECTS.
Insects furnish many good Delicacies—Fairy Cates, 292. Coleoptera
—Larvæ or Grubs of Beetles eaten in various localities—Roman
Epicures used to Fatten them, 293. Goliath Beetles eaten in Africa—
Turkish Women cook Beetles in Butter to fatten themselves, 295.
Orthoptera—Locusts extensively eaten in Africa and Arabia—Modes
of Collecting and Cooking them, 296. Animals and Birds feed greedily
on them—Descriptions given by various Travellers, 300. Locusts
eaten in Eastern Asia—Grasshoppers tried and found to be good
eating—A Grasshopper Roast in California, 304. Neuroptera—
Termites, or White Ants, eaten by the Africans and South American
Indians—Yellow and Red Ants in Brazil—Ants Distilled for Brandy in
Sweden—Cocoons of the Wood Ant collected and sold for Feeding
Birds, 305. Caviar of Insect Eggs in Mexico—Axayacat—Mode of
Collecting—Cakes and Bread, called Hautle, made from them—Curry
of Ants’ Eggs, 306. Hymenoptera—Bees eaten in Ceylon—
Caterpillars of the Butterfly—Silk-worm Chrysalids Bugong Moth, a
great Delicacy to Natives of Australia—Sage-Apples or Galls, in the
Levant, 311. Hemiptera—The Cicada or Chirping Flies eaten in
America and Australia—Caterpillars eaten like Sugar Plums, 314.
ARACHNIDA.
Spiders eaten in Various Quarters as Centipedes are in others, 316.
CRUSTACEA.
Flesh of Crustaceans Difficult of Digestion—Varieties of Consumed—
Land Crabs—Their Habits—Varieties—Mode of Cooking them—An
Ingredient in the Famous ‘Pepper-pot,’ 316. Abundance of Land Crabs
at the Bahamas—mentioned by Virgil—Mason Crab of Chile eaten,
321. The Lobster—Where principally Caught—Preserved Fresh
Lobsters, 322. Salted Lobsters—Pond or Saltern, for keeping them, at
Southampton—A Tale with a Moral, 327. Turning Lobsters on their
Backs, 328. Live Crablets eaten by the Chinese, 329. Shrimps and
Prawns—Enormous Consumption of them—Instructions for Cooking
them, 350. Dried Prawns and Shell-fish—Large Trade in them in the
East, 332. Balachong or Gnapee, 333.
MOLLUSCA, &c.
Oysters—‘Natives and Scuttlemouths’—Racoon or Parasitic Oysters,
334. Large Trade in Oysters in America, at New York, Baltimore,
Boston, and New Orleans, 335. Bottled Oysters at the Cape—Mussels
—‘Old Maids’—Scallops—Clams and Clam Digging—Largely used for
Bait, 342. Periwinkles—Large Consumption of, in London—Whelks,
Boiled and Pickled, 345. Snails a Fashionable Article of Diet—Roman
Taste for them—A Snail Pie—The Vineyard Snail—Modes of Dressing
them, 346. Attempt of Two Philosophers to relish them, 347. Snail
Soup—The Parrot’s-bill Barnacle eaten, 349. Annelida—Palolo, a
Pacific Delicacy, 350. Diet of Worms—Cuttle-fish eaten, 352. Arcas
and Monodonta eaten—Sea Eggs or Urchins, 353. Holothuria—the
Sea Slug Soup of the Chinese—Bêche-de-mer or Tripang, 354. The
Times’ Correspondent’s Opinion of this Dish, 355. Extensive Fisheries
for the Animal, 356. Details of the Preparation and Statistics of the
Trade, 358. Varieties and Prices, 364.
CONCLUDING REMARKS.
Ignorance as to some of our Common Food—Ox Tongues—Polonies
—Confidence inspired by the Pie-man eating one of his own Pies,
367. We eat many things which would be refused by others, 368.
Bounty and Wisdom of the Creator in providing for Man—Difficulty of
determining what are Food Delicacies, 369. New Varieties of Food
may be Provided Artificially—Fresh Hides of Cattle a Delicacy in Java
—Buffalo Hides and other Skins made into Jellies at Home—Buckskin
Breeches, boiled and stuffed with Sea-weed for Food—Resumé of the
Dainties of Different People—Verification of the Proverb—‘One half
the world does not know how the other half lives.’
THE
CURIOSITIES OF FOOD.
What is the prevailing food of the people? Is it chiefly animal or

vegetable, and whence is it derived in the two kingdoms? Do they
trust to what the bounty of Nature provides, or have they the means
of modifying or controlling production, whether in the cultivation of
vegetables, or the rearing of animals? Describe their modes of
cooking, and state the kinds of condiments they employ. Have they
in use any kind of fermented liquor? What number of meals do they
make, and what is their capacity for temporary or sustained
exertion?
These are some of the enquiries to which a traveller is directed to
pay attention, if he wishes to furnish and diffuse useful information.
I do not intend to go over this wide field of investigation in the
systematic and scientific manner shadowed forth by these enquiries,
but merely desire to assist the reader to pass a leisure hour,
although he may probably glean some useful information at the
same time.
I propose bringing under notice some of the Animal food in which
people in various countries indulge, not that I wish persons to test
these meats, or to live upon them, unless they please. I do not deal
in them, and have no interest in their collection or sale, but I merely
desire to introduce them to notice that the reader may ascertain the
opinions entertained of them, think over them, and know how much
better an Englishman is fed than any one else in the world. So that,
despite our habit of grumbling, there is at least this undeniable fact
before us, that the middle classes are in very easy circumstances;
and that English workmen earn good wages, or they could not
consume the quantity of animal food they do at the present prices.
According to Vauban, Bossuet, and La Grange, the richest and most
comfortable nation is that which eats the most meat. At the present
prices of this article here, it certainly must be so, for a poor nation
could not indulge in the luxury.
Beef and mutton, and mutton and beef, no matter what their price,
John Bull will not dispense with; and although they are 40 or 50 per
cent. dearer now than they were ten years ago, and although we
import animals largely from abroad, and our cattle-breeders do their
best to meet the demand, cattle and sheep will not increase and
multiply fast enough to bring down the price for the consumer.
A writer in Household Words thus alludes to our national weakness.
—‘Next to the Habeas Corpus and the Freedom of the Press, there
are few things that the English people have a greater respect for and
a livelier faith in than beef. They bear, year after year, with the same
interminable, unvarying series of woodcuts of fat oxen in the
columns of the illustrated newspapers; they are never tired of
crowding to the Smithfield Club cattle-show; and I am inclined to
think that it is their honest reverence for beef that has induced them
to support so long the obstruction and endangerment of the
thoroughfares of the metropolis by oxen driven to slaughter. Beef is a
great connecting link and bond of better feeling between the great
classes of the commonwealth. Do not Dukes hob and nob with top-
booted farmers over the respective merits of short-horns and
Alderneys? Does not the noble Marquis of Argentfork give an ox to
be roasted whole on the village green when his son, the noble
Viscount Silvercoral, comes of age? Beef makes boys into men.
Beef nerves our navvies. The bowmen who won Cressy and
Agincourt were beef-fed, and had there been more and better beef in
the Crimea a year or two ago, our soldiers would have borne up
better under the horrors of a Chersonesean winter. We feast on beef
at the great Christian festival. A baron of beef at the same time is
enthroned in St. George’s Hall, in Windsor’s ancient castle, and is
borne in by lacqueys in scarlet and gold. Charles the Second
knighted a loin of beef, and I have a shrewd suspicion that the
famous Sir Bevis of Southampton was but an ardent admirer and
doughty knight-errant in the cause of beef. And who does not know
the tradition that even as the first words of the new-born Gargantua
were ‘A boyre, à boyre,’ signifying that he desired a draught of
Burgundy wine—so the first intelligible sounds that the infant Guy of
Warwick ever spake were ‘Beef, beef!’ When the weary pilgrim
reaches the beloved shores of England after a long absence, what
first does he remark—after the incivility of the custom-house officers
—but the great tankard of stout and the noble round of cold beef in
the coffee-room of the hotel? He does not cry ‘Io Bacche! Evöe
Bacche!’ because beef is not Bacchus. He does not fall down and
kiss his native soil, because the hotel carpet is somewhat dusty, and
the action would be, besides, egregious; but he looks at the beef,
and his eyes filling with tears, a corresponding humidity takes place
in his mouth; he kisses the beef; he is so fond of it that he could eat
it all up; and he does ordinarily devour so much of it to his breakfast,
that the thoughtful waiter gazes at him, and murmurs to his napkin,
‘This man is either a cannibal or a pilgrim grey who has not seen
Albion for many years.’
It has been well observed, that there are few things in which the
public have so great and general an interest, and concerning which
they possess so little real knowledge, as of the provision trade and
the wholesale traffic in animals live and dead, in their own and other
countries. When, where, and how raised, and what processes meat
passes through before it reaches their tables, are questions which,
though highly important, are very seldom asked by the consumers—
all that they usually trouble themselves with is, the current retail
price, and the nature of the supply.
Few of us think as we sit down to our rump steak or pork chop, our
sirloin or leg of mutton, of the awful havoc of quadrupeds necessary
to furnish the daily meals of the millions. I will not weary the reader
with statistics, although I have a long array of figures before me,
bearing upon the slaughter of animals for food in different countries.
It will be sufficient to generalize.
If the hecatomb of animals we have each consumed in the years we
have lived, were marshalled in array before us, we should stand
aghast at the possibility of our ever having devoured the quantity of
animal food, and sacrificed for our daily meals the goodly number of
well-fed quadrupeds of the ovine, bovine, and porcine races, or the
fish, fowl, reptiles, and insects, which would be thus re-embodied.
The average quantity of animal food of all kinds consumed in France
is stated on good authority—that of M. Payen—to be as low as one-
sixth of a pound per diem to each person. Even in the cities and
large towns, especially Paris, the amount of food upon which a
Frenchman lives is astonishingly small. An Englishman or an
American would starve upon such fare.
In proportion to its population, New York consumes as nearly as
possible the same quantity of meat as London, about half-a-pound a
day to each person; more beef, however, is consumed there and
less mutton, and the latter fact may be accounted for by the
comparative inferiority of quality.
It is curious to notice the various parts of animals that are eaten, or
selected as choice morsels by different persons or classes. Sheep’s
head, pig’s head, calf’s head and brains, ox head, the heads of
ducks and geese, ox tongue, reindeer tongue, walrus tongue,
crane’s tongue, &c. Fowls and ducks’ tongues are esteemed an
exquisite Chinese dainty. The pettitoes of the sucking pig, or the
mature feet and hocks of the elder hog, sheep’s trotters, calf’s feet,
cow heel, bear’s paws, elephant’s feet, the feet of ducks and geese,
and their giblets; ox tail, pig’s tail, sheep’s tail, kangaroo tail,
beaver’s tail. And the entrails again are not despised, whether it be
bullock’s heart or sheep’s heart, liver and lights, lamb’s fry or pig’s
fry, tripe and chitterlings, goose liver and gizzard, the cleaned gut for
our sausages, the fish maws, cod liver, and so on. The moufle, or
loose covering of the nose, of the great moose deer or elk is
considered by New Brunswick epicures a great dainty. The hump of
the buffalo, the trunk of the elephant, are other delicacies. Deer’s
sinews, and the muscle of the ox, the buffalo, and the wild hog,
jerked or dried in the sun, and then termed, ‘dendeng,’ is a delicacy
of the Chinese, imported at a high price from Siam and the eastern
islands.
The eggs of different animals, again, form choice articles of food,
whether they be those of the ordinary domestic poultry, the eggs of
sea fowl, of the plover, and of game birds, of the ostrich and emu, of
the tortoises and other reptilia, as alligator’s eggs, snake’s eggs, and
those of the iguana, or the eggs of insects, and of fishes.

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CHAPTER 7 TEST QUESTIONS

1. Outbound-to-customer logistics systems are also referred to as physical distribution.

18. An outbound-to-customer logistics system is also referred to as

a. price and lead time.

Title: The curiosities of food

Release date: August 28, 2023 [eBook #71509]

Original publication: London: Richard Bentley, 1859

Credits: Alan, Aaron Adrignola and the Online Distributed

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

PETER LUND SIMMONDS, F.R.G.S., F.S.S.,

Cassius. Will you dine with me to-morrow?

The sustentation of the body, and the repairing of its waste by an

RUMINANTIA AND CETACEA.

What is the prevailing food of the people? Is it chiefly animal or

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