3/5/2021

Tools and Techniques

for

Disaster
Management
Sessional

DEM
▹ A DEM is a 'bare earth' elevation model,
unmodified from its original data source
which is supposedly free of vegetation,
buildings, and other 'non ground' objects.
(raster)

▹ Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) are a type

• In a DEM, each cell of raster GIS layer
of raster GIS layer.
has a value corresponding to its
elevation (z-values at regularly spaced
intervals). The intervals between each of
▹ The details of the peaks and valleys in the the grid points will always be referenced
terrain will be better modeled with small to some geographical coordinate system
grid spacing than when the grid intervals
are very large.

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DEM, DSM and DTM

DEM: Digital Elevation Model

 DSM: Digital Surface Model
 DTM: Digital Terrain Mode

DSM and DTM

▹ A DSM is an elevation model that includes the

tops of buildings, trees, power lines, and any
other objects. Commonly this is seen as a
canopy model and only 'sees' ground where
there is nothing else overtop of it.

▹ A DTM is effectively a DEM that has been

augmented by elements such as breaklines
and observations other than the original data
to correct for artifacts produced by using only
the original data. This is often done by using
photogrammetrically derived linework
introduced into a DEM surface. (non-raster)

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Contour

▹ An imaginary line that connects

points of equal value.

▹ A contour map typically shows

multiple contours such as elevation
or temperature contours.

▹ The contour interval of a contour

map is the difference in elevation
between successive contour lines.

Slope

▹ The concept of measuring

slope from a topographic map
is a familiar one for most
professionals in the landscape
planning/surveying
professions.

▹ Slope is a measurement of how

steep the ground surface is.

▹ The steeper the surface the

greater the slope.

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Slope

▹ Slope is measured by calculating

the tangent of the surface.

▹ The tangent is calculated by

dividing the vertical change in
elevation by the horizontal distance.

▹ If we view the surface in cross

section we can visualize a right
angle triangle

Slope

▹ Slope is normally expressed in

planning as a percent slope which is
the tangent (slope) multiplied by
100.
▹ Percent Slope = Height / Base * 100
▹ Another form of expressing slope is
in degrees. To calculate degrees
one takes the Arc Tangent of the
slope.
▹ Degrees Slope = ArcTangent
(Height / Base)

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Slope

Aspect
▹ It can be thought of as the slope
direction.
▹ The value of each cell in an aspect
dataset indicates the direction the
cell's slope faces.
▹ It is measured clockwise in degrees
from 0 (due north) to 360 (again due
north), coming full circle. Flat areas
having no downslope direction are
given a value of -1.

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Roughness
▹ Terrain roughness (surface
roughness, ruggedness, terrain
rugosity, micro topography, micro
relief) is defined as the variability or
irregularity in elevation (highs and
lows) within a sampled terrain unit.

▹ Vector ruggedness measures (VRM)

capture variability in slope and
aspect in a single ratio

Roughness
▹ The terrain ruggedness index (TRI) is
a measurement developed by Riley,
et al. (1999) to express the amount of
elevation difference between
adjacent cells of a digital elevation
grid.

▹ Terrain Ruggedness Index calculates

the sum change in elevation
between a central cell and its eight
surrounding neighbours, or a
nominated number of adjacent cells

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Hillshade

▹ Hillshading is a technique used to

visualize terrain as shaded relief,
illuminating it with a hypothetical
light source.

▹ The illumination value for each

raster cell is determined by its
orientation to the light source, which
is based on slope and aspect.

Hillshade

▹ Hill Shading estimates

surface reflectance from
the sun at any altitude and
any azimuth.

▹ The reflectance is
calculated in a range from 0
to 100.

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▹The Select By Location tool lets you

Selection tools select features based on their location
relative to features in another layer. For
instance, if you want to know how many
homes were affected by a recent flood,
you could select all the homes that fall
▹ Select By Location within the flood boundary.

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▹In Select By Attributes methods, you

▹ Select by Expression/ can use to select features in a layer is
to select features using an attribute
Select by Attribute query. It allows you to provide a SQL
query expression that is used to
select features that match the
selection criteria.

Geoprocessing tools - Buffer

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Geoprocessing tools - Clip

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Geoprocessing tools - Intersect

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Geoprocessing tools - Union

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Geoprocessing tools - Merge

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THANKS!
Any questions?
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You can find me at:

swarna.urp@gmail.com
swarna@idm.kuet.ac.bd

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