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ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
TWELFTH EDITION
This page intentionally left blank
ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
TWELFTH EDITION

James W. Nilsson
Professor Emeritus
Iowa State University

Susan A. Riedel
Associate Professor Emerita
Marquette University
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Nilsson, James William, author. | Riedel, Susan A., author.

Title: Electric circuits / James W. Nilsson, professor Emeritus Iowa State
University, Susan A. Riedel, associate professor Emerita Marquette University.
Description: Twelfth edition. | Hoboken : Pearson, [2022] | Includes index.
| Summary: “Twelve edition of popular introductory electric circuits
textbook including updated and new assessment problems and
end-of-chapter problems”—Provided by publisher.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021058091 | ISBN 9780137648375 (hardcover)
Subjects: LCSH: Electric circuits.
Classification: LCC TK454 .N54 2022 | DDC 621.319/2—dc23/eng/20220113
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021058091
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For Anna
This page intentionally left blank
 Brief Contents
List of Examples xii
List of Tables xvi
List of Analysis Methods xvii
Preface xx
Chapter 1 Circuit Variables 2
Chapter 2 Circuit Elements 26
Chapter 3 Simple Resistive Circuits 58
Chapter 4 Techniques of Circuit Analysis 92
Chapter 5 The Operational Amplifier 150
Chapter 6 Inductance, Capacitance, and Mutual Inductance 182
Chapter 7 Response of First-Order RL and RC Circuits 220
Chapter 8 Natural and Step Responses of RLC Circuits 272
Chapter 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 318
Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Power Calculations 374
Chapter 11 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 412
Chapter 12 Introduction to the Laplace Transform 444
Chapter 13 The Laplace Transform in Circuit Analysis 482
Chapter 14 Introduction to Frequency-Selective Circuits 536
Chapter 15 Active Filter Circuits 572
Chapter 16 Fourier Series 618
Chapter 17 The Fourier Transform 662
Chapter 18 Two-Port Circuits 694
Appendix A The Solution of Linear Simultaneous Equations 720
Appendix B Complex Numbers 729
Appendix C More on Magnetically Coupled Coils and Ideal Transformers 735
Appendix D The Decibel 743
Appendix E Bode Diagrams 745
Appendix F An Abbreviated Table of Trigonometric Identities 759
Appendix G An Abbreviated Table of Integrals 760
Appendix H Common Standard Component Values 762
Index 763

vii
Contents
List of Examples xii Practical Perspective: Resistive Touch
Screens 78
List of Tables xvi Summary 79
List of Analysis Methods xvii Problems 80

Preface xx
Chapter 4 Techniques of Circuit
Chapter 1 Circuit Variables 2 Analysis 92
Practical Perspective: Balancing Power 3 Practical Perspective: Circuits with
1.1 Electrical Engineering: An Overview 4 Realistic Resistors 93
1.2 The International System of Units 9 4.1 Terminology 94
1.3 Circuit Analysis: An Overview 11 4.2 Introduction to the Node-Voltage Method 96
1.4 Voltage and Current 12 4.3 The Node-Voltage Method and Dependent
1.5 The Ideal Basic Circuit Element 14 Sources 98
1.6 Power and Energy 15 4.4 The Node-Voltage Method: Some Special
Practical Perspective: Balancing Power 18 Cases 100
Summary 19 4.5 Introduction to the Mesh-Current
Problems 20 Method 104
4.6 The Mesh-Current Method and Dependent
Chapter 2 Circuit Elements 26 Sources 107
4.7 The Mesh-Current Method: Some Special
Practical Perspective: Heating with Electric Cases 108
Radiators 27 4.8 The Node-Voltage Method Versus the
2.1 Voltage and Current Sources 28 Mesh-Current Method 112
2.2 Electrical Resistance (Ohm’s Law) 32
4.9 Source Transformations 115
2.3 Constructing a Circuit Model 36
4.10 Thévenin and Norton Equivalents 118
2.4 Kirchhoff’s Laws 39
4.11 More on Deriving the Thévenin
2.5 Analyzing a Circuit Containing Dependent
Equivalent 123
Sources 45
4.12 Maximum Power Transfer 126
Practical Perspective: Heating with Electric
4.13 Superposition 129
Radiators 48
Practical Perspective: Circuits with Realistic
Summary 49 Resistors 131
Problems 50 Summary 134
Problems 136
Chapter 3 Simple Resistive Circuits 58
Practical Perspective: Resistive Touch
Chapter 5 The Operational
Screens 59
3.1 Resistors in Series 60 Amplifier 150
3.2 Resistors in Parallel 61 Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 151
3.3 The Voltage-Divider and Current-Divider 5.1 Operational Amplifier Terminals 152
Circuits 64 5.2 Terminal Voltages and Currents 152
3.4 Voltage Division and Current Division 68 5.3 The Inverting-Amplifier Circuit 156
3.5 Measuring Voltage and Current 70 5.4 The Summing-Amplifier Circuit 158
3.6 Measuring Resistance—The Wheatstone 5.5 The Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit 160
Bridge 73 5.6 The Difference-Amplifier Circuit 162
3.7 Delta-to-Wye (Pi-to-Tee) Equivalent 5.7 A More Realistic Model for the Operational
Circuits 75 Amplifier 167

viii
 Contents ix

Practical Perspective: Strain Gages 171 Chapter 9 Sinusoidal Steady-State

Summary 172
Analysis 318
Problems 173
Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution
Chapter 6 Inductance, Capacitance, Circuit 319
9.1 The Sinusoidal Source 320
and Mutual Inductance 182 9.2 The Sinusoidal Response 323
Practical Perspective: Capacitive Touch 9.3 The Phasor 324
Screens 183 9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency
6.1 The Inductor 184 Domain 327
6.2 The Capacitor 189 9.5 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency
6.3 Series-Parallel Combinations of Inductance Domain 332
and Capacitance 194 9.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye
6.4 Mutual Inductance 199 Simplifications 333
6.5 A Closer Look at Mutual Inductance 203 9.7 Source Transformations and Thévenin–Norton
Practical Perspective: Capacitive Touch Equivalent Circuits 340
Screens 209 9.8 The Node-Voltage Method 344
Summary 211 9.9 The Mesh-Current Method 345
Problems 212 9.10 The Transformer 347
9.11 The Ideal Transformer 351
Chapter 7 Response of First-Order RL 9.12 Phasor Diagrams 357
and RC Circuits 220 Practical Perspective: A Household Distribution
Practical Perspective: Artificial Pacemaker 221 Circuit 359
7.1 The Natural Response of an RL Circuit 222 Summary 361
7.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit 228 Problems 362
7.3 The Step Response of RL and RC Circuits 233
7.4 A General Solution for Step and Natural Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State
Responses 241
Power Calculations 374
7.5 Sequential Switching 246
7.6 Unbounded Response 250 Practical Perspective: Vampire Power 375
7.7 The Integrating Amplifier 252 10.1 Instantaneous Power 376
Practical Perspective: Artificial Pacemaker 255 10.2 Average and Reactive Power 377
Summary 256 10.3 The RMS Value and Power Calculations 382
Problems 256 10.4 Complex Power 384
10.5 Power Calculations 386
Chapter 8 Natural and Step Responses 10.6 Maximum Power Transfer 393
Practical Perspective: Vampire Power 399
of RLC Circuits 272
Summary 401
Practical Perspective: Clock for Computer Problems 401
Timing 273
8.1 Introduction to the Natural Response of a
Parallel RLC Circuit 274
Chapter 11 Balanced Three-Phase
8.2 The Forms of the Natural Response of a Circuits 412
Parallel RLC Circuit 278 Practical Perspective: Transmission
8.3 The Step Response of a Parallel RLC and Distribution of Electric Power 413
Circuit 289 11.1 Balanced Three-Phase Voltages 414
8.4 The Natural and Step Responses of a Series 11.2 Three-Phase Voltage Sources 415
RLC Circuit 296 11.3 Analysis of the Wye-Wye Circuit 416
8.5 A Circuit with Two Integrating Amplifiers 303 11.4 Analysis of the Wye-Delta Circuit 422
Practical Perspective: Clock for Computer 11.5 Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase
Timing 308 Circuits 425
Summary 309 11.6 Measuring Average Power in Three-Phase
Problems 310 Circuits 430
x Contents

Practical Perspective: Transmission and Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone

Distribution of Electric Power 433 Circuits 564
Summary 435 Summary 564
Problems 436 Problems 565

Chapter 12 Introduction to the Laplace Chapter 15 Active Filter Circuits 572

Transform 444 Practical Perspective: Bass Volume
Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 445 Control 573
12.1 Definition of the Laplace Transform 446 15.1 First-Order Low-Pass
12.2 The Step Function 447 and High-Pass Filters 574
12.3 The Impulse Function 449 15.2 Scaling 577
12.4 Functional Transforms 452 15.3 Op Amp Bandpass and Bandreject Filters 580
12.5 Operational Transforms 453 15.4 Higher-Order Op Amp Filters 587
12.6 Applying the Laplace Transform 458 15.5 Narrowband Bandpass
12.7 Inverse Transforms 460 and Bandreject Filters 600
12.8 Poles and Zeros of F(s) 470 Practical Perspective: Bass Volume
12.9 Initial- and Final-Value Theorems 472 Control 605
Practical Perspective: Transient Effects 474 Summary 608
Summary 476 Problems 609
Problems 477
Chapter 16 Fourier Series 618
Chapter 13 The Laplace Transform
Practical Perspective: Active High-Q
in Circuit Analysis 482 Filters 619
Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 483 16.1 Fourier Series Analysis: An Overview 621
13.1 Circuit Elements in the s Domain 484 16.2 The Fourier Coefficients 622
13.2 Circuit Analysis in the s Domain 486 16.3 The Effect of Symmetry on the Fourier
13.3 Applications 488 Coefficients 625
13.4 The Transfer Function 500 16.4 An Alternative Trigonometric Form of the Fourier
13.5 The Transfer Function in Partial Fraction Series 631
Expansions 502 16.5 An Application 633
13.6 The Transfer Function and the Convolution 16.6 Average-Power Calculations with Periodic
Integral 505 Functions 639
13.7 The Transfer Function and the Steady-State 16.7 The rms Value of a Periodic Function 641
Sinusoidal Response 511 16.8 The Exponential Form of the Fourier
13.8 The Impulse Function in Circuit Analysis 514 Series 642
Practical Perspective: Surge Suppressors 520 16.9 Amplitude and Phase Spectra 645
Summary 521 Practical Perspective: Active High-Q
Problems 522 Filters 647
Summary 649
Chapter 14 Introduction to Problems 650
Frequency-Selective
Circuits 536 Chapter 17 The Fourier Transform 662
Practical Perspective: Pushbutton Telephone Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital
Circuits 537 Signals 663
14.1 Some Preliminaries 538 17.1 The Derivation of the Fourier Transform 664
14.2 Low-Pass Filters 539 17.2 The Convergence of the Fourier Integral 666
14.3 High-Pass Filters 545 17.3 Using Laplace Transforms to Find Fourier
14.4 Bandpass Filters 550 Transforms 668
14.5 Bandreject Filters 560 17.4 Fourier Transforms in the Limit 670
 Contents xi

17.5 Some Mathematical Properties 673 Appendix C More on Magnetically

17.6 Operational Transforms 674
Coupled Coils and Ideal
17.7 Circuit Applications 679
17.8 Parseval’s Theorem 681 Transformers 735
Practical Perspective: Filtering Digital C.1 Equivalent Circuits for Magnetically Coupled
Signals 687 Coils 735
Summary 688 C.2 The Need for Ideal Transformers
Problems 688 in the Equivalent Circuits 739

Chapter 18 Two-Port Circuits 694 Appendix D The Decibel 743

Practical Perspective: Characterizing an
Unknown Circuit 695 Appendix E Bode Diagrams 745
18.1 The Terminal Equations 696 E.1 Real, First-Order Poles and Zeros 745
18.2 The Two-Port Parameters 697 E.2 Straight-Line Amplitude Plots 746
18.3 Analysis of the Terminated Two-Port E.3 More Accurate Amplitude Plots 749
Circuit 705 E.4 Straight-Line Phase Angle Plots 750
18.4 Interconnected Two-Port Circuits 710 E.5 Bode Diagrams: Complex Poles and Zeros 752
Practical Perspective: Characterizing E.6 Straight-Line Amplitude Plots
an Unknown Circuit 713 for Complex Poles 753
Summary 714 E.7 Correcting Straight-Line Amplitude Plots for
Problems 715 Complex Poles 754
E.8 Phase Angle Plots for Complex Poles 756
Appendix A The Solution of Linear
Simultaneous Appendix F An Abbreviated
Equations 720 Table of Trigonometric
Identities 759
A.1 Preliminary Steps 720
A.2 Calculator and Computer Methods 721
A.3 Paper-and-Pencil Methods 723 Appendix G An Abbreviated Table of
A.4 Applications 725 Integrals 760

Appendix B Complex Numbers 729 Appendix H Common Standard

B.1 Notation 729 Component Values 762
B.2 The Graphical Representation of a Complex
Number 730 Index 763
B.3 Arithmetic Operations 731
B.4 Useful Identities 732
B.5 The Integer Power of a Complex Number 733
B.6 The Roots of a Complex Number 733
List of Examples
Chapter 1 3.10 Using a Wheatstone Bridge to Measure
Resistance 75
1.1 Using SI Units and Prefixes for Powers
3.11 Applying a Delta-to-Wye Transform 77
of 10 11
1.2 Relating Current and Charge 15
Chapter 4
1.3 Using the Passive Sign Convention 17
1.4 Relating Voltage, Current, Power, 4.1 Identifying Node, Branch, Mesh, and Loop in a
and Energy 17 Circuit 94
4.2 Using Essential Nodes and Essential Branches
Chapter 2 to Write Simultaneous Equations 95
4.3 Using the Node-Voltage Method 97
2.1 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Sources 30
4.4 Using the Node-Voltage Method with
2.2 Testing Interconnections of Ideal Independent
Dependent Sources 99
and Dependent Sources 31
4.5 Node-Voltage Analysis of the Amplifier
2.3 Calculating Voltage, Current, and Power for a
Circuit 102
Simple Resistive Circuit 34
4.6 Using the Mesh-Current Method 106
2.4 Constructing a Circuit Model of a
4.7 Using the Mesh-Current Method with
Flashlight 36
Dependent Sources 107
2.5 Constructing a Circuit Model Based on Terminal
4.8 A Special Case in the Mesh-Current
Measurements 38
Method 108
2.6 Using Kirchhoff’s Current Law 41
4.9 Mesh-Current Analysis of the Amplifier
2.7 Using Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law 42
Circuit 111
2.8 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws to
4.10 Understanding the Node-Voltage Method
Find an Unknown Current 42
Versus Mesh-Current Method 113
2.9 Constructing a Circuit Model Based on Terminal
4.11 Comparing the Node-Voltage and Mesh-Current
Measurements 43
Methods 114
2.10 Analyzing a Circuit with a Dependent
4.12 Using Source Transformations to Solve a
Source 45
Circuit 116
2.11 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Laws to
4.13 Using Special Source Transformation
Find an Unknown Voltage 46
Techniques 117
2.12 Applying Ohm’s Law and Kirchhoff’s Law in an
4.14 Finding a Thévenin Equivalent 120
Amplifier Circuit 47
4.15 Finding a Norton Equivalent 121
4.16 Finding the Thévenin Equivalent of a Circuit
Chapter 3 with a Dependent Source 122
3.1 Applying Series-Parallel Simplification 62 4.17 Finding the Thévenin Equivalent Resistance
3.2 Solving a Circuit Using Series-Parallel Directly from the Circuit 123
Simplification 63 4.18 Finding the Thévenin Equivalent Resistance
3.3 Designing a Simple Voltage Divider 65 Using a Test Source 124
3.4 Adding a Resistive Load to a Voltage 4.19 Finding the Thévenin Equivalent of a Circuit
Divider 65 with Dependent Sources and Resistors 124
3.5 The Effect of Resistor Tolerance on the 4.20 Using a Thévenin Equivalent to Analyze the
Voltage-Divider Circuit 66 Amplifier Circuit 125
3.6 Designing a Current-Divider Circuit 67 4.21 Calculating the Condition for Maximum Power
3.7 Using Voltage Division and Current Division to Transfer 127
Solve a Circuit 69 4.22 Using Superposition to Solve a Circuit 129
3.8 Using a d’Arsonval Ammeter 71 4.23 Using Superposition to Solve a Circuit with
3.9 Using a d’Arsonval Voltmeter 72 Dependent Sources 130

xii
 List of Examples xiii

Chapter 5 7.12 Analyzing an RC Circuit That Has Sequential

Switching 249
5.1 Analyzing an Op Amp Circuit 155
7.13 Finding the Unbounded Response in an RC
5.2 Designing an Inverting Amplifier 157
Circuit 251
5.3 Designing a Summing Amplifier 159
7.14 Analyzing an Integrating Amplifier 253
5.4 Designing a Noninverting Amplifier 161
7.15 Analyzing an Integrating Amplifier That Has
5.5 Designing a Difference Amplifier 163
Sequential Switching 253
5.6 Calculating the CMRR 167
5.7 Analyzing a Noninverting-Amplifier Circuit Using
a Realistic Op Amp Model 169 Chapter 8
8.1 Finding the Roots of the Characteristic Equation
Chapter 6 of a Parallel RLC Circuit 277
6.1 Determining the Voltage, Given the Current, 8.2 Finding the Overdamped Natural Response of a
at the Terminals of an Inductor 184 Parallel RLC Circuit 280
6.2 Determining the Current, Given the Voltage, 8.3 Calculating Branch Currents in the Natural
at the Terminals of an Inductor 186 Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit 281
6.3 Determining the Current, Voltage, Power, and 8.4 Finding the Underdamped Natural Response of
Energy for an Inductor 187 a Parallel RLC Circuit 284
6.4 Determining Current, Voltage, Power, and 8.5 Finding the Critically Damped Natural Response
Energy for a Capacitor 191 of a Parallel RLC Circuit 288
6.5 Finding Finding v, p, and w Induced by a 8.6 Finding the Overdamped Step Response of a
Triangular Current Pulse for a Capacitor 192 Parallel RLC Circuit 293
6.6 Finding the Equivalent Inductance 196 8.7 Finding the Underdamped Step Response of a
6.7 Finding the Equivalent Capacitance 197 Parallel RLC Circuit 294
6.8 Finding Mesh-Current Equations for a Circuit 8.8 Finding the Critically Damped Step Response of
with Magnetically Coupled Coils 201 a Parallel RLC Circuit 294
6.9 Calculating the Coupling Coefficient and Stored 8.9 Comparing the Three-Step Response
Energy for Magnetically Coupled Coils 209 Forms 295
8.10 Finding Step Response of a Parallel RLC Circuit
Chapter 7 with Initial Stored Energy 295
8.11 Finding the Natural Response of a Series RLC
7.1 Determining the Natural Response of an RL
Circuit 302
Circuit 224
8.12 Finding the Step Response of a Series RLC
7.2 Determining the Natural Response of an RL
Circuit 302
Circuit with Parallel Inductors 227
8.13 Analyzing Two Cascaded Integrating
7.3 Determining the Natural Response of an RC
Amplifiers 305
Circuit 230
8.14 Analyzing Two Cascaded Integrating Amplifiers
7.4 Determining the Natural Response of an RC
with Feedback Resistors 307
Circuit with Series Capacitors 231
7.5 Determining the Step Response of an RL
Circuit 234 Chapter 9
7.6 Determining the Step Response of an RC 9.1 Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal
Circuit 239 Current 321
7.7 Using the General Solution Method to Find an 9.2 Finding the Characteristics of a Sinusoidal
RL Circuit’s Natural Response 242 Voltage 322
7.8 Using the General Solution Method to Find an 9.3 Translating a Sine Expression to a Cosine
RC Circuit’s Step Response 243 Expression 322
7.9 Using the General Solution Method to Find an 9.4 Calculating the rms Value of a Triangular
RL Circuit’s Step Response 244 Waveform 322
7.10 Determining the Step Response of a Circuit with 9.5 Adding Cosines Using Phasors 326
Magnetically Coupled Coils 245 9.6 Calculating Component Voltages Using Phasor
7.11 Analyzing an RL Circuit That Has Sequential Techniques 331
Switching 247 9.7 Using KVL in the Frequency Domain 333
xiv List of Examples

9.8 Combining Impedances in Series 334 11.5 Calculating Three-Phase Power with an
9.9 Combining Impedances in Series and in Unspecified Load 429
Parallel 337 11.6 Computing Wattmeter Readings in Three-Phase
9.10 Using a Delta-to-Wye Transform in the Circuits 432
Frequency Domain 339
9.11 Performing Source Transformations in the Chapter 12
Frequency Domain 341 12.1 Using Step Functions to Represent a Function
9.12 Finding a Thévenin Equivalent in the Frequency of Finite Duration 448
Domain 342 12.2 Using Laplace Transforms to Predict a Circuit’s
9.13 Using the Node-Voltage Method in the Response 460
Frequency Domain 344 12.3 Finding the Inverse Laplace Transform When
9.14 Using the Mesh-Current Method in the F(s) Has Distinct Real Roots 462
Frequency Domain 346 12.4 Finding the Inverse Laplace Transform When
9.15 Analyzing a Linear Transformer in the Frequency F(s) Has Distinct Complex Roots 465
Domain 349 12.5 Finding the Inverse Laplace Transform When
9.16 Analyzing an Ideal Transformer Circuit in the F(s) Has Repeated Real Roots 467
Frequency Domain 355 12.6 Finding the Inverse Laplace Transform When
9.17 Using Phasor Diagrams to Analyze a F(s) Has Repeated Complex Roots 468
Circuit 357 12.7 Finding the Inverse Laplace Transform of an
9.18 Using Phasor Diagrams to Analyze Capacitive Improper Rational Function 470
Loading Effects 358 12.8 Finding and Plotting the Poles and Zeros of an
s-Domain Function 471
Chapter 10 12.9 Applying the Initial- and Final-Value
10.1 Calculating Average and Reactive Power 380 Theorems 474
10.2 Making Power Calculations Involving Household
Appliances 382 Chapter 13
10.3 Determining Average Power Delivered to a 13.1 Transforming a Circuit into the s Domain 488
Resistor by a Sinusoidal Voltage 384 13.2 The Natural Response of an RC Circuit 489
10.4 Calculating Complex Power 385 13.3 The Step Response of an RLC Circuit 489
10.5 Calculating Power Using Phasor Voltage and 13.4 Analyzing a Circuit with a Sinusoidal
Current 387 Source 491
10.6 Calculating Average and Reactive Power 389 13.5 Analyzing a Circuit with Multiple Meshes 493
10.7 Calculating Power in Parallel Loads 390 13.6 Creating a Thévenin Equivalent in the
10.8 Balancing Power Delivered with Power s Domain 495
Absorbed in an AC Circuit 391 13.7 Analyzing a Circuit with Mutual Inductance 497
10.9 Determining Maximum Power Transfer without 13.8 Applying Superposition in the s Domain 499
Load Restrictions 395 13.9 Deriving the Transfer Function of a Circuit 501
10.10 Determining Maximum Power Transfer with 13.10 Analyzing the Transfer Function of a Circuit 503
Load Impedance Restriction 396 13.11 Using the Convolution Integral to Find an
10.11 Finding Maximum Power Transfer with Output Signal 509
Impedance Angle Restrictions 396 13.12 Using the Transfer Function to Find the
10.12 Finding Maximum Power Transfer in a Circuit Steady-State Sinusoidal Response 513
with an Ideal Transformer 397 13.13 A Series Inductor Circuit with an Impulsive
Response 515
Chapter 11 13.14 A Circuit with Both Internally Generated
11.1 Analyzing a Wye-Wye Circuit 420 and Externally Applied Impulses 518
11.2 Analyzing a Wye-Delta Circuit 423
11.3 Calculating Power in a Three-Phase Wye-Wye Chapter 14
Circuit 428 14.1 Designing a Low-Pass Filter 543
11.4 Calculating Power in a Three-Phase Wye-Delta 14.2 Designing a Series RC Low-Pass Filter 544
Circuit 428 14.3 Designing a Series RL High-Pass Filter 547
 List of Examples xv

14.4 Loading the Series RL High-Pass Filter 548 16.5 Calculating Average Power for a Circuit with a
14.5 Designing a Bandpass Filter 555 Periodic Voltage Source 640
14.6 Designing a Parallel RLC Bandpass Filter 555 16.6 Estimating the rms Value of a Periodic
14.7 Determining the Effect of a Nonideal Voltage Function 642
Source on a Series RLC Bandpass Filter 557 16.7 Finding the Exponential Form of the Fourier
14.8 Designing a Series RLC Bandreject Filter 562 Series 644
16.8 Plotting the Amplitude and Phase Spectra for a
Chapter 15 Periodic Voltage 646
15.1 Designing a Low-Pass Op Amp Filter 575
15.2 Designing a High-Pass Op Amp Filter 576 Chapter 17
15.3 Scaling a Series RLC Filter 578 17.1 Finding the Fourier Transform of a Constant 667
15.4 Scaling a Prototype Low-Pass Op Amp 17.2 Finding the Fourier Transform from the Laplace
Filter 579 Transform 669
15.5 Designing a Broadband Bandpass Op Amp 17.3 Deriving an Operational Fourier Transform 677
Filter 583 17.4 Using the Fourier Transform to Find the
15.6 Designing a Broadband Bandreject Op Amp Transient Response 679
Filter 586 17.5 Using the Fourier Transform to Find the
15.7 Designing a Fourth-Order Low-Pass Active Sinusoidal Steady-State Response 680
Filter 589 17.6 Applying Parseval’s Theorem 683
15.8 Calculating Butterworth Transfer Functions 592 17.7 Applying Parseval’s Theorem to an Ideal
15.9 Designing a Fourth-Order Low-Pass Bandpass Filter 684
Butterworth Filter 594 17.8 Applying Parseval’s Theorem to a Low-Pass
15.10 Determining the Order of a Butterworth Filter 685
Filter 597 17.9 Calculating Energy Contained in a Rectangular
15.11 An Alternate Approach to Determining the Order Voltage Pulse 686
of a Butterworth Filter 597
15.12 Designing a Butterworth Bandpass Filter 599 Chapter 18
15.13 Designing a High-Q Bandpass Filter 602 18.1 Finding the z Parameters of a Two-Port
15.14 Designing a High-Q Bandreject Filter 604 Circuit 698
18.2 Finding the a Parameters from
Chapter 16 Measurements 699
16.1 Finding the Fourier Series of a Triangular 18.3 Finding h Parameters from Measurements
Waveform 623 and Table 18.1 702
16.2 Finding the Fourier Series of a Periodic Function 18.4 Determining Whether a Circuit Is Reciprocal
with Symmetry 630 and Symmetric 703
16.3 Calculating Forms of the Trigonometric Fourier 18.5 Analyzing a Terminated Two-Port Circuit 709
Series for Periodic Voltage 632 18.6 Analyzing Cascaded Two-Port Circuits 709
16.4 Finding the Response of an RLC Circuit to a
Square-Wave Voltage 637
xvi List of Tables

List of Tables
1.1 The International System of Units (SI) 10 9.2 Admittance and Susceptance Values 336

1.2 Derived Units in SI 10 9.3 Impedance and Related Values 361

1.3 Standardized Prefixes to Signify 10.1 Annual Energy Requirements of Electric

Powers of 10 10 Household Appliances 381

1.4 Interpretation of Reference Directions in 10.2 Three Power Quantities and Their Units 385
Fig. 1.5 14
10.3 Average Power Consumption of Common
1.5 Voltage and Current Values for the Circuit in Electrical Devices 399
Fig. 1.7 19
12.1 An Abbreviated List of Laplace Transform
4.1 Terms for Describing Circuits 95 Pairs 453

4.2 PSpice Sensitivity Analysis Results 133 12.2 An Abbreviated List of Operational
Transforms 458
4.3 Steps in the Node-Voltage Method and the
Mesh-Current Method 135 12.3 Four Useful Transform Pairs 469

6.1 Inductor and Capacitor Duality 198 13.1 Summary of the s-Domain Equivalent
Circuits 486
7.1 Value of e −t τ for t Equal to Integral
Multiples of τ 226 14.1 Input and Output Voltage Magnitudes for Three
Frequencies 543
8.1 Natural-Response Parameters of the Parallel RLC
Circuit 276 15.1 Normalized (so that ω c = 1 rad s)
Butterworth Polynomials up to the Eighth
8.2 Equations for Analyzing the Natural Response of Order 593
Parallel RLC Circuits 288
17.1 Fourier Transforms of Elementary
8.3 Equations for Analyzing the Step Response of Functions 672
Parallel RLC Circuits 293
17.2 Operational Transforms 677
8.4 Equations for Analyzing the Natural Response of
Series RLC Circuits 299 18.1 Parameter Conversion Table 701

8.5 Equations for Analyzing the Step Response of 18.2 Two-Port Parameter Relationships for Reciprocal
Series RLC Circuits 301 Circuits 703

9.1 Impedance and Reactance Values 331 18.3 Terminated Two-Port Equations 706

xvi

List of Analysis Methods
Analysis Method 4.1: The Basic Version of the
Node-Voltage Method 97
Analysis Method 4.2: Modified Step 3 for the
Node-Voltage Method 99
Analysis Method 4.3: Complete Form of the
Node-Voltage Method 102
Analysis Method 4.4: The Basic Version of the
Mesh-Current Method 105
Analysis Method 4.5: Modified Step 3 for the
Mesh-Current Method 107
Analysis Method 4.6: Complete Form of the
Mesh-Current Method 110
Analysis Method 5.1: Analyzing an Ideal Op Amp
Circuit with a Negative
Feedback Path 154
Analysis Method 7.1: Finding the RL Natural
Response 224
Analysis Method 7.2: Finding the RC Natural
Response 230
Analysis Method 7.3: Finding the RL Step
Response 234
List of Analysis Methods xvii
Analysis Method 7.4: Finding the RC Step
Response 238
Analysis Method 7.5: Finding the RL and RC Natural
and Step Response 242
Analysis Method 8.1: The Natural Response of an
Overdamped Parallel RLC
Circuit 280
Analysis Method 8.2: The Natural Response of
an Overdamped or
Underdamped Parallel
RLC Circuit 283
Analysis Method 8.3: The Natural Response of
Parallel RLC Circuits 287
Analysis Method 8.4: The Step Response of Parallel
RLC Circuits 292
Analysis Method 8.5: The Natural Response of
Series RLC Circuits 299
Analysis Method 8.6: The Step Response of Series
RLC Circuits 301
Analysis Method 13.1: Laplace-Transform Circuit
Analysis Method 487
xvii
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 CHAPTER XVI
THE NEXT MORNING

It was a drizzling, chilly, cheerless day—one of those relapses into

winter into which early spring sometimes falls.
Not one of the family had been able to sleep well after such a
harassing evening as they had passed.
They assembled around the breakfast table with pale faces and
careworn looks.
The table was full, and even crowded, with family and guests—
sixteen in all.
Odalite was the last to come in. Her face was deathly white, and
showed signs of an anxious and sleepless night. Yet she greeted the
whole party with a wan smile and a slight bow as she took her seat.
Not one word was said of the ordeal soon to be passed through.
Neither Mr. nor Mrs. Force would allude to it, and no one else durst.
The conversation went on, or, rather, failed to go on, in abortive
jets.
Subjects were started, but fell.
Some one said it was a horrid day, so different from yesterday, and
more like November than April.
And several others said yes, or some word to the same effect, and
that subject dropped dead.
Some one mentioned that the “English Opera Troupe” would
perform the “Bride of Lammermoor” that evening.
No one answered that venture except Mr. Force, who, as a mere
matter of form and politeness, said he believed so.
Ned Grandiere said it was good growing weather for the crops.
 But no one complimented him by a reply.
And at length the dull repast was over, and all arose from the table.
It was now nine o’clock, and raining hard. At ten Mr. Force and
Odalite were required to arrive before the judge.
As the party left the breakfast room, the guests dispersed to parlor,
library, or chambers, as their inclinations led them.
Mrs. Force called Odalite, and went upstairs, followed by all her
daughters, to prepare for her drive to the courthouse.
Le followed his uncle into a little smoking room at the back of the
hall. Neither of the men went there to smoke. Mr. Force went there
to be alone while he waited for his wife and daughter, and Le to
speak to his uncle.
“Uncle Abel, can I have a word with you?”
“As many as you please, or as time will permit, my boy. Come in.”
They entered the room, and took seats at the little round table, on
which stood pipes of every description, cigar cases, tobacco pots,
tapers, ash saucers and all the paraphernalia of smoking.
“Uncle Abel,” inquired Le, as soon as they were seated, “have you
secured counsel?”
“No, Le, nor shall I do so. To engage counsel would be to give the
case more importance than I choose to give it. It is a simple habeas
corpus. A very informal matter, and, in this instance, a very
impertinent one—an abuse of the privilege of habeas corpus. I do not
need counsel, and shall not have any. I shall tell my story to the
judge. I do not even know that I shall call a witness. That is all that
will be necessary. I have no fears of the result.”
“Uncle Abel, I must go with you before the judge this morning.”
“No, Le!” emphatically objected Mr. Force. “No, Le! I cannot have
my daughter, my young and innocent child, exposed to the ignominy
of standing between two men, each of whom claims her as his wife.”
The young man was shocked at the presentation of the case from a
point of view he had never contemplated before, and too greatly
confused for a moment to make any reply. At length he said:
“But, Uncle Abel, we know who has the right to her! We know that
she is my wife!”
 “No, Le, we do not know that. We only think we know it. We
thought we knew that Angus Anglesea was dead and in Hades. But
you see he is alive, and in Washington.”
“That is a nuisance; but his being here gives him no claim on
Odalite.”
“None as you and I think. But we do not know what the law may
decide, Le. It is of no use going over the whole situation again. You
know it, as well as I do. Angus Anglesea married Ann Maria Wright,
August 1, 18—. Of that transaction we have abundant proof. If
Anglesea were then free to contract that marriage, then is he the
lawful husband of Ann Maria Anglesea, his second wife. But, on the
other hand, if his first wife, Lady Mary Anglesea, did not die until the
twenty-fifth of that same August, then his marriage with Ann Maria
Wright, on the first of the said month, is null and void, and he was
free to contract marriage at the time that he married my daughter,
and Odalite Force is his legal second wife.”
“Oh, Heaven! oh, Heaven! oh, Heaven! What shall I do?”
exclaimed the youth, starting up in a frenzy.
“‘We must be wise as serpents and harmless as doves,’” said Mr.
Force; “for, Le, we have to deal with one who has the malice and
subtlety of a demon from the deepest abyss. He is absolutely
unscrupulous. I do not know, mind you, but I firmly believe he has
falsified dates to suit his own base purposes. I believe also that he
designedly laid a trap for us by which he could satiate his
vengeance.”
“I—I shall kill him, and hang for it!” burst forth the boy.
“No, you won’t, Le. You came of Christian parents, and have had a
Christian training. You will do nothing unworthy of your race and
education,” calmly replied Mr. Force.
“Uncle!” exclaimed the youth, “how came that false publication of
his death, with time, place and circumstances all complete, in the
newspaper of his own village? It is amazing. It is incredible that such
a fraud could have been perpetrated.”
“Yes, it is amazing and incredible. And yet we know that it is a
fraud, since the man is alive and well. How it was done I do not
know. Why it was done I can well understand. It was done as a trap
to catch us, and place us in a false and humiliating position. I have
no doubt that, from the hour of his ejection from our house and his
ignominious retreat from the neighborhood, he meditated
vengeance. I have no doubt he lay in wait, watching us for these three
years past, giving no sign of his existence, leaving us to suppose that
we were finally rid of him, but all the while watching and waiting for
your return, Le, to see what would come of it. I believe that he knew
the course of your ship as well as you did yourself—knew where she
went and when she was ordered home. Then he manufactured this
false evidence of his death, with time, place and circumstances all
complete, as you said, with obituary eulogy, sketch of his life and
career, and including his marriage with Lady Mary Merland, the date
of her death, August 25, 18—, and his second marriage with Odalite
Force——”
“I—I—uncle, I am quite anxious to hang for that man!” panted the
youth.
“But we are not willing to let you, Le. Your execution would be of
no sort of comfort to Odalite, or any of us. Now let me go on. All
these concocted and published falsehoods had but one end—to
entrap us all into a false sense of security, and to allow you and
Odalite to contract marriage on your return from sea. I have no
doubt that within ten days after your ship sailed from Rio de Janeiro,
homeward bound, he sailed from Liverpool to New York, under an
assumed name, and that he has been in the country ever since, and
lately in the city, watching for your wedding day, so that he might
turn the tables, and snatch your bride from your possession at the
very altar, as it were, and so humiliate us all in retaliation for his
exposure at All Faith Church.”
“Oh, the demon! the demon! Any fate would be cheaply bought at
the cost of sending him to——”
“Le! Le! control yourself! Remember your Christian parentage and
training, and do not speak and act like any border ruffian.
Remember also that we do not know the man has falsified the date of
his wife’s death. We only think so.”
“Uncle, suppose the judge to-day should decide against us—should
adjudge Odalite to be the wife of that devil, and give her to him—
what then?”
 “I do not for a moment anticipate any such decision,” said Mr.
Force.
“Yet, it is possible,” muttered Le.
“But most improbable. The case, I think, from every point of view,
is too clearly in our favor.”
“You think, but you do not know. Our thoughts have misled us up
to this moment, and may be misleading us now. But admitting the
possibility that the decision may be against us—that Odalite may be
given into the custody of Anglesea——”
The father’s face darkened and flushed.
“I would not give my child up to the scoundrel!”
“But suppose the court were to order you to do so?”
“I would resist, and take the consequences. I would never give my
child to that devil! I would sooner—Heaven knows that I would
sooner throw her alive into that lion’s cage in the circus at the
Smithsonian Park over there!”
“But, uncle, suppose, in case of your resistance, the officers were
ordered to do their duty and take the woman from you by force, to
give her to the man. You know such might be the effect of your
resistance. What then?”
The father’s face darkened like a thundercloud. His eyes, under
their black brows, flashed like lightning.
“Le,” he said, “why do you torture me by such improbable
suppositions? In such a case I should—I could be another Virginius,
and give my child instant death to save her.”
“No, uncle, you would not. You came of Christian parents, and you
have had a Christian training. You would do nothing unworthy of
your race and your education. Uncle, remember your Christian
parentage and training, and do not speak and act like a heathen
Roman,” said Le, solemnly.
The two men looked at each other in comic embarrassment almost
approaching laughter, had not the matter been so serious.
“We have been letting imagination run away with us, Le. You and I
have been getting ourselves into unnecessary heroics. There will be
nothing to justify it. It is true that we have the most infernal villain to
deal with that ever disgraced the human form, but he must be dealt
with by law, and not by violence. All will be well,” said the elder man.
“Uncle, it was I who got into heroics first, and then stung you into
the same state. But really now, I do not think that I shall have any
occasion to murder Anglesea and swing for it, or that you will have
any cause to enact the Roman father and slay your daughter to save
her. Wait for my coup.”
“If I had been that same Roman father, it would not have been my
own kid I’d have killed, you bet. It would have been t’other I’d have
gone for. I mean, I never could see the sense of Virginius slaying his
own daughter, and running amuck through the streets of Rome,
instead of doing execution on the minion of Appius Claudius in the
first place. It was wrong end foremost, like most of the heroic
dodges.”
Of course it was Wynnette who spoke. She was standing within the
open door.
“What do you want, my dear?” inquired her father.
“Mamma sent me to look for you, and tell you that it is half-past
nine. She and Odalite are ready, and the carriage is at the door.”
“Thank you, dear. Tell mamma that I will be with her in a
moment,” said Mr. Force, as he arose from his seat.
Wynnette ran off with her message.
“So, uncle, you will not allow me to go with you to the
examination?” inquired Le.
“By no means! On no account, dear boy! You yourself should not
wish it under the circumstances.”
“All right. Who is going with Odalite besides yourself?”
“Her mother, her two sisters, Rosemary Hedge, and the four
Misses Grandiere.”
“They can’t all go in one carriage.”
“No; no one but Odalite, her mother and the eldest Miss Grandiere
will go in our carriage; the others will go by the street cars, under the
escort of Roland Bayard. I take a crowd of ladies with me not only as
witnesses to the broken marriage at All Faith Church—for the young
men could have answered that purpose—but as the most fitting,
proper and delicate support to my daughter. I take only one man,
Roland Bayard, not only as the most important witness, who brought
Anglesea’s Californian wife from San Francisco to St. Mary’s, but also
as a proper escort for the young ladies in the street car. But you, Le,
should, in delicacy, absent yourself.”
“At least, I will not press my company on you, uncle. But perhaps I
may be there later. Don’t let anything discourage you, no matter how
the case seems to be going. Wait for my coup,” said Le.
Mr. Force was drawing on his light overcoat in the hall, to which
they had walked during this conversation, and he scarcely heard or
heeded the youth’s last words, which seemed to be so significant.
They met Mrs. Force and Odalite at the front door.
“The girls have gone on in the cars before. Roland is with them. I
told them to wait in the vestibule of the City Hall until we should join
them,” said the elder lady.
Odalite said nothing. She was white and still, as she had been at
the breakfast table.
It was pouring rain.
When the front door was opened Mr. Force and Leonidas both
took large umbrellas from the hall rack and held them over the heads
of the two ladies as they passed from the house to the carriage.
When the two latter had entered and taken their seats, Mr. Force
followed them, and Le closed the door.
“I shall bring her back with me,” said the elder man.
“I am sure that you will,” replied the younger.
The carriage drove off, and Le re-entered the house, muttering to
himself:
“Let them wait for my coup!”
 CHAPTER XVII
BEFORE THE JUDGE

Mr. Force with his party drove directly to the City Hall.
It was still raining hard, when they arrived—so hard that when the
carriage drew up before the broad flight of steps leading up to the
main entrance of the building, Mr. Force, upon alighting upon the
pavement, had to take out one lady at a time, and lead her under the
shelter of a large umbrella up into the hall.
They found Wynnette, Elva and Rosemary, with the three younger
Grandiere girls, all under the escort of Roland Bayard, waiting for
them in the vestibule.
When all the party were assembled, they mustered quite a
formidable company—eleven in number.
“I never was in a courthouse in all my life before! I feel just as if I
was going to be tried for murder or larceny, or something, myself! I
know I shall never be able to hold up my head again!” whispered
Elva, in a frightened voice, to Wynnette.
“And I reckon I shall be tried for murder, if ever I get a good
chance to let daylight through that foreign beat!” replied Wynnette,
too mad to mend her phrases as she usually did.
“Don’t be distressed, Elva, dear! We are not going into court. This
is a case to be heard in chambers,” Roland explained.
“Chambers!” echoed, in a breath, all the girls, whose only idea of
chambers was bedrooms.
Before Roland could explain further, Mr. Force had come in with
Odalite on his arm, and hurried the whole party up another flight of
stairs and along another passage, until they reached a door at which
a bailiff stood.
 The latter opened the door, in silence.
The whole party entered a large and well-furnished room, where,
on this cold and rainy second of April, a bright coal fire was burning
in the grate. The floor was covered with a dark red carpet, the
windows shaded with buff blinds, now drawn three-quarters up,
because the day was dark, and the walls were lined with tall
bookcases, filled with well-worn volumes, mostly bound in calf.
Several library tables, loaded with folios and stationery, occupied the
middle of the spacious apartment.
In a large leathern chair, at one of these tables, sat a venerable
man, with white hair and a benign countenance, a judge of the
Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, whom, for convenience,
we will call Judge Blank.
There was a grave young man standing near him, who might have
been clerk or private secretary.
And seated in another armchair, at some little distance, was Col.
Anglesea, looking as careless as if he were making a morning call.
He, too, seemed to be without counsel or witnesses.
Mr. Force came forward with his party, bowed to the dignitary,
whom he frequently met in social life and knew very well, and
saluted him with a—
“Good-morning, judge,” as if he, too, had just dropped in to make
a morning call.
“Good-morning, Mr. Force,” replied his honor, rising and looking
about him.
Seeing the large party who had entered the room, he turned to the
young man in attendance, and said:
“O’Brien, find seats for these ladies.”
When they were all seated, Mr. Force remained standing before
the judge, with only the table between them.
Col. Anglesea sat back at ease in his chair, with his chin a little
elevated, playing carelessly with the charms attached to his watch
chain.
There was a short pause, and then Mr. Force, laying a document
on the table, said:
 “Your honor, I return the writ with which I have been served. My
daughter, Odalite Force, is present.”
“Take a seat, Mr. Force,” said the judge, and then, turning to the
young man whom he had called O’Brien, he took from his hand a
paper and began to read it to himself.
There was silence in the quiet room.
“This is not a bit like I thought it was going to be. I don’t feel at all
scared now! Why, I know Judge Blank! He used to pat me on the
head every time he saw me!” whispered Elva to Wynnette.
“Hush, hush! you mustn’t talk here. Yes, it is quiet enough here,
for that matter! Executions are quiet nearly always. We read, ‘The
execution was conducted in a quiet and orderly manner,’ and yet a
man has been hung and choked to death, or perhaps a woman,”
whispered Wynnette, most inconsistently talking more than the
sister whom she had rebuked for breaking silence.
“Oh, Wynnette! why will you talk of such horrid, horrid things?”
demanded Elva, in a frightened tone.
“Because I am thinking of the price. I am counting the cost of
sending that earthworm to Hades——Hush!”
The judge had finished reading the document in his hand, and
turning slowly to the respondent, said:
“Mr. Force, you are charged herein, under oath, by Col. Angus
Anglesea, of Anglewood Manor, England, with having, on the
twentieth of December, 18—, forcibly abducted, and for three years
past and up to this present, illegally detained the person of his wife,
Odalite Anglesea—otherwise Odalite Force. What have you to say to
this charge?”
“I say that it is absolutely false and malicious from beginning to
end! The young lady here present, to whom he so insolently refers, is
my daughter, Odalite Force, a maiden and a minor, under my own
immediate protection,” replied Abel Force.
“Col. Angus Anglesea will step forward,” said the venerable judge.
The colonel arose, bowed and came up to the table.
O’Brien handed him the New Testament.
He bowed again with hypocritical devotion and took the formal
oath to speak “the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.”
 “Col. Anglesea, will you now state the grounds upon which you
claim this lady here present, Odalite Force, or Anglesea, as your wife,
and charge Abel Force, her father, with forcibly abducting and
illegally detaining her?” said the judge.
“I will,” replied the colonel. And he began his statement:
“Three years and four months ago, on the twentieth of December,
18—, in the Church of All Faith, in the Parish of All Faith, in the State
of Maryland, I married Odalite Force, here present, daughter of Abel
Force, also here present. The Rev. Dr. Peters, rector of All Faith,
performed the marriage. Mr. Abel Force gave away the bride. At the
end of the ceremony a madwoman burst into the church, forced her
way to the altar and created a disgraceful disturbance, into the
details of which I need not go. Mr. Force, with the help of some of his
neighbors, seized his daughter, tore her from my arms and conveyed
her to his home, where he has forcibly and illegally detained her ever
since. I see one man and several young women who were witnesses
of the whole transaction, and may be put upon the stand to
corroborate my testimony,” concluded the colonel.
“Oh, Lord!” muttered one and all of the girls, aghast at the
proposition.
“Col. Anglesea,” questioned the judge, “you say that this happened
more than three years ago. Why has not this complaint been made
sooner?”
“Imperative business summoned me immediately to England and
detained me there. I wrote many letters to my wife, imploring her to
come over to me—letters which perhaps never reached her, for she
never replied to them. I then sent a messenger, the Rev. Dr. Pratt, to
see her in person, and try to induce her to come over to England
under his escort and join me at Anglewood, where I impatiently
awaited her. But my reverend courier failed to find her where I had
left her, at her father’s country seat, Mondreer, and heard that she
was with her family in Washington. He came here in search of my
wife, but again failed to meet her. He was told that she was traveling
with her family in Canada. In short, my agent failed to find her, and
returned to England from his fruitless errand.”
“Lord! how that man can lie!—I mean, what reckless assertions he
can make!” said Wynnette, in a low tone, to Roland.
 “I like your first way of putting it best,” muttered young Bayard.
Col. Anglesea was going on with his statement:
“I was bound to England by business, which was at the same time
a most sacred duty. It is needless to go into the description of that
business and duty. It has nothing to do with this case further than it
held me fast from coming to this country in search of my wife; from
whom I had never heard directly since our violent parting in the
church. Nor did I hear any news of her until last March, when a
rumor reached me that she was on the eve of marriage with a cousin
of hers, a Mr. Leonidas Force, a midshipman in the United States
Navy. I took measures to find out the truth about this report, and
having satisfied myself of it, I set sail for New York, where I arrived
only three days since. I took the first train to Washington, and
reached the city yesterday morning. I inquired the address of Mr.
Abel Force and went directly to his house. I was refused admittance.
I asked to see my wife, but was refused the privilege.”
“Oh, Lord! how that man can lie! I mean, how he can falsify the
sacred truth!” panted Wynnette.
“Stick to the first form, my dear! The terse Saxon is the strongest,”
muttered Roland.
Col. Anglesea continued:
“Knowing the desperate character of the man I had to deal with
——”
“Oh! just hear him talking about our gentle, lovely papa!”
whispered Elva.
“Never mind! I’m putting it all down! He’s only piling up ‘wrath
against a day of wrath.’ Spinning out rope enough to hang himself.
I’ll give it to him! He’ll catch it!” panted Wynnette.
“Knowing, I say, the character of the man I had to deal with,”
concluded Anglesea; “knowing from bitter experience that not even
the holy ground of the house of God was sacred from his murderous
violence——”
“Rosemary Hedge! make Roland Bayard kick that man out of the
courthouse and horsewhip him in the public streets!” fiercely
whispered Wynnette.
 “Hush, hush, dear child! We are in the presence of the judge. Wait.
I will deal with him later,” murmured young Bayard.
“Rosemary Hedge! tell Roland Bayard if he don’t kick that man out
and lash him, you will never marry him!” hissed Wynnette, through
her clenched teeth.
“He never asked me to,” replied Rosemary, in her tiny voice.
“Silence,” said the judge, noticing for the first time the excited
whispering in the corner.
“There! I told you so! Next thing we’ll be kicked out,” muttered
Wynnette, most unreasonably, since she herself had caused all the
disturbance.
A dead silence fell among the group of girls while Anglesea went
on with his statement:
“I applied for, and obtained, the writ of habeas corpus from your
honor, ordering the abductor of my wife to bring her before you. So
armed with the power of the law, I went to the house of Abel Force
last night and entered it, and not a moment too soon. I found my
wife standing with a young man whom I at once recognized as Mr.
Midshipman Force, before a minister of the Gospel who had just
pronounced the marriage benediction. I saw the writ served, and
then left the house. I have no more to say but this, that I might have
brought a criminal charge against her!”
 CHAPTER XVIII
THE OTHER SIDE

The venerable judge now turned his face, impassive as that of the
Sphinx, toward Abel Force, who throughout the trying ordeal of
Anglesea’s false testimony and insulting demeanor had maintained
his self-possession and commanded his temper.
He now arose and came forward, took the prescribed oath, and
began his statement:
“My daughter, Odalite Force, was never married to Angus
Anglesea. On the twentieth of December, 18—, at All Faith Church, in
Maryland, she went through a portion of the marriage ritual with
him; but that ceremony was never completed. Before the final
declaration was delivered, before the benediction was pronounced,
the further proceedings were interrupted by the entrance of a lady
who claimed to be the wife of Angus Anglesea, the would-be
bridegroom——”
“An impostor! An adventuress!” exclaimed Col. Anglesea.
“And who proved herself to be the wife of Angus Anglesea, to the
satisfaction of all present, by producing her marriage certificate.”
“Forgery! forgery!” exclaimed the colonel.
“I took charge of the certificate at the time and have it with me.
Will your honor examine it?”
And Abel Force drew from his breast pocket a folded paper which
he handed to the judge.
“A clever forgery, your honor!” said Anglesea, while the judge
unfolded and read the document.
“This,” said the judge, slowly reading the paper, “appears to be the
certificate of the marriage of Angus Anglesea, of Anglewood,
Lancashire, England, colonel in the Honorable East India Service,
with Ann Maria Wright, widow, of Wild Cats’ Gulch, California. It is
signed by Paul Minitree as officiating clergyman, and by several
other persons as witnesses. What is the meaning of this, Col.
Anglesea?”
“It is a forgery, your honor!” impudently replied the colonel.
The judge turned and looked at Abel Force.
“So he said when it was first produced by his wife in church,”
replied the latter; “but we telegraphed to St. Sebastian and got the
record of the marriage from the parish register of St. Sebastian
telegraphed back to us, word for word. I have preserved that
telegram. Will your honor examine it?”
And Mr. Force drew from his pocket a roll of what seemed
measuring tape, which he handed to the judge, who patiently
unwound and carefully read the long dispatch.
“This appears to be a full corroboration. What have you to say
about it, Col. Anglesea?”
“I say that it is a forgery! I say that there is a conspiracy between
the woman and the priest. I deny in toto the authenticity of the
marriage certificate and of the telegram that seems to support it.
They are both the work of the same hands. Any one who can write
may fill in the printed form of a marriage certificate. Any one may
send a telegram to any effect they please. I repeat that I deny in toto
the truth of the certificate and of the telegram. They may be easily
proven to be false. Let an accredited agent be sent to St. Sebastian to
examine the register. It will take time, but I am willing to wait for
justice,” said the colonel, with an appearance of candor and
moderation calculated to deceive any one who did not know him.
The judge turned again and looked at Mr. Force.
“Certainly. I am perfectly willing, nay, extremely anxious, that this
matter should be sifted to the very bottom. I have no doubt or fear of
the result,” said Abel Force.
“In the meantime,” said Anglesea, “I shall pray your honor that my
wife will be taken from the custody of her father and delivered into
my keeping.”
“That cannot be done while this question is in doubt,” said the
judge, with the same impassive face.
 “Then I will pray that my wife be taken from the custody of her
father, whom I cannot trust, and placed in that of the sheriff, or of
some third party, with whom my rights will be safe,” persisted the
man.
“We will consider.”
“If your honor will adjourn the case for twenty-four hours I will
undertake to bring this man’s wife into court. She is at present living
at my country seat, Mondreer, in the capacity of housekeeper.”
An insolent, insulting laugh from Anglesea interrupted the speaker
for a moment.
“She is in the service of Mrs. Force, and in charge of our country
home during our absence,” continued Abel Force, controlling his
temper, and speaking quietly.
“You may adjourn the case, your honor, for the sake of producing
this woman; but when she shall be produced she will be nothing
more than an impostor—an adventuress. The only true test of this
question will be to send an accredited agent to California to search
the parish register of Sebastian. Two agents may be sent, for that
matter; one on my part, one on the part of Mr. Force. That will
secure fair play; but they will find no record of any marriage between
me and any woman whatever. How should they? Why, your honor, I
was, in that August, 18—, not in California, nor in any part of
America; not on this side of the Atlantic Ocean, but on the other side,
in England, at Anglewood Manor, attending on my invalid first wife,
Lady Mary Anglesea, who died suddenly on the twenty-fifth of that
same August. How, then, could I have been in California, and
married to this adventuress who has been brought forward as my
wife? Here is the notice of my first wife’s death. You will see that it
occurred on the twenty-fifth of August, just twenty-four days after I
am stated to have married this California widow. Will your honor be
pleased to examine it?”
And Anglesea drew the little printed slip from his pocketbook, and
passed it to the judge.
That venerable dignitary read it, and looked somewhat puzzled. In
fact, the case was growing more involved at every turn.
“Your honor must perceive that if I were in attendance on my
invalid first wife, who died on the twenty-fifth of August, at
Anglewood Manor, England, I could not well have been in St
Sebastian, California, courting and marrying that impostor who
claimed me.”
The judge looked exceedingly perplexed.
“Or if I could by any possibility have married this Californian
woman on the first of August, as the false certificate states, that
marriage would not have been legal because my first wife was then
living, and lived until the twenty-fifth, when she died. And,
consequently, in either case, I am the husband of this young lady,
Odalite Anglesea, here present.”
 CHAPTER XIX
LE’S “COUP”

At this moment there was a slight movement at the door, and

Leonidas Force entered the room, advanced and bowed to the judge,
and then handed a written paper to the father of Odalite.
Mr. Force took the paper, read it, started, and passed it on to the
judge.
His honor took it, read it slowly, and laid it on the table before
him.
Mr. Force had resumed his seat.
Col. Anglesea remained standing immediately in front of the judge.
Le stood a little to the right, near the end of the table.
There was silence for a few moments.
Col. Anglesea was the first to speak again.
“In view of the evidence that I have offered to prove that I am the
legal husband of Odalite Anglesea, here present, I pray your honor
that my wife be delivered into my custody, or if such may not be,
then into that of the sheriff, or of some other person whom I can
trust.”
“Col. Anglesea,” began the judge, speaking very slowly and
deliberately, “what did you say was the date of your first wife’s
death?”
“The twenty-fifth of August, as you may see by the obituary notice
in your possession.”
“Ah! but in what year?”
The colonel’s well-guarded face changed. He seemed disturbed,
but quickly recovered himself, and answered:
 “Oh! why, in the year 18—, the same year, of course, as well as the
same month, in which I have been accused of having married the
California widow—which, as I am not endowed with ubiquity, is
impossible.”
“You say, then, that your first wife died on August 25, 18—?”
“Yes, your honor.”
“On what date was this notice inserted, and in what paper?”
“In the London Times of the twenty-sixth. It is usual, I believe, to
publish the obituary notice on the day after the death,” said the
colonel, with great dignity, as if he considered this cross-examination
rather irrelevant, if not even impertinent.
“London Times of the twenty-sixth of August, 18—?”
“Of course. Yes, your honor,” replied the colonel, scarcely able to
control his annoyance.
At that moment Le drew from his breast pocket a folded
newspaper, which he passed to Mr. Force, who, in turn, submitted it
to the judge, saying respectfully:
“Here, your honor, is a copy of the London Times to which
reference has been made. If your honor will examine the obituary
column, you will see that the notice of Lady Mary Anglesea’s death is
‘conspicuous by its absence.’”
Col. Anglesea flushed and paled visibly while the judge turned over
the paper and examined it.
“I hold here a copy of the London Times of August 25, 18—, the
date you mentioned as containing the obituary notice of your wife’s
death; but I fail to find it in the list of such notices,” said the judge.
“Will your honor allow me to look at that paper?” inquired
Anglesea, struggling, and partly succeeding, in recovering his self-
control.
“Certainly,” replied the judge, and he handed it over.
“Where did this paper come from?” frowningly inquired Anglesea
of Mr. Force.
The latter gentleman replied by a wave of his hand toward
Leonidas Force, who still stood near the right-hand end of the table
before the judge.
 “I procured it from Mr. Henry Herbert, an English gentleman,
whose acquaintance I made since my return from sea, and who, as I
casually found out, takes the London Times, and keeps a file of it.”
“Ah!” said Col. Anglesea. “I was certainly under the strong
impression that the notice of my wife’s death was inserted in the
Times of the day after the occurrence; but, as I really had nothing to
do with the matter myself—such matters are usually attended to by
the family solicitor, minister, or some other than the chief mourner—
I could not have been certain, and should not have undertaken to
give the precise date, as to which I must have been mistaken. And
now that I reflect upon the matter, I remember that Lady Mary
Anglesea died at Anglewood Manor at precisely 11:53 P.M., on the
twenty-fifth, and, of course, the notice could not have reached
London in time for insertion in the issue of the Times of the twenty-
sixth. It may have first appeared in the issue of the twenty-seventh,
or even of the twenty-eighth, and it may have never appeared in the
Times at all, but in some other paper. I do not know. I fear I took the
matter so for granted that the notice appeared in the Times on the
day after the death, that I spoke hastily and unadvisedly,” concluded
the colonel, with that air of candor he could so well assume.
“But you must remember from what paper you cut the notice that
you have so carefully preserved,” suggested the judge.
“I did not cut it from any. There, again, is another reason why I
cannot be sure of the date, or even of the name of the paper in which
it was inserted. A thoughtful friend of the family—I do not remember
who, whether it was our rector or some other—cut it out and gave it
to me as a memento some days after the funeral. But, your honor, it
seems to me that the date of the publication of the notice of the death
is of very little consequence, as the fact remains that the event
occurred on the twenty-fifth of August, 18—, while the marriage with
which I am charged is said to have taken place on the first of the
same month, which, if it did, was clearly illegal and of no effect, and
constitutes no barrier to the marriage with Odalite, my present wife,
which was solemnized at All Faith in the December following. But I
say, on the contrary, that the marriage which I myself witnessed and
arrested in the house of Mr. Abel Force, yesterday, April 1st, between
Odalite Anglesea and Leonidas Force, was illegal, criminal and