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Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
1. In neutral molecules, how many bonds are commonly formed by nitrogen? And how
many by oxygen?
A) 5 and 6 B) 4 and 2 C) 3 and 6 D) 4 and 6 E) 3 and 2
Ans: E Difficulty: E
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
Ans: E Difficulty: E
O S O
NO
O
SO32–
B) N E) Cl Cl
C Cl P Cl
Cl
HCN H
PCl5
C) O -
O
NO2–
Ans: B Difficulty: M
A) A B) B C) C D) D E) E
Ans: E Difficulty: M
Page 139
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
6. Hydrazine, N2H4, is a good reducing agent that has been used as a component in rocket
fuels. Select its Lewis structure.
A)
H N N H
H H
B)
H N N H
H H
C)
H N N H
H H
D)
H
H N N H
H
E) None of the above is correct.
Ans: C Difficulty: M
Page 140
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
F
B)
F N F
F
C)
F N F
F
D)
F N F
F
E)
F N F
F
Ans: A Difficulty: E
8. Select the correct Lewis structure for NOCl, a reactive material used as an ionizing
solvent.
A) D)
O N Cl O N Cl
B) E) None of the above is correct.
O N Cl
C)
O N Cl
Ans: B Difficulty: M
9. Oxygen difluoride is a powerful oxidizing and fluorinating agent. Select its Lewis
structure.
A) F O F D)
F O F
B) E) None of the above is correct.
F O F
C)
F O F
Ans: D Difficulty: E
Page 141
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
I P P I
B)
I I
I P P I
C)
I I
I P P I
D)
I I
I P P I
E) None of the above structures is suitable for P2I4.
Ans: A Difficulty: M
11. Thionyl chloride is used as an oxidizing and chlorinating agent in organic chemistry.
Select the best Lewis structure for SOCl2.
A)
Cl
O S Cl
B)
Cl
O S Cl
C)
Cl
O S Cl
D)
Cl
O S Cl
E) None of the above structures is suitable for SOCl2.
Ans: B Difficulty: H
Page 142
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
Te
Br
B)
Br
Te
Br
C)
Br
Te
Br
D)
Br
Te
Br
E)
Br
Te
Br
Ans: E Difficulty: M
13. How many electron pairs are shared between the carbon atoms in C2H4?
A) 5 B) 4 C) 3 D) 2 E) 1
Ans: D Difficulty: E
14. In carbon disulfide, how many lone pairs of electrons are on each sulfur atom?
A) 0 B) 1 C) 2 D) 3 E) 4
Ans: C Difficulty: E
Page 143
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
16. In which one of the following molecules are all the bonds single?
A) O3 B) POCl3 C) CO D) COCl2 E) N2H4
Ans: E Difficulty: M
17. In which one of the following is the best Lewis structure a resonance structure? (central
atoms are bold)
A) CO2 B) ClO3– C) COCl2 D) NO2+ E) HCN
Ans: B Difficulty: H
18. In which one of the following is the best Lewis structure a resonance structure?
A) SO3 B) BF3 C) I3– D) SCO (C = central atom) E) SO32–
Ans: E Difficulty: H
19. In the nitrate ion (NO3–), nitrogen and oxygen are held together by
A) ionic interactions. D) electronegativity.
B) covalent bonds. E) network bonds.
C) dative bonds.
Ans: B Difficulty: E
21. In which one of the following species is the best Lewis structure a resonance structure?
A) NH3 B) CO2 C) SF6 D) O2 E) CO32–
Ans: E Difficulty: M
22. The best Lewis structure for sulfuric acid has zero formal charges, sulfur as the central
atom, and no bonds between S and H. How many single and double bonds, respectively,
are there in this Lewis structure?
A) 2 single, 4 double D) 6 single, no double
B) 4 single, 2 double E) 5 single, 1 double
C) 4 single, no double
Ans: B Difficulty: H
Page 144
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
23. Select the Lewis structure in which formal charges are minimized for the periodate
anion, IO4–.
A)
O
O I O
O
B)
O
O I O
O
C)
O
O I O
O
D)
O
O I O
O
E)
O
O I O
O
Ans: D Difficulty: M
Page 145
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
O P I
I
B)
I
O P I
I
C)
I
O P I
I
D)
I
O P I
I
E)
I
O P I
I
Ans: C Difficulty: M
Page 146
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
25. Select the Lewis structure for XeO2F2 which correctly minimizes formal charges.
A)
O
F Xe O
F
B)
O
F Xe O
F
C)
O
F Xe O
F
D)
O
F Xe O
F
E)
O
F Xe O
F
Ans: B Difficulty: M
26. In the following Lewis structure for ClO3F, chlorine has a formal charge of ____ and an
oxidation number of ____.
O
O Cl F
O
A) 7, 7 B) 7, –1 C) 1, 1 D) 1, –1 E) 1, 7
Ans: E Difficulty: M
Page 147
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
27. In the following Lewis structure for phosphate, phosphorus has a formal charge of ____
and an oxidation number of ____.
3-
O
O P O
A) 0, –3 B) 0, 5 C) 5, –3 D) 5, 5 E) 3, 5
Ans: B Difficulty: M
28. In which of the following does the nitrogen atom have a formal charge of –1?
A)
3-
N
B)
H
H N
H
C)
N -
C
O
D)
N -
O
E)
N -
O
Ans: C Difficulty: M
Page 148
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
29. The formal charges on Cl and O in the structure shown for the ClO– ion are, respectively
-
Cl O
A) 0 and –1
B) –1 and 0
C) 1 and –2
D) –2 and 1
E) none of the above
Ans: A Difficulty: M
30. In which one of the following structures does the central atom have a formal charge of
+2?
A) F D) Cl
F F
S Be
F F
F Cl
SF6 BeCl2
B) O 2- E) -
Cl Cl
Al
O S O Cl Cl
AlCl4–
O
SO42–
C) O
O
O3
Ans: B Difficulty: M
31. The formal charge on Cl in the structure shown for the perchlorate ion is
-
O
O Cl O
O
A) –2 B) –1 C) 0 D) +1 E) +2
Ans: D Difficulty: M
32. In the COCl2 molecule, carbon is the central atom. Based on the best Lewis structure for
COCl2, what is the formal charge on carbon?
A) 0 B) +1 C) –1 D) +2 E) –2
Ans: A Difficulty: E
Page 149
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
33. In which one of the following species is the central atom (the first atom in the formula)
an exception to the octet rule?
A) NH3 B) NH4+ C) I2 D) BH4– E) SF6
Ans: E Difficulty: E
34. In which one of the following species is the central atom (the first atom in the formula)
likely to violate the octet rule?
A) BF4– B) XeO3 C) SiCl4 D) NH3 E) CH2Cl2
Ans: B Difficulty: M
35. Which of the following atoms can expand its valence shell when bonding?
A) N B) C C) O D) P E) Al
Ans: D Difficulty: M
36. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2 will have a ___
molecular shape.
A) linear B) bent C) trigonal planar D) tetrahedral E) triangular
Ans: A Difficulty: E
37. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) linear B) bent C) trigonal planar D) tetrahedral E) trigonal
pyramidal
Ans: C Difficulty: E
38. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX4 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) bent D) square planar
B) trigonal planar E) tetrahedral
C) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: E Difficulty: E
39. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX5 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) trigonal bipyramidal
B) trigonal planar E) see-saw
C) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: D Difficulty: E
40. Considering all the bonds in a molecule with trigonal bipyramidal geometry, what are
the bond angles present?
A) 120° only D) 60° and 90° only
B) 90° only E) 90°, 120°, and 180°
C) 180° only
Ans: E Difficulty: M
Page 150
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
41. How many faces and how many vertexes (corners), respectively, are there in a trigonal
bipyramid?
A) 4 and 4 B) 5 and 5 C) 5 and 6 D) 6 and 5 E) 6 and 8
Ans: D Difficulty: M
42. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX6 will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) hexagonal
B) trigonal planar E) octahedral
C) trigonal bipyramidal
Ans: E Difficulty: E
43. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2E will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) bent
B) see-saw
C) trigonal planar
D) T-shaped
E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: A Difficulty: M
44. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2E2 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) linear B) bent C) trigonal planar D) tetrahedral E) see-saw
Ans: B Difficulty: M
45. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX2E3 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) bent
B) linear
C) trigonal planar
D) T-shaped
E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: B Difficulty: M
46. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3E will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) bent
B) trigonal planar
C) trigonal pyramidal
D) tetrahedral
E) triangular
Ans: C Difficulty: M
Page 151
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
47. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX3E2 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) trigonal pyramidal D) T-shaped
B) trigonal bipyramidal E) see-saw
C) trigonal planar
Ans: D Difficulty: H
48. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX4E will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) bent B) see-saw C) trigonal planar D) T-shaped E) square planar
Ans: B Difficulty: H
49. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX4E2 will have a
_____ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) octahedral
B) square pyramidal E) see-saw
C) square planar
Ans: C Difficulty: M
50. According to VSEPR theory, a molecule with the general formula AX5E will have a
______ molecular shape.
A) tetrahedral D) octahedral
B) trigonal bipyramidal E) see-saw
C) square pyramidal
Ans: C Difficulty: M
51. What is the molecular shape of N2O as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
N N O
A) trigonal pyramidal
B) trigonal planar
C) angular
D) bent
E) linear
Ans: E Difficulty: E
52. What is the molecular shape of the thiocyanate anion, SCN–, as predicted by the VSEPR
theory? (Carbon is the central atom.)
A) linear B) bent C) angular D) trigonal E) none of the above
Ans: A Difficulty: M
53. What is the molecular shape of ClCN as predicted by the VSEPR theory? (Carbon is the
central atom.)
A) linear B) bent C) angular D) trigonal E) none of the above
Ans: A Difficulty: M
Page 152
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
54. What is the molecular shape of BeH2 as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) bent C) angular D) trigonal E) none of the above
Ans: A Difficulty: E
55. What is the molecular shape of NOCl as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
O N Cl
A) linear
B) trigonal planar
C) bent
D) tetrahedral
E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: C Difficulty: E
56. What is the molecular shape of BCl3 as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear
B) trigonal planar
C) bent
D) tetrahedral
E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: B Difficulty: M
57. What is the molecular shape of NO2– as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) trigonal planar C) bent D) tetrahedral E) resonant
Ans: C Difficulty: M
58. What is the molecular symmetry around the carbons in CCl2CH2 as predicted by the
VSEPR theory?
A) linear D) tetrahedral
B) trigonal planar E) trigonal pyramidal
C) V-shaped
Ans: B Difficulty: M
59. What is the molecular shape of ClO3F as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
O
O Cl F
Page 153
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
60. What is the molecular shape of HOF as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) trigonal pyramidal B) trigonal C) tetrahedral D) linear E) bent
Ans: E Difficulty: M
61. What is the molecular shape of NH2Cl as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) trigonal pyramidal D) see-saw
B) tetrahedral E) trigonal planar
C) T-shaped
Ans: A Difficulty: M
62. What is the molecular shape of XeO2F2 as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
O
F Xe O
F
A) square planar D) see-saw
B) tetrahedral E) octahedral
C) square pyramidal
Ans: D Difficulty: M
63. What is the molecular shape of ClF2– as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) bent C) see-saw D) T-shaped E) L-shaped
Ans: A Difficulty: M
64. What is the molecular shape of SCl3F as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) linear B) bent C) see-saw D) T-shaped E) trigonal pyramidal
Ans: C Difficulty: M
65. What is the molecular shape of SiF62– as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
F 2-
F F
Si
F F
F
66. What is the molecular shape of ClF4– as predicted by the VSEPR theory?
A) square pyramidal D) octahedral
B) square planar E) tetrahedral
C) see-saw
Ans: B Difficulty: M
Page 154
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
67. Which one of the following molecules and ions will have a planar geometry?
A) PCl3 B) BF4– C) XeF4 D) BrF5 E) H3O+
Ans: C Difficulty: H
68. Use VSEPR theory to decide which one of the following ions and molecules is likely to
be planar. (The central atom is always first in the formula.)
A) BrF3 B) H3O+ C) PCl3 D) SO42– E) SF4
Ans: A Difficulty: H
69. Use VSEPR theory to decide which one of the following molecules and ions will have a
trigonal pyramidal geometry. (The central atom is always first in the formula.)
A) PCl3 B) BF3 C) SO3 D) BrF3 E) CO32–
Ans: A Difficulty: M
70. Use VSEPR theory to predict the electron group arrangement around iodine, the central
atom in the ion IF2–.
A) octahedral D) trigonal planar
B) trigonal bipyramidal E) bent
C) tetrahedral
Ans: B Difficulty: M
71. Use VSEPR theory to decide which one of the following molecules and ions will
definitely have at least one 90° bond angle in it. (In each case except water, the central
atom is the first one in the formula.)
A) AlCl4– B) NH3 C) PCl5 D) CO2 E) H2O
Ans: C Difficulty: M
72. Predict the ideal bond angles in GeCl4 using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) < 90°
Ans: B Difficulty: M
73. Predict the ideal bond angles in AsCl3 using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) between 110 and 120°
Ans: B Difficulty: M
74. Predict the ideal bond angles in FNO using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) between 120 and 180°
Ans: C Difficulty: M
Page 155
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
75. Predict the ideal bond angles around nitrogen in N2F2 using the molecular shape given
by the VSEPR theory. (The two N atoms are the central atoms.)
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) between 120 and 180°
Ans: C Difficulty: M
76. Predict the ideal bond angles around carbon in C2I2 using the molecular shape given by
the VSEPR theory.
A) 90° B) 109° C) 120° D) 180° E) none of the above
Ans: D Difficulty: M
77. Predict the ideal bond angles in IF2– using the molecular shape given by the VSEPR
theory.
A) 60° B) 90° C) 109° D) 120° E) 180°
Ans: E Difficulty: M
78. Predict the actual bond angle in SeCl2 using the VSEPR theory.
A) more than 120° D) exactly 90°
B) between 109° and 120° E) less than 90°
C) between 90° and 109°
Ans: C Difficulty: H
79. Predict the smallest actual bond angle in BrF3 using the VSEPR theory.
A) more than 120° D) between 90° and 109°
B) exactly 120° E) less than 90°
C) between 109° and 120°
Ans: E Difficulty: H
80. Predict the actual bond angles in SF3+ using the VSEPR theory.
A) more than 120° D) between 90° and 109°
B) exactly 120° E) less than 90°
C) between 109° and 120°
Ans: D Difficulty: H
81. List all possible molecular geometries (shapes) for a nonpolar molecule with the
formula AX4.
A) tetrahedral D) either tetrahedral or square planar
B) seesaw E) any of the above shapes
C) square planar
Ans: D Difficulty: M
Page 156
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
84. Which one of the following molecules has a zero dipole moment?
A) SO2 B) HCl C) CS2 D) CO E) Cl2O
Ans: C Difficulty: E
85. Which one of the following molecules does not have a dipole moment?
A) CS2 B) H2S C) CH2Cl2 D) PH3 E) CH2O
Ans: A Difficulty: M
Difficulty: E
Page 157
Chapter 10: The Shapes of Molecules
87. Draw Lewis structures, showing all valence electrons, for the following species:
a. S2–
b. CO
c. SO2
d. CH3OH
Ans:
Difficulty: M
88. Draw Lewis structures which obey the octet rule, for the following atoms, molecules,
and ions, showing all valence electrons. Central atoms are shown in bold.
a. NH3
b. O3 (Hint: O3 is not cyclic)
c. HCN
d. SO3
Ans:
Difficulty: M
Page 158
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Language: Finnish
Novelleja
Kirj.
Valekuollut
Pelastus
Runoilija
Kissat
Pohjavirtoja
Eläke
Kun onni murtuu
Karkuri
VALEKUOLLUT
Aivan oikein — siellä he jo odottivatkin kaikki kolme istuen aidalla
aamuauringon ihanassa valaistuksessa nenäliinojaan liekuttaen,
kuten hän oli kuvitellut… pelännyt… toivonut… Ja neiti Alpo,
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melkein luullut intiaanijoukon eksyneen siihen…
— On kuollut…
Hyvä Jumala, hän oli sentään päässyt tähän asti ja saanut sen
sanotuksi!
Kuollut…
Oli. Jumalan kiitos, hän oli voinut tehdä sen. Mutta hautaa ei ollut,
mitä yhdessä vaalia — ei edes haudan kuvaa. Lapsien
mielikuvituksessa oli se kaukaisessa etelässä. Hänellä itsellään ei
sitä ollut sielläkään…
— Jätti —?
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— Niin, siellä…
— Eikä lääkärikään voinut mitään — ei mitään!
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Jos äiti on valekuollut — eikä kuollut, niinkuin isä sanoo — voi hän
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luokseen….
Tänne! Kotiin!
Hän, hän tahtoo nyt uskoa ja opettaa muutkin uskomaan, että äiti
on vain valekuollut: eikö silloin siirry multa!
Isän katse vain ei voi kirkastua, eikä hän voi olla silloin tällöin
järkyttämättä sinapin siementä.
*****
On uusi kesä ja uudet kukat.
— Äitikö?
— Äiti!
— Me emme voineet oikein uskoakaan, kun isä sanoi, että sinä olit
kuollut…
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Ja häpeän… häpeän…
Miksi hän antoikaan heidän mennä, nyt, kun viimeinkin oli päässyt
tänne asti ja saanut heidät syliinsä… Mutta saattoiko hän kieltää
rakkaimmiltaan sanansaattajan riemua…