NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES

AND TECHNOLOGY
(KARACHI)

A MINI REPORT
ON
“COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM”

Submitted by

FAHAD RASOOL QAZI

(EE – 1519)

1
 Department of Electronics and Power Engineering
2022

Abstract

A circuit fitted in a hall in three different locations in such a condition that if in case the
primary circuit shorts then it may automatically be transferred to the other secondary
setup.
Consisting of two setups namely primary and secondary.

2
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

1) PROBLEM

2) RUNNING PROCEDURE

3) COMPONENTS USED

4) PRIMARY CIRCUIT

5) SECONDARY CIRCUIT

6) BACKUP PROCEDURE

7) WHOLE CIRCUIT

8) CONCLUSION

PAGE 1
Problem
Consider that you have been given two
sets of DC lamps which you need to
connect in order to ensure lightning in
a hall using the only DC source of Vs =
30V.
Every lamp in the first set (S1) has the
ratings of 5Volt and 1 Watt while the
ratings of every lamp in the second set
(S2) are 30V and 10W.As evident from
the ratings, the first set of lamps offer
you a lot of savings in your electricity
bill but are not very reliable while the
second set of lamps do not offer that
much savings but are extremely
reliable.
Minimum wattage only
if the primary setup fails
d) The only available set of
lamps are S1 and S2 with
ratings already shared
above.
e) An automatic
mechanism is required
in the backup is
required in the backup
setup per location to
automatically power the
location in case of
failure in the primary
setup. Choose a relevant
device that can be used
to activate backup setup
only when there is a
failure in primary setup.

Now, you as an engineering student of

semester 1 have been tasked to come up
with a design that can offer both
savings in electricity bill and ensure
reliability as well. The following design
requirements and c0nstraints have
been provided to you which you must
consider in your t0 be accepted.

a) There are 3 locations in

a hall where lamps need
to be installed and the
following are the power
requirements for each
location.
b) Minimum total wattage
per location of 6 watt is
required in the primary
setup.
c) There must be a backup
per location to ensure
the minimum wattage
requirement is met. The
backup arrangement
may have more than

PAGE 1
 d) Lamps
e) Wire
L7
10W
f) Ground
g) 30 Volt DC voltage source
RL1 h) DC voltmeter

5V
R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56
114.56
B1

Primary circuit
30
L5 L4 L3 L2 L1
L6 1W 1W 1W 1W 1W
1W

+88.8
Volts
We have set the primary setup in such a
way that we have used different
resistors in series with the lamps so that
bulb may have 5V as according to the
U1
requirement. According the
requirements we have to use minimum
NAND_8
of 6 watts. That’s why we have used 6
lamps of 1 Watt in series with the
resistors. We will use resistors in
primary circuit in order to lower 30 Volt
source voltages to 5 volts as per the
requirements. Now we will set up the
primary circuit, which consists of 6
Running procedure lamps per of 1 watt parallel to one
another.
We have two different sets of
As the current enters the primary
lightning products with different
circuit all the paralleled
characteristics and different qualities
connected bulbs will lighten.
one is known as primary while other
known as secondary circuit.

We have to make a circuit in such a

way that in case primary setup fails the
Secondary circuit
other secondary may automatically
start. Also, we have to take care of the
savings, and also, we have to have an
eye over the location where the setup The secondary setup consists of one 10-
will work perfectly. Watt lamp connected directly with 30-
volt battery source. The secondary
circuit is made in such a way that after
getting signals from the power relay it
will be directly connected with the 30-
volt source voltage. As the primary
setup in case fails to perform its
Components Used function the secondary circuit will
automatically lit up.
a) Relay
b) Resistor
c) NAND gate

PAGE 2
Backup
Procedure
In this circuit we have used a NAND
gate incase the primary circuit fails or it
is short circuited a signal is hereby
given to the gate which in case any of
the bulb in the primary circuit is short
circuited or fails to work the convert
the whole circuit to the secondary
circuit.

One terminal of every bulb is

connected with the NAND gate and the
only output terminal of the NAND gate
is connected with the terminal of the
relay.

As the current will flow in the relay the

relay is automatically disconnected
from the primary circuit and will be
connected with the secondary setup.

Whole circuit
We have set our system in such a way
that as we switch the circuit the
primary circuit will lit up, consisting of
6 lamps of 1 watt and 6 volts. In case if
the primary setup fails or is short
circuited with the help of NAND gate
which act as an inverter will activate
the power relay which the transfer the
primary setup to the secondary setup.
The whole circuit will be fitted to three
locations in a hall.

PAGE 3
 L7
10W

RL1

5V
R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56
114.56
B1
30
L5 L4 L3 L2 L1
L6 1W 1W 1W 1W 1W
1W

Volts
+5.11

U1

NAND_8

A view of a circuit when the

primary circuit is working
properly.

R1 = R2 =R3 =R4 =R5 =R6

=114.56Ω

V (Source) = 30 Volt

V across each lamp = 5 Volt (as

clear from the voltmeter)

 As from the figure it is

quite clear that in the
primary circuit all bulbs
carry 1 Watt and 5 volts are
allowed to cross through
them, as which can clearly
be seen from the voltmeter
connected in parallel to the
bulb. As from the circuit it
all the bulbs are of 1 Watt
and have same resistors
that’s why there is no need
to show the voltmeter
everywhere.

PAGE 4
 L7
10W

RL1

5V
R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1
114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56
114.56
B1
30
L5 L4 L3 L2 L1
L6 1W 1W 1W 1W 1W
1W

Volts
0.00

U1

NAND_8

 Another view of a circuit when NAND gate all the circuited is

the primary circuit is short transferred to the secondary
circuited and with the help of a setup.

PAGE 5
 LOCATION 1 LOCATION 2

L20
12V

L7
10W

RL1
RL2
5V

R12
5V R8 R10 R11 114.56
R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 114.56 114.56 114.56
114.56
114.56
114.56 114.56 114.56 114.56 R7 R9
114.56 114.56
B1
30
L5 L4 L3 L2 L1
L6 1W 1W 1W 1W 1W L8 L9 L10 L11 L12 L13
1W 1W 1W 1W 1W 1W 1W

Volts
+88.8

+88.8
Volts

U1 U2

NAND_8 NAND_8

L21
12V

RL3
5V

R17 R18
R16 114.56 114.56
R13 R14 R15 114.56
114.56 114.56
114.56

L14 L15 L16 L17 L18

1W 1W 1W 1W 1W L19
1W

+88.8
Volts

U3

NAND_8

LOCATION 3

 Final view of setup allocated in

three different locations of hall.

Conclusion
A circuit is formed that can be
used in the case if any of the bulb
short circuits in the primary
setup it will automatically be
transferred to the secondary
setup.
Finally, this setup is repeated
thrice in a hall with only one
voltage source.

PAGE 6