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 Chapter 6

Chapter Six
Energy and Chemical Change

Practice Exercises
æ 1 kcal öæ 1000 cal öæ 4.184 J ö
6.1 J = 140 Cal ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ = 5.86  105 J = 5.9  105 J
è 1 Cal øè 1 kcal øè 1 cal ø
æ 1 kJ ö
5.9  105 J ç ÷ = 590 kJ
è 1000 J ø
æ 1 kcal ö
6.2 kcal = 160 Cal ç ÷ = 160 kcal
è 1 Cal ø
æ 1000 cal ö
cal = 160 Cal ç ÷ = 1.6  105 cal
è 1 Cal ø
æ 4.184 kJ ö
kJ = 160 Cal ç ÷ = 670 kJ
è 1 Cal ø
æ 4.184 kJ ö æ 1000 J ö
J = 160 Cal ç ÷ç ÷ = 6.7  105 J
è 1 Cal ø è 1 kJ ø

6.3 T = Tfinal – Tinitial = 32 °C – 25 °C = 7 °C

6.4 Twater = Tfinal – Tinitial = 30.0 °C – 20.0 °C = 10.0 °C
æ J ö
qwater = (10.0 °C)(250 g H2O) ç 4.184 ÷ = 10,460 J
è g °C ø
qball bearing = –qwater = –10,460 J
qball bearing –10,460 J
C= = = 55.1 J °C–1
DTball bearing 30.0 °C – 220 °C

6.5 The amount of heat transferred into the water is:

J = (255 g H2O)(4.184 J g–1 °C–1)(30.0 °C – 25.0 °C) = 5330 J
 1 kJ 
kJ =(5330 J)   = 5.33 kJ
 1000 J 
 1 cal 
cal = (5335 J)   = 1280 cal
 4.184 J 
 1 kcal 
kcal = (1280 cal)   = 1.28 kcal
 1000 cal 

6.6 q = mst
549 J = (7.54 g Si)(0.705 J g–1 °C–1)(t°Cf – 25.0 °C)
t°Cf = 128 °C

6.7 The reaction of hydrogen and oxygen is an explosion, as stated, explosions are exothermic
because they release heat.
6.8 Since the container becomes cold, the reaction is absorbing heat, and is endothermic.

6-1
 Chapter 6

6.9 Both reactions are exothermic, as stated. The first reaction releases some of the energy as work,
the second reaction releases all of the energy as heat since it is run at constant volume. The
second run releases more heat.
6.10 The first reaction releases some of the energy as work. The second reaction releases all of the
energy as heat. The second reaction will have a larger increase in temperature.
æ 1 mol ö
6.11 mol = (2.85 g) ç ÷ = 0.0233 mol benzoic acid
è 122.12 g ø
qbenzoic acid = Hcombustion  nbenzoic acid = (–3227 kJ mol–1)(0.0233 mol) = –75.3 kJ
qbenzoic acid = –qcalorimeter –qcalorimeter = 75.3 kJ
–qcalorimeter = Ct
75.3 kJ = C( 29.19 °C – 24.05 °C)
75.3 kJ 75.3 kJ
C= = = 14.6 kJ °C–1
29.19 °C – 24.05 °C 5.14 °C
6.12 C12H22O11 MM = (12 mol C  12.01 g/mol C) + (22 mol H  1.01 g/mol H)
+ (11 mol O  16.0 g/mol O) = 342.34 g/mol C12H22O11
qcalorimeter = Ct = 8.930 kJ/°C(26.77 °C – 24.00 °C) = 8.930 kJ/°C(2.77 °C) = 24.74 kJ
qsucrose = –qcalorimeter = –(24.74 kJ) = –24.74 kJ
æ –24.7 kJ ö æ 342.3 g C H O ö
12 22 11 = –5636 kJ mol–1
heat released by 1 mole of sucrose = ç ÷ç ÷
è 1.50 g C12 H 22O 11 ø è 1 mol C12 H 22O 11 ø
= –5640kJ mol–1
æ 1 mol C12 H 22O 11 ö æ 1 Cal ö
heat released by 1 g of sucrose in Cal = –5640 kJ mol–1 ç ÷ç ÷
è 342.3 g C12 H 22O 11 ø è 4.184 kJ ø

= –3.94 Cal/g
6.13 HCl and NaOH react 1:1, therefore the heat released per mole of NaOH will be the same as per
mole of HCl, or –58 kJ mol–1 NaOH

6.14 Net ionic equation: HC2H3O2 + OH– ¾¾® H2O + C2H3O2–

Density of acid solution: 1.00 g/mL
æ 1.00 g ö
Mass of acid solution: 50.00 mL ç ÷ = 50.0 g
è 1.00 mL ø
Mass of base solution: 53.0 g
Total mass = 50 g + 53 g = 103 g solution
qwater = mst = (103 g)(4.184 J g–1 °C–1)(6.6 °C) = 2840 J = 2.84 kJ = 2.8 kJ
qwater = –qreaction
–qreaction = –2.8 kJ
æ 1.00 M ö
mol HC2H3O2 = 50 mL solution ç ÷ = 5.0  10–2 mol HC2H3O2
è 1000 mL ø
–2.84 kJ
NaOH and HC2H3O2 react 1:1, the H° is = –57 kJ/mol HC2H3O2
–2
5.0 ´ 10 mol HC2 H 3O2
One mole of the acid reacts in the reaction, so the H° = –57 kJ

6-2
 Chapter 6

6.15 Multiply the reaction and the H° by 3:

3CH4(g) + 6O2(g) ¾¾ ® 3CO2(g) + 6H2O(l) H = –890.5  3 = –2672 kJ
6.16 From the text we are give the thermochemical equation for the formation of 2 moles of NH3:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ¾¾ ® 2NH3(g) ΔH° = –92.38 kJ
We can proceed by dividing both the equation and the value for ΔH° by 2 and then multiplying
that by 2.5:
1 N2(g) + 3 H2(g) ¾¾ ® NH3 (g) H = –46.29 kJ
2 2
2.5 N2(g)
2
+ 7.5 H2(g)
2
¾¾
® 2.5NH3(g) H = –115.5 kJ
6.17
2 Cu(s) + O 2(g)

-169 kJ

-310 kJ

Cu 2O(s) + 1/2 O 2(g)

-141 kJ
2 CuO(s)
The reaction is exothermic.
6.18
NO(g) + 1/2O2(g)

-56.6 kJ

+90.4 kJ

NO2(g)

+33.8 kJ

1/2N2(g) + O2 (g)
The reaction is endothermic.
6.19 For this problem: divide the second reaction by two:
1 {2N O(g) + 3O (g)
2 2 2 ¾¾ ® 4NO2(g)} H = 12 (–28.0 kJ)
N2O(g) + 3
2
O2(g) ¾¾
® 2NO2(g)} H = –14.0 kJ
Reverse the first reaction
2NO2(g) ¾¾ ® 2NO(g) + O2(g) H = +113.2 kJ
Add the reactions together:
N2O(g) + 32 O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2NO2(g) H = –14.0 kJ
2NO2(g) ¾¾
® 2NO(g) + O2(g) H = +113.2 kJ
N2O(g) + 1
2
O2(g) ¾¾
® 2NO(g) H = +99.2 kJ

6-3
 Chapter 6

6.20 This problem requires that we add the reverse of the second equation (remembering to change the
sign of the associated H value) to the first equation:
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) H° = –1411.1 kJ
2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ¾¾ ® C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) H° = +1367.1 kJ
C2H4(g) + H2O(l) ¾¾
® C2H5OH(l) H° = –44.0 kJ
æ 1 moles C3H 6O ö æ -1790.4 kJ/mol ö
6.21 kJ = (12.5 g C3H6O) ç ÷ç ÷ = –385 kJ
è 58.077 g C 3H 6O ø è 1 moles C8H18 ø
It is customary to include the minus sign to indicate that heat is given off (produced) by the
chemical reaction.
æ –5450.5 kJ/mol ö
÷ = –2.62 × 10 kJ
6
6.22 kJ = (480 mol C8H18) ç
è 1 moles C8 18 ø
H
It is customary to include the minus sign to indicate that heat is given off (produced) by the
chemical reaction.
6.23 K(s) + 1
2
Br2(l) ¾¾
® KBr(s) DH fo = –393.8 kJ

6.24 Na(s) + 1
2
H2(g) + C(s) + 3
2
O2(g) ¾¾
® NaHCO3(s) DH fo = –947.7 kJ/mol

6.25 H° = [sum DH fo products] – [sum DH fo reactants]

H° = { DH fo [CaSO4(s)] + 2 DH fo [HCl(g)]} – { DH fo [CaCl2(s)] + DH fo [H2SO4(l)]}
H° = {[1 mol × (–1432.7 kJ/mol)] + [2 mol × (–92.30 kJ/mol)]} –
{[1 mol × (–795.0 kJ/mol)] + [1 mol × (–811.32 kJ/mol)]}
H° = –10.98 kJ = 11.0 kJ

6.26 S(s) + 3
2
O2(g) ¾¾
® SO3(g) DH fo = –395.2 kJ/mol
S(s) + O2(g) ¾¾ ® SO2(g) DH fo = –296.9 kJ/mol
Reverse the first reaction and add the two reactions together to get
SO3(g) ¾¾
® SO2(g) + 1
2
O2(g) DH fo = +98.3 kJ
H° = [sum DH fo products] – [sum DH fo reactants]
H° = {[1 mol SO2 × DH fo SO2(g)] + [ 12 mol O2 × DH fo O2(g)]} – {1 mol SO3 × DH fo SO3(s)}
H° = {[1 mol × (–296.9 kJ/mol)] + [ 12 mol × 0 kJ/mol]} – [1 mol × (–395.2 kJ/mol)]
H° = +98.3 kJ
The answers for the enthalpy of reaction are the same using either method.

6.27 H° = [sum DH fo products] – [sum DH fo reactants]

(a) H° = {2 mol NO2 × DH fo NO2(g)}
– {[2 mole NO × DH fo NO(g)] + [1 mol O2 × DH fo O2(g)]}
= {2 mol × 33.8 kJ/mol} – {[2 mol × 90.37 kJ/mol] + [1 mol × 0 kJ/mol]}
= –113.1 kJ
(b) H° = {[1 mol H2O × DH fo H2O(l)] + [1 mole NaCl × DH fo NaCl(s)]}

6-4
 Chapter 6

– {[1 mol NaOH × DH fo NaOH(s)] + [1 mole HCl × DH fo HCl(g)]}

= [(–285.9 kJ/mol) + (–411.0 kJ/mol)] – [(–426.8 kJ/mol) + (–92.30 kJ/mol)]
= –177.8 kJ
Review Questions

6.1 (a) Energy is something that matter possesses by virtue of an ability to do work.
(b) Kinetic energy is the energy of motion.
(c) Potential energy is stored energy.
6.2 Energy can be considered the sum of potential energy and kinetic energy.
1
6.3 Kinetic energy = mv2 where m is the mass of the object and v is its velocity. Since velocity, v,
2
is squared, it has a larger effect on kinetic energy when it is doubled.
6.4 The law of conservation of energy states that the energy of the universe is constant: it can be
neither created nor destroyed but only transferred and transformed. The energy of the child on a
swing is all potential energy when she is at the top of the arc. As she descends, the energy is
converted to kinetic energy. At the bottom at the arc, all the energy is kinetic energy. The
potential energy increases as she rises and is completely potential energy at the top of the arc.
6.5 The pendulum starts at the top of the swing, motionless, so all of the energy is potential energy.
As it falls through the arc, the potential energy is converted into kinetic energy, at the bottom of
the arc, the pendulum is moving at its fastest velocity, and all of the energy is kinetic energy.
Then the pendulum rises on the other side of the arc, and the energy is converted back into
potential energy, until, at the top of the arc, it is all potential energy and the pendulum freezes
before it starts the next swing.
6.6 The instant the Slinky is released, all of the energy is potential energy, as the Slinky compresses,
the energy is converted into kinetic energy. As it reaches its maximum compression, the kinetic
energy is converted back into potential energy. When it is at its maximum compression, all of the
energy is potential energy, and then it begins to stretch again and convert the potential energy into
kinetic energy. The difference between the Slinky and pendulum is that the Slinky's motion is
along a line and the pendulum's motion is in an arc, but both are converting potential to kinetic
energy and back again.
6.7 Chemical energy is the potential energy in substances, which changes into other forms of energy
when substances undergo chemical reactions.
6.8 (a) increases
(b) increases
(c) increases
(d) decreases
6.9 The SI unit of energy is a joule (kg m2 s–2).
1
E= (75 kg)(45 m s–2)2 = 76,000 J
2
æ 1 cal ö
cal = (76,000 J) ç ÷ = 18,000 cal
è 4.184 J ø

6-5
 Chapter 6

6.10 The heat produced by combustion of gasoline does no useful work. It is expended into the
surroundings.
6.11 Heat is a form of energy that is transferred between objects, and is the molecular kinetic energy
possessed by molecules as a result of the temperature of the sample. Heat is related to the total
kinetic energy of the molecules and temperature is related to the average kinetic energy.
6.12 The internal energy is the sum of the molecular kinetic energy and the potential energy. The
change in internal energy is defined as the difference in internal energy between the energy of the
products and the energy of the reactants.
6.13 (a) Thermal equilibrium is when two objects in contact with each other are at the same
temperature. The molecules in the hot object are moving with more kinetic energy than
the colder object. As heat is transferred from the hot object to the cold one, the atoms in
the hot object slow down and the atoms in the cold speed up until they have the same
average kinetic energy.
(b) The process is the same for the two liquids, except in the mixing of the liquids, the
molecules from the hot liquid are intermingles with the molecules of the cold liquid.
(c) The mixing of two liquids will achieve thermal equilibrium quicker since the molecules
themselves are mixing.
6.14 (a) point c
(b) point d
(c) It will increase
(b) The height of the curve at point A will decrease. The maximum of the curve will be lower
and shifted to the right.
6.15 a, b, c
6.16 The quart of boiling water has more heat and will cause a more severe burn because the quart has
more water, so that the quart has more kinetic energy.
6.17 The first diagram represents an isolated system. Isolated systems cannot transfer mass or energy
across its boundary.
The second diagram represents an open system. Open systems transfer mass and energy across
boundaries.
The third diagram represents a closed system. Closed systems cannot transfer mass but can
transfer energy across its boundary.
6.18 A state function is a quantity whose value depends only on the initial and final states of the
system and not on the path taken by the system to get from the initial to the final state. Examples
of a state function are pressure, volume, temperature, enthalpy, and energy.
6.19 To determine if an experimental parameter is a state function, conduct the experiment using a
different route between the initial and the final states and see if the difference between the initial
and final states are the same.
6.20 The state of a system in chemistry is usually specified by its current conditions such as its
chemical composition, its pressure, its temperature and its volume.
6.21 The system is that part of the universe under study and separated from the surroundings by a real
or an imaginary boundary. The surroundings are that part of the universe other than the system

6-6
 Chapter 6

being studied and separated from the system by a real or an imaginary boundary. An isolated
system does not allow matter or energy to be transferred between the system and the
surroundings. The closed system can absorb or release energy but not mass across the boundary
between the system and its surrounding.
6.22 (a) specific heat
(b) molar heat capacity
(c) heat capacity
(d) energy or heat
6.23 The amount of energy needed to increase the temperature of a substance depends directly on the
specific heat of the substance. So the material with the large specific heat requires the higher
energy input for the 5 C rise in temperature.
6.24 Heat capacity is an extensive property and is proportional to the mass of the sample. Specific heat
is an intensive property.
6.25 A negative value for heat means that heat is released from the system; it is exothermic.
6.26 If object A has twice the specific heat and twice the mass of object B, and the same amount of
heat is applied to both objects, the temperature change of A will be one-fourth the temperature
change in B.
qB = mBsBt
q = amount of heat applied
sB = specific heat of B specific heat of A = 2sB
mB = mass of B mass of A = 2mB
q q 1æ q ö 1
tB = tA = = çç ÷÷ = Dt B
mB s B 2mB ´ 2sB 4 è mB sB ø 4

6.27 (a) Kinetic energy must increase.

(b) The temperature of the system must increase because kinetic energy increased.
6.28 Exothermic; chemical energy decreases; q is negative.
6.29 Endothermic; chemical energy increases; q is positive.
6.30 The potential energy of gasoline and oxygen is higher than the potential energy of carbon dioxide
and water vapor since energy is released as heat in the reaction.
6.31 ∆E = q + w
The change in internal energy is the sum of the heat absorbed by the system and the work done on
it by the surroundings.
6.32 Heat is the energy that flows from a hot object to a cold object as a result of their difference in
temperature.
6.33 Work is the energy expended in moving an opposing force through some particular distance.
6.34 The amount of heat and work expended in a process depends on the path between the initial and
final states.
6.35 The products are CO2, H2O and heat. The heat measured is E since the volume did not change.
6.36 H = E + PV

6-7
 Chapter 6

For this reaction, V is approximately zero since the moles of gas for the products equals the
moles of gas for the reactants, so H = E.
6.37 H = E + PV
6.38 H > 0 for an endothermic change.
6.39 The enthalpy of the surroundings must decrease by 100 kJ, since energy is conserved.
6.40 w = –PV
6.41 Since the heats of reaction will in general depend on temperature and pressure, we need some
standard set of values for temperature and pressure so that comparisons of various heats of
reaction are made under identical conditions. The standard temperature is 25 °C, slightly above
room temperature, and the standard pressure is 1 atmosphere.
6.42 A thermochemical equation contains the value for the associated H.
6.43 Fractional coefficients are permitted because thermochemical properties are extensive (they
depend on the amount of material present). If 1/2 the amount of materials reacts, 1/2 the amount
of heat will be generated or required. The coefficients of thermochemical equations are moles of
substance.
6.44 H is a state function.
6.45 The reaction must (1) produce one mole of a compound at 25 C and 1 atm, and (2) the reactants
must be elements in their standard states.

6.46 (a) The standard enthalpy of reaction, DH fo , changes sign.

(b) DH fo is multiplied by three.
(c) DH fo is divided by two.

6.47 The heat of formation thermochemical equations for H2O(g) and CO2(g).
6.48 The heat of formation thermochemical equations for H2O(g), CO2(g), SO2(g), and NO2(g).

Review Problems

1 2 1 1
6.49 KE = mv KE1 = m(30 mi/h)2 KE2 = m(60 mi/h)2
2 2 2
1 1
KE1 = m(900 mi2/h2) KE2 = m(3600 mi2/h2)
2 2
KE 2 3600
= =4
KE1 900
There is a four-fold increase in the kinetic energy due to the doubling of the speed of the car.
If the speed decreases to 10 mph:
1 1
KE1 = m(10 mi/h)2 KE2 = m(30 mi/h)2
2 2
1 1
KE1 = m(100 mi2/h2) KE2 = m(900 mi2/h2)
2 2

6-8
 Chapter 6

KE2 900
= =9
KE1 100
The kinetic energy decreases by 9 times due to the decreasing of the speed of the car by 10 mph.
1 1
6.50 KE1 = m1v2 m2 = 2m1 KE2 = 2m1v2
2 2
KE 2 2m1
= =2
KE1 m1
There is a two-fold increase in the kinetic energy due to the doubling of the mass of the truck.
The kinetic energy decreases to one-tenth its original kinetic energy when the mass decreases to
one-tenth its original mass.
æ 32.00 g O2 ö æ 1 kg O 2 ö
6.51 kg O2 molecule = 1 mol O2 ç ÷ç ÷
è 1 mol O2 ø è 1000 g O2 ø
= 3.200  10–3 kg
1 2 1
KE = mv = (3.200  10–3 kg)(255 m s–1)2 = 1.04  103 J
2 2
æ 1 kJ ö
1.04  103 J ç ÷ = 1.04 kJ
è 103 J ø

æ 1 mol CCl 4 öæ 153.81 g CCl öæ 1 kg CCl ö

6.52 kg = 1 CCl4 molecule ç ÷ç
ç 1 mol CCl ÷÷çç 1000 g CCl ÷÷
4 4
ç 6.022 ´ 1023 ÷
molecule CCl 4 øè
è 4 øè 4ø
= 2.55  10–25 kg
1 2 1
KE = mv = (2.55  10–25 kg)(255 m s–1)2 = 8.30  10–21 J
2 2
æ 1 aJ ö
8.30  10–21 J ç ÷ = 0.00830 aJ
è 10 –18 J ø

6.53 t = 15.0 C – 25.0 C = –10.0 C

q = ms∆t
é æ 18.02 g H O öù
q = ê1.75 mol H 2O ´ çç 2 ÷ú × 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × –10.0 C = –1320 J
÷
êë è 1 mol H 2O øúû
 1 cal 
cal = (–1320 J) ×   = –315 cal
 4.184 J 

6.54 q = ms∆t
Assume that the density of water is 1.00 g mL–1 so that the mass of water is the same as its
volume.
q = 215 g × 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × (99.0 °C – 25.0 °C) = 6.66 × 104 J
 1 cal 
cal = (6.66 × 104 J) ×  4
 = 1.59 × 10 cal
 4.184 J 

6.55 qFe = (85.0 g Fe)(0.4498 J g–1 C–1)(35.0 C – 85.0 C) = –1912 J

qFe = –qH2O = 1912 J
q
m=
sDt

6-9
 Chapter 6

æ ö
ç 1912 J ÷
g H2O = ç ÷ = 45.7 g H2O
( -1
ç 4.184 J g °C
è
-1
( )
35.0 °C – 25.0 °C) ÷
ø

6.56 The heat gained by the water must equal the heat lost by the copper. To get the correct signs for
the heat transfer, remember heat lost is negative and heat gained is positive.
qCu = –qH2O q = ms∆t
mCu × 0.387 J g C × (32.3 C – 67.0 C) = –[100.0 g × 4.184 J g–1 C –1 × (32.3 C – 27.0 C)]
–1 o –1

mCu = 165 g of copper

6.57 (a) ∆t = 28.00 °C – 24.00 °C = 4.00 °C
q = ms∆t
qH2O = 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × 100 g × 4.0 °C = 1.67 × 103 J
(b) 1.67 × 103 J
1.67 ´ 103 J
(c) = 23.2 J °C–1
100 °C – 28.0 °C
–1
23.2 J °C
(d) = 0.464 J g–1 °C–1
50.0 g
6.58 (a) qH2O = 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × 200.0 g × 1.50 °C = 1.26 × 103 J
(b) 1.26 × 103 J
1.26 ´ 103 J
(c) = 13.5 J °C–1
120.00 °C – 26.50 °C
(d) 1.26 × 103 J = mCu × 0.387 J °C–1 × (120 °C – 26.50 °C)
mCu = 34.8 g
J æ 0.4498 J öæ 55.847 g Fe ö J
6.59 =ç ÷ç ÷ = 25.12
mol °C è g °C øè 1 mol Fe ø mol °C

J æ 0.586 cal öæ 4.184 J öæ 46.08 g C H OH ö

6.60 =ç ÷ç ÷ç 2 5 ÷ = 113 J mol –1 °C–1
mol °C è g °C øè cal øçè 1 mol C2H5OH ÷ø

6.61 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × (4.54 × 103 g) × (58.65 °C – 60.25 °C) = –3.04 × 104 J = –30.4 kJ
6.62 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × (2.46 × 103 g) × (27.31 °C – 25.24 °C) = 2.1 × 104 J = 21.3 kJ

6.63 HNO3(aq) + KOH(aq) ¾¾ ® KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Keep in mind that the total mass (assume the densities to be 1.00 g/mL for the solutions) must be
considered in this calculation, and that both liquids, once mixed, undergo the same temperature
increase:
qH2O = (4.18 J/g °C) × (55.0 g + 55.0 g) × (31.8 °C – 23.5 °C)
= 3.8 × 103 J of heat energy released
Next determine the number of moles of reactant involved in the reaction:
0.0550 L × 1.3 mol L–1 = 0.072 mol of acid and of base.
qH2O = –qreaction = –3.8 × 103 J

( –3.8 ´ 10 J ) ç 3 æ
1 kJ ö
÷
è 1000 J ø
Thus the enthalpy change is: = - 53 kJ
(0.072 mol) mol

6-10
 Chapter 6

6.64 HCHO2(aq) + NaOH(aq) ¾¾ ® NaCHO2(aq) + H2O(l)

Keep in mind that the total mass (assume the densities to be 1.00 g/mL for the solutions) must be
considered in this calculation, and that both liquids, once mixed, undergo the same temperature
increase:
qH2O = (4.18 J/g °C) × (75.0 g + 45.0 g) × (23.4 °C – 22.4 °C)
= 5.02 × 102 J of heat energy released
Next determine the number of moles of reactant involved in the reaction:
0.0750 L × 1.07 mol/L = 0.080 mol of acid
0.0450 L × 1.78 mol/L = 0.080 mol of base.
qH2O = –qreaction = –3.8 × 103 J

( –5.02 ´ 10 J ) ç
2 æ 1 kJ ö
÷
kJ è 1000 J ø
Thus the enthalpy change is: = = –6.3 kJ
mol (0.080 mol) mol

6.65 (a) C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) ¾¾ ® 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

(b) qV = (97.1 kJ/C)(27.282 C – 25.000 C) = 222 kJ = 2.22 × 105 J
(c) H = – 222 kJ/mol
6.66 (a) C7H8(l) + 9O2(g) ¾¾ ® 7CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
(b) qV = (45.06 kJ/C)(26.413 C – 25.000 C) = 63.67 kJ = 6.367 × 104 J
 6.367  104 J   92.14 g C7 H8 
J = (1 mol C7H8)   = 3.911 × 106 J
  1 mol C7 H8 
(c)
 1.500 g
 
6.67 E = q + w = 28 J – 45 J = –17 J
6.68 E = q + w = 22 J + 48 J = 70 J
6.69 Here, E must = 0 in order for there to be no change in energy for the cycle.
E = q + w
0 = q + (–100 J)
q = +100 J
6.70 E = q + w
= 345 J + 235 J
= 580 J
6.71 If the engine absorbs 250 J of heat, the maximum amount of work it can do is 250 J.
6.72 E = q + w
–535 J = q + (–455 J)
q = –80 J
6.73 (a) Divide the given equation by 4.
NH3(g) + 7/4 O2(g) ¾¾ ® NO2(g) + 3/2H2O(g) H° = –1132 kJ/4 = –283 kJ
(b) Divide the given equation by 6
2/3NH3(g) + 7/6 O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2/3 NO2(g) + H2O(g) H° = –1132 kJ/6 = –189 kJ
6.74 (a) Multiply the given equation by the fraction 2/3.
2CO(g) + O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2CO2(g) H° = –566 kJ

6-11
 Chapter 6

(b) To determine H for 1 mol, simply multiply the original H by 1/3; –283 kJ/mol.
æ -1203 kJ öæ 1 mol Mg ö
6.75 q = 6.54 g Mg ç ÷ç ÷ = –162 kJ
è 2 mol Mg øè 24.305 g Mg ø
162 kJ of heat are evolved
æ 1 mol CH OH öæ -1199 kJ ö
6.76 kJ = 46.0 g CH3OH çç 3 ÷÷çç ÷÷ = –861 kJ
è 32.04 g CH3OH øè 2 mol CH 3OH ø
æ 1 mol CH öæ 16.04 g ö
6.77 g CH4 = –432 kJ çç 4 ÷ç ÷÷ = 8.64 g
֍
è –802 kJ øè 1 mol CH 4 ø
æ 2 mol CH OH öæ 32.04 g ö
6.78 g CH3OH = –625 kJ çç 3 ÷÷çç ÷÷ = 33.4 g
è -1199 kJ øè 1 mol CH3OH ø

6.79

6.80
NO(g) + 1/2O2(g)

-56.6 kJ

+90.4 kJ

NO2(g)

+33.8 kJ

1/2N2(g) + O2 (g)

The enthalpy change for the reaction NO(g) + 1

2
O2(g) ¾¾
® NO2(g) is –56.6 kJ as seen in the
figure above.
6.81 Since NO2 does not appear in the desired overall reaction, the two steps are to be manipulated in
such a manner so as to remove it by cancellation. Add the second equation to the reverse of the
first, remembering to change the sign of H° for the first equation, since it is to be reversed:
2NO2(g) ¾¾ ® N2O4(g) H° = –57.93 kJ
2NO(g) + O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2NO2(g) H° = –113.14 kJ
Adding, we have:
2NO(g) + O2(g) ¾¾ ® N2O4(g) H° = –171.07 kJ

6-12
 Chapter 6

6.82 Reverse the first equation, multiply the result by two, and add it to the second equation:
2KCl(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾¾ ® 2HCl(g) + 2KOH(s), H° = 407.2 kJ
H2SO4(l) + 2KOH(s) ¾¾ ® K2SO4(s) + 2H2O(l), H° = –342.4 kJ
Adding gives us:
2KCl(s) + H2SO4(l) ¾¾ ® 2HCl(g) + K2SO4(s), H° = 64.8 kJ
6.83 If we label the four known thermochemical equations consecutively, 1, 2, 3, and 4, then the sum
is made in the following way: Divide equation #3 by two, and reverse all of the other equations
(#1, #2, and #4), while also dividing each by two:
1 Na O(s) + HCl(g)
2
2 ¾¾ ® 12 H2O(l) + NaCl(s) H° = –253.66 kJ
NaNO2(s) ¾¾
® 1
2
Na2O(s) + 1
2
NO2(g) + 1
2
NO(g) H° = +213.57 kJ
1
2
NO(g) + 1
2
NO2(g) ¾¾
® 1
2
N2O(g) + 1
2
O2(g) H° = –21.34 kJ
1
2
H2O(l) + 1
2
O2(g) + 1
2
N2O(g) ¾¾
® HNO2(l) H° = –17.18 kJ
Adding gives:
HCl(g) + NaNO2(s) ¾¾
® HNO2(l) + NaCl(s), H° = –78.61 kJ
6.84 Reverse the second and the third thermochemical equations and add them to the first:
CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) H° = –186 kJ
Ca(OH)2(s) ¾¾ ® CaO(s) + H2O(l) H° = 65.1 kJ
Ca(OH)2(aq) ¾¾ ® Ca(OH)2(s) H° = 12.6 kJ
Adding gives:
Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) H° = –108 kJ
6.85 Multiply all of the equations by 1 and add them together.
2
1 CaO(s) + 1 Cl2(g) ¾¾® 12 CaOCl2(s) H = –55.5 kJ
2 2
1
2
H2O(l) + 1 CaOCl (s) + NaBr(s)
2 2 ¾¾® NaCl(s) + 1
2
Ca(OH)2(s) + 1
2
Br2(l) H= –30.1 kJ
1
2
Ca(OH)2(s) ¾¾
® 1
2
CaO(s) + 1
2
H2O(l) H= +32.6 kJ
Adding gives:
1 Cl (g) + NaBr(s)
2 2 ¾¾
® NaCl(s) + 1
2
Br2(l) H= –53 kJ

6.86 The equation we want is Cu(s) + 1

2
O2(g) ¾¾
® CuO(s). If we multiply all reactions by 1
2
and
reverse the second reaction we get:
Cu(s) + 1
2
S(s) ¾¾
® 1
2
Cu2S(s) H = 1
2
(–79.5 kJ)
1
2
SO2(g) ¾¾
® 1
2
S(s) + 1
2
O2(g) H = 1
2
(+297 kJ)
1
2
Cu2S(s) + O2(g) ¾¾
® CuO(s) + 1
2
SO2(g) H = 1
2
(–527.5 kJ)
Adding gives:
Cu(s) + 12 O2(g) ¾¾
® CuO(s) H = –155 kJ

6.87 Multiply the second equation by two and add them together:
3Mg(s) + 2NH3(g) ¾¾ ® Mg3N2(s) + 3H2(g) H = –371 kJ
N2(g) + 3H2(g) ¾¾ ® 2NH3(g) H = 2(–46 kJ)

6-13
 Chapter 6

Adding gives:
3Mg(s) + N2(g) ¾¾
® Mg3N2(s) H = –463 kJ
6.88 We need to eliminate the NO2 from the two equations. To do this, multiply the first reaction by 3
and the second reaction by two and add them together.
12NH3(g) + 21O2(g) ¾¾ ® 12NO2(g) + 18H2O(g) H = 3(–1132 kJ)
12NO2(g) + 16NH3(g) ¾¾ ® 14N2(g) + 24H2O(g) H = 2(–2740 kJ)
28NH3(g) + 21O2(g) ¾¾ ® 14N2(g) + 42H2O(g) H = –8876 kJ
Now divide this equation by 7 to get
4NH3(g) + 3O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2N2(g) + 6H2O(g) H = 1/7(–8876 kJ) = –1268 kJ
6.89 The heat of formation is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is
produced from its elements in their standard states.
Only (c) satisfies this requirement.
For choice (a,) reactant CO(NH2)2 is not an element
For choice (b), O and H are not the standard states for oxygen and nitrogen gas. The state for C is
not given as graphite or as a solid.
For choice (d), the reaction is not balanced
6.90 The heat of formation is defined as the enthalpy change when one mole of a compound is
produced from its elements in their standard states.
Only (b) satisfies this requirement.
For choices (a) and (c) the reactants are not elements in their standard state; (a) has molecules as
reactants and (c) has atoms.
Choice (d) might look okay but it does not fit the definition that one mole of product is formed.
6.91 (a) 2C(s, graphite) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) ¾¾
® HC2H3O2(l) DH fo = –487.0 kJ
(b) 2C(s, graphite) + 1
2
O2(g) + 3H2(g) ¾¾
® C2H5OH(l) DH fo = –277.63 kJ
(c) Ca(s) + S(s) + 3O2(g) + 2H2(g) ¾¾
® CaSO4·2H2O(s) DH fo = –2021.1 kJ
(d) 2Na(s) + S(s) + 2 O2(g) ¾¾
® Na2SO4(s) DH fo = – 1384.5 kJ

6.92 (a) Mg(s) + Cl2(g) + 2H2(g) + O2(g) ¾¾

® MgCl2·2H2O(s) DH fo = –1280 kJ
(b) N2(g) + 4H2(g) + 2Cr(s) + 7
2
O2(g) ¾¾
® (NH4)2Cr2O7(s) DH fo = –1807 kJ
(c) P(s,white) + 1
2
O2(g) + 3
2
Cl2(g) ¾¾
® POCl3(g) DH fo = –558.5 kJ

6.93 (a) DH o = {[1 mol O2(g)  DH fo O2(g)] + [2 mol H2O(l)  DH fo H2O(l)]}

– {2 mol H2O2(l)  DH fo H2O2(l)}
= 0 kJ/mol + [2 mol × (–285.9 kJ/mol)] – [2 × (–187.6 kJ/mol)]
= –196.6 kJ
(b) DH o = {[1 mol H2O(l) × DH fo H2O(l)] + [1 mol NaCl(s) × DH fo NaCl(s)]}
– {[1 mol HCl(g) × DH fo HCl(g)] + [1 mole NaOH × DH fo NaOH(s)]}
= [1 mol × (–285.9 kJ/mol)] + [1 mol × (–411.0 kJ/mol)]
– [1 mol × (–92.30 kJ/mol)] – [1 mol × (–426.8 kJ/mol)]
= –177.8 kJ

6-14
 Chapter 6

6.94 (a) DH fo = {[1 mol HCl(g)  DH fo HCl(g)] + [1 mol CH3Cl(g)  DH fo CH3Cl(g)]}

– {[1 mol CH4(g)  DH fo CH4(g)] + [1 mol Cl2(g)  DH fo Cl2(g)]}
= [1 mol × (–92.30 kJ/mol)] + [1 mol × (–82.0 kJ/mol)]
– [1 mol × (–74.848 kJ/mol)] – [1 mol × (0.0 kJ/mol)]
= –99.5 kJ
(b) DH fo = {[1 mol H2O(l)  DH fo H2O(l)] + [1 mol CO(NH2)2(s)  DH fo CO(NH2)2(s)]}
– {[2 mol NH3(g)  DH fo NH3(g)] – [1 mol CO2(g)  DH fo CO2(g)]}
= [1 mol × (–285.9 kJ/mol)] + [1 mol × (–333.19 kJ/mol)]
– [2 mol × (–46.19 kJ/mol) – [1 mol × (–393.5 kJ/mol)]
= –133.2 kJ
6.95 C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) ¾¾
® 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l) DH combustion
o
= –5.65 × 103 kJ/mol
DH combustion
o
= [sum Hf products] – [sum Hf reactants]
= {[12 mol CO2(g) × DH fo CO2(g)] + [11 mol H2O(l) × DH fo H2O(l)]}
– {[1 mol C12H22O11(s) × DH fo C12H22O11(s)] + [12 mol O2(g) × DH fo O2(g)]}
Rearranging and realizing the HfO2(g) = 0 we get
DH fo C12H22O11(s) = [12 mol × DH fo CO2(g)] + [11 mol H2O(l) × DH fo H2O(l)] – DH combustion
o

= 12(–393.5 kJ) + 11(–285.9 kJ) – (–5.65 × 103 kJ) = –2.22 × 103 kJ

6.96 DH fo C2H2(g) = 1 {[4 mol CO2(g) × DH o CO2(g]) + [2 mol H2O(l) × DH o H2O(l)]
f f – DHcombustion
o
}
2
= 1 {4(–393.5 kJ) + 2(–285.9 kJ) – (–2599.3 kJ) = +226.8 kJ
2

Additional Exercises

6.97 Water has the highest specific heat and therefore will take the greatest amount of heat to raise its
temperature a given amount.
Lead has the smallest specific heat, though gold is only 0.001 J g–1 °C–1 higher, so it will increase
the most in temperature for the given amount of applied heat.
6.98 HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ¾¾ ® NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The heat of neutralization is released to three "independent" components of the system, all of
which undergo the same temperature increase: t = 20.610 °C – 16.784 °C = 3.826 °C. Also, the
total heat capacity of the system is the sum of the three heat capacities:
Csystem = CHCl + CNaOH + Ccalorimeter
= (4.031 J g–1 °C–1 × 610.29 g) + (4.046 J g–1 °C–1 × 615.31 g) + 77.99 J °C–1
= 5028 J °C–1
The heat flow to the system is thus:
q = 5028 J °C–1 × 3.826 °C = 1.924 × 104 J = 19.24 kJ
The heat of neutralization is the negative of this value, since this process is exothermic:
qsystem = qreaction
–19.24 kJ
Hneutralization = = –57.98 kJ/mol
0.33183 mol HCl

6-15
 Chapter 6

6.99 qgranite = (2000 g)(0.803 J g–1 °C–1)(tfinal – 95 C)

= (1606 J C–1)(tfinal – 95 C)
= (1606 J °C–1)(tfinal) – 152,600 J
æ 1000 mL öæ 1 g öæ 4.184 J ö
qwater = (2.00 L) ç
è 1L
֍
øè 1 mL
÷çç
øè g C ø
o
÷t
÷ ( o
final – 22 C )
= (8368 J C–1)(tfinal – 22 C)
= (8368 J °C–1)(tfinal) – 184,100 J
qgranite = –qwater
(1606 J °C–1)(tfinal) – 152,600 J = –[(8368 J °C–1)(tfinal) – 184,100 J]
(1606 J °C–1)(tfinal) – 152,600 J = –(8368 J °C–1)(tfinal) + 184,100 J
336,700 J = (9974 J)(tfinal)
tfinal = 33.8 C
6.100 Multiply the first reaction by 1 :
2
1
2
Fe2O3(s) + 3
2
CO(g) ¾¾
® Fe(s) + 3
2
CO2(g) H° = 1
2
(–28 kJ)
Reverse the second reaction AND multiply by 1/6:
1 Fe O (s) + 1 CO (g)
3 3 4
6 2 ¾¾ ® 12 Fe2O3(s) + 16 CO(g) H° = 1
6
(+59 kJ)
Reverse the third reaction AND multiply by 1/3:
FeO(s) + 13 CO2(g) ¾¾ ® 13 Fe3O4(s) + 13 CO(g) H° = 1
3
(–38 kJ)
Now add the equations together:
FeO(s) + CO(g) ¾¾ ® Fe(s) + CO2(g) H° = –16.8 kJ
6.101 H°reaction = {[1 mol CO2(g) × DH fo CO2(g)] + [1 mole Fe(s) × DH fo Fe(s)]}
– {[1 mol FeO(s) × DH fo FeO(s)] + [1mol CO(g) × DH fo CO(g)]}
Rearranging, and remembering that DH fo Fe(s) = 0
DH fo FeO(s) = DH fo CO2(g)] – DH fo CO(g) – H°reaction
DH fo = –393.5 kJ – (–110.5 kJ) – (–16.8 kJ) = – 266.2 kJ

6.102 H° = {[8 mol CO2(g) × DH fo CO2(g)] + [10 mol H2O(l) × DH fo H2O(l)] + [2 mol N2(g) × DH fo N2(g)]}

– {[4 mol C2H5NO2(s) × DH fo C2H5NO2(s)] + [9 mol O2(g) × DH fo O2(g)]}

The value of H° for the given combustion reaction is:
H° = 4 mol × (–973.49 kJ mol–1) = –3894.0 kJ
The standard enthalpy of formation for each substance is taken from Table 6.2:
–3894.0 kJ = [8 mol × (–393.5 kJ/mol)] + [10 mol × (–285.9 kJ/mol)] – [4 mol × DH fo C2H5NO2]
Solving for the desired enthalpy of formation, we have:
DH fo C2H5NO2 = –528.3 kJ/mol

6.103 The equation may be written as: 1

2
H2(g) + 1
2
Br2(l) ¾¾
® HBr(g) DH fo = –36 kJ
To obtain H, combine the equations in the following manner:
Br2(aq) + 2KCl(aq) ¾¾ ® Cl2(g) + 2KBr(aq) H° = 96.2 kJ
H2(g) + Cl2(g) ¾¾® 2HCl(g) H° = –184 kJ

6-16
 Chapter 6

2HCl(aq) + 2KOH(aq) ¾¾ ® 2KCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) H° = –115 kJ

2KBr(aq) + 2H2O(l) ¾¾ ® 2HBr(aq) + 2KOH(aq) H° = 115 kJ
2HCl(g) ¾¾ ® 2HCl(aq) H° = –154 kJ
2HBr(aq) ¾¾ ® 2HBr(g) H° = 160 kJ
Br2(l) ¾¾ ® Br2(aq) H° = –4.2 kJ
Add all of the above to get:
H2(g) + Br2(l) ¾¾ ® 2HBr(g) H° = –86 kJ
Now divide this equation by two to give the thermochemical equation for the formation of 1 mol
of HBr(g):
1 H (g) + 1 Br (l)
2
2
2
2 ¾¾ ® HBr(g); H° = –43 kJ
Comparing this value to the Hf° value listed in Appendix C.2 and at the outset of this problem,
we see that this experimental data indicates a value that is close to the reported value.
6.104 The equation we want is:
2C(s) + H2(g) ¾¾ ® C2H2(g)
Take this one step at a time. Start with the fourth equation:
CaC2(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾¾ ® Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g) H° = –126 kJ
Add the reverse of the first equation and get rid of calcium hydroxide:
Ca(OH)2(s) ¾¾ ® CaO(s) + H2O(l) H° = +65.3 kJ
Add the second equation to eliminate the CaO(s):
CaO(s) + 3C(s) ¾¾ ® CaC2(s) + CO(g) H° = +462.3 kJ
This also eliminates the CaC2(s) we had from the first equation. To eliminate the H2O, reverse the
last equation AND multiply by 1/2:
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) ¾¾ ® H2O(l) H° = –286 kJ
Now get rid of the CO by reversing the fifth equation AND multiplying by 1 :
2
CO(g) ¾¾
® C(s) + 1 O2(g) H° = +110 kJ
2
Add the equations together to get:
2C(s) + H2(g) ¾¾ ® C2H2(g) H° = 225.6 kJ
6.105 C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) ¾¾ ® 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l)
Hcombustion = [sum DH f products] – [sum DH fo reactants]
o

= {[12 mol CO2(g) × HfCO2(g) + [11 mol H2O(l) × HfH2O(l)]}

– {[1 mol C12H22O11(s) × HfC12H22O11(s)] + [12 mol × HfO2(g)]}
= [12(–393.5 kJ) + 11(–285.9 kJ)] – [(–2230 kJ) + 12(0 kJ)] = –5.64 × 103 kJ/mol
This is the amount of heat liberated for 1 mol of sucrose. Thus, for 28.3 g we have,
æ 1 mol öæ -5640 kJ ö
q = (28.3 g) ç ÷ç ÷ = –466 kJ
è 342.3 g øè 1 mol ø

6.106 1
2
HCHO2(l) + 1
2
H2O(l) ¾¾
® 1
2
CH3OH(l) + 1
2
O2(g) H° = +206kJ
1
2
CO(g) + H2(g) ¾¾
® 12 CH3OH(l) H° = –64 kJ
1
2
HCHO2(l) ¾¾
® 1
2
CO(g) + 1
2
H2O(l) H° = –17 kJ
Add these together:

6-17
 Chapter 6

HCHO2(l) + H2(g) ¾¾
® CH3OH(l) + 1
2
O2(g) H° = +125 kJ

6.107 Simply add the two together to get:

O3(g) + O(g) ¾¾ ® 2O2(g) H° = –394 kJ
6.108 Oxygen can absorb UV radiation and form ozone. Then the ozone can absorb the UV radiation
and forms oxygen.
æ 2000 lb öæ 453.6 g öæ 1 kg ö
6.109 K.E. = 1 mv2 = 1 (14.0 tons) ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷
2 2
è 1 ton øè 1 lb øè 1000 g ø
éæ 45.0 mi öæ 1 hr öæ 5280 ft öæ 30.48 cm öæ 1 m öù2
× êç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ú
êëè hr øè 3600 s øè 1 mi øè 1 ft øè 100 cm øúû
= 2.57 × 106 J = 2.57 × 103 kJ
 3.785 L   1000 mL  1 g 
mwater = (5.00 gal)     = 18900 g water
 1 gal   1 L  1 mL 
Increasing the temperature of water:
2.57 × 106 J = (4.184 J g–1 C–1)(18900 g)(t)
t = 32 C
6.110 The desired reaction is given below:
CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ¾¾ ® CH4(g) + 2O2(g)
∆Hreaction = {[1 mol CH4(g) × Hf°CH4]} – {[1 mol CO2(g) × Hf°CO2] + [1mol H2O(l) ×
2Hf°H2O(l)]}
= –74.848 kJ mol–1 – [–393.5 kJ mol–1 + (–285.9 kJ mol–1)]
= +890.4 kJ
Since ∆Hreact equals the amount of work needed for this reaction, w = +890.4 kJ.
It is difficult to carry out this reaction as it is a non-spontaneous reaction requiring an input of
energy. However, when energy is input to this mixture it is almost impossible to control what
product will be formed.
6.111 (a)

(b) Water: q < 0 Copper: q > 0

(c) qlost + qgained = 0 Also, we must assume the density of water at these temperatures is 1.00 g
mL–1
[50 g × 4.184 J g–1 °C–1 × (tf – 32.4 °C)] + [7.38 g × 0.387 J g–1 °C–1 × (tf – (–15 °C))] = 0
tf = 31.76 °C = 31.8 °C
6.112 Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® 2Na2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
∆Hreact ={[2 mol Na+(aq) × DH fo Na+(aq)] + [2 mol Cl–(aq) × DH fo Cl–)]

6-18
 Chapter 6

+ [1 mol CO2 × DH fo CO2] + [1 mol H2O(l) × DH fo H2O(l)]}

– {[1 mol Na2CO3 × DH fo Na2CO3] + [2 mol HCl(aq) × DH fo HCl(aq)]}
∆Hreact = 2 × (–240.12 kJ mol–1) + 2 × (–167.2 kJ mol–1) + (–393.5 kJ mol–1) + (–285.9 kJ mol–1)
– [(–1131 kJ mol–1) + 2 × (–167.2 kJ mol–1)]
∆Hreact = –28.64 kJ
NaHCO3(s) + HCl(aq) ¾¾ ® Na2+(aq) + Cl–(aq) + H2O + CO2(g)
∆Hreact = ={[1 mol Na+(aq) × DH fo Na+(aq)] + [1 mol Cl–(aq) × DH fo Cl–)]
+ [1 mol CO2 × DH fo CO2] + [1 mol H2O(l) × DH fo H2O(l)]
– {[1 mol NaHCO3 × DH fo NaHCO3] + [1 mol HCl(aq) × DH fo HCl(aq)]}
∆Hreact = (–240.12 kJ mol–1) + (–167.2 kJ mol–1) + (–393.5 kJ mol–1) + (–285.9 kJ mol–1)
– [(–947.7 kJ mol–1) + (–167.2 kJ mol–1)]
∆Hreact = +28.18 kJ
Na2CO3 gives off the greatest amount of heat. The reaction of HCl with NaHCO3 is endothermic.
6.113 We must assume the density of the solution is 1.00 g mL–1 and the specific heat of the solution is
the same as water, 4.184 J g–1 oC–1.
The heat generated by the reaction of the salts with water is given by:
q = 100.0 g × 4.184 J g–1 oC–1 × 5.33 oC = 2230 J
Since the temperature of the water rose when the salts dissolved this value should be negative;
–2230 kJ
Since the reaction involves the formation of a solution from two solids we need to determine the
enthalpy of solution of the two salts. Also, it would be useful to have the enthalpy in units of
kJ g–1.
NH4Cl(s) ¾¾ ® NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
∆Hsoln = [1 mol NH4+ ×( –132.5 kJ mol–1)] + [1 mol Cl– × (–167.2 kJ mol–1)]
– [1 mol NH4Cl × (–315.4 kJ mol–1)] = +15.7 kJ mol–1
1 mol
+15.7 kJ mol–1 × = 0.294 kJ g–1
53.49 g
CaCl2(s) ¾¾ ® Ca2+(aq) + 2Cl–(aq)
∆Hsoln = [1 mol Ca2+ × ( –542.83 kJ mol–1)] + [2 mol Cl– × (–167.2 kJ mol–1)] – [1 mol CaCl2(s) ×
(–795.0 kJ mol–1)] = –82.23 kJ mol–1
1 mol
–82.23 kJ mol–1 × = –0.741 kJ g–1
110.99 g
Now we need to set up an equation for the heat generated when the two solids dissolve. We will
let x be the mass of NH4Cl. Then, the mass of CaCl2 would be 4.56 – x.
x (0.294 kJ g–1) + (4.56 – x)(–0.741 kJ g–1) = –2.230 kJ
x = 1.11 g of NH4Cl 4.56 g – 1.11 g = 3.45 g CaCl2
6.114 From Analyzing and Solving Multi-Concept Problems:
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ¾¾ ® NaCl(aq) + H2O H° = –58 kJ
Net ionic equation:
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) ¾¾ ® H2O H° = –58 kJ (1)
From Practice Exercise 6.14:

6-19
 Chapter 6

HC2H3O2 + NaOH(aq) ¾¾ ® NaC2H3O2(aq) + H2O H° = –56 kJ

HC2H3O2 + OH (aq) ¾¾
–
® C2H3O2–(aq) + H2O H° = –56 kJ (2)
The equation for the ionization of acetic acid:
HC2H3O2(aq) H+(aq) + C2H3O2–(aq)
To obtain the thermochemical equation for the ionization of acetic acid reverse Equation (1) and
add it to Equation (2)
H2O ¾¾ ® H+(aq) + OH–(aq) H° = 58 kJ (1)
HC2H3O2 + OH (aq) ¾¾
–
® C2H3O2 (aq) + H2O
–
H° = –56 kJ (2)
HC2H3O2 + OH (aq) ¾¾
–
® C2H3O2 (aq) + H (aq) H° = 2 kJ
– +

Multi-Concept Problems

6.115 The reaction for the combustion of ethanol is:

C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ¾¾ ® 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
∆Hcomb = {[2 mol CO2(g) × Hf°CO2(g)] + [3 mol H2O(l) × Hf°(H2O(l)]}
– [1 mol C2H5(l) Hf°C2H5OH(l)]
= 2 × (–393.5 kJ mol ) + 3 × (–285.8 kJ mol ) – (–277.63 kJ mol–1)
–1 –1

= –1366.77 kJ mol–1 of ethanol

It would be helpful to have this value in kJ per g of ethanol
1 mol
–1366.77 kJ mol–1 C2H5OH × = –29.67 kJ g–1
46.07 g
æ 3.785 L öæ 1000 mL öæ 0.787 g öæ 29.67 kJ ö
1 gal ethanol × ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷ = 8.84. × 10 kJ released
4

è gal øè L øè mL øè g ø
6.116 Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) ¾¾ ® Ca(OH)2(s) + H2(g)
∆Hreact = [1 mol Ca(OH)2(s) × Hf°Ca(OH)2] – [2 mol H2O(l) × Hf°H2O(l)]
= –986.59 kJ mol–1 – 2(–285.9 kJ mol–1)
= –415.1 kJ
One mole of Ca(OH)2 is formed in the reaction, so we can calculate the amount of heat released
for Ca(OH)2
1 mol
–415.1 kJ mol–1 Ca(OH)2 × = –5.60 kJ g–1 Ca(OH)2
74.09 g
K(s) + H2O(l) ¾¾
® K+(aq) + OH–(aq) + 1 H2(g)
2
∆Hreact = {[1 mol K+(aq) × Hf°K+(aq)] + [1 mol OH–(aq) × Hf°OH–(aq)]}
– {1 mol H2O(l) × Hf°H2O(l)]
= –252.4 kJ + (–230.0 kJ) – (–285.9 kJ)
= –195.5 kJ for the reaction
One mole of KOH is formed in the reaction, so we can calculate the amount of heat released for
KOH
1 mol
–195.5 kJ mol–1 KOH × = –3.50 kJ g–1 KOH
56.106 g

6-20
Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of De afstamming
van den mensch en de seksueele teeltkeus, deel
2 (van 2)
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
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Title: De afstamming van den mensch en de seksueele teeltkeus,

deel 2 (van 2)

Author: Charles Darwin

Translator: H. Hartogh Heys van Zouteveen

Release date: March 24, 2024 [eBook #73246]

Language: Dutch

Original publication: Arnhem-Nijmegen: E. & M. Cohen, 1890

Credits: Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed Proofreading

Team at https://www.pgdp.net/ for Project Gutenberg

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DE

AFSTAMMING VAN DEN MENSCH EN DE SEKSUEELE TEELTKEUS,
DEEL 2 (VAN 2) ***
[Inhoud]

[Inhoud]
 DARWIN’S
BIOLOGISCHE MEESTERWERKEN,

VOOR NEDERLANDERS BEWERKT

DOOR
Dr. H. HARTOGH HEYS VAN ZOUTEVEEN
EN
Dr. T. C. WINKLER.

VIJFDE DEEL.
De Afstamming van den
Mensch en de Seksueele
Teeltkeus.

Tweede Gedeelte.

Arnhem-Nijmegen.
Gebr. E. & M. COHEN.

[Inhoud]
 De Afstamming
VAN
DEN MENSCH
DE SEKSUEELE
TEELTKEUS,

DOOR
CHARLES DARWIN.
Naar de tweede herziene en veel
 vermeerderde Engelsche uitgave, (13de
duizend), omgewerkt en van
aanteekeningen voorzien,
DOOR
Dr. H. HARTOGH HEYS VAN
ZOUTEVEEN.

TWEEDE DEEL.

Arnhem-Nijmegen—Gebr. E. & M.
COHEN.

[Inhoud]

Stoomdrukkerij—H. BORN—Assen. [I]

[Inhoud]
 INHOUD.

Darwin’s Biologische Meesterwerken.

III. De Afstamming van den Mensch en de Seksueele

Teeltkeus.

TWEEDE DEEL.

TWAALFDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

VISSCHEN, AMPHIBIEËN EN REPTIELEN.

Visschen: Vrijage en gevechten der mannetjes.—Meerdere

lichaamsgrootte der wijfjes.—Schitterende kleuren, tot versiering
dienende aanhangsels en andere vreemde kenmerken der
mannetjes.—De kleuren en aanhangsels worden door de mannetjes
alleen gedurende den rijtijd verkregen.—Visschen bij welke beide
seksen schitterend zijn gekleurd.—Beschermende kleuren.—De
minder opzichtige kleuren van het wijfje kunnen niet worden
gerekend uit een beginsel van bescherming te zijn verkregen.—
Mannelijke visschen die nesten bouwen en voor de eieren en jongen
zorgen. Amphibieën: Verschillen in maaksel en kleur tusschen de
seksen.—Stemorganen. Reptielen: Schildpadden.—Krokodillen.—
Slangen; haar kleuren in sommige gevallen beschermend.—
Hagedissen; haar gevechten.—Tot versiering dienende aanhangsels.
—Vreemde verschillen in maaksel tusschen de beide seksen.—
 Kleuren.—De seksueele verschillen bijna even groot als bij de vogels
blz. 1.

AANTEEKENINGEN 34.

DERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

VOGELS.

Seksueele verschillen.—Kampstrijd tusschen de mannetjes.—

Bijzondere [II]wapenen.—Stemorganen.—Instrumentale muziek.—
Liefdespel en dansen.—Versierselen, blijvende en tijdelijke.—
Dubbele en enkelvoudige jaarlijksche ruitijd.—Het pronken der
mannetjes met hun versierselen blz. 37.

AANTEEKENINGEN 94.

VEERTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

VOGELS.—VERVOLG.

Keus door het wijfje uitgeoefend.—Langdurigheid der vrijage.—

Ongepaarde vogels.—Geestvermogens en smaak voor het schoone.
—Voorkeur of afkeer van het wijfje ten opzichte van bijzondere
mannetjes.—Veranderlijkheid (variabiliteit) van vogels.—De
afwijkingen (variaties) ontstaan soms plotseling.—Wetten der
veranderlijkheid (variabiliteit).—Vorming van oogvlekken (ocelli).—
 Overgangen van kenmerken.—Geval van den pauw, Argus fazant en
Urosticte blz. 96.

AANTEEKENINGEN 146.

VIJFTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

VOGELS.—VERVOLG.

Onderzoek, waarom bij sommige soorten alleen de mannetjes, en bij

andere beide seksen schitterende kleuren vertoonen.—Over tot ééne
sekse beperkte erfelijkheid: toepassing daarvan op verschillende
deelen en op een schitterend gekleurd vederkleed.—Betrekking
tusschen nestbouw en kleur.—Verlies van het bruiloftskleed
gedurende den winter blz. 149.

AANTEEKENINGEN 173.

ZESTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

VOGELS.—SLOT.

Het gevederte der jonge vogels met betrekking tot de kenmerken van
het vederkleed van beide seksen op volwassen leeftijd.—Zes klassen
van gevallen.—Seksueele verschillen tusschen de mannetjes van
nauw-verwante of elkander vertegenwoordigende soorten.—Het
wijfje neemt soms de kenmerken van het mannetje aan.—Het
gevederte der jonge vogels met betrekking tot het zomer- en
 winterkleed der volwassenen.—Over de toenemende schoonheid van
de vogels op aarde.—Beschermende kleuren.—Opzichtig gekleurde
vogels.—Nieuwheid op prijs gesteld.—Overzicht der vier laatste
hoofdstukken over de vogels blz. 175.

AANTEEKENINGEN 222. [III]

ZEVENTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

ZOOGDIEREN.

Kampstrijd tusschen de mannetjes.—Bijzondere wapenen, tot hen

alleen beperkt.—Oorzaak van het ontbreken der wapenen bij het
wijfje.—Wapenen aan beide seksen gemeen, toch oorspronkelijk
eerst door het mannetje verkregen.—Andere gebruiken van
dergelijke wapenen.—Hun hooge belangrijkheid.—Meerdere grootte
van het mannetje.—Verdedigingsmiddelen.—Over de voorkeur, door
elk der beide seksen betoond bij de paring van viervoetige dieren blz.
225.

AANTEEKENINGEN 256.

SUPPLEMENTAIRE AANTEEKENING OP
HOOFDSTUK XVII.

over de wijziging van een ras van syrische straathonden door

middel van seksueele teeltkeus, door Dr. van Dijck, met een
inleiding door Charles Darwin (vertaald uit „Proceedings of the scient.
meetings of the Zool. Soc.”, 1882, blz. 367) blz. 260.
 ACHTTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DE

ZOOGDIEREN.—VERVOLG.

Stem.—Opmerkelijke seksueele bijzonderheden bij Robben.—Geur.

—Ontwikkeling van het haar.—Kleur van het haar en de huid.—
Abnormaal geval waarin het wijfje meer opgesierd is dan het
mannetje.—Kleur en versierselen, door seksueele teeltkeus
veroorzaakt.—Kleur, verkregen ter wille van de bescherming.—De
kleur is, al is zij aan beide seksen gemeen, toch dikwijls het gevolg
van seksueele teeltkeus.—Over het verdwijnen van vlekken en
strepen bij volwassen viervoetige dieren.—Over de kleuren en
versierselen der Vierhandige Zoogdieren (Quadrumana).—Overzicht
blz. 266.

AANTEEKENINGEN 302.

SUPPLEMENTAIRE AANTEEKENING OP
HOOFDSTUK XVIII.

over seksueele teeltkeus bij apen, door C. Darwin (vertaald uit

„Nature”, 9 November 1876, blz. 18) blz. 306.

NEGENTIENDE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DEN

MENSCH.
 Verschillen tusschen man en vrouw.—Oorzaken van die verschillen
en van sommige kenmerken die aan beide seksen gemeen zijn.—
Gevechten.—Verschillen in geestvermogens—en stem.—Over den
invloed der schoonheid op het bepalen der huwelijken bij den
mensch.—Opmerkzaamheid, door wilden aan versierselen gewijd.[IV]
—Hun begrippen van schoonheid bij de vrouw.—De neiging om elke
natuurlijke bijzonderheid te overdrijven blz. 311.

AANTEEKENINGEN 345.

TWINTIGSTE HOOFDSTUK.

SECUNDAIRE SEKSUEELE KENMERKEN BIJ DEN

MENSCH.—SLOT.

Over de gevolgen van de voortdurende teeltkeus van vrouwen

volgens een verschillenden maatstaf van schoonheid in elk ras.—
Over de oorzaken die de werking der seksueele teeltkeus
tegenwerken bij beschaafde en wilde volken.—Over de voor de
seksueele teeltkeus gunstige omstandigheden in voorhistorische
tijden.—Over de werkingswijze der seksueele teeltkeus bij den
mensch.—Over het feit, dat de vrouwen bij wilde stammen
eenigermate in de gelegenheid zijn haar echtgenooten te kiezen.—
Afwezigheid van haar op het lichaam, en ontwikkeling van den baard.
—Kleur der huid.—Overzicht blz. 349.

AANTEEKENINGEN 376.

EEN-EN-TWINTIGSTE HOOFDSTUK.

ALGEMEEN OVERZICHT EN BESLUIT.

 Hoofdbesluit: de mensch stamt af van den eenen of anderen lageren
vorm.—Wijze van ontwikkeling.—Stamboom van den mensch.—
Verstandelijke en zedelijke vermogens.—Seksueele teeltkeus.—
Slotaanmerkingen blz. 378.

AANTEEKENINGEN 395.

register op het werk van Darwin en zijn daarbij gevoegde kleine

geschriften blz. 401.

register op de aanteekeningen, noten enz. van den vertaler 493.

[1]
[Inhoud]