1/12/2021

Tools and Techniques

for

Disaster
Management
Sessional

HELLO!
I am Swarna Bintay Kadir
Assistant Professor, IDM, KUET
2

You can find me at

swarna@idm.kuet.ac.bd
swarna.urp@gmail.com

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INTRODUCTION
TO THE COURSE
DDM 102: Tools and Techniques for
Disaster Management Sessional 3

Credit: 1.5
Number of Lectures: 6

COURSE CONTENTS

Topics

Basics of Risk Management 4

Lecture 1 Livelihood Assets analyses and Social
Impact Assessment

Lecture 2 Application of PRA Tools

Lecture 3 Basics of Geographic Information

System (GIS)

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COURSE CONTENTS

Topics

GIS Project 1:Digitizing and Database 5

Lecture 4 Generation
GIS Project 2:Density Mapping

Lecture 5
GIS Project 3: Topography Mapping
GIS Project 4: Risk Zone Identification

Lecture 6 Report and Presentation

Assessment Method

20%
Class Attendence
and Participation

9
50% Performance
Evaluation in the
Lab Test
30% Final Report

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Grading System
Numerical Marks Letter Grade Grade Point

≥ 80 A+ 4.00
75-79 A 3.75
70-74 A- 3.50
http://www.kuet.ac.bd/idm/wp-
65-69 B+ 3.25 content/uploads/2016/07/Academi
c-Ordinance-of-Professional- 10
60-64 B 3.00 Diploma-and-Training-
Program_IDM_KUET.pdf
55-59 B- 2.75
50-54 C+ 2.50
45-49 C 2.25
40-44 D 2.00
< 40 F 0.00

AIM OF THE COURSE

 Develop understanding about 11
different participatory and GIS
tools for Disaster Management

 Develop practical skills to use

these tools

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REFERENCE BOOKS
 Huisman, O. and De By, R.A.,
2009. Principles of geographic
information systems. ITC
Educational Textbook Series, 1, 12
p.17.

 Geilfus, F., 2008. 80 tools for

participatory development:
appraisal, planning, follow-up
and evaluation (No. 303.4
G312e). San José, CR: IICA.

BIG
CONCEPT 13

Risk Management Concept

Social Impact Assessment
Livilihood Asset Analysis
Participatory Tools
GIS Tools

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1.
Risk
MANAGEMENT
Concept

RISK
The probability of harmful consequences or expected losses
resulting from interactions between natural or human-induced
hazards and vulnerable conditions.

Disaster risk is a combination of potential hazards, existing

vulnerabilities and resilience.

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RISK TRIANGLE
If any one of these sides increases,
High the area of the triangle increases,
Low Vulnerability
Capacity
hence the amount of risk also
increases.
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RISK
TRIANGLE If any one of the sides reduces, the
risk reduces.

Hazard If we can eliminate one side there is

no risk.

“
Vulnerability is not the
flip side of Capacity

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RISK CONTROL
RISK ASSESSMENT
Risk Identification

RISK ANALYSIS Risk The stage at which values and

Evaluation judgments enter the decision process,
Hazard Assessment explicitly or implicitly, by including
consideration of the importance of the
Capacity Assessment estimated risks and the associated
RISK MANAGEMENT

social, environmental, and economic

Vulnerability Assessment 18 consequences, in order to identify a
range of alternatives for managing the
Risk Estimation risks.

Risk The use of available information to

Risk Evaluation Analysis estimate the risk to individuals or
populations, property, or the
Risk Visualization environment, from hazards.
Risk The process of risk identification, risk
Assessment analysis, risk evaluation and
RISK REDUCTION visualization.

Identify, Assess Strategies Risk The complete process of risk

Management assessment and risk control or risk
Implement and Monitor treatment.

Physical Economic
Vulnerability
and
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Capacity
Assessment
Social Attitudinal

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TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
Physical
It includes geographic
proximity origin of the
disasters, the difficulty in
access to water resources,
means of communications,
hospitals, police stations, fire
brigades, roads, bridges and
exits of a building or/an area, in
case of disasters.
Furthermore, the lack of
proper planning and
implementation in
construction of residential and
commercial buildings.
TYPES OF VULNERABILITY
Social
A socially vulnerable
community has weak family
structures, lack of leadership
for decision making and
conflict resolution, unequal
participation in decision
making, weak or no community
organizations, and the one in
which people are
discriminated on racial, ethnic,
linguistic or religious basis. It is
greatest among the poorest
people in developing countries
1/12/2021
Economic
Economic vulnerability of a
community can be assessed by
determining how varied its
sources of income are, the 20
ease of access and control
over means of production (e.g.
farmland, livestock, irrigation,
capital etc.), adequacy of
economic fall back
mechanisms and the
availability of natural
resources in the area.
Attitudinal
A community which has
negative attitude towards
change and lacks initiative in
life resultantly become more 21
and more dependent on
external support. They cannot
act independently. Their
sources of livelihood do not
have variety, lacks
entrepreneurship and do not
possess the concept of
collectivism.
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TYPES OF CAPACITY
• Buildings/ Infrastructures
Physical • Means of Communication

• Entrepreneurship
Economic • Earnings/Savings

• Social Interaction
Social • Community Organization

• Ready to accept change

Attitudinal • Collectivism approach

INDICATORS

▹ Indicator is a measurable variable used as a

representation of an associated factor or
context. 23

▹ An indicator is an observable and measurable

entity that serves to define a concept in a
practical way.

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Examples of Indicators

Examples of Indicators

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Indicators can be-

Use of
Input Output
Indicator Indicator
Indicators 26

for Risk
Assessment
Process Outcome
Indicator Indicator

Use of Indicators for Risk

Assessment

Input indicators Process indicators

What resources are What your project does?
required?
Example: inputs to Example: holding of
conduct a training meetings, conduct of
course of health care training courses,
provider may include distribution of
facilitators, training medicines, development
materials, funds. and testing of health
education materials.

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Use of Indicators for Risk

Assessment

Output indicators Outcome indicators

What your project
produces?
Example: the number of
medical assistants
trained, the number or
proportion of them with
improved knowledge and
skills in case
management.
What your project
achieves?
Example: proportion of
sick children correctly
managed by the trained
health providers,
proportion of under-five
children with suspected
pneumonia treated with
antibiotics.

Approaches for Developing

Indicators
Deductive Approach Inductive Approach Normative Approach

uses available uses data for building use experts’ judgments

scientific knowledge in statistical models that for selecting and
the form of explain observed harm aggregating variables.
frameworks, theories through some
or models about the indicating variables. Examples: Human
vulnerable system to The main limitation of Development Index
identify this approach is that it (HDI).
indicators/variables. works with few
But no weight can be variables and
given to the variables. insufficient data, so
they are applicable to
Examples: Indicators local analyses only.
of adaptive capacity
Examples: Indicators
of social vulnerability

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WEIGHT OF INDICATORS

▹ Can be decided by experts.

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▹ Can be decided by participants.

▹ Can be decided from literature review.

SCALE OF
MEASUREMENT
▹ Nominal 31

▹ Ordinal
▹ Interval
▹ Ratio

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32

▹ Gender
▹ MALE / FEMALE

EXAMPLES
▹ Religion
OF ▹ MUSLIM / HINDU / CHRISTIAN / BUDDHA

NOMINAL ▹ Closed Question

▹ YES/NO
SCALE
▹ Place of residence
▹ DHAKA / KHULNA / SYLHET / CHITTAGONG

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▹ Hottest to coldest
▹ VERY HOT / HOT / MODERATE / COLD / VERY COLD

EXAMPLES
▹ Lightest to heaviest
OF ▹ VERY UNSATISFIED / UNSATISFIED / NEURAL /
SATISFIED / VERY SATISFIED

ORDINAL ▹ Richest to poorest

▹ HIGH INCOME / MODERATE INCOME / LOW INCOME
SCALE
▹ First to Last
▹ FIRST / SECOND / THIRD

EXAMPLES ▹ Temperature
▹ 0- 20°C/ 20-30°C / 30-40°C
OF
INTERVAL
SCALE

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▹ Height/ Elevation

EXAMPLES ▹ 0- 1m/ 1-5m / 5-10m

OF ▹ Weight
▹ 1-15 KG / 15-30 KG / 30-60 KG
RATIO
▹ Precipitation
SCALE ▹ 0-1 CM / 1-2 CM / 2-5 CM

Numerical Marks Nominal Ordinal Interval Ratio

Labeled √ √ √ √
Mode √ √ √ √
Median - √ √ √ Differences
Mean - - √ √ between
Meaningful Order - - √ √ different 37

Measurable Difference - - √ √ measurement

Subtraction/ Addition - - √ √ scales
Multiplication/
Division
- - - √

True Zero Point - - - √

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2.
SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
Concept

Social

Sustainable 39

Development
Economic Environmental

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DEVELOPMENT REALM
Relationship between
-+ ++ Disaster & Development

Development Development
can increase can reduce
The relationships between

POSITIVE REALM
NEGETIVE REALM

vulnerability vulnerability
disasters and development
indicates four basic themes.

Disasters can
Disaster can
provide
set back
development
development
opportunity

-- +-

DISASTER REALM

Relationship of D & D

Disasters set back development

programming, destroying years
of development initiatives.

Example: Road destruction by

--
flood.

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Relationship of D & D
Rebuilding after a disaster provides
significant opportunities to initiate
development programs.

Example: A self-help housing

program to rebuild housing +-
destroyed by an earthquake teaches
new skills, strengthens community
leadership, and retains development
dollars that otherwise would be
exported to large construction
companies

Relationship of D & D
Development programs can be ++
designed to decrease the
susceptibility to disasters and
their negative consequences

Example: Housing projects

constructed under building codes
designed to withstand high winds
result in less destruction during
tropical storm

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Relationship of D & D
Development programs can -+
increase an area's susceptibility to
disasters

Example: A major increase in

livestock development leads to
overgrazing, which contributes to
desertification and increases
vulnerability to famine.

Social
Impact

Multi-dimensional 45
impacts of projects
Development
Project

Economic Environmen
Impact tal Impact

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SOCIAL IMPACT
Social Impacts are the changes to
individuals and communities alters 46
their day-to-day way in which people
live, work, play, relate to one another,
meet their needs and generally cope
as members of society.

LIFESTYLE
IMPACT
on the way people 47
behave and relate to
family, friends and
cohorts on a day-to-
day basis.

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CULTURAL
IMPACTS
on shared customs, 48
obligations, values,
language, religious
belief and other
elements which make
a social or ethnic
group distinct

COMMUNITY
IMPACT 49

on infrastructure,
services, voluntary
organizations, activity
networks and
cohesion

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QUALITY OF
LIFE IMPACT 50

on sense of place,
aesthetics and
heritage, perception
of belonging, security
and livability, and
aspirations for the
future

HEALTH
IMPACT 51

on mental, physical
and social well being,
although these
aspects are also the
subject of health
impact assessment

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EI vs SI

Environmental Impact Social Impact

Environmental impacts tend to Social impacts can be positive
be only negative. as well as negative.

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Environmental impacts may Social impacts change with
be temporal as well as long the perceptions and feelings
term, and are fairly stable. of people.

Environmental Impact can be Social Impact can not be

easily estimated and expressed only in some
measured quantitatively. quantitative terms

SOCIAL IMPACT
ASSESSMENT
A Social Impact Assessment (SIA) is a
method of analysing what impact a 53

proposed project or plan may have on

the social aspects of the environment.

Social impact assessment is the

process of managing the social issues
associated with projects.

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“
SIA includes the processes of
analyzing, monitoring and managing
the intended and unintended social
consequences, both positive and
negative, of planned interventions
(policies, programs, plans, projects)
and any social change processes
invoked by those interventions.

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SOCIAL ASPECTS
▹ The ways people cope with life through their
economy, social systems, and cultural values. 55

▹ The ways people use the natural environment,

for subsistence, recreation, spiritual
activities, cultural activities, and so forth.
▹ The ways people use the built environment for
shelter, making livelihoods, industry, worship,
recreation, gathering together, etc.;

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SOCIAL ASPECTS
▹ The ways communities are organized and held
together by their social and cultural institutions 56
and beliefs;
▹ Art, music, dance, language arts, crafts, and
other expressive aspects of culture; The
aesthetic and cultural character of a community
or neighbourhood its ambience.

SOCIAL ASPECTS
▹ A group’s values and beliefs about appropriate
ways to live, family and extra-family 57
relationships, status relationships, means of
expression, and other expressions of
community;

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• Change in size and composition of

population and households.
• Influx of temporary workers.
Demographic • Dislocation / Relocation of families.
• Alteration of family structure

• New patterns of employment/ income.

• Real estate speculation.
• Income inequality
Economic • Change in housing cost VARIABLES 58

• Alteration to land use.

• Alteration to natural habitat.
• Alteration to hydrological regime.
Environmental • Disruption in movement pattern and
utilities.
• Change in cultural or archeological sites.

• Change in the structure of local

government.
• zoning by-laws.
Institutional • Land Acquisition and land tenure.
• Industrial Diversification
• New condition of existing institution

• New religeous pratices.

• Changes in public safety and health

Social
•
•
Changes in leisure activities.
Disruption of social network VARIABLES 59

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SIA PROCESS
Identify Social
Identify Analyze data &
Analyze context factors/
stakeholders assess priority
variables

60

Implement
Develop Plans Monitoring with
Consult mitigation plans
with public public
Stakeholders with public
participation participation
participation

PRINCIPLES OF SIA
▹ Involve the diverse public
▹ Analyze impact equity
▹ Focus on the most significant impacts 61

▹ Identify methods and assumptions

▹ Provide feedback to project planners
▹ Use experienced SIA practitioners
▹ Establish monitoring and mitigation programs
▹ Identify data sources
▹ Plan for gaps in data

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NGOs

Interest Local
Groups Government SIA
SIA
PARTICIPANTS 62

Private Local
Sectors People

3.
LIVILIHOOD ASSET
ANALYSIS
Concept

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Human
Capital

Natural Social LIVELIHOOD

Capital Capital
Livelihood ASSETs 64

Assets

Financial Physical
Capital Capital

Human capital

▹ Labor capacity
▹ Level of education 65

▹ Traditional skills

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Natural capital

▹ Land resources
▹ Water resources 66

▹ Forest resources
▹ Access to common property
resources

Financial capital

▹ Wages
▹ Sources of credit 67

▹ access to credit
▹ Spending pattern

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Physical capital

▹ water supply
▹ housing 68

▹ communications

Social capital

▹ social status
▹ Gender equality 69

▹ strong links with family & friends

▹ traditions of reciprocal exchange

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▹ “
These slides are for
personal study only and no
other purpose. It should not
be shared or published
without the lecturer's
explicit consent. Teacher
and student privacy is
more important than
anything else and any
breaches of privacy or
confidentiality are
unexpected.

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THANKS!
Any questions?
71

You can find me at:

swarna.urp@gmail.com
swarna@idm.kuet.ac.bd

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