NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES

AND TECHNOLOGY
(PNEC - KARACHI)

REPORT
ON
“COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM”

Submitted by

ABDUL SAMI
(EE – 1545)

Department of Electronics and Power Engineering

2022

0
 10) REPESENTATION OF
CONTEXT WHOLE CIRCUIT

1) PROBLEM 11) CONCLUSION

2) EXECUTION PROCEDURE

3) COMPONENTS

4) PRIMARY CIRCUIT

5) REPRESENTATION OF
PRIMARY CIRCUIT

6) SECONDARY CIRCUIT

7) REPRESENTATION OF
SECONDARYY CIRCUIT

8) BACKUP

9) CIRCUIT AS A WHOLE

PAGE 1 OF 12
Abstract

We have placed a same circuit at three different locations in the hall connected to a
single dc source, when the primary circuit fails to work properly so instead of stopping,
the secondary circuit will start to run.

The whole circuit is composed of primary and secondary circuit.

PAGE 2 OF 12

Problem
Consider that you have been given two
sets of DC lamps which you need to
connect in order to ensure lightning in
a hall using the only DC source of Vs =
30V.
Every lamp in the first set (S1) has the
ratings of 5Volt and 1 Watt while the
ratings of every lamp in the second set
(S2) are 30V and 10W.As evident from
the ratings, the first set of lamps offer
you a lot of savings in your electricity
bill but are not very reliable while the
second set of lamps do not offer that
much savings but are extremely
reliable.
minimum wattage only
if the primary setup fails
d) The only available set of
lamps are S1 and S2 with
ratings already shared
above.
e) An automatic
mechanism is required
in the backup is
required in the backup
setup per location to
automatically power the
location in case of
failure in the primary
setup. Choose a relevant
device that can be used
to activate backup setup
only when there is a
failure in primary setup.

Now, you as an engineering student of

semester 1 have been tasked to come up
with a design that can offer both
savings in electricity bill and ensure
reliability as well. The following design
requirements and c0nstraints have
been provided to you which you must
consider in your t0 be accepted.

a) There are 3 locations in

a hall where lamps need
to be installed and the
following are the power
requirements for each
location.
b) Minimum total wattage
per location of 6 watt is
required in the primary
setup.
c) There must be a backup
per location to ensure
the minimum wattage
requirement is met. The
backup arrangement
may have more than

PAGE 3 OF 12
 because voltage divides in series
Execution combination.

procedure VTotal = V1+V2+V3+V4+V5+V6

In this, we have given a scenario that, 30V= 5V+5V+5V+5V+5V+5V
there are two sets of lamp one set is 0f
1 WATT and 5 Volt and other of 10 And the resistance in each lamp will be
WATT and 30 Volt. 25 ohms using,
2
V
So we are given the task to design a P=
R
primary and secondary circuit
2
considering the saving and efficiency 5
requirements. If the primary circuit is
R=
1
not working so automatically the
secondary circuit will start to work.
R=25Ω

And the current in each lamp will be

V=IR
V
I= R
Components
5
a) Relay I= 25 A
b) Lamps
c) Wire
d) Ground I=I=0.2A
0.2 A
e) Switch
f) DC voltage source
We have connected the lamps to relay
which helps in switching from primary
to secondary. The switch is placed
every two lamps to show defect in the
lamp.

Primary circuit
In the primary circuit we have taken 6
lamps from set 1 which show each lamp
is of 1 Watt and 5 Volts. We have used
6 lamps to accomplish the requirement
of 6 Watt in primary setup. We have
connected the lamps in series with 30
Volt battery so each lamp gets 5 volt

PAGE 4 OF 12
REPRESENTATION OF PRIMARY CIRCUIT

PRIMARY CIRCUIT WORKING

LOCATION #1
L6 L5

L7
5V 5V 5v

L8
5V

L9
L10

5V
5V
RL2

WHEN A FAULT ARRISES IN PRIMARY CIRCUIT SO IT STOPS WORKING

LOCATION #1
L6 L5

L7
5V 5V 5v

L8
5V

L9
L10

5V
5V

PAGE 5 OF 12
PAGE 6 OF 12
 We have connected the lamps to relay
Secondary circuit which helps in switching from primary
to secondary or vice versa.

In the secondary circuit we have

connected one lamp from set 2 which
means the lamp is of 10 Watt and 30
Volt. We have connected the lamp to
relay so when there is fault in the
primary circuit so instead of any loss
our backup source (secondary circuit)
will start working. The lamp consumes
the 30 Volt supply from the battery. It
is reliable because it has more power
and less resistance than the primary
circuit.

The lamp gets the whole voltage from

the dc source i.e. 30V

V= 30V

And the resistance in secondary

circuit’s lamp can be calculated by
2
V
P=
R
2
30
R=
10

R=90 Ω

And the current in the lamp will be

V=IR
V
I= R

30
I= 90 A

I=I=0.2A
0.333 A

PAGE 7 OF 12
 REPRESENTATION OF SECONDARY
CIRCUIT

When primary circuit is working properly so the secondary circuit does not work.

When primary circuit fails to work properly so the secondary circuit starts to work
automatically.

S1

30V LOCATION #1

PAGE 8 OF 12
Backup Circuit as a
Our main purpose is to construct a
backup so when the primary setup fails
Whole
so automatically the secondary setup
Now considering the circuit as whole,
will start with no man work. So to
we have setup a condition in which
achieve this condition we use relay, we
primary setup is working consisting of
connect the one terminal of relay to
6 lamps and when all are working
primary setup which is connected to
properly so the primary setup
negative terminal of battery and the
continues to work on. But if a fault
other terminal of relay is connected to
arises in a lamp of primary circuit so
positive terminal of battery(it is fixed).
the relay will be automatically
As long current is flowing through
disconnected from primary setup and it
primary setup so primary circuit is
will be normally open i.e. no current
normally closed and it works but when
flows in primary circuit and it will be
a fault arises in primary so it becomes
connected to secondary setup
normally open and stops working then
automatically making the circuit
automatically the terminal of relay
normally close so secondary circuit will
shifts to secondary and it becomes
run smoothly.
normally closed and the secondary
setup starts working.

PAGE 9 OF 12
 REPRESENTATION OF WHOLE CIRCUIT

WHEN PRIMART SETUP IS WORKING AT ALL LOCATIONS

LOCATION #1 LOCATION#2 LOCATION #3

L6 L5
L16 L15 L4 L3
L13 L12 L11 L2 L1

L7
5V 5V 5v
L17 5V 5v 5v
5V 5V 5V 5V 5V 5V 5v
L14
5V

L18

L8
5V
5V

L9
L10

RL3 RL1

5V BAT1
5V
RL2
30V

S1
S2 S3
LOCATION #3

30V LOCATION #1 LOCATION #2

30V 30V

WHEN PRIMART SETUP FAILS TO WORK SO SECONDARY SETUP STARTS TO

WORK AT ALL LOCATIONS

LOCATION #1 LOCATION#2 LOCATION #3

L6 L5
L16 L15 L4 L3
L13 L12 L11 L2 L1

L7
5V 5V 5v
L17 5V 5v 5v
5V 5V 5V 5V 5V 5V 5v
L14
5V

L18

L8
5V
5V

L9
L10

RL3 RL1

5V BAT1
5V
RL2
30V

S1
S2 S3
LOCATION #3

30V LOCATION #1 LOCATION #2

30V 30V

PAGE 10 OF 12
CONCLUSION
A circuit is constructed in
which the primary setup works
smoothly but if any fault arises
in the circuit so the secondary
circuit will start to work in
place of primary circuit.
This setup is repeated thrice in
a hall with only one voltage
source.

PAGE 11 OF 12