Faculty of Technical Vocational Education

IC-SE 300: SEMINAR IN EDUCATION

Summer AY 2023-2024

REVIEW MATERIALS
READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

HISTORY

- Historia (Greek word) – learning by inquiry

- Study of past events
- Factual history – plain and basic information
- Speculative history – cause and effect of an effect

Historiography

- Study of how history is written

FACTORS AFFECTING HISTORICAL NARRATIVES

- TIME it was written

- BIAS of the writer
- INTENTION of writing the narrative
- PROXIMITY to the event

HERODOTUS

- Father of History
- Wrote “The Histories” – Greco Persian War

THUCYDIDES

- Wrote - History of the Peloponnesian War

- Father of Political Realism and Scientific History
- Sparta vs Athens

GIAMBATTISTA VICO

- “comes to be at once a history of the ideas, the customs, the deeds of mankind”
- History is in a circular motion

GEORGE WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL

- History is Linear
- Hegelian Dialects

KARL MARX
 - Materialist version of Hegel’s Dialectic
- Towards a Communist Society
- Father of Communism
1. Stage 1 - Primitive Communism
o No private property, no conflict
2. Stage 2- Feudalism
o Discovery of private property
3. Stage 3 - Capitalism
o Shift to manufacturing
4. Stage 4 - Socialism
o Proletariat revolution and dictatorship
5. Stage5 - Communism
o Classless society

FERNAND BRAUDEL

- Founded the Annales School of History

- The subject matter of history changes because of changes in the time-frame

MICHEL FOUCAULT

- Archeology of knowledge
- No such things as OBJECTIVE truth
- Everything is interpretation
- History is about power relations

PRIMARY SOURCES

- First-hand experience
- Witten during the time (or at least, close to) of a particular event

SECONDARY SOURCES

- Interpretation of primary sources

- Written at a time way beyond the event
o Books and journal articles

HISTORICAL CRITICISM

- Internal Criticism
o Looks into the content of the document
o Higher criticism
- External Criticism
o Checking the appearance of the document
o Lower criticism

CONTROVERSIES IN PHILIPPINE HISTORIOGRAPHY

SPANISH WRITERS

- Antonio Figafetta
o Accounts the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan
▪ Started: Aug. 20, 1519
▪ 5 ships (Trinidad, Victoria, Conception, Santo Antonio, Santiago)
o First Circumnavigation – Magellan expedition
o First Man to circumnavigate – Juan Sebastian Elcano
o Interpreter – Enrique of Malacca
o Francisco Albo – pilot of the Victoria
o Victoria – the only ship to complete the first circumnavigation
- Antonio de Morga
o “Sucesos de las Islas de Felipinas”
o Account about the society and culture of Luzon
o Rizal argued that Morga was the evidence and the primary source of history in
the Philippines
- Accounts of the Spanish Friars
o Fr. Juan de Placencia
▪ “Doctrina Cristiana” – first book in the Philippines
▪ Tasked by the King of Spain to document the customs and tradition of the
colonized natives
o Fr. Pedro Chirino
▪ “Relacion de las Islas Filipinas”
▪ Was mainly intended as history of the mission s in the islands conducted
by the Jesuits, which begun in 1581
o Fr. Ignacio Alcina
▪ Documented East Visayan Literature

PHILIPPINE HISTORY DURING THE AMERICAN ERA

- Francis St. Claire

o “The Raise and Fall of Filipino Commune”
o Philippine Revolution failed because of the lack of education and training of the
Filipinos
- David Barrows
o “A Philippine History”
o The Filipino Failed because of the lack of training

POST WAR ERA

- Teodoro Agoncillo
o “The Revolt of the Masses”
o Introduced Andres Bonifacio as the HERO OF THE MASSES
o 1896 Revolution is the battle between the elite and the masses
 o The driving force of the revolution was the masses, mostly composed of the
lower class
- Renato Constantino
o “Past Revisited”
o Communist view of the 1896 revolution
o The book centered the narrative of the 1896 revolution as the struggle of the
masses against the elite
o Discussed pre-colonial era in the Philippines, and the Spanish and American
colonization
- Reynaldo Clemencia Ileto
o “Pasyon and Revolution”
o An attempt to write history “from below”
o Use the folk tales in discussing the 1896 revolution

FIRST MASS

- Account of Antonio Pigafetta

o March 31, 1521 – Fr. Pedro de Valderrama conducted the first mass in Limasawa
(Rajah Kulambo)
- Account of Fr. Urdaneta
o Limasawa, Leyte – first mass

CAVITE MUTINY

- Account of Jose Montero Vidal

o Jan. 20, 1872 – the rebels started the Mutiny
o Headed by P. Felipe Ginoves in Jan. 22, 1872
o Marks the death of three martyr priests (GomBurZa) on February 17, 1872 -
garotte
o The mutiny against the Spanish government was planned ahead by Filipinos
- Account of Rafael Izquierdo
o The native clergy encouraged the Indios to join the rebellion because God was
with them
o Revolution against Spaniards and Friars
- Account of Dr. Trinidad Pardo de Travera
o Few soldiers participated the attack
o No further disturbance on peace or insubordination in any kind
CRY OF PUGADLAWIN

- Account of Dr. Pio Valenzuela

o August 23, 1896 - “long live the Philippines” (Mabuhay ang Pilipinas)
- Account of Mariano Alvarez
o August 24, 1896 - “long live the Philippines” (Mabuhay ang Pilipinas)
- Account of Gregoria de Jesus
o August 25, 1896
- Account of Guillermo Masangkay
o August 26, 1896

KATIPUNAN

- Revolutionary movement armed to fight for freedom against Spain

TRIANGLE METHOD

- KKK
- Objectives:
o Unite the Filipinos under one flag
o Achieve independence by mean of revolution
o Defend the oppressed and help members who are in need
- Founded by:
o Andres Bonifacio
o Valentin Diaz
o Teodoro Plata
o Ladislao Diwa
o Deodato Arellano
- Use blood compact to form the Katipunan in Azcarraga (Claro M. Recto Avenue)
- Aims:
o Political – separation of the Philippines from Spain
o Moral – good morals and good hygiene
o Civic – self-help and defense of the poor and the oppressed
- Based on Triangle System Recruitment (membership)
- Membership fee: one real fuerte (25 centavos), monthly due of media real (12 centavos)
- KINDS OF MEMBERSHIP
o Katipon (member) – black hood; password – anak ng bayan
o Kawal (soldier) – green hood; password – GomBurZa
o Bayani (patriot) – red mask; password – Rizal

KALAYAAN

- Newspaper of Katipunan
- Pseudonyms:
 o Emilio Jacinto – Dimas Ilaw
o Andres Bonifacio – Agapito Bagumbayan
o Pio Valenzuela – Madlang Awa

UTAK NG KATIPUNAN – Emilio Jacinto

AMA NG KATIPUNAN – Andres Bonfacio

INA NG KATIPUNAN – Melchora Aquino

LAKAMBINI NG KATIPUNAN – Gregoria de Jesus

DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN

- Teodoro Patino – nagbunyag ng Katipunan through his sister

ORAL HISTORY

- Retraction of Rizal
o Found by Fr. Manuel A. Garcia
o Four well-known reasons
▪ He wanted to marry Josephine Bracken
▪ Hew wanted to protect his family
▪ He wanted reforms from the Spanish government
▪ He wanted to heal the sickness of the Catholic Church

PANTAYONG PANANAW

- Zeus Salazar
- Salaysay na may saysay para sa sinalaysayang grupo ng tao.
- Mga dalumat ayon sa:
o Pasalaysay na kasaysayan
o Epiko
o Mito
o Kwentong bayan
o Biro
o Awit
o Tula

STATE

- Elements of State
o People
o Territory
o Government
o Sovereignty
THE INHERIT POWER OF THE STATE

- Power of Eminent Domain

o For public use, affects only property rights upon payment of just compensation
- Police power
o For public good and welfare for restraining and regulating the use of both liberty
and property of all people
- Fiscal Power or Power of Taxation
o For revenue

CONSTITUTION

- Fundamental law of the land

- Supreme law of the land

1899 Malolos Constitution

- Date of ratification: January 21, 1899

- Historical event which leads to the creation are the Philippine Revolution and
Declaration of Independence
- Chairman of the Commission: Felipe Calderon
- President of the Philippines: Emilio Aguinaldo
- Form of Government: Republican
- Form of Legislature: Unicameral
- Term of the President: 4 years with re-election
- Significant Provisions of Malolos Constitution
o Legality of the declaration of independence
o Division of government into three branches: legislative, executive, judiciary
o The separation of church of state
o Freedom of religion
o National assembly approve rules for its internal government

1935 Constitution

- Date of ratification: May 14, 1935

- Historical event which leads to the creation is the Ratification of Tydings McDuffie Law
by Philippine Assembly
- Chairman of the commission: Claro M. Recto
- President of the Philippines: Manuel L. Quezon
- Form of Government: Commonwealth
- Form of Legislature: Unicameral
- Term of the President: 4 years with re-election
- Notable provisions:
o The government established by this constitution shall be known as the
Commonwealth of the Philippines
1973 Constitution

- Date of ratification: January 17, 1973

- Historical event which leads to the creation is the Martial Law
- Chairman of the commission: Ferdinand Marcos
- President of the Philippines: Ferdinand Marcos
- Form of Government: Parliamentary
- Form of Legislature: Unicameral
- Term of the President: 6 years without re-election
- Notable provisions:
o Suffrage shall be exercised by citizens of the Philippines not otherwise
disqualified by law, who are eighteen years of age or over
o The Legislative power shall be vested in a Batasang Pambansa
o The incumbent President shall continue to exercise legislative powers until
martial law

1987 Constitution

- Date of ratification: February 2, 1987

- Historical event which leads to the creation is the EDSA Revolution 1
- Chairman of the Commission: Cecilia Munoz-Palma
- President of the Philippines: Corazon Aquino
- Form of Government: Republican
- Form of Legislature: Bicameral (2 houses – House of the Senate and House of the
Representatives)
- Term of the President: 6 years without re-election

METHOD IN AMMENDING THE CONSTITUTION

- Constituent assembly – vote by three-quarter of all its members

- Constitutional Convention – called into existence by Congress, with a vote of two-thirds
of all its members
- People’s initiative – petition of at least 12% of the total number of registered voters, of
which every legislative district must be represented by at least three percent of the
registered voters therein

BRANCHES OF THE GOVERNMENT

- Legislative
o Composed of Senate and the House of Representatives
o Authorized to make laws, alter, and repeal them
- Executive
o Composed of the President and the Vice President
o Form a large portion of the country’s bureaucracy
 - Judicial
o Holds the power to settle controversies
o Made up of a Supreme Court and Lower courts

LAND REFORMS

- Tenancy Act of 1946

o President: Manuel A. Roxas
o This provided for a 70-30 sharing arrangement and regulated share-tenancy
contracts
- Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954
o R.A. No. 1199
o President: Ramon Magsaysay
o It allows tenant to shift from share tenancy to leasehold
- Land Reform Act of 1955
o R.A. No. 1400
o President: Ramon Magsaysay
o Provided for the expropriation of private agricultural land over 300 hectares of
contiguous area if owned by private individual
- R.A. No. 3844
o President: Diosdado Macapagal
o This code provided the purchase of private agricultural land with the intention of
distributing them to the landless tenants in easy-term payments
o Lowered the retention limit to 75 hectares
- Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1971
o President: Ferdinand Marcos
o Abolition of personal cultivation or the conversion of agricultural land to
residential land as reasons for the ejection of the tenants
o Creation of the Department of Agrarian Reform
- CARP (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program)
o R.A. No. 6657
o President: Corazon Aquino

SUMMARY:

Manuel Roxas – 70-30 sharing

Elpidio Quirino – LASEDECO

Ramon Magsaysay – abolished LASEDECO, established NARRA

Diosdado Macapagal – abolished share tenancy, Father of Agrarian Reform

Ferdinand Marcos, Sr. – retention limit of 7 hectares

Corazon Aquino – do not exceed 5 hectares

TAXATION

- THEORIES IN TAXATION
o Ability to pay principle
o Benefit principle
- TYPES OF TAXATION
o Progressive tax – imposes a higher percentage rate on taxpayers who have
higher income
o Regressive tax – the tax rate decreases as the amount subject to taxation
increases
o Proportional tax – tax rate is fixed, with no change as the taxable base amount
increases or decreases
- Tax can either be:
o Direct tax – personal income and corporate tax
o Indirect tax – charged on goods and services such as VAT (Value-added tax)

TRAIN LAW (The Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion)

- RA 10963
- Fixed deficiencies in the tax system