LEADERSHIP

A LEADER IS ONE WHO KNOWS THE WAY, GOES THE WAY,

AND SHOWS THE WAY. ..
 LEADERSHIP
• The ability to influence a group toward the
achievement of goals.
• Leadership can be defined as the ability of the
management to make sound decisions and
inspire others to perform well.
• It is the process of directing the behavior of
others towards achieving a common goal. In
short, leadership is getting things done through
others.
SIGNIFICANCE OF LEADERSHIP

• IT IMPROVES MOTIVATION AND MORALE OF

EMPLOYEES
• IT LEADS TO HIGHER PERFORMANCE
• IT IS AN AID TO AUTHORITY
• IT DETERMINES ORGANIZATIONAL SUCCESS
• IT HELPS RESPOND TO CHANGE
• IT INCULCATES VALUES IN FOLLOWERS.
 LEADERSHIP STYLES :
• AUTHORITARIAN or LEADER-CENTRED or
AUTOCRATIC STYLE

• DEMOCRATIC or PARTICIPATIVE or CONSULTATIVE or

GROUP CENTRED STYLE

• LAISSEZ-FAIRE or FREE-REIGN STYLE.

• PATERNALISTIC LEADERSHIP

• MANIPULATIVE LEADERSHIP
LEADERSHIP CONTINUUM
• The Tannenbaum and Schmidt Continuum recognizes
that the chosen leadership style depends on a variety
of factors, including the leader's personality, the
perceived qualities of subordinates.
• It also allows for "situational" factors such as the
need for urgency in leadership and decision-making.
• The continuum represents a range of action related
to the:
▪ Degree of authority used by the leader or manager
▪ Area of freedom available to non-managers
AUTOCRATIC/AUTHORITARIAN LEADER

• Yielding absolute power.

• Leader expects absolute obedience

from sub-ordinates .

• Leader takes all the decisions which

the subordinates have to follow
without questioning.
 LAISSEZ FAIRE / FREE REIGN STYLE
LEADER
• Maximum freedom is allowed to the
subordinates.
• Sub-ordinates are given free hand in
deciding their own policies and
methods .
• Leader interferes only when his
help is required by the
sub-ordinates.
DEMOCRATIC OR PARTICIPATIVE STYLE
LEADER.
Decisions are taken after consulting subordinates.
There is delegation of authority.
Both way communication.
It is a compromise between the
Autocratic and the Laissez Faire styles.
BUREAUCRATIC OR
RULES-CENTRED LEADERSHIP

• Leadership is influenced by rules,

regulations and procedures.
• Decisions are taken only within the
framework of rules.
• Desire to always play safe and
avoid any kind of risk.
• New ideas and initiatives are not
encouraged.
PATERNALISTIC STYLE LEADERS
• Based on the sentiments and
emotions of the people.
• Like a father-figure to sub-ordinates.
• Look after the needs and aspirations
of sub-ordinates.
MANIPULATIVE LEADERSHIP STYLE
• Leader tries to achieve the organizational goals by
exploiting the weak points of the employees.

• Needs and aspirations of the employees are used as

tools for achieving organizational objectives.
THEORIES OF LEADERSHIP
Trait Theories

Theories that consider

personality, social,
physical, or intellectual
traits to differentiate
leaders from non-leaders
BROAD CLASSIFICATION OF 6
CATEGORIES OF TRAITS
• Physical characteristics: age, height, weight
• Background characteristics: education, social status, mobility,
experience.
• Intelligence: ability, judgement, knowledge
• Personality: aggressiveness, alertness, dominance, decisiveness,
enthusiasm, extroversion, self-confidence, authoritarianism
• Task-oriented characteristics: achievement needs, responsibility,
initiative, persistence
• Social characteristics: supervisory abilities, cooperativeness,
popularity, prestige, tact, diplomacy etc.
BEHAVIOURAL THEORIES

• Theories proposing that specific behaviours

differentiate leaders from non-leaders.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
STUDIES
Employee-Oriented Leader
Emphasizing interpersonal relations; taking a
personal interest in the needs of employees
and accepting individual differences among
members.
UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
STUDIES
Production-Oriented Leader
• One who emphasizes technical or task
aspects of the job.
 Scandinavian Studies

One who values experimentation, seeking new

ideas, and generating and implementing
change.
 TRANSACTIONAL AND TRANSFORMATIONAL
LEADERSHIP
Transactional Leaders
• Leaders who guide or motivate their followers in the
direction of established goals by clarifying role and task
requirements.

• Based on the concept of exchange between leader and

group members

• Leader provides resources and rewards in exchange for

motivation, productivity, effective goal, or task
accomplishments
 Transformational Leaders
• Leaders who provide individualized consideration and
intellectual stimulation, and who possess charisma.

• The ability to get people to want to change and to

lead change.

• Process of engaging with others to create a

connection that increases motivation and morality in
both the leader and the follower.
ETHICAL LEADERSHIP

Actions taken by Ethical leaders

• Work to positively change the attitudes and
behaviors of employees.

• Engage in socially constructive behaviors.

• Do not abuse power or use improper means to

attain goals.