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Chapter 7—Biotechnology

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Restriction enzymes
a. are used to extract DNA from human cells.
b. hold the two strands together in DNA molecules.
c. help initiate transcription.
d. cut DNA at specific sites.
e. splice DNA fragments together.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

2. Golden rice carries genes which cause it to synthesize

a. beta-carotene.
b. insulin.
c. human growth hormone.
d. vitamin A.
e. Factor VIII.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152

3. Many people with diabetes must take insulin. Most take

a. natural insulin isolated from humans who overproduce the protein.
b. natural insulin isolated from pigs and cows.
c. synthetic insulin produced through the use of recombinant DNA technology.
d. natural insulin produced in plants.
e. synthetic insulin isolated from transgenic humans.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 152

4. Plasmids
a. are circular DNA molecules present in many bacteria.
b. are a large linear DNA molecule isolated from bacteria.
c. are bacterial cells containing recombinant DNA molecules.
d. are transgenic animals.
e. cannot be cut with restriction enzymes.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

5. "Sticky ends"
a. result from DNA replication.
b. are only present in circular molecules.
c. are regions of double-stranded DNA..
d. form when recombinant DNA molecules are formed.
e. are the single-stranded regions at the ends of DNA fragments.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

70
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

6. Which of the following statements about recombinant DNA is true?

a. Recombinant DNA techniques often make use of restriction enzymes.
b. Recombinant DNA molecules are formed when a DNA molecule attaches to the bacterial
cell wall.
c. Recombinant DNA molecules always contain human DNA.
d. Recombinant DNA molecules result when DNA is transcribed.
e. Recombinant DNA molecules are formed when DNA from at least three different
organisms are joined together.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149

7. Which of the following statements is NOT true about transgenic organisms?

a. Transgenic plants carry a gene from another species.
b. Transgenic organisms can potentially help produce unlimited amounts of specific proteins.
c. Proteins can be extracted from transgenic organisms for use in treating disease.
d. Transgenic animals can serve as animal models for human diseases.
e. The only transgenic organisms produced so far have been plants.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-156

8. Restriction enzymes
a. are proteins isolated from certain strains of bacteria that can repair DNA.
b. are enzymes that attach to and cut DNA at specific sequences.
c. recognize and bind to any random sequence in the DNA.
d. are molecules that can help DNA move across the cell wall and enter the bacterial cells.
e. only act on DNA isolated from bacteria.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

9. Which of the following characteristics of transgenic crop is FALSE?

a. The specific genes present in the transgenic plant can originate in another plant.
b. One or more new genes are used to give a transgenic plant a unique trait or ability.
c. Some transgenic plants are resistant to herbicides.
d. Transferred genes can increase the nutritional value of crops.
e. Most transgenic crops planted in the US in 2006 were modified to increase their
nutritional value.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-153

10. Currently, the benefits of transgenic crops include all of the following EXCEPT
a. resistance to insects.
b. production of human proteins in large quantities.
c. raising the increased nutritional value of crops.
d. resistance to viral or fungal diseases.
e. turning modification of weeds into crops.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 150-153

71
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

11. Transgenic animals can be used to study human diseases because

a. all disease-causing genes found in humans are also present in animals.
b. moving human genes into animals allows us to determine the function of those genes in a
completely different genetic environment.
c. drugs that are effective on transgenic organisms are possible treatments for humans.
d. all human diseases naturally occur in mice.
e. the diseases in animals are very different from the diseases in humans so they provide a
good contrast for study.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 154-155

12. Transgenic animal models can be used for

a. studying the development and progression of a disease.
b. developing and testing drugs that hopefully will cure or treat the animal model of the
human disease.
c. acting as model organisms with symptoms that mirror those in humans.
d. producing drugs that will be used to treat human diseases.
e. All of these are uses for transgenic animals.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 154-155

13. Valuable contributions of recombinant technology include

a. production of clotting factors for treating patients with hemophilia.
b. production of recombinant insulin for treating diabetic patients.
c. increasing the number of organs available for transplant.
d. production of human growth hormone in large quantities.
e. All of these are valuable contributions of recombinant technology.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149-153

14. Before recombinant DNA techniques became available, human growth hormone was
a. isolated from children who produced excessive amounts of the hormone.
b. recovered from pituitary glands removed from human cadavers.
c. recovered from cow blood.
d. collected from many sources, such as slaughterhouses.
e. isolated from chicken eggs.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148

15. Which of the following statements is FALSE about transgenic organisms?

a. Transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals can be created using recombinant DNA
techniques.
b. Transgenic organisms are used in agriculture, industry, and medicine.
c. Transgenic animals have been created for use as animal models to study human diseases.
d. When transgenic animals and plants are developed, they have been genetically altered,
e. Transgenic organisms are only produced as models of human diseases.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 150-156

72
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

16. In the United States, during the period between 1996 and 2006,
a. the use of herbicide tolerant transgenic crops showed the greatest increase.
b. there was a dramatic decrease in the use of transgenic crops.
c. the use of insect resistant transgenic crops showed the greatest increase.
d. the use of some types of transgenic crops increased while the use of others decreased.
e. the planting of transgenic crops was banned.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-153

17. In the United States, during the period between 1996 and 2006, the most common typess of transgenic
crops
a. were tolerant of chemical weed killers.
b. were resistant to insects.
c. were resistant to bacterial infection.
d. were resistant to viral diseases.
e. had increased nutritional value.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 150-153

19. Embryonic stem cells

a. have the same properties as adult stem cells.
b. are pluripotent.
c. are isolated from various tissues.
d. have been used for several decades to treat diseases.
e. are multipotent.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

20. Adult stem cells

a. have the same properties as embryonic stem cells.
b. are pluripotent.
c. are isolated from developing embryos.
d. have not been used to treat diseases.
e. are multipotent.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

21. Stem cells have been used to treat certain leukemias for decades. These stem cells are
a. isolated from donated blood.
b. pluripotent.
c. isolated from developing embryos.
d. capable of becoming many different types of cells.
e. multipotent.
ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 156

22. Gene therapy

a. clinical trials have all been successful.
b. requires the use of embryonic stem cells.
c. can be accomplished using adult stem cells.
d. attempts to provide patients with normal copies of mutant genes.
e. can only to be used to treat cancer patients.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 155

73
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

23. Huntington disease (HD) transgenic mice

a. carry two copies of the human allele for HD.
b. have a single copy of the mouse HD gene.
c. are used to study changes in brain structure during the early stages of the disease.
d. are not useful for identifying possible drug treatments because the mice respond to drugs
differently from humans.
e. are especially important for the study of the late stages of the disease.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 154-155

24. Human growth hormone

a. can be isolated from the milk of cows.
b. is only used to treat children.
c. is only used to treat adults.
d. has been approved by the FDA so that anyone who wants to can use it.
e. is always produced at sufficient levels in humans.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 147-148

25. To produce herbicide-resistant transgenic crops,

a. a human gene was inserted into the plant genome.
b. traditional breeding techniques were used.
c. proteins were isolated and purified from cows’ milk.
d. a bacterial gene was inserted into the plant genome.
e. genes from other plants were introduced into the plant genome.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153

26. Before biotechnology was used, the main problem with clotting factor isolated from donated blood
was
a. there was too little clotting factor present in each sample.
b. contamination by HIV.
c. clotting factor from one individual would not work in another individual.
d. contamination by bacteria.
e. the process led to destruction of the factor.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 148

TRUE/FALSE

1. Recombinant DNA is created when DNA from two or more different organisms is joined together.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 149

2. A transgenic organism is an animal or plant that carries a gene from another species.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 148

3. Transgenic plants have been developed with resistance to herbicides, insects, and viral, bacterial, and
fungal diseases.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 150

74
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

4. As gene transfer technology becomes more sophisticated, novel combinations of traits may be
developed, requiring specific management plans.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 153-154

5. Humans have only been able to genetically modify agricultural plants and animals since recombinant
DNA technology was developed.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153-154

6. Animal models can be used to screen drugs to identify those that improve symptoms of different
diseases.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 154

7. Embryonic stem cells can only form a limited number of cell types.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

8. Currently, adult stem cells can only form a limited number of cell types.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

9. Currently, the most common form of stem cell therapy uses adult stem cells.

ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 156

10. Currently, gene therapy is a common form of treatment for many genetic disorders.

ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy REF: p. 155

MATCHING

Match the appropriate term to the correct description.

a. An animal or plant that carries a gene from another species
b. Important source of organs for transplants
c. An animal model for cancer
d. Proteins that cut DNA in specific places
e. Source for the production of human growth hormone
f. Beta-carotene
g. Carrier molecules used in recombinant DNA technology
h. An animal model for immune deficiency disorders
1. Transgenic pigs
2. OncoMouse
3. Transgenic tobacco
4. Rhino mouse
5. Vectors
6. Transgenic organisms
7. Restriction enzyme
8. Golden rice

75
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

1. ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152

2. ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 157
3. ANS: E PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152
4. ANS: H PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 154
5. ANS: G PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149
6. ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 148
7. ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 149
8. ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 152

ESSAY

1. What are restriction enzymes, plasmids, and recombinant DNA molecules? Describe the steps
involved in the production of recombinant DNA molecules.

ANS:
A restriction enzyme is a protein that cuts the DNA into fragments at specific sites. Plasmids are small,
circular DNA molecules found in many species of bacteria. Researchers have genetically modified
plasmids to create carrier molecules called vectors that are used in recombinant DNA technology.
Recombinant DNA can be defined as the combination of DNA from two or more different organisms.
The steps involved in producing recombinant DNA molecules:
• Identify the gene of interest.
• Extract DNA from cells containing the gene.
• Treat the DNA with a restriction enzyme. Often these cuts leave an overhanging single-stranded
region called a “sticky end”.
• Cut plasmid DNA with the same restriction enzyme.
• The DNA fragments from the cells containing the gene and fragments of plasmid DNA are mixed
and spliced together to form recombinant DNA molecules).

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 149

2. What are GM crops? Describe the advantages and concerns with the use of these crops.

ANS:
GM (genetically-modified) crops contain genes from another organism. In agriculture, transgenic
plants are used directly as crops with nutritional enhancements or herbicide resistance. Answers
dealing with the advantages and concerns with the use of GM crops will vary but should note that
genetic modifications allow us to make crop plants that are resistant to herbicides, pests, and disease,
and to change nutritional value, chemical content, growing season, and crop yields. Concerns have
been raised about the safety and environmental impact of transgenic crops, safety and labeling, the
rights of farmers, loss of traditional crops, and biodiversity, among others.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 150-154

76
 Chapter 7 - Biotechnology

SHORT ANSWER

1. What advantages has biotechnology provided over previous methods to produce genetically modified
crops?

ANS:
Humans have been genetically modifying agricultural plants and animals for more than 10,000 years
using selective breeding and crossbreeding to produce the diversity of domesticated plants and animals
we depend on for our food. Biotechnology has changed only the way and the rate at which these
changes are made. It has increased the specificity and predictability of changes that can be made and
also has expanded the range of species that can donate genes.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 153-154

2. Distinguish between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Make sure to include information on
the source of each cell, potential to form different cell types, and their current and potential uses.

ANS:
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are isolated from a developing embryo, and are called pluripotent
because they are able to form so many different cell types, including muscle, bone, skin, and nerve
tissue. Embryonic stem cells are being studied to understand the early stages of the disease process and
to develop therapies to treat diseases. Adult stem cells are found in and isolated from many tissues of
the adult body. These stem cells can also generate different cell types to replace those that are worn out
or damaged. However, adult stem cells are called multipotent because they can form only a limited
number of cell types. Adult stem cells have been used for several decades to treat diseases. One type of
adult stem found in bone marrow divides to form new blood cells to replace those that die, such as in
leukemia. Many biotech companies are developing therapies based on the use of embryonic and adult
stem cells. Many of these therapies may lead to treatment for conditions including spinal cord injury,
regrowth of burned tissue, and damaged heart tissue. Several clinical trials are now under way to
determine whether embryonic stem cells can be used to treat diseases.

PTS: 1 DIF: Difficult REF: p. 155-156

3. What is gene therapy? What are technical problems that must be overcome before gene therapy
becomes a common treatment for genetic diseases?

ANS:
Gene therapy involves the placement of normal, functioning genes in a person who carries one or two
mutant alleles of that gene and having the normal allele or alleles make the correct protein. However,
two major problems exist. First, after a gene is isolated, it must be delivered to target cells and inserted
into a chromosome. Then the gene must be switched on to direct the synthesis of enough of the normal
protein to correct the genetic disorder. Unfortunately, although some gene therapy clinical trials have
been partially successful, others have been tragic.

PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate REF: p. 155

77
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 IMPERIAL GAGE

Prunus domestica

1. Am. Gard. Cal. 588. 1806. 2. Prince Treat. Hort. 25, 26. 1828. 3.
Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 147, 148. 1831. 4. Prince Pom. Man. 2:56. 1832. 5.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 209. 1835. 6. Mag. Hort. 6:123. 1840. 7. Cultivator
 10:167 fig. 1843. 8. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 278 fig. 107. 1845. 9. Floy-
Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 302, 383. 1846. 10. N. Y. Agr. Soc. Rpt. 343 fig.
1847. 11. Thomas Am. Fruit Cult. 325, 326 fig. 254. 1849. 12. Mag. Hort.
16:454. 1850. 13. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 14. Elliott Fr. Book 411.
1854. 15. U. S. Pat. Off. Rpt. 148, Pl. 5 fig. 1. 1864. 16. Barry Fr. Garden
413. 1883. 17. Mathieu Nom. Pom. 443. 1889. 18. Wickson Cal. Fruits
355. 1891. 19. Mich. Sta. Bul. 103:34. 1894. 20. Guide Prat. 154, 364.
1895. 21. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:187. 1897. 22. Va. Sta. Bul. 134:42. 1902.
23. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:239, 254, 255. 1905.
Flushing Gage 7, 8, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20. Flushing Gage 3, 9. Harper
22. Imperial Gage 17, 20. Imperial Green Gage 7. Jenkinson’s Imperial 6,
14, 15. Prince’s Gage 4, 12, 17. Prince’s Imperial Gage 4, 5, 6, 10.
Prinzens Kaiser Reine Claude 20. Prince’s Kaiser Reine-Claude 17.
Prince’s Imperial Gage 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 20. Prince’s White Gage 4, 12,
17. Reine-Claude de Flushings 20. Reine-Claude Imperiale 20. Reine-
Claude Imperiale 17. Reine-Claude Verte Imperiale 17. Reine-Claude
Imperiale de Prince 17, 20. Reine-Claude Blanche de Boston 17, 20.
Reine-Claude Verte Superieure 20. Superior Gage 9. Superior Green
Gage 12, 14, 15, 17, 20. Superior Green Gage? 3. Superiour Green Gage
8. White Gage? 1, 2, 20. White Gage 14, 15. White Gage of Boston 7, 8,
11, 17.

Probably there is more contradictory evidence as to the value of

Imperial Gage than of any other American grown plum. It is down in
some of the fruit books as being the largest of all the Reine Claude
plums and in others as being too small to be desirable; in some, as
being of highest quality and in others as being quite too insipid to be
called a dessert fruit. These contradictions have arisen because the
variety grows quite differently in different soils. The Imperial Gage is
best adapted to light sandy soils, growing largest and being best in
quality on such soils and making the poorest show of all on heavy
clay. The illustration in The Plums of New York shows it as it grows
on an unsuitable soil—small, poorly colored, worthless for a money-
crop and not very desirable for home use. The technical description
is also based on trees grown and fruit produced on soil to which it is
illy-adapted. The trees from which these fruits came are nearly
perfect in habits of growth, vigorous, hardy, healthy and bearing
large crops of plums—such as they are. On suitable soils the variety
possesses all the qualities that constitute a fine plum, the product
being adapted alike for dessert, canning, home and market. It has an
especially agreeable flavor in all the various culinary preparations in
which it can be used. Its capriciousness does not warrant its being
largely planted but for selected locations it will prove a most valuable
fruit.
The Princes in their nursery at Flushing, Long Island, New York,
about the year 1790, planted the pits of twenty-five quarts of the
Green Gage plum and from these produced, among others, a plum
which they called the White Gage. William R. Prince, in order to
distinguish this variety from the other Gage plums, changed the
name to Prince’s Imperial Gage, now shortened to Imperial Gage. In
1852, the American Pomological Society placed it on its catalog list
of recommended fruits.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, open-topped, hardy, very

productive; branches ash-gray, smooth, with conspicuous, transverse
cracks in the bark, with lenticels of medium size; branchlets slender, short,
with internodes above medium in length, greenish-red changing to dark
brownish-red, dull, sparingly pubescent throughout the season, with small,
inconspicuous lenticels; leaf-buds medium in size and length, conical,
appressed.
Leaves folded upward, oval or slightly obovate, one and seven-eighths
inches wide, three and one-quarter inches long, thick; upper surface dark
green, rugose, pubescent, with a shallow groove on the midrib; lower
surface yellowish-green, pubescent; apex abruptly pointed, base acute,
margin crenate, with small dark glands; petiole one-half inch long, thick,
pubescent, purplish-red along one side, glandless or with one or two
small, globose, yellowish-green glands usually on the stalk.
Blooming season short; flowers one and one-eighth inches across,
white; borne on lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs; pedicels three-
quarters inch long, pubescent, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate,
pubescent, with a swollen ring at the base; calyx-lobes above medium in
width, obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate, slightly
reflexed; petals broadly obovate, crenate, tapering below to short, broad
claws; anthers yellowish; filaments three-eighths inch long; pistil glabrous,
longer than the stamens; stigma large.
Fruit intermediate in time and length of ripening season; one and nine-
sixteenths inches in diameter, oval or slightly ovate, compressed, halves
equal; cavity very shallow and narrow, abrupt; suture shallow, often a line;
apex roundish or depressed; color dull greenish-yellow, with obscure
green streaks, mottled and sometimes faintly tinged red on the sunny side,
overspread with thick bloom; dots numerous, small, grayish, obscure,
clustered about the apex; stem three-quarters inch long, pubescent,
adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tender, separating readily; flesh golden-
yellow, juicy, firm but tender, sweet, mild; good to very good; stone nearly
free, one inch by five-eighths inch in size, oval, flattened, with pitted
surfaces; rather blunt at the base becoming acute in the largest fruits, very
blunt at the apex; ventral suture wide, ridged; dorsal suture widely and
deeply grooved.

ITALIAN PRUNE
 ITALIAN PRUNE

Prunus domestica

1. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 152. 1831. 2. Prince Pom. Man. 2:78. 1832. 3.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 262. 1832. 4. Manning Book of Fruits 106. 1838. 5. Am.
Pom. Soc. Cat. 214, 220. 1836. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 381. 1857. 7.
 Cultivator 8:52 fig. 1860. 8. Hogg Fruit Man. 366. 1866. 9. Downing Fr.
Trees Am. 924. 1869. 10. Pom. France 7: No. 22, fig. 1871. 11. Mas Le
Verger 6:69, fig. 35. 1866-73. 12. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort. 442. 1881.
13. Lauche Deut. Pom. No. 2, Pl. 4, 22. 1882. 14. Barry Fr. Garden 412.
1883. 15. Cat. Cong. Pom. France 360. 1887. 16. Mathieu Nom. Pom.
436. 1889. 17. Wickson Cal. Fruits 358. 1891. 18. Guide Prat. 155, 362.
1895. 19. Oregon Sta. Bul. 45:23 fig. 1897. 20. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:187,
fig. 44. 1897. 21. Wash. Sta. Bul. 38:7, 8. 1899. 22. W. N. Y. Hort. Soc.
Rpt. 44:92. 1899. 23. Waugh Plum Cult. 111 fig. 1901. 24. U. S. D. A. Div.
Pom. Bul. 10:6. 1901. 25. Mass. Sta. An. Rpt. 17:158. 1905.
Altesse Double 8, 9, 10, 15, 18. August Zwetsche 16. Auguste
Zwetsche 10, 18. Blaue Riesenzwetsche 16, 18. Bleue d’Italie 15.
Couetsche d’Italie 18. Couetsche Fellenberg 10, 18. D’Italie 18. Double
Blackpruim 16, 18. Fausse Altesse 16, 18. Fellemberg 14. Fellemberg 8,
16, 18. Fellenberg 5, 9, 11, 16, 18, 19, 20, 23. Fellenburg 22. Fellenberg
5, 6, 7, 9, 17. Fellenburg 25. Feltemberg 10, 18. Fellenberg Quetsche 16,
18. Fellenberger Zwetsche 12, 13, 16, 18. Grosse Früh Zwetsche? 16.
German Prune 19, 22. Italienische Blaue Zwetsche 11, 16. Italianische
blaue zwetsche 18. Italian Guetsche 10, 18. Italian Prune 6, 7, 10, 11, 16,
17, 18, 25. Italian Quetsche 8, 9, 15, 16. Italianische Zwetsche 18.
Italienische Pflaumen Zwetsche 16. Italienische Zwetsche 11, 13.
Italianische Zwetsche 10. Italianische blanc Zwetsche 10. Italienische
Zwetsche 12, 13, 16. Large German Prune 17. Prune d’Italie 8, 9, 10, 16.
Pflaume mit dem Pfirschenblatt 18. Pflaume Mit dem Pfirsichblatt 16.
Prune Suisse 6. Quetsche 18. Quetsche Bleue d’Italie 10, 11, 16, 18.
Quetsche d’Italie 1, 10, 11, 15, 18. Quetsche d’Italie 3, 8, 9, 11, 16.
Schweizer Zwetsche 12, 13, 16. Schweizerzwetsche 18. Swiss Prune 17,
19, 22. Semiana 8, 10, 16, 18. Turkish Prune 22. Zwetsche von Dätlikon
16, 18.

The Italian Prune is one of the most widely grown of all plums. Its
home is Italy and it is grown in all of the plum regions of continental
Europe; is well known in England; is third or fourth in popularity in
the Atlantic States of America; is by long odds the leading plum in
the Pacific Northwest where it is chiefly used in prune-making and is
grown somewhat for prunes and for shipping green in California.
There are several reasons why this plum is so popular. To begin
with, it is finely flavored whether eaten out of hand, stewed or
otherwise prepared for the table or cured as a prune. The fruit is a
little too tart to be ranked as a first-rate dessert plum and yet it is one
of the best of the prunes for this purpose, though it must be fully ripe
to be fit for dessert; in cooking it changes to a dark, wine color, very
attractive in appearance, with a most pleasant, sprightly flavor; as a
cured prune the flesh is firm and meaty, yet elastic, of good color and
a perfect freestone, making when cooked the same attractive
looking, fine-flavored, sprightly sauce to be had from the green fruits;
the prunes from this variety, too, are noted for long-keeping. In the
uncured state the variety keeps and ships well. The trees are usually
large, hardy, productive, well formed and bear regularly; yet they are
not ideal and the variety fails chiefly in tree-characters. The trees are
often capricious to soil and climate, do not always bear well, seem to
be susceptible to diseases, are preyed upon by insects and suffer in
particular from dry or hot weather. Were all of these troubles of the
tree to befall the variety at one time it would of necessity give way to
better sorts, but happily they are to be found for most part in illy-
adapted conditions or in certain seasons; the Italian Prune well cared
for in locations to which it is suited must long remain one of the
leading plums despite the faults of the trees.
The Italian Prune originated in Italy at least a century ago and has
long been common in northern Italy, especially in the vicinity of
Milan. The London Horticultural Society catalog for 1831 first
mentions it in England and the following year it was described in
America by Prince as an excellent prune recently introduced from
Europe. The American Pomological Society recommended it in 1856
as worthy of further testing and in 1862 it was added to the fruit
catalog list of this society. The origin of the name Fellenberg, a very
common synonym, is explained by Lauche[218] who says: “It came to
Germany through a Mr. Fellenberg and is therefore spread under his
name and also under the names Schweizerzwetsche and
Fellenberger Zwetsche.” He further adds that the variety “is still not
known in Germany as it deserves, considering its quality, size and
productiveness.”

Tree of medium size, rather vigorous, spreading or upright, low-topped,

hardy, usually productive; branches ash-gray, smooth, with small, raised
lenticels; branchlets short, with internodes of medium length, greenish-red
changing to brownish-drab, pubescent, with small lenticels; leaf-buds of
medium size and length, conical, appressed; leaf-scars large.
Leaves folded upward, obovate or oval, two inches wide, four and one-
half inches long; upper surface dark green, pubescent; lower surface
silvery-green, heavily pubescent; apex and base acute, margin doubly
crenate, with small, dark glands; petiole five-eighths inch long, above
medium thickness, pubescent, tinged red, with from one to three globose,
greenish-brown glands usually on the stalk.
Season of bloom intermediate and short; flowers appearing after the
leaves, one and three-sixteenths inches across, in the buds tinged yellow,
changing to white when expanded; borne on lateral spurs, rarely on lateral
buds, singly or in pairs; pedicels three-quarters inch long, thick,
pubescent, greenish; calyx-tube green, campanulate, pubescent at the
base; calyx-lobes long and narrow, acute or narrowly obtuse, pubescent
on both surfaces and along the glandular-serrate margin, reflexed, inclined
to curl at the tips; petals oval or obovate, dentate, tapering to broad claws
of medium length; anthers yellowish; filaments seven-sixteenths inch long;
pistil pubescent at the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit late, season short; one and seven-eighths inches by one and one-
half inches in size, long-oval, enlarged on the suture side, slightly
compressed, halves unequal; cavity very shallow and narrow, abrupt;
suture shallow to medium; apex bluntly pointed; color purplish-black,
overspread with very thick bloom; dots numerous, small, light brown,
somewhat conspicuous; stem inserted at one side of the base, one inch in
length, pubescent, adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, somewhat tough,
separating readily; flesh greenish-yellow changing to yellow, juicy, firm,
subacid, slightly aromatic; very good to best; stone free, smaller than the
cavity, one inch by five-eighths inch in size, irregular-oval, flattened,
roughened and pitted, necked at the base, abruptly tipped at the apex;
ventral suture prominent, heavily ridged, sometimes strongly winged;
dorsal suture widely and deeply grooved.

JAPEX
Triflora ×

1. N. Y. Exp. Sta. Rpt. 12:611. 1893.

Japanese Seedling X. 1.
 This plum, parentage unknown, was received from Burbank by the
New York Experiment Station in 1893 for testing, under the name
Japanese Seedling X. While in no way wonderfully remarkable, its
earliness, attractive color, good quality and productiveness have
been such that it has been retained, the cumbersome name having
been changed to Japex. The majority of the characters of the variety
are plainly those of Triflora, yet the fruits in appearance would lead
one to call it a Domestica.

Tree very large, vigorous, vasiform, very productive; branches slender,

sparingly thorny; leaf-scars thick; leaf-buds unusually short; leaves
obovate or ovate, two and one-quarter inches wide, four inches long;
margin finely serrate varying to crenate, with few dark glands; blooming
season short; flowers appearing before the leaves; borne in clusters on
lateral buds and spurs, singly or in pairs.
Fruit very early, season short; one and one-eighth inches in diameter,
roundish, dark purplish-red or purplish-black, covered with medium thick
bloom; flesh light yellow, very juicy, somewhat melting, sweet next to the
skin, but tart near the pit, aromatic; good; stone clinging, three-quarters
inch by one-half inch in size, oval.

JEFFERSON
 JEFFERSON

Prunus domestica

1. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 279, 280 fig. 108. 1845, 2. Horticulturist 1:11,
93. 1846. 3. Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 420. 1846. 4. Thomas Am.
Fruit Cult. 325, 326, fig. 251. 1849. 5. Mag. Hort. 16:453 fig. 25. 1850. 6.
 Hovey Fr. Am. 2:1, Pl. 1851. 7. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 54. 1852. 8. Elliott Fr.
Book 411. 1854. 9. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 518, Pl. 1. 1859. 10. Mas Le
Verger 6:17, Pl. 9. 1866-73. 11. Pom. France 7: No. 28. 1871. 12. Hogg
Fruit Man. 707. 1884. 13. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 95, Col. Pl. 1894.
14. Cornell Sta. Bul. 131:188. 1897.
Bingham incor. 2, 8. Prune Jefferson 11.

Jefferson has long been popular in America and is highly spoken

of by English, French and German pomologists as well, possibly
ranking highest in the Old World of all Domesticas which have had
their origin in America. The popularity of the variety is waning,
however, chiefly because it is lacking in the essentials demanded in
a market fruit. There can be no question as to the standing of
Jefferson as to quality—it is one of the best of all dessert plums.
Grown under favorable conditions and when fully ripe, it is a golden-
yellow with a delicate blush and bloom, large for a plum in the Reine
Claude group, a well-turned oval in shape, withal one of the
handsomest plums. The color-plate maker did not do it justice. It fails
as a market variety because the trees are late in coming in bearing,
not always certain in bearing, a little particular as to soils and not
quite hardy though one of the hardiest of all Reine Claudes. Both
tree and fruit are too delicate for the market-grower and the market-
men. As to its value for private places and fruit connoisseurs there
can be no doubt—it is one of the choicest. It would seem that there
should be a place for Jefferson for the fancy trade in the markets, as
it would grace the show-window of any delicatessen store; but
unfortunately there are few fruit-growers in America to cater to such
a trade.
Jefferson was raised by a Judge Buel, Albany, New York, about
1825. The originator presented a tree of this variety to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society in 1829, and in 1841 trees were
given to the London Horticultural Society which fruited in 1845. The
parentage of the variety is unknown; Floy thought it was a seedling
of Washington; Elliott suggested that it was “from a seed of Coe’s
Golden Drop, which in growth and wood, it closely resembles.” In
1852, the American Pomological Society placed this variety on its
catalog list of fruits worthy of general cultivation.
 Tree medium to large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, hardy at
Geneva, productive; branches ash-gray, smooth, with small, numerous,
lenticels; branchlets slender, short, with long internodes, greenish-red
changing to dark brownish-red, dull, lightly pubescent, with inconspicuous,
small lenticels; leaf-buds large, long, pointed, appressed.
Leaves folded upward, obovate, one and three-quarters inches wide,
three and three-quarters inches long, thick; upper surface sparingly
pubescent, with a grooved midrib; lower surface yellowish-green,
pubescent; apex and base acute, margin serrate, with small, dark glands;
petiole three-quarters inch long, tinged purplish-red along one side,
glandless or with from one to three small, globose, yellowish glands
usually on the stalk.
Season of bloom medium, short; flowers appearing after the leaves, one
and one-eighth inches across, white; borne on lateral spurs, singly or in
pairs; pedicels three-quarters inch long, pubescent, greenish; calyx-tube
green, campanulate, glabrous, with a swollen ring at the base; calyx-lobes
obtuse, pubescent on both surfaces, glandular-serrate and with fine
marginal hairs, erect; petals roundish or obovate, dentate, tapering to very
short and broad claws; anthers yellowish; filaments five-sixteenths inch
long; pistil pubescent at the base, equal to the stamens in length.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period long; one and five-eighths inches by
one and one-half inches in size, roundish-oval, not compressed, halves
equal; cavity shallow, narrow, abrupt; suture very shallow, indistinct; apex
roundish; color greenish-yellow, changing to bronze-yellow, sometimes
with faint pink blush on the exposed cheek, often indistinctly streaked and
mottled with green before full maturity; dots numerous, very small, gray or
reddish, inconspicuous; stem seven-eighths inch long, thinly pubescent,
adhering well to the fruit; skin thin, tough, slightly adhering; flesh deep
yellow, juicy, firm but tender, sweet, mild, pleasant; very good; stone semi-
free, one inch by three-quarters inch in size, flattened, broadly oval,
abruptly tipped, with a short neck at the base, blunt at the apex, with rough
and pitted surfaces; ventral suture heavily furrowed, winged; dorsal suture
with a wide, deep groove.

JUICY
 JUICY

Prunus munsoniana × Prunus triflora

1. Burbank Cat. 20. 1893. 2. Cal. State Bd. Hort. 53. 1897. 3. Vt. Sta.
Bul. 67:15. 1898. 4. Ohio Sta. Bul. 113:161. 1899. 5. Conn. Pom. Soc.
 Rpt. 155. 1900. 6. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:256. 257. 1905. 7. Mass. Sta. An.
Rpt. 17:161. 1905.

Juicy has been widely tested and in general is considered of very

little cultural importance, failing chiefly because of the inferior quality
of the plums. The variety is an interesting cross, however, and has
given a tree so much more vigorous and so much better adapted to
orchard purposes than its native parent, quite equalling the Triflora
parent in tree-characters, as to suggest the value of this cross for
improving the trees of our native plums. This plum, like Golden, was
grown by Luther Burbank from a seed of Robinson fertilized by
pollen of Abundance. In 1893 the originator sold the new variety to
John Lewis Childs, Floral Park, New York, who introduced it the
following year. The variety has not escaped without some confusion
as to its origin for its parentage has been published as a cross
between Robinson and Kelsey.[219]

Tree very large, vigorous, spreading, open-topped, productive; branches

sparingly thorny; leaves broadly oblanceolate or oval, one and one-quarter
inches wide, three inches long; margin finely serrate or sometimes
crenate, with dark reddish-glands; petiole short, slender, with from two to
five globose glands on the stalk; blooming season of medium length;
flowers appearing after the leaves, three-quarters inch across; borne in
dense clusters on lateral buds and spurs, in threes or fours; anthers so
numerous as to give a yellowish color to the flower-clusters.
Fruit mid-season, period of ripening long; one and three-quarters inches
by one and three-eighths inches in size, nearly round, dark golden-yellow
with bright red blush, covered with thin bloom; flesh golden-yellow, very
juicy, melting, sweet next to the skin, but tart at the pit, aromatic; of fair
quality; stone clinging, five-eighths inch by one-half inch in size, oval,
turgid, with slightly pitted surfaces.

KELSEY
Prunus triflora

1. Gard. Mon. 24:339. 1882. 2. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 272. 1886. 3. Gard.

Mon. 29:305, 335-367. 1887. 4. U. S. D. A. Rpt. 635, 652. 1887. 5. Am.
 Pom. Soc. Rpt. 95, 126. 1887. 6. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 35. 1888. 7. Ibid. 51,
99. 1889. 8. Rev. Hort. 502, 542. 1890. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 105, 106,
125. 1891. 10. Am. Gard. 13:700. 1892. 11. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:3, 24.
1894. 12. Tex. Sta. Bul. 32:488 fig., 489. 1894. 13. Cornell Sta. Bul.
106:53. 1896. 14. Ala. Col. Sta. Bul. 85:447. 1897. 15. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 41. 1899. 16. Waugh Plum Cult. 137. 1901. 17. N. C. Sta. Bul.
184:120. 1903. 18. Ga. Sta. Bul. 68:15, 31. 1905.
Botankin 7. Botankin 3. Hattankio 7. Kelsey’s Japan 2, 3, 5. Sinomo 7.
Togari 7.

Kelsey is distinguished as the largest, the latest and the tenderest

to cold of all Triflora plums in America. The variety is not much
hardier than the fig and cannot be safely planted north of
Washington and Baltimore. The tree is vigorous, well formed and
productive, having for its worst fault susceptibility to shot-hole
fungus. The plums are large, very attractive in color and the flesh is
firm, the plums being well fitted for shipping, with a rich, pleasant,
aromatic flavor making the fruit very good in quality. In the South
both curculio and brown-rot attack the fruits rather badly. It is
unfortunate that this plum cannot be grown in this latitude.
Kelsey, the first of the Triflora plums introduced into America, was
brought into the country by a Mr. Hough of Vacaville, California, in
1870, through the United States consul in Japan. John Kelsey of
Berkeley, California, obtained trees from Hough and propagated it in
his nursery to a limited extent. The first fruit was shown by Kelsey in
1877, though fruit is said to have been produced in 1876. In 1883,
W. P. Hammon and Company, Oakland, California, secured stock of
this plum from the heirs of Mr. Kelsey and the following year
extensive sales were made. The plum was named in honor of the
man who did most to bring it before the public. The American
Pomological Society added the Kelsey to its fruit catalog list in 1889.
The following description is compiled.

Tree vigorous, upright, vasiform, tender, productive, an early and regular

bearer; leaves somewhat scant, small, lanceolate, narrow; blooming
season early; fruit very late, season long; keeps and ships unusually well;
large, cordate, conical, halves unequal; suture variable in depth; apex
pointed; color rather unattractive yellow, tinged and splashed with red,
 often overspread with purple, with attractive bloom, more or less marked
with conspicuous dots; stem sometimes adhering poorly to the fruit; skin
tender; flesh delicate yellow, juicy, firm and meaty, rich, pleasant, aromatic;
good to very good; stone clinging unless well ripened, small, in an
irregular cavity larger than the pit.

KERR
Prunus triflora

1. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. 52. 1889. 2. Am. Gard. 12:307, 501. 1891. 3. Ibid.
13:700. 1892. 4. Kerr Cat. 1894. 5. Cornell Sta. Bul. 62:25. 1894. 6. Ga.
Hort. Soc. Rpt. 95. 1895. 7. Ala. Sta. Bul. 85:443. 1897. 8. Am. Pom. Soc.
Cat. 41. 1899. 9. Cornell Sta. Bul. 175:136. 1899. 10. Waugh Plum Cult.
137. 1901. 11. Ga. Hort. Soc. Rpt. XIII. 1904. 12. Ohio Sta. Bul. 162:256,
257. 1905.
Hattankio 1. Hattankio 7. Hattankin No. 2. 2, 3. Hattonkin No. 2. 4, 5, 10.
Hattonkin 9. Hattankio No. 2. 6, 11. Hattankio Oblong 9, 11. Hattankio 10.
Hattan 10. Hytankio 10. Hytan-Kayo 10.

Kerr is about the best of the yellow Trifloras and is one of the best
of all early plums of its species. It is very productive, sometimes
over-bearing, and should always be thinned. The quality of the plums
is good and the fruits are attractive in appearance. The faults of the
variety are that the fruits drop as they ripen, though they color if
picked green, and in some localities the tree-characters are poor.
This variety was imported from Japan by Frost and Burgess,
Riverside, California, and was distributed under the group name
Hattankio No. 2 or Hattonkin No. 2. As Georgeson was also
distributed under the same name, though under a different number,
confusion resulted. To better distinguish between the two, L. H.
Bailey, in 1894, named Hattonkin No. 2 Kerr, in honor of J. W. Kerr,
the noted plum specialist, of Denton, Maryland. In 1899 the variety
was placed on the fruit catalog list of the American Pomological
Society. The following description is compiled.

Tree large, vigorous, upright, very productive; leaves large, thick;

blooming season late. Fruit early; of medium size unless thinned, when it
 becomes large, variable in form, but usually heart-shaped, yellow with thin
bloom; skin thick; flesh yellow, firm, subacid, sweet; fair to good; stone
clinging, of medium size, oval, turgid.

KING DAMSON
Prunus insititia

1. Watkins Nur. Cat. 48. 1892?. 2. Am. Gard. 14:146, 147. 1893. 3.
Garden 53:265. 1898. 4. Can. Exp. Farm Bul. 2nd Ser. 3:51. 1900. 5.
Thompson Gard. Ass’t 4:161. 1901.
Bradley’s King 5. Bradley’s King of Damsons 3. King of Damsons 1, 2.

The fruit of King Damson runs large for a Damson and the flavor is
agreeable, so agreeable that the variety is really a very good dessert
fruit late in the season. This Damson is little grown in America and
deserves much wider cultivation. A peculiarity of the plum is that
there is always more or less doubling of the petals. Very little is
known regarding the history of this excellent variety, but it seems
probable that it originated in Kent, England, where it is much grown.

Tree small, lacking in vigor, upright-spreading, dense-topped, usually

productive; branchlets slender, pubescent; leaves folded upward, oval or
slightly obovate, one inch wide, two and three-quarters inches long;
margin serrate, usually with small dark glands; petiole with one or two
glands on the stalk; blooming season intermediate, short; flowers
appearing after the leaves, usually with more than five petals, one inch
across, white with a yellow tinge at the apex; borne on lateral spurs or
from lateral buds, singly or in pairs.
Fruit late, season long; one and one-eighth inches by seven-eighths
inch in size, oval, slightly necked, black, with thick bloom; flesh greenish-
yellow, juicy, firm, sprightly, becoming sweet late in the season; of good
quality; stone clinging, five-eighths inch by three-eighths inch in size,
irregular-ovate, slightly necked.

KIRKE
Prunus domestica
 1. Pom. Mag. 3:111, Pl. 1830. 2. Lond. Hort. Soc. Cat. 149. 1831. 3.
Kenrick Am. Orch. 263. 1832. 4. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 306. 1845. 5.
Floy-Lindley Guide Orch. Gard. 281, 382. 1846. 6. Mag. Hort. 15:488 fig.
43. 1849. 7. Thompson Gard. Ass’t 518, Pl. 1. 1859. 8. Mas Le Verger
6:15, fig. 8. 1866-73. 9. Am. Pom. Soc. Cat. 36. 1875. 10. Pom. France 7:
No. 26. 1871. 11. Flor. & Pom. 47. 1876. 12. Oberdieck Deut. Obst. Sort.
430. 1881. 13. Lauche Deut. Pom. 16, Pl. IV. 1882. 14. Hogg Fruit Man.
708. 1884. 15. Guide Prat. 154, 358. 1895. 16. Gard. Chron. 24:19. 1898.
17. Gaucher Pom. Prak. Obst. No. 96, Col. Pl. 1894. 18. Rev. Hort. 500.
1898. 19. Soc. Nat. Hort. France Pom. 536. 1904.
De Kirke 15. Kirke’s 2, 4, 6, 7, 9, 14, 17. Kirke’s 8, 10, 15, 17. Kirke’s
Pflaume 12, 13. Kirke’s Pflaume 8, 10, 15, 17. Kirke’s Plum 1, 5, 8, 10, 11,
16, 18. Kirk’s Plum 3, 5. Kirke 17. Kirke’s Plum 15, 17, 19. Prune de Kirke
18. Prune de Kirke 8, 10, 17. Prune Kirke 19.

All English descriptions of this variety rank it very high both as a

dessert and a culinary plum. The variety stands well among the
purple plums growing on the grounds of this Station, but since it has
been grown in America eighty years, attaining a reputation only of
being mediocre in most characters, it is probably not worth planting
largely. It has many more worthy competitors in its class and season.
Hogg, in the reference given, says the variety was introduced by
Joseph Kirke, a nurseryman at Brompton, near London, who, he
says, “told me he first saw it on a fruit stall near the Royal Exchange,
and that he afterwards found the trees producing the fruit were in
Norfolk, whence he obtained grafts and propagated it. But its true
origin was in the grounds of Mr. Poupart, a market gardener at
Brompton, on the spot now occupied by the lower end of Queen’s
Gate and where it sprung up as a sucker from a tree which had been
planted to screen an outbuilding. It was given to Mr. Kirke to be
propagated and he sold it under the name it now bears.” The variety
was introduced into America between 1830 and 1840. The American
Pomological Society placed Kirke upon its list of rejected fruits in
1858, added it to the recommended list in 1875, and displaced it in
1899.

Tree large, vigorous, upright-spreading, hardy, productive; branchlets

with long internodes, dull, marked with yellowish-brown scarf-skin; leaf-
buds large, long, pointed, free; leaves flattened, obovate or oval, one and
 three-quarters inches wide, three and five-eighths inches long, thick, dark
green; margin crenate, eglandular or with small, dark glands; petiole one
inch long, tinged red, glandless or with from one to four small, yellowish-
green glands; blooming season intermediate, short; flowers appearing
after the leaves, one inch across; borne on lateral spurs, singly or in pairs;
filaments seven-sixteenths inch long; pistil glabrous, shorter than the
stamens.
Fruit mid-season, ripening period long; about one and five-eighths
inches in diameter, roundish-ovate, dark purplish-black, overspread with
thick bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, fibrous, firm, sweet, mild and pleasant;
good to very good; stone nearly free, one inch by three-quarters inch in
size, ovate or oval, flattened, roughened and deeply pitted, tapering
abruptly to a short, pointed apex; ventral suture narrow, with a short but
distinct wing; dorsal suture with a wide groove.

LAFAYETTE
Prunus domestica

1. Prince Pom. Man. 2:96. 1832. 2. Tucker’s Gen. Farmer 3:153. 1839.
3. Elliott Fr. Book 427. 1854. 4. Am. Pom. Soc. Rpt. 222, 244. 1858. 5.
Hogg Fruit Man. 368. 1866. 6. Downing Fr. Trees Am. 916. 1869. 7. Guide
Prat. 160, 359. 1895.
Gifford’s Lafayette 1, 4, 6. Gifford’s La Fayette 2, 3.

Lafayette originated in New York sometime in the first quarter of

the last century with a Mr. Gifford from a stone of the Orleans. It did
not become popular and was rejected by the American Pomological
Society in 1858, but just why it failed is not apparent, judging either
from the descriptions given in the above references or by its
behavior in the orchard at this Station. The fruit is good, though not
remarkable for the richness of its flavor, its size is large and the color
attractive. Moreover it is so late as to stand almost alone in its
season. A retrial of this old sort commercially might be worth while.
The tree is interesting because of a marked tendency in the flowers
to develop petals from the stamens.
 Tree of medium size, round-topped, productive; branchlets stocky, with
long internodes; leaf-scars large; leaves folded upward, oval or obovate,
two inches wide, four inches long, rugose; margin crenate, with small, dark
glands; petiole pubescent, tinged red, having at the most three small
glands usually on the stalk; blooming season intermediate in time and
length; flowers appearing after the leaves, one and one-quarter inches
wide, creamy-white; borne in pairs; calyx-lobes long and slender.
Fruit very late, season long; one and one-half inches by one and three-
eighths inches in size, oval, purplish-black, overspread with very thick
bloom; flesh greenish-yellow, medium juicy, tender, sweet, mild and
pleasant; of good quality; stone free or nearly so, one inch by five-eighths
inch in size, irregular-oval, flattened, with an acute and slightly oblique
apex.

LAIRE
Prunus orthosepala?
Laire is cultivated locally in Rooks and neighboring counties in
Kansas and is highly spoken of by those who grow it. The
description of the variety is made from information sent from the
United States Department of Agriculture. For a further account of this
plum the reader is referred to the discussion of Prunus orthosepala,
page 97. The name is derived from that of the man who first brought
the plums under cultivation some twenty or twenty-five years ago.

Tree dwarfish, dense-topped, not very productive; branches spiny,

zigzag; branchlets thick, reddish-brown changing to dark brown; leaves
oblong-ovate, light green, acuminate, with margins closely serrate and
seldom with glandular teeth; petiole slender, one-half inch long, with two
glands at the apex; flowers white or tinged with pink, appearing after the
leaves; borne in threes or in fours; pedicels thick, one-half inch long;
petals narrowly clawed; stamens orange.
Fruit mid-season; one and one-eighth inches in diameter, roundish,
greenish-yellow overlaid with deep red, covered with thick bloom; skin
thick; flesh yellow, meaty, juicy, mild subacid; good to very good; stone
clinging, five-eighths inch by nine-sixteenths inch in size, flattened, oval,
with rugose surfaces; grooved on the dorsal and ridged on the ventral
suture.