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CHEM134: GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

Electrochemistry
Week 10 – 11: • Electrochemistry is best defined as the study of the interchange
of chemical and electrical energy.
ELECTROCHEMISTRY: • It deals directly with electrons and their movement.
Introduction, Electrochemical • It is primarily concerned with two processes that involve
Cells, Electrolysis & Batteries oxidation-reduction reactions:
(1) the generation of an electric current from a chemical reaction
which takes place in a battery and
HENNESSY NOVY JOYCE SALMO, RChT (2) the opposite process that uses current to produce chemical
Faculty Member
Chemical Engineering Technology Department change known as electrolysis
TUP Visayas

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Concept Recall: RedOx Reactions Electrolytes and Non-electrolytes

A clean copper wire placed in a colorless solution of silver nitrate
will undergo a redox reaction, Ag+ ions will be reduced forming
silver metal that will deposit on the copper wire. The colorless
solution will turn to blue as the copper metal will be reduced to form
Cu²⁺ ions.
Cu + AgNO3 à Cu(NO3)2 + Ag
Oxidation Half Rxn:
Reduction Half Rxn:
Electrolyte is defined as a substance whose solution conducts
electricity, while a substance whose solution does not conduct
electricity is a non-electrolyte.
One particularly useful property for characterizing a solution
was first identified by Arrhenius. According to Arrhenius the
ability of solutions to conduct electrical current depends
directly on the number of ions present in the solution.

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6/12/24

Mechanisms Involved in the Formation of

Classification of Electrolytes
Ions
1. Dissociation is the separation of ions from electrovalent 1. Strong electrolytes are good
compound by the action of a solvent. conductors of electricity. They
cause the lamp to glow brightly and
the ammeter records a large amount
of current. They are 100% ionized
or dissociated in solutions.
Examples:
2. Ionization is the formation of ions from polar covalent
• soluble salts
compound by the action of a solvent.
• strong acids
• strong base
2. Weak electrolytes are substances
that produce relatively few ions
when dissolved in water. These are
poor conductors of electricity. The
lamp gives a dim light and the
ammeter records a very small
current. They are slightly ionized
or dissociated in solution.
Examples:
• weak acids
• weak bases

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Classification of Electrolytes Non-electrolytes

Compound whose solutions will not conduct current is called
non-electrolyte.
• In general, compounds other than acids, bases, and salts are
classified as non-electrolytes.
• In a solution of non-electrolyte molecules retain their identity.
For example, when sugar is dissolved in water, the sugar exist
in the solution as solvated or hydrated molecules surrounded
by a cluster of water but they are electrically neutral hence
there is no electrical conductivity.

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Colligative Properties of Solutions of
Electrolyte and Non-electrolyte
1. Effect in freezing point of pure solvents
• 1 mol non-electrolyte in 1kg solvent = 1 mol of any other non-
electrolyte
• 1 mol strong electrolyte > 1 mol of non-electrolyte
2. Effect in the boiling point of pure solvents
• 1 mol of electrolyte > 1 mol of non-electrolyte
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Electrochemical Cells
An electrochemical cell is a device that can generate electrical
energy from the chemical reactions occurring in it, or use the
electrical energy supplied to it to facilitate chemical reactions
in it. These devices are capable of converting chemical energy
into electrical energy, or vice versa.
Two types of electrochemical cells:
1. Electrolytic cell
2. Galvanic cell or voltaic cell
A. Components of Electrolytic Cell
1. electrodes - a pair of conducting metal
a. anode - positive electrode (electrons are withdrawn; oxidation occurs)
b. cathode - negative electrode (receiving the electrons; reduction occurs)
2. electrolytic solution (electrolyte) – supplies the positive and
negative ions.
3. container
4. power source (battery or other direct current source)
5. connecting wires
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C. Operation of Electrolytic Cell

B. The Basic Set-up of an Electrolytic Cell

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Electrolysis D. Applications of Electrolysis

1. Electrolysis of Water
The process whereby a current of The cell contains two
electricity is used to bring about platinum electrodes which are
oxidation-reduction reactions that immersed in water containing
do not take place simultaneously a small amount of electrolyte
such as sulfuric acid.
is called “electrolysis”.
The passage of current from the
Electrolysis is carried out in an power source causes the
electrolytic cell which consists of following reduction-oxidation
two electrodes in a molten salt or reactions to take place:
solution.

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D. Applications of Electrolysis Daily Life Examples of Electroplating

2. Electroplating
Electroplating is a process in 1. Aesthetics - a thin layer of precious metal is often coated on
which a coating of metal is added jewelry to make it more lustrous and attractive.
to a conductor with the help of
electric current. The process 2. Protective Barriers
which is used in electroplating is Electroplating acts as a protective barrier for the metals. It
electrodeposition.
covers the surface of the metal and protects them from
Cathode: the object to be plated different atmospheric conditions. Plated parts last longer.
Anode: the metal which is to coat
the object 3. Prevent Friction
Electrolyte: solution of the metal Nickel plating is done on a metal surface to reduce friction in
which is the anode materials like electric conductors. It reduces the chances of
early wear and tear of the metal.

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Daily Life Examples of Electroplating Daily Life Examples of Electroplating

4. Conduction of Electricity
5. Prevent Tarnishing
Metals are plated with silver and gold to increase their
conductivity and decrease cost. Cell phones, computers, and other Electroplating protects metals against
electronic devices use electroplating techniques in their circuits. premature tarnishing and also decreases
Interestingly, the medals meant to be awarded in the 2020 Tokyo the likelihood of scratching.
Olympics and Paralympic Games 6. Increasing Thickness
are manufactured from metals Electroplating is used to improve the
extracted from mobile phones overall quality and longevity of a
substrate.
and other recycled waste items.

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Daily Life Examples of Electroplating Daily Life Examples of Electroplating

7. Protection from Radiations 8. Commercial applications
This helps in protecting the metals from Electroplating is used in various
radiations. Gold’s reflective properties commercial appliances:
• Nickel is used in decorative
make it ideal for use in components such items, cars, and machinery parts.
as semiconductor parts including reflector • Chromium is also used in rims of
rings and reflector arrays. Gold reflects UV radiation below 0.35µm. wheels and
It also reflects infrared radiations with wavelengths above 0.7 µm, • Zinc is also plated on various
which helps to keep electronics cool. These reflective properties have machinery parts.
made gold plating an integral part of spacecraft and satellite design.

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Daily Life Examples of Electroplating Daily Life Examples of Electroplating

9. Smoothness 10. Aerospace and Aviation
Every metal item we purchase, Gold plating is done on
for example, utensils, are very astronaut’s helmet for protection
smooth and lustrous. from dangerous effects of solar
• Copper plating is done to radiation. Also, many satellites
provide extra smoothness to carry gold coated mylar sheet to
the metal surface. It provides protect them from solar heat.
enhanced surface finishing
to the metal.

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D. Applications of Electrolysis
3. Anodizing
3. Anodizing
A DC electric current is passed
Anodizing is an electrochemical process that converts the metal between the aluminum that is
surface into a decorative, durable, corrosion-resistant, anodic made the anode the electrolyte
oxide finish. and a cathode. The oxygen
Aluminum is ideally suited to anodizing, although other non- generated at the anode by the
passage of current through the
ferrous metals, such as magnesium and titanium, also can be electrolyte reacts with the
anodized. aluminum to produce a film of
Anode: Aluminum aluminum oxide on it which acts
as a protective coating for
Electrolyte: dilute solution of sulfuric acid aluminum
Cathode: Lead

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D. Applications of Electrolysis 4. Purification of Blister Copper

4. Purification of Blister Copper Blister copper is refined by electrolysis.
Blister copper consists of an impure form of copper produced Cathode: Thin sheets of pure copper
by blowing air through molten copper matte. During the Anode: slabs of impure copper
conversion process, sulfur, iron and other impurities are Electrolyte: a solution of copper sulfate
oxidized. The copper so obtained
• During electrolysis, the copper ion moves toward the cathode
is called “blister copper” because, where they plate out as pure copper. The impure copper anode
as it solidifies, SO2 hidden in it supplies copper ions for the solution. As the process continues
escapes out producing blister on the anode becomes thinner while the cathode becomes thicker.
Pure copper metal is deposited on it. The impurities drop to the
its surface. bottom of the cell known as the anode mud or sludge. The
electrically refined copper is 99.99% pure.

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D. Applications of Electrolysis D. Applications of Electrolysis

5. Extraction of Metals 6. Manufacture of other Elements and Compounds
Aluminum is obtained from mining the mineral Chlorine gas, hydrogen gas and sodium hydroxide are produced by
bauxite(Al2O3). The purified bauxite ore of aluminum oxide is the electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride. Sodium, like many of
continuously fed in. The mineral cryolite is added to lower the the most reactive metals, can be extracted by electrolysis of its
melting point and dissolve the ore. molten chloride.
The three products from the electrolysis of sodium chloride
Electrolyte: mixture of molten aluminum oxide and cryolite solution are all of industrial significance: hydrogen, chlorine and
minerals sodium hydroxide.
Anodes: Carbon-graphite Overall equation for the electrolysis of brine:
Cathode: steel vessel 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) ==> H2(g) + Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq)

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Summary

ELECTROCHEMICAL
CELLS
(Batteries)

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Service Life Essential Parts of a Battery

• Service life of a battery is the number of operating hours
during which it satisfactorily operates under normal 1. Electrodes
conditions. a. anode (negative terminal) – oxidation occurs
• Factors affecting service life: b. cathode (positive terminal) – reduction occurs
1. Quality of battery 2. Electrolyte – permits ionic conduction
2. Temperature during storage 3. Separator which physically separates the anode from the
3. Rate of discharge cathode but permits ions to pass through.
4. Length of storage time 4. Container
5. Temperature during discharge
6. Number and duration of on and off periods
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Classification of Batteries PRIMARY BATTERIES

1. Primary or non-rechargeable battery. • Parts of a Dry-Cell Battery
This battery produces electricity as 1. anode – zinc can
long as active ingredients are present in 2. cathode – carbon rod
the battery. Once active ingredients are 3. electrolyte – ammonium
consumed, the battery is discharged. chloride in the form of a
moist paste. Manganese
2. Secondary or rechargeable battery. dioxide and powdered
graphite are mixed with
The battery can be recharged by electrolyte.
passing current through it and can be 4. Separator – porous paper
used over and over again. (blotting paper)

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PRIMARY BATTERIES SECONDARY BATTERIES

• Reaction During Operation: • Parts of a Lead-Acid Storage Battery:

At anode: Zn è Zn++ + 2e- (oxidation) 1. Anode – Lead, Pb
At cathode: NH4Cl è NH4+ + Cl- 2. Cathode – Lead (IV) oxide or
2NH4+ + 2e- è 2NH3 + H2 (reduction) plumbic oxide, PbO2
3. Electrolyte – dilute sulfuric acid
solution
Emf of fresh dry cell is 1.5 volts.
4. Separator – glass fiber spacers

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SECONDARY BATTERIES SECONDARY BATTERIES

• Reaction During Operation:
• Recharging of Lead-Acid Storage Battery
At anode: Pb è Pb++ + 2e- (oxidation)
To recharge this type of battery, electricity from outside source
The 2 electrons go to external circuit. is driven through the battery to reverse the oxidation-reduction
Pb++ + SO2 è PbSO4(s) reactions.
At cathode: PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e- è Pb++ + 2H2O (reduction) Over-all reaction:
Pb++ + SO4= è PbSO4(s) 2 PbSO4 + 2 H2O è Pb + PbO2 + 2 H2SO4
The PbO2 accepts the electrons from the anode via the external
circuit.
Overall reaction: Pb + PbO2 + 2H2SO4 è 2PbSO4(s) + 2H2O
Emf of one cell is 2.1 volts.
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Secondary Batteries(Nickel-Cadmium
Nickel-Cadmium Battery
Battery)
• Parts of a Ni-Cd Battery: • Reaction During Operation:
1. Anode – Cadmium
2. Cathode – Nickel dioxide
3. Electrolyte – KOH solution (not involved in reactions)

Emf of one cell is 2.1 volts.

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Nickel-Cadmium Battery Secondary Batteries(Lithium-Ion Battery)

• Characteristics of Ni-Cd battery: • Parts of a Li-ion Battery:
1. Maximum Emf of one cell is 1.3 volts 1. Anode – graphite
2. Cell is sealed and does not leak; it comes in many sizes and 2. Cathode – LiCoO2,
voltage; offers long service life; constant potential lithium cobalt oxide
3. Electrolyte – a solution
3. More expensive of lithium salts in a mixture
4. Low self-discharge rate of solvents (like dimethyl
carbonate or diethyl
5. Over-charging will cause the battery’s capacity to decline carbonate)
6. Contains toxic metals and is not environmentally friendly

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Lithium-Ion Battery
Lithium-Ion Battery

• Characteristics of Li-ion battery:

• Reactions During 1. Small and thin with superior energy density
Operation:
2. Quick to recharge, and fairly low self-discharge.
3. Does not require a prolonged charge when new, compared to
other rechargeable batteries.
4. Maximum performance and efficiency offset high initial
costs making it consumer friendly
5. Environmentally friendly and safe

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Lithium-Ion Battery

• Characteristics of Li-ion battery:

6. Not available in regular household sizes
7. Requires protection circuit to prevent over-heating and limit
voltage
8. Overall capacity will slowly deteriorate over time, causing
the device to lose its charge quicker
9. Use a specific type of charger, requiring a user to purchase
one or have one on hand.

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Other Battery Types: Other Battery Types:

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Other Battery Types: Other Battery Types:

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Other Battery Types:

Battery Sizes:

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Battery Sizes: Battery Sizes:

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Battery Sizes: Battery Sizes:

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Battery Sizes: Battery Sizes:

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Handling instructions by battery type:
Alkaline Batteries: alkaline batteries are the most common type of batteries in battery
powered household products and are classified as non-hazardous waste. This means that
you can safely dispose of alkaline batteries in your normal household trash.
Button Cell Batteries: also, commonly called watch batteries, button cell batteries have
several different chemistries, all of which are label as hazardous and must be disposed of at
a proper hazardous waste reclamation facility.
Silver Oxide: silver oxide batteries are one type of button cell battery and are
technically hazardous waste. However, the law permits an exception for households
because of the small amount of silver oxide battery waste they generate. Therefore, under
current regulations, disposal of silver oxide batteries in normal household waste is
permitted.
Carbon Zinc Batteries: carbon zinc batteries are classified as non-hazardous waste by
the government and be can safely disposed of in your normal household trash.
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Handling instructions by battery type:
Lead-Acid Vehicle Batteries: any lead acid battery, like the one in your car, is considered
hazardous waste and must be disposed of correctly. Most locations that sell vehicle batteries
will also take them for recycling, though they may charge you a fee. On the other hand,
businesses that recycle metals may be willing to pay you for your burned-out car battery.
Lithium Ion Batteries: lithium ion batteries are classified as non-hazardous and can be
discarded as part of your normal household waste collection. However, these batteries can also
be recycled.
Rechargeable Nickel Cadmium (Ni-Cd): rechargeable nickel cadmium batteries are
classified as hazardous. These batteries must be disposed of at a proper hazardous waste
reclamation facility.
Rechargeable Nickel Metal Hydride (Ni-Li or Ni-Hydride): rechargeable nickel metal
hydride batteries are labeled non-hazardous by the government and may be discarded in
standard household waste or recycled at a certified location.
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