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NUTRACEUTICALS
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NUTRACEUTICALS
Nanotechnology in
the Agri-Food Industry,
Volume 4
Edited by
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This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by
the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein).
Notices
Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and
experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices,
or medical treatment may become necessary.
Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in
evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein.
In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety
of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility.
To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors,
assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products
liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products,
instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein.
ISBN: 978-0-12-804305-9
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Vitamins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4 Fortification of Food with Vitamins and Minerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5 Determination of Vitamins and Minerals in Fortified Food. . . . . . . 35
6 Improvements of Awareness and Health Culture
on Fortified Food��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
7 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2 Naturally Derived Bioactive Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 Indicative Matrix of Phytochemicals (with Nutraceutical
Properties) and Possible Health Benefits ����������������������������������������� 44
4 Chronic Disease Management with Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
5 Extraction of Nutraceuticals from Plants and Animals . . . . . . . . . . 54
6 Analytical Techniques Used for the Characterization
of Nutraceuticals��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
7 Issues Related with the Incorporation
of Nutraceuticals in Foods����������������������������������������������������������������� 63
v
vi Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
2 Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3 Classifying Nutraceutical Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4 Role of Nutraceuticals as “Dietary Antioxidants” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
5 Nutraceuticals for Self-Care and Longevity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
6 Nutraceuticals in Chemotherapy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7 Using Natural Compounds Combinations in Nutraceuticals . . . . . 94
8 Nutraceuticals as Bioenhancers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
9 Role of Nanotechnology for Anticancer Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . 104
10 Regulations for Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
11 Future of Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
12 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
2 Nutraceuticals for Cancer Prevention and Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . 120
Contents vii
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
2 Regulatory Issues with Nutraceuticals and Dietary
Supplements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 155
3 Intentional Adulteration, Counterfeiting, and Undeclared
Labeling in Nutraceuticals, Dietary Supplements,
and Other Herbal Formulations������������������������������������������������������� 156
4 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
2 Regulatory Aspects on the Use of Nanomaterials
in Nutraceuticals������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
3 Characterization of Nanomaterials for Regulatory Purposes . . . . 204
4 Hazard Identification and Characterization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
5 Concluding Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
viii Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
2 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
3 Extraction of Bioactive Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
4 Supercritical Fluid Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234
5 Advantages and Disadvantages of SFE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
6 Encapsulation of Nutraceutical Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
7 Microencapsulation Technologies Used
for Bioactive Food Ingredients��������������������������������������������������������� 237
8 Bioactive Components Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238
9 Therapeutic Potential of Nutraceutical Compounds. . . . . . . . . . . . 240
10 Cardamom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
11 Cinnamon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
12 Turmeric. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
13 Ginger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
14 Cassia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
15 Clove . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
16 Nutmeg and Mace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
17 Coriander. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
18 Cumin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
19 Fennel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
20 Fenugreek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
21 Chili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
22 Vanillin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
23 Aniseed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
24 Garcinia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
25 Curry Leaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
26 Bay Leaf. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
27 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Contents ix
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
2 Nutraceuticals: Lipid and Nonlipid Origins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
3 Nanocarriers for Pure and Structured Lipid and
Nonlipid-Based Nutraceuticals: Nanoemulsions
and Nanocapsules����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 278
4 Manufacturing Methodologies of Nanonutraceutical
Products��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 280
5 Characterization Techniques of Nanocarriers
for Nutraceuticals����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 293
6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
2 Distinction Between Nutrients, Functional Food,
and Nutraceuticals ��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 306
3 Nanotechnology-Based Delivery Systems Applied
in the Nutraceuticals Encapsulation ����������������������������������������������� 309
4 Micro- and Nanoencapsulation of Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
2 Nanoscience and Technology in Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350
x Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
2 β-Glucan Extraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
3 Rheology of β-Glucan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
4 β-Glucan Physiological Effects in Humans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
5 β-Glucan Immune Modulating Effect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
6 Skin Health Promotion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
7 Effects of β-Glucan on Some Environmental Toxins. . . . . . . . . . . . 400
8 Health Benefits of β-Glucan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402
9 β-Glucan Application in Foods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
10 Safety of β-Glucan as a Food Ingredient. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
11 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
2 Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
3 Nanotechnological Approaches for Enhancing Nutritional
Quality and Stability of the Nutraceuticals������������������������������������� 544
4 Nanoparticles in Foods for Improved Nutritional Quality. . . . . . . 564
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
xii Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593
2 Curcumin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596
3 Nano-Drug Delivery System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
4 Future Developments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 617
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
2 Probiotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 628
3 Microencapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
4 Food and Pharmaceutical Applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
5 Futures Trends and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 657
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
2 Immune Function in Sports and Exercise. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
3 Nutraceuticals for Maximizing Recovering
and Performance in Athletes����������������������������������������������������������� 678
4 New Trends: The Use of Nanotechnology for Immune
Modulation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 690
Contents xiii
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
2 Nanodelivery Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
3 Milk Proteins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724
4 Nanoemulsion-Encapsulated Phytochemicals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
5 Nanoemulsions and Lipids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
6 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 745
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
2 Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
3 Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
4 Protein-Based Dietary Supplements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
5 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778
1 Nutraceuticals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783
2 Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
3 Nanotechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 805
xiv Contents
Zaheer Ahmed
AllamaIqbal Open University Islamabad, Department of Home and Health
Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
Biljana Arsic
University of Nis, Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Sciences and
Mathematics, Nis, Republic of Serbia
Ali Asghar
University of Agriculture, National Institute of Food Science and Technology,
Faisalabad, Pakistan; A’Sharqiyah University, Department of Food Science
and Human Nutrition, Ibra, Sultanate of Oman
Federico Benetti
ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology,
ECAMRICERT srl, Rovigo, Italy
Mahendran Botlagunta
KLEF University, Department of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research
Laboratory, Vaddeswaram; Sweety Biologicals India Private Limited, Kavali,
Andhra Pradesh, India
Danica Dimitrijevic
University of Nis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and
Mathematics, Nis, Republic of Serbia
xv
xvi List of contributors
Pankaj Dwivedi
Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR—Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Nancy M. El-Baz
University of Science and Technology (UST), Center for Materials Science,
Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny
University of Science and Technology (UST), Center for Materials Science,
Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
Hele Everaus
University of Tartu, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tartu, Estonia
Joana F. Fangueiro
University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Centre for
Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences,
CITAB, Vila Real, Portugal
Milen Georgiev
Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies, Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian
Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
Mahua Ghosh
University of Calcutta, Department of Chemical Technology, Kolkata,
West Bengal, India
Amr Hefnawy
University of Science and Technology (UST), Center for Materials Science,
Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
List of contributors xvii
Abdullah
University of Agriculture, National Institute of Food Science and Technology,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Amita Joshi
B. V. Patel PERD Centre, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ahmedabad, India
Khushwinder Kaur
Panjab University, Department of Chemistry and Centre of Advanced Studies
in Chemistry, Chandigarh, India
Danijela Kostic
University of Nis, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and
Mathematics, Nis, Republic of Serbia
D. Sakthi Kumar
Toyo University, Bio Nano Electronics Research Center, Graduate School
of Interdisciplinary New Science, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
Majid Majeed
University of Agriculture, National Institute of Food Science and Technology,
Faisalabad, Pakistan
Laura Manodori
ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology, Veneto
Nanotech S.C.p.A., Rovigo, Italy
Christian Micheletti
ECSIN-European Center for the Sustainable Impact of Nanotechnology,
ECAMRICERT srl, Rovigo, Italy
Jorge Oliveira
ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Centre for the Study of Education,
Technologies and Health’ (CSETH), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu,
Portugal (CI&DETS)
Semih Ötleş
Ege University, Engineering Faculty, Food Engineering Department,
Izmir, Turkey
Vandana Patravale
Institute of Chemical technology, Department of Pharmaceutical Science
and Technology, Mumbai, India
João P. Pinheiro
University of Coimbra, Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department—
CHUC, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
Swati Pund
STES’s Sinhgad Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics,
Pune, India
Katrin Sak
University of Tartu, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Tartu, Estonia
Bilge Sener
Gazi University, Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy,
Ankara, Turkey
Monika Sharma
Pharmaceutics Division, CSIR—Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Amélia M. Silva
University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, Centre for
Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences,
CITAB; University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, Department of Biology
and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, Vila Real, Portugal
Krystyna Skalicka-Wozniak
Medical University of Lublin, Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal
Plant Unit, Lublin, Poland
Eliana B. Souto
University of Coimbra (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology,
Faculty of Pharmacy, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba;
University of Coimbra, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology & Institute
for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (CNC-IBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
Edite Teixeira-Lemos
ESAV, Polytechnic Institute of Viseu; Centre for the Study of Education,
Technologies and Health’ (CSETH), Polytechnic Institute of Viseu, Viseu,
Portugal (CI&DETS)