P2 Chapter 1 Algebraic Methods

Exercise 1A
4 x4 + 5x2 − 7 x −4 x 2 + 6 x 4 − 2 x
1 a h
x −2 x
4 x 5x2 7 x
4
−4 x 2 6 x 4 2 x
= + − = + −
x x x −2 x −2 x −2 x
3
= 4 x + 5x − 7 =2 x − 3 x3 + 1
7 x5 − 5 x5 + 9 x3 + x 2 − x8 + 9 x 4 − 4 x 3 + 6
b i
x −2 x
8
7 x 5 x5 9 x3 x 2
5
x 9 x 4 4 x3 6
= − + + = − + − +
x x x x −2 x −2 x −2 x −2 x
4 4 2
= 7 x − 5x + 9 x + x x 9 x3
7
3
= − + 2x2 −
2 2 x
− x4 + 4x2 + 6
c
x −9 x9 − 6 x 6 + 4 x 4 − 2
j
− x 4 x2 6
4
−3 x
= + + 9
x x x −9 x 6 x6 4 x4 2
= − + −
6 −3 x −3 x −3 x −3 x
=− x + 4 x +
x 4 x3 2
= 3 x8 + 2 x 5 − +
3 3x
7 x5 − x3 − 4
d
x
2 a
( x + 3)( x − 2 )= x+3
=
7x 5
x3 4
− −
( x − 2)
x x x
= 7 x4 − x2 −
4
b
( x + 4 )( 3x − 1)= x+4
x ( 3x − 1)
8 x 4 − 4 x3 + 6 x
( x + 3) = ( x + 3)( x + 3)=
2
e
2x c x+3
( x + 3) ( x + 3)
8 x 4 x3 6 x
4
= − +
2x 2x 2x
d
x 2 + 10 x + 21
=
( x + 7 )( x + 3)= x+7
= 4 x3 − 2 x 2 + 3
( x + 3) ( x + 3)
9 x 2 − 12 x 3 − 3 x
f x 2 + 9 x + 20 ( x + 4 )( x + 5)=
3x e = x+5
9 x 12 x3 3 x
2 ( x + 4) ( x + 4)
= − −
3x 3x 3x
=3 x − 4 x 2 − 1 f
x 2 + x − 12
=
( x − 3)( x + 4 )= x+4
( x − 3) ( x − 3)
7 x3 − x 4 − 2
g
5x x 2 + x − 20
g=
(=x + 5 )( x − 4 ) x−4
7 x3 x 4 2 x 2 + 2 x − 15 ( x + 5)( x − 3) x −3
= − −
5x 5x 5x
=3 x − 4 x 2 − 1
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x 2 + 3x + 2
h=
(=x + 2 )( x + 1) x+2
x2 + 5x + 4 ( x + 4 )( x + 1) x+4
i =
x 2 + x − 12 (=x + 4 )( x − 3) x+4
x 2 − 9 x + 18 ( x − 6 )( x − 3) x−6
j =
2x2 + 7 x + 6 (=
2 x + 3)( x + 2 ) 2x + 3
( x − 5)( x + 2 ) ( x − 5)( x + 2 ) x −5
2 x 2 + 9 x − 18
k =
2 x − 3)( x + 6 )
(= 2x − 3
( x + 6 )( x + 1) ( x + 6 )( x + 1) x +1
l
3x 2 − 7 x + 2
= =
( 3x − 1)( x − 2 ) x − 2
( 3x − 1)( x + 2 ) (3x − 1)( x + 2) x + 2
2 x 2 + 3x + 1
m=
(=2 x + 1)( x + 1) 2x +1
x2 − x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 1) x−2
n=
x2 + 6 x + 8 (=x + 4 )( x + 2 ) x+4
3x 2 + 7 x + 2 ( 3x + 1)( x + 2 ) 3x + 1
2 x2 − 5x − 3
o=
(=2 x + 1)( x − 3) 2x +1
2x2 − 9x + 9 ( 2 x − 3)( x − 3) 2x − 3
3 6 x3 + 3 x 2 −= (
84 x 3 x 2 x 2 + x − 28 )
= 3 x ( 2 x − 7 )( x + 4 )
= 3 ( 2 x 2 − 11x + 14 )
6 x 2 − 33 x + 42
=3( x − 2)(2 x − 7)
6 x 2 + 3 x 2 − 84 x 3 x(2 x − 7)( x + 4)
=
6 x 2 − 33 x + 42 3( x − 2)(2 x − 7)
x( x + 4)
=
( x − 2)
a = 1, b = 4, c = − 2
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2
Exercise 1B
x2 + 5x + 3 x2 + 4x + 5
1 a x + 1 x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 3 3 2
d x − 3 x + x − 7 x − 15
x3 + x 2 x3 − 3x 2
2
5x + 8x 4x2 − 7 x
2
5x + 8x 4 x 2 − 12 x
3x + 3
5 x − 15
3x + 3
5 x − 15
0
0
x 3 + x 2 − 7 x − 15
x3 + 6 x 2 + 8 x + 3 So
So x −3
x +1
= ( x + 1)( x 2 + 5 x + 3) (
= ( x − 3) x 2 + 4 x + 5 )
x2 + 6 x + 1 x 2 − 3x − 2
b x + 4 x + 10 x + 25 x + 4
3 2 e x − 5 x 3 − 8 x 2 + 13 x + 10
x3 + 4 x 2 x3 − 5 x 2
6 x 2 + 25 x − 3 x 2 + 13 x
6 x 2 + 24 x −3 x 2 + 15 x
x+4 − 2 x + 10
x+4 −2 x − 10
0 0
x 3 − 8 x 2 + 13 x + 10
3 2
x + 10 x + 25 x + 4 So
So x −5
x+4
(
= ( x − 5) x 2 − 3x − 2 )
(
= ( x + 4) x2 + 6 x + 1 )
2
x2 + 2 x + 8
x − 3x + 7 f x − 7 x3 − 5 x 2 − 6 x − 56
c x + 2 x − x 2 + x + 14
3
3 2
x3 − 7 x 2
x + 2x
2
2x2 − 6x
−3 x + x
2
2 x 2 − 14 x
−3 x − 6 x
8 x − 56
7 x + 14
8 x − 56
7 x + 14
0
0
3 2
x + x + x + 14 x3 − 5 x 2 − 6 x − 56
So So
x+2 x−7
(
= ( x + 2 ) x 2 − 3x + 7 ) (
= ( x − 7 ) x2 + 2 x + 8 )
6 x 2 + 3x + 2 2 x 2 − 3x − 4
2 a x + 4 6 x3 + 27 x 2 + 14 + 8 d x − 6 2 x 3 − 15 x 2 + 14 x + 24
6 x3 + 24 x 2 2 x 3 − 12 x 2
3 x 2 + 14 x − 3 x 2 + 14 x
3 x 2 + 12 x −3 x 2 + 18 x
2x + 8 − 4 x + 24
2x + 8 −4 x + 24
0 0
3 2
So 6 x3 + 27 x 2 + 14 x + 8 So 2 x − 15 x + 14 x + 24
(
= ( x + 4 ) 6 x 2 + 3x + 2 ) (
= ( x − 6 ) 2 x 2 − 3x − 4 )
4x2 + x − 5 −5 x 2 + 3 x + 5
b x + 2 4 x3 + 9 x 2 − 3 x − 10 e x + 6 − 5 x 3 − 27 x 2 + 23 x + 30
3 2 −5 x 3 − 30 x 2
4 x + 8x
3 x 2 + 23 x
x 2 − 3x
3 x 2 + 18 x
x2 + 2 x
5 x + 30
− 5 x − 10
5 x + 30
−5 x − 10
0
0 3 2
So −5 x − 27 x + 23 x + 30
So 4 x 3 + 9 x 2 − 3 x − 10
(
= ( x + 2) 4x2 + x − 5 ) (
= ( x + 6 ) −5 x 2 + 3 x + 5 )
2
−4 x 2 + x − 1
2x − 2x − 3
f x − 2 −4 x3 + 9 x 2 − 3 x + 2
c x + 3 2 x + 4 x2 − 9 x − 9
3
−4 x3 + 8 x 2
3 2
−2 x + 6 x
x 2 − 3x
2
− 2x − 9x
x2 − 2 x
2
−2 x − 6 x −x+2
− 3x − 9 −x + 2
−3 x − 9 0
0 So −4 x3 + 9 x 2 − 3 x + 2
( )
3 2
So 2 x + 4 x − 9 x − 9 = ( x − 2 ) −4 x 2 + x − 1
(
= ( x + 3) 2 x 2 − 2 x − 3 )
2
x3 + 3x 2 − 4 x + 1 −3 x3 + 3 x 2 − 4 x − 7
3 a x + 2 x 4 + 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − 7 x + 2 c x − 2 − 3 x 4 + 9 x3 − 10 x 2 + x + 14
x 4 + 2 x3 −3 x 4 + 6 x3
3x3 + 2 x 2 3 x3 − 10 x 2
3x 2 + 6 x 2 3x3 − 6 x 2
− 4x2 − 7 x − 4x2 + x
−4 x 2 − 8 x −4 x 2 + 8 x
x+2 − 7 x + 14
x+2 −7 x + 14
0 0
x 4 + 5 x3 + 2 x 2 − 7 x + 2
So
x+2 −3 x 4 + 9 x 3 − 10 x 2 + x + 14
So
3 2
= x + 3x − 4 x + 1 x−2
=−3 x + 3 x 2 − 4 x − 7
3
4 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 5
b x + 3 4 x 4 + 14 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 14 x − 15 −5 x 4 + 2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3 x + 7
d x − 1 − 5 x 2 + 7 x 4 + 2 x3 − 7 x 2 + 10 x − 7
4 x 4 + 12 x3
2 x3 + 3x 2 −5 x 2 + 5 x 4
2 x3 + 6 x 2 2 x 4 + 2 x3
− 3 x 2 − 14 x 2 x 4 − 2 x3
− 3x 2 − 9 x 4 x3 − 7 x 2
− 5 x − 15 4 x3 − 4 x 2
− 5 x − 15 − 3 x 2 + 10 x
0 −3 x 2 + 3 x
4 x 4 + 14 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 14 x − 15 7x − 7
So 7x − 7
x+3
3 2
= 4 x + 2 x − 3x − 5 0
2 4 3 2
−5 x + 7 x + 2 x − 7 x + 10 x − 7
So
x −1
=−5 x + 2 x + 4 x 2 − 3 x + 7
2 3
3
x3 + 2 x 2 − 5 x + 4 3x 4 + 2 x3 − 5 x 2 + 3x + 6
4 a 3 x + 2 3 x 4 + 8 x3 − 11x 2 + 2 x + 8 d 2 x + 3 6 x5 + 13 x 4 − 4 x3 − 9 x 2 + 21x + 18
3x 4 + 2 x3 6 x5 + 9 x 4
6 x3 − 11x 2 4 x 4 − 4 x3
6 x3 + 4 x 2 4 x 4 + 6 x3
− 152 + 2 x − 10 x3 − 9 x 2
−15 x 2 − 10 x 10 x3 − 15 x 2
12 x + 8 6 x 2 + 21x
12 x + 8 6x2 + 9x
0 12 x + 18
4 3 2
3 x + 8 x − 11x + 2 x + 8 12 x + 18
So
3x + 2 0
= x + 2 x2 − 5x + 4
3
6 x 5 + 13 x 4 − 4 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 21x + 18
3
x − x + 3x − 1 2
So
2x + 3
b 4 x + 1 4 x − 3 x 3 + 11x 2 − x − 1
4
= 3x + 2 x − 5 x 2 + 3x + 6
4 3
4 x 4 + x3
− 4 x 3 + 11x 2 2 x 4 − 2 x3 + 3x 2 + 4 x − 7
e 3 x − 1 6 x 5 − 8 x 4 + 11x 3 + 9 x 2 − 25 x + 7
−4 x 3 − x 2
12 x 2 − x 6 x5 − 2 x 4
12 x 2 + 3 x − 6 x 4 + 11x 3
− 4x −1 −6 x 4 + 2 x3
−4 x − 1 9 x3 + 9 x 2
0 9 x3 − 3x 2
4 x 4 − 3 x 3 + 11x 2 − x − 1 12 x 2 − 25 x
So
4x +1 12 x 2 − 4 x
3 2
= x − x + 3x − 1 12 x 2 − 25 x
12 x 2 − 4 x
2 x3 + 5 x + 2
c 2 x − 3 4 x 4 − 6 x3 + 10 x 2 − 11x − 6 − 21x + 7
−21x + 7
4 x 4 − 6 x3
0
0 + 10 x 2 − 11x
6 x5 − 8 x 4 + 11x 3 + 9 x 2 − 25 x + 7
10 x 2 − 15 x So
3x − 1
4x − 6
= 2 x − 2 x + 3x 2 + 4 x − 7
4 3
4x − 6
0
4 3 2
4 x − 6 x + 10 x − 11x − 6
So
2x − 3
3
= 2 x + 5x + 2
4
4 x 4 − 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 5 3x 4 + 5 x3 + 6
4 f 2 x − 5 8 x5 − 26 x 4 + 11x3 + 22 x 2 − 40 x + 25 h 7 x − 2 21x5 + 29 x 4 − 10 x 3 + 42 x − 12
8 x5 − 20 x 4 21x5 − 6 x 4
− 6 x 4 + 11x 3 35 x 4 − 10 x 3
−6 x 4 + 15 x 3 35 x 4 − 10 x 3
− 4 x3 + 22 x 2 0 + 42 x − 12
42 x − 12
−4 x3 + 10 x 2
0
12 x 2 − 40 x
21x5 + 29 x 4 − 10 x 3 + 42 x − 12
2
12 x − 30 x So
7x − 2
− 10 x + 25 4 3
= 3x + 5 x + 6
−10 x + 25
0 x2 − 2 x + 5
8 x5 − 26 x 4 + 11x3 + 22 x 2 − 40 x + 25 5 a x + 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + x + 10
So
2x − 5 x3 + 2 x 2
= 4 x − 3x − 2 x 2 + 6 x − 5
4 3
− 2x2 + x
3 2 −2 x 2 − 4 x
5 x + 12 x − 6 x − 2
5 x + 10
g 5 x + 3 25 x + 75 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 28 x − 6
4
5 x + 10
25 x 4 + 15 x 3
0
60 x3 + 6 x 2
x 3 + x + 10
3
60 x + 36 x 2 So = x2 − 2x + 5
x+2
− 30 x 2 − 28 x
−30 x 2 − 18 x 2x2 − 6x + 1
b x + 3 2 x 3 + 0 x 2 − 17 x + 3
− 10 x − 6
2 x3 + 6 x 2
−10 x − 6
0 − 6 x 2 − 17 x
25 x 4 + 75 x 3 + 6 x 2 − 28 x − 6 −6 x 2 − 18 x
So
5x + 3 x+3
= 5 x + 12 x 2 − 6 x − 2
3
x+3
0
3
2 x − 17 x + 3
So = 2 x2 − 6 x + 1
x+3
5
−3 x 2 − 12 x + 2 −3 x 2 + 5 x + 10
5 c x − 4 −3 x3 + 0 x 2 + 50 x − 8 c x − 2 − 3 x3 + 11x 2 + 0 x − 20
−3 x3 + 12 x 2 −3 x3 + 6 x 2
− 12 x 2 + 50 x 5x2 + 0 x
−12 x 2 + 48 x 5 x 2 − 10 x
2x − 8 10 x − 20
2x − 8 10 x − 20
0 0
3 3 2
−3 x + 50 x − 8 −3 x + 11x − 20
So −3 x 2 − 12 x + 2
= So −3 x 2 + 5 x + 10
=
x−4 x−2
x 2 + 4 x + 12 ( x 2) x2 − 5
7 RHS =+ ( )
6 a x − 3 x3 + x 2 + 0 x − 36 3 2
= x + 2 x − 5 x − 10
x3 − 3x 2 = LHS
4x2 + 0x
4 x 2 − 12 x x2 − x + 2
12 x − 36 8 a x + 5 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3x + 2
12 x − 36 x3 + 5 x
0 − x 2 − 3x
x 3 + x 2 − 36 − x2 − 5x
So = x 2 + 4 x + 12
x −3 2x + 2
2 x + 10
2x2 − x + 5
−8
b x + 5 2 x3 + 9 x 2 + 0 x + 25
2 x3 + 10 x 2 So the remainder is − 8.
2
− x + 0x
3x 2 − 2 x − 2
− x2 − 5x
b x − 6 3 x3 − 20 x 2 + 10 x + 5
5 x + 25
3 x3 − 18 x 2
5 x + 25
− 2 x 2 + 10 x
0
−2 x 2 + 12 x
2 x3 + 9 x 2 + 25
So = 2x2 − x + 5 − 2x + 5
x+5
−2 x + 12
−7
So the remainder is − 7.
6
−2 x 2 − 5 x − 8 5 x 2 − 20 x + 7
8 c x − 4 − 2 x3 + 3 x 2 + 12 x + 20 11 x + 4 5 x 3 + 0 x 2 − 73 x + 28
−2 x3 + 8 x 2 5 x 3 + 20 x
− 5 x 2 + 12 x − 20 x 2 − 73 x
−5 x 2 + 20 x −20 x 2 − 80 x
− 8 x + 20 7 x + 28
−8 x + 32 7 x + 28
− 12 0
So the remainder is − 12. The remainder is 0, so ( x + 4 ) is a factor of
3x 2 + x + 1 5 x3 − 73 x + 28 .
9 x − 1 3x3 − 2 x 2 + 0 x + 4
3 2 3x 2 + 6 x + 4
3x − 3x
12 x − 2 3 x 3 + 0 x 2 − 8 x − 8
x2 + 0 x
3x3 − 6 x 2
2
x −x
6 x2 − 8x
x+4
6 x 2 − 12 x
x −1
4x − 8
5
4x − 8
So the remainder is 5. 0
3 x3 − 11x 2 + 21x − 24 3x3 − 8 x − 8

So = 3x 2 + 6 x + 4
10 x + 1 3 x − 8 x 3 + 10 x 2 − 3 x − 25
4
x−2
3x 4 + 3x3
x2 + x + 1
3 2
− 11x + 10 x 13 x − 1 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x − 1
−11x3 − 11x 2 x3 − x 2
21x 2 − 3 x x2 + 0 x
21x 2 + 21x x2 − x
− 24 x − 25 x −1
−24 x − 24 x −1
−1 0
x3 − 1
So = x2 + x + 1
x −1
7
x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8 3 x 2 − 20 x − 7
14 x + 2 x 4 + 0 x3 + 0 x 2 + 0 x − 16 b x + 2 3 x3 − 14 x 2 − 47 x − 14
x 4 + 2 x3 3x3 + 6 x 2
− 2 x3 + 0 x 2 − 20 x 2 − 47 x
−2 x3 − 4 x 2 −20 x 2 − 40 x
4x2 + 0x − 7 x − 14
4 x2 + 8x −7 x − 14
− 8 x − 16 0
−8 x − 16 f ( x ) = 3x − 14 x − 47 x − 14
3 2
0 =( x + 2 ) ( 3x 2 − 20 x − 7 )
=( x + 2 )( 3x + 1)( x − 7 )
x 4 − 16
So = x3 − 2 x 2 + 4 x − 8
x+2
x 2 + 8 x + 21
17 a i x − 2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x − 12
2x2 + 7 x − 6
15 5 x + 4 10 x3 + 43 x 2 − 2 x − 10 x3 − 2 x 2
10 x3 + 8 x 2 8x2 + 5x
35 x 2 − 2 x 8 x 2 − 16 x
35 x 2 + 28 x 21x − 12
− 30 x − 10 21x − 42
−30 x − 24 30
14
So the remainder is 30.
x 2 + 3x − 4
ii x + 3 x + 6 x 2 + 5 x − 12
3
3 x 2 − 5 x − 62
16 a x − 3 3 x3 − 14 x 2 − 47 x − 14 x3 + 3x 2
3x3 − 9 x 2 3x 2 + 5 x
− 5 x 2 − 47 x 3x 2 + 9 x
−5 x 2 + 15 x − 4 x − 12
− 62 x − 14 −4 x − 12
−62 x + 186 0
− 200
b f ( x ) = x 3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x − 12
=( x + 3) ( x 2 + 3 x − 4 )
=( x + 3)( x + 4 )( x − 1)
So x= −3, x = −4, x = 1
8
x2 + 2x − 3
18 a 2 x − 1 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 8 x + 3
2 x3 − x 2
4 x2 − 8x
4x2 − 2x
− 6x + 3
−6 x + 3
0
f ( x ) = 2 x + 3x − 8 x + 3
3 2
= ( 2 x − 1) ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)
a = 1, b = 2, c = − 3
b f ( x ) = 2 x3 + 3x 2 − 8 x + 3
= ( 2 x − 1) ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)
=( 2 x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 3)
c ( 2 x − 1)( x − 1)( x + 3) =
0
1
=x =, x 1 and x = −3
2
3x 2 + 2 x + 1
19 a 4 x − 1 12 x3 + 5 x 2 + 2 x − 1
12 x 3 − 3 x 2
8x2 + 2 x
8x2 − 2 x
4x −1
4x −1
0
f ( x ) = ( 4 x − 1) ( 3 x 2 + 2 x + 1)
a 3,=
= b 2,=
c 1
b ( 4 x − 1) ( 3x 2 + 2 x + 1) =
0
Using the discriminant for

3 x 2 + 2 x + 1: b 2 − 4ac = 22 − 4 ( 3)(1)
so
=−8 ≤ 0
there are no real solutions.
So f ( x ) has only one real solution,
1
x=
4
9
Exercise 1C
1 a f(x) = 4x3 − 3x2 − 1 3 f(x) = x3 + 3x2 − 33x − 35

f(1) = 4(1)3 − 3(1)2 − 1 f(−1) = (−1)3 + 3(−1)2 − 33(−1) − 35
=4−3−1 = −1+ 3 +33 − 35
=0 =0
So (x − 1) is a factor of 4x3 − 3x2 − 1. So (x + 1) is a factor of
x3 + 3x2 − 33x − 35.
b f(x) = 5x4 − 45x2 − 6x − 18 x 2 + 2 x − 35
f(−3) = 5(−3)4 − 45(−3)2 − 6(−3) − 18
x + 1 x3 + 3 x 2 − 33 x − 35
= 5(81) − 45(9) + 18 − 18
= 405 − 405 x3 + x 2
=0
So (x + 3) is a factor of 2 x 2 − 33 x
5x4 − 45x2 − 6x − 18. 2x2 + 2 x
−35 x − 35
c f(x) = −3x3 + 13x2 − 6x + 8
f(4) = −3(4)3 + 13(4)2 − 6(4) + 8 −35 x − 35
= −192 + 208 − 24 + 8 0
=0 x3 + 3x2 − 33x − 35 = (x + 1)(x2 + 2x − 35)
So (x − 4) is a factor of = (x + 1)(x + 7)(x − 5)
−3x3 + 13x2 − 6x + 8.
4 f(x) = x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 40
3 2
2 f(x) = x + 6x + 5x − 12 f(5) = (5)3 + 7(5)2 + 2(5) + 40
f(1) = (1)3 + 6(1)2 + 5(1) − 12 = 125 − 175 +10 +40
= 1 + 6 + 5 − 12 =0
=0 So (x − 5) is a factor of x3 + 7x2 + 2x + 40.
So (x − 1) is a factor of x3 + 6x2 + 5x − 12.
x2 − 2 x − 8
x 2 + 7 x + 12 x − 5 x3 − 7 x 2 + 2 x + 40
3 2
x − 1 x + 6 x + 5 x − 12
x3 − 5 x 2
3 2
x −x
−2 x 2 + 2 x
2
7 x + 5x −2 x 2 + 10 x
7 x2 − 7 x −8 x + 40
12 x − 12 −8 x + 40
12 x − 12 0
0 x − 7x + 2x + 40 = (x − 5)(x2 − 2x − 8)
3 2
x + 6x + 5x − 12 = (x − 1)(x2 + 7x + 12)
3 2 = (x − 5)(x − 4)(x + 2)
= (x − 1)(x + 3)(x + 4)
5 f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8 7 a f(x) = x3 − 10x2 + 19x + 30
f(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 − 18(2) + 8 f(−1) = (−1)3 − 10(−1)2 + 19(−1) + 30
= 16 + 12 − 36 + 8 = −1 − 10 − 19 + 30
=0 So (x + 1) is a factor of
So (x − 2) is a factor of 2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8. x3 − 10x2 + 19x + 30.
2x2 + 7 x − 4
x − 2 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 − 18 x + 8 x 2 − 11x + 30
3 2
x + 1 x3 − 10 x 2 + 19 x + 30
2x − 4x
7 x 2 − 18 x x3 + x 2
7 x 2 − 14 x −11x 2 + 19 x
−4 x + 8 −11x 2 − 11x
−4 x + 8 30 x + 30
0 30 x + 30
2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8 0
= (x − 2)(2x2 + 7x − 4) 3 2
x − 10x + 19x + 30
= (x − 2)(2x − 1)(x + 4) = (x + 1)(x2 − 11x + 30)
= (x + 1)(x − 5)(x − 6)
6 f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 17 x 2 + 31x − 20
b f(x) = x3 + x2 − 4x − 4
By the factor theorem, if (2x − 1) is a factor of
f(−1) = (−1)3 + (−1)2 − 4(−1) − 4
1 = −1 + 1 + 4 − 4
2 x3 + 17 x 2 + 31x − 20 then f   = 0 .
2 =0
1 1
3
1
2
1 So (x + 1) is a factor of x3 + x2 − 4x − 4.
f   = 2   + 17   + 31  − 20
2 2 2 2
x2 − 4
1 1 1
=2   + 17   + 31  − 20 x + 1 x3 + x 2 − 4 x − 4
8 4 2
2 17 31 x3 + x 2
= + + − 20
8 4 2 0 −4 x − 4
1 17 62 80 −4 x − 4
= + + −
4 4 4 4 0
=0 x + x − 4x − 4 = (x + 1)(x2 − 4)
3 2
Therefore (2x − 1) is a factor of = (x + 1)(x − 2)(x + 2)
2 x3 + 17 x 2 + 31x − 20
2
7 c f(x) = x3 − 4x2 − 11x + 30 8 a ii 0 = (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 3)
f(2) = (2)3 − 4(2)2 − 11(2) + 30 So the curve crosses the x-axis at (1, 0),
= 8 − 16 − 22 + 30 (− 12 , 0) and (−3, 0).
=0 When x = 0, y = (−1)(1)(3) = −3
So (x − 2) is a factor of The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, −3).
x3 − 4x2 − 11x + 30. x → ∞, y → ∞
x → − ∞, y → − ∞
x 2 − 2 x − 15
x − 2 x3 − 4 x 2 − 11x + 30
x3 − 2 x 2
−2 x 2 − 11x
−2 x 2 + 4 x
−15 x + 30
−15 x + 30
0
8 b i f(x) = 2x3 − 17x2 + 38x − 15
x3 − 4x2 − 11x + 30 = (x − 2)(x2 − 2x − 15) f(3) = 2(3)3 − 17(3)2 + 38(3) − 15
= (x − 2)(x + 3)(x − 5) = 54 − 153 + 114 − 15
=0
8 a i f(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 − 4x − 3 So (x − 3) is a factor of
f(1) = 2(1)3 + 5(1)2 − 4(1) − 3 2x3 − 17x2 + 38x − 15.
=2+5−4−3
=0
2 x 2 − 11x + 5
So (x − 1) is a factor of
2x3 + 5x2 − 4x − 3. x − 3 2 x 3 − 17 x 2 + 38 x − 15
2 x3 − 6 x 2
2x2 + 7 x + 3
x − 1 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3 −11x 2 + 38 x
3 2 −11x 2 + 33 x
2x − 2x
5 x − 15
7 x2 − 4 x
5 x − 15
7 x2 − 7 x
0
3x − 3 3 2
y = 2x − 17x + 38x − 15
3x − 3 = (x − 3)(2x2 − 11x + 5)
0 = (x − 3)(2x − 1)(x − 5)
y = 2x3 + 5x2 − 4x − 3
= (x − 1)(2x2 + 7x + 3)
= (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 3)
3
8 b ii 0 = (x − 3)(2x − 1)(x − 5) 8 c ii 0 = (x + 1)(3x − 1)(x + 2)
So the curve crosses the x-axis at (3, 0), So the curve crosses the x-axis at
( 12 , 0) and (5, 0). (−1, 0), ( 13 , 0) and (−2, 0).
When x = 0, y = (−3)(−1)(−5) = −15 When x = 0, y = (1)(−1)(2) = −2
The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, −15). The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, −2).
x → ∞, y → ∞ x → ∞, y → ∞
x → − ∞, y → − ∞ x → − ∞, y → − ∞
8 c i f(x) = 3x3 + 8x2 + 3x − 2

8 d i f(x) = 6x3 + 11x2 − 3x − 2
f(−1) = 3(−1)3 + 8(−1)2 + 3(−1) − 2
f(−2) = 6(−2)3 + 11(−2)2 − 3(−2) − 2
= −3 + 8 − 3 − 2
= −48 + 44 + 6 − 2
=0
=0
So (x + 1) is a factor of
So (x + 2) is a factor of
3x3 + 8x2 + 3x − 2.
6x3 + 11x2 − 3x − 2.
3x 2 + 5 x − 2
3 2
6x2 − x −1
x + 1 3x + 8 x + 3x − 2
x + 2 6 x3 + 11x 2 − 3 x − 2
3x3 + 3x 2
6 x3 + 12 x 2
2
5 x + 3x
− x 2 − 3x
2
5x + 5x
− x2 − 2 x
−2 x − 2
−x − 2
−2 x − 2
−x − 2
0
3 2
y = 3x + 8x + 3x − 2 0
3 2
y = 6x + 11x − 3x − 2
= (x + 1)(3x2 + 5x − 2)
= (x + 2)(6x2 − x − 1)
= (x + 1)(3x − 1)(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x − 1)
4
8 d ii 0 = (x + 2)(3x + 1)(2x − 1) 8 e ii 0 = (x − 2)(2x + 3)(2x − 5)
So the curve crosses the x-axis at So the curve crosses the x-axis at (2, 0),
(−2, 0), (− 13 , 0) and ( 12 , 0). (− 32 , 0) and ( 52 , 0).
When x = 0, y = (2)(1)( −1) = −2 When x = 0, y = (−2)(3)( −5) = 30
The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, −2). The curve crosses the y-axis at (0, 30).
x → ∞, y → ∞ x → ∞, y → ∞
x → − ∞, y → − ∞ x → − ∞, y → − ∞
8 e i f(x) = 4x3 − 12x2 − 7x + 30

f(2) = 4(2)3 − 12(2)2 − 7(2) + 30 9 f ( x) = 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3
= 32 − 48 − 14 + 30
By the factor theorem, if ( x − p ) is a factor of
=0
So (x − 2) is a factor of 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3 then f(p) = 0
4x3 − 12x2 − 7x + 30. Try some different values of x until you find
f(p) = 0
f (1) = 2 (1) + 5 (1) − 4 (1) − 3
3 2
4 x 2 − 4 x − 15
x − 2 4 x3 − 12 x 2 − 7 x + 30 = 2+5−4−3
4 x3 − 8 x 2 =0
Therefore ( x − 1) is a factor of
−4 x 2 − 7 x 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3
−4 x 2 + 8 x Either divide or factorise out (𝑥𝑥 − 1)
−15 x + 30 2 x2 + 7 x + 3
−15 x + 30 x − 1 2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3
0 2 x3 − 2 x 2
3 2
y = 4x − 12x − 7x + 30 7 x2 − 4 x − 3
= (x − 2)(4x2 − 4x − 15)
= (x − 2)(2x + 3)(2x − 5) 7 x2 − 7 x
3x − 3
3x − 3
0
So
2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3 = ( x − 1) ( 2 x 2 + 7 x + 3)
Now factorise the quadratic
( 2 x 2 + 7 x + 3) = ( 2 x + 1)( x + 3)
So
2 x3 + 5 x 2 − 4 x − 3 = ( x − 1)( 2 x + 1)( x + 3)
5
10 f(x) = 5x3 − 9x2 + 2x + a 14 f ( x ) = px3 + qx 2 + 9 x − 2
f(1) = 0
5(1)3 − 9(1)2 + 2(1) + a = 0 Since ( x − 1) and ( 2 x − 1) are factors of f(x),
5−9+2+a=0 then by the factor theorem
a=2 f (=
1) p (1) + q (1) + 9 (1) −=
3 2
2 0
p + q =−7 (1)
11 f(x) = 6x3 − bx2 + 18
f(−3) = 0 and
3 2
6(−3)3 − b(−3)2 + 18 = 0 1 1 1 1
f =  p   + q   + 9  = −2 0
−162 − 9b + 18 = 0 2 2 2 2
9b = −144 1 1 5
b = −16 p+ q = − (2)
8 4 2
12 f(x) = px3 + qx2 − 3x − 7 To solve the simultaneous equations in p and
f(1) = 0 q, first multiply equation (2) by −4
p(1)3 + q(1)2 − 3(1) − 7 = 0 1
− p−q = 10 (3)
p+q−3−7=0 2
p + q = 10 (1) Then add equations (1) and (3)
p + q =−7
f(−1) = 0 1
p(−1)3 + q(−1)2 − 3(−1) − 7= 0 − p−q = 10
2
−p + q + 3 − 7 = 0
1
−p + q = 4 (2) p =3
2
(1) + (2): p =6
2q = 14 When p = 6, q = −13 .
q=7
Substituting in (1):
p + 7 = 10
p=3
So p = 3, q = 7
13 f(x) = cx3 + dx2 − 9x − 10

f(−1) = 0
c(−1)3 + d(−1)2 − 9(−1) − 10 = 0
−c + d + 9 − 10 = 0
d=c+1 (1)
f(2) = 0
c(2)3 + d(2)2 − 9(2) − 10 = 0
8c + 4d − 18 − 10 = 0
8c + 4d − 28 = 0
8c + 4d = 28 (2)
Substituting (1) in (2):

8c + 4(c + 1) = 28
12c + 4 = 28
c=2
Substituting in (1):
d=2+1=3
So c = 2, d = 3
6
15 f(x) = gx3 + hx2 − 14x + 24 17 a f(x) = 3x3 − 12x2 + 6x − 24
f(−2) = 0 f(4) = 3(4)3 − 12(4)2 + 6(4) − 24
g(−2)3 + h(−2)2 − 14(−2) + 24 = 0 = 192 − 192 + 24 − 24
−8g + 4h + 28 + 24 = 0 =0
−8g + 4h + 52 = 0 So (x − 4) is a factor of f(x).
h = 2g – 13 (1)
3x 2 + 6
f(3) = 0
b x − 4 3 x3 − 12 x 2 + 6 x − 24
g(3)3 + h(3)2 − 14(3) + 24 = 0
27g + 9h − 42 + 24 = 0 3 x3 − 12 x 2
27g + 9h = 18 (2)
0 + 6 x − 24
Substituting (1) in (2): 6 x − 24
27g +9(2g − 13) = 18 0
45g = 135 f(x) = (x − 4)(3x + 6) 2
g=3 (x − 4)(3x2 + 6) = 0
Substituting in (1): Using the discriminant for 3x2 + 6:
h = 2(3) − 13 = −7 b2 − 4ac = 0 − 4(3)(6) = −72 < 0.
So g = 3, h = −7 Therefore 3x2 + 6 has no real roots, so f(x)
only has one real root of x = 4.
16 a f ( x ) = 3 x3 + bx 2 − 3 x − 2
18 a f(x) = 4x3 + 4x2 − 11x − 6
Since ( 3 x + 2 ) is a factor of f(x), then by
f(−2) = 4(−2)3 + 4(−2)2 − 11(−2) − 6
the factor theorem = −32 + 16 + 22 − 6
 2  2
3
 2  2
2
=0
f  −  = 3 −  + b  −  − 3 −  − 2 = 0 So (x + 2) is a factor of f(x).
 3  3  3  3
 8  4  2
3 −  + b   − 3 −  − 2 = 0 4x2 − 4 x − 3
 27   9   3 
18 b x + 2 4 x3 + 4 x 2 − 11x − 6
8 4
− + b+2−2 = 0
9 9 4 x3 + 8 x 2
4 8 − 4 x 2 − 11x
b = so b = 2
9 9 −4 x 2 − 8 x
b f ( x ) = 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 2
−3 x − 6
( 3x + 2 ) is a factor of 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 2 −3 x − 6
Either divide or factorise out (3𝑥𝑥 + 2)
0
x2 −1 2
f(x) = (x + 2)(4x − 4x − 3)
3x + 2 3x3 + 2 x 2 − 3x − 2 = (x + 2)(2x − 3)(2x + 1)
3x3 + 2 x 2
c 0 = (x + 2)(2x − 3)(2x + 1)
− 3x − 2 The solutions are x = −2, x = 3
and
2
3x + 3 x = − 12 .
0
So 19 a f(x) = 9x4 − 18x3 − x2 + 2x
3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − 3 x − 2= ( 3x + 2 ) ( x 2
− 1) f(2) = 9(2)4 − 18(2)3 − (2)2 + 2(2)
Now factorise the quadratic = 144 − 144 − 4 + 4
=0
( x 2 − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1) So So (x − 2) is a factor of
3 x3 + 2 x 2 − 3 x − 2= ( 3x + 2 )( x + 1)( x − 1) 9x4 − 18x3 − x2 + 2x.
7
9 x3 − x Challenge
19 b x − 2 9 x 4 − 18 x3 − x 2 + 2 x a f ( x) = 2 x 4 − 5 x3 − 42 x 2 − 9 x + 54 = 0
f (1) = 2 (1) − 5 (1) − 42 (1) − 9 (1) + 54
4 3 2
9 x 4 − 18 x3
0 − x2 + 2x = 2 − 5 − 42 − 9 + 54
2
−x + 2x =0
f (−3) = 2 ( −3) − 5 ( −3) − 42 ( −3) − 9 ( −3) + 54
4 3 2
0
9x4 − 18x3 − x2 + 2x
= 2 ( 81) − 5 ( −27 ) − 42 ( 9 ) − 9 ( −3) + 54
= (x − 2)(9x3 − x)
= x(x − 2)(9x2 − 1) = 162 + 135 − 378 + 27 + 54
= x(x − 2)(3x + 1)(3x − 1) =0
0 = x(x − 2)(3x + 1)(3x − 1) b ( x − 1) and ( x + 3) are factors of
The solutions are x = 0, x = 2, x = − 13 and
2 x 4 − 5 x3 − 42 x 2 − 9 x + 54
x = 13 . so ( x − 1)( x + 3) = x 2 + 2 x − 3 must also be a
factor
Either divide or factorise out ( x 2 + 2 x − 3)
2 x 2 − 9 x − 18
x 2 + 2 x − 3 2 x 4 − 5 x3 − 42 x 2 − 9 x + 54
2 x 4 + 4 x3 − 6 x 2
− 9 x3 − 36 x 2 − 9 x
9 x3 + 18 x 2 − 27 x
18 x 2 − 36 x + 54
18 x 2 − 36 x + 54
0
So
2 x 4 − 5 x3 − 42 x 2 − 9 x + 54
= ( x − 1)( x + 3) ( 2 x 2 − 9 x − 18 )
Now factorise the quadratic
( 2 x 2 − 9 x − 18) = ( 2 x + 3)( x − 6 )
2 x 4 − 5 x3 − 42 x 2 − 9 x + 54
= ( x − 1)( x + 3)( 2 x + 3)( x − 6 )
3
1, x =
x= −3, x = − , x= 6
2
8
Exercise 1D
1 a f ( x ) = 4 x3 − 5 x 2 + 7 x + 1 1 f f ( x=
) 243x 4 − 27 x3 − 3x + 7
f ( 2) = 4 ( 2) − 5 ( 2) + 7 ( 2) + 1
3 2 4 3
1 1 1 1
f =
 243   − 27   − 3   + 7
= 4 (8) − 5 ( 4 ) + 7 ( 2 ) + 1 3 3 3 3
= 32 − 20 + 14 + 1 1  1  1
= 243   − 27   − 3   + 7
= 27  81   27   3 
= 3 −1−1+ 7
b f ( x )= 2 x5 − 32 x3 + x − 10 =8
f (=
4 ) 2 ( 4 ) − 32 ( 4 ) + 4 − 10
5 3
g f ( x ) = 64 x 3 + 32 x 2 − 16 x + 9
= 2 (1024 ) − 32 ( 64 ) − 6 3 2
 3  3  3  3
= 2048 − 2048 − 6 f  −  = 64  −  + 32  −  − 16  −  + 9
 4  4  4  4
= −6
 27  9  3
= 64  −  + 32   − 16  −  + 9
c f ( x) =
−2 x3 + 6 x 2 + 5 x − 3  64   16   4
= −27 + 18 + 12 + 9
f ( −1) =−2 ( −1) + 6 ( −1) + 5 ( −1) − 3
3 2
= 12
=−2 ( −1) + 6 (1) + 5 ( −1) − 3
= 2+6−5−3 h f ( x )= 81x3 − 81x 2 + 9 x + 6
3 2
=0 2 2 2 2
f  = 81  − 81  + 9   + 6
3 3 3 3
d f ( x ) = 7 x3 + 6 x 2 − 45 x + 1
 8  4 2
= 81  − 81  + 9   + 6
f ( −3) = 7 ( −3) + 6 ( −3) − 45 ( −3) + 1
3 2
 27  9 3
= 7 ( −27 ) + 6 ( 9 ) − 45 ( −3) + 1 = 24 − 36 + 6 + 6
=−189 + 54 + 135 + 1 =0
=1
i f ( x ) = 243 x 6 − 780 x 2 + 6
e f ( x ) = 4 x4 − 4 x2 + 8x −1  4  4
6
 4
2
f  − = 243  −  − 780  −  + 6
1  3  3  3
f   = 4 x4 − 4 x2 + 8x −1
2  4096   16 
= 243   − 780   + 6
 729  9
4 2
1 1 1
= 4   − 4   + 8  −1
2 2 2 4096 4160 18
= − +
 1  1 1 3 3 3
= 4   − 4   + 8   −1 46
 16   4   2  = −
1 3
= −1+ 4 −1
4
9
=
4
1 j f ( x )= 125 x 4 + 5 x 3 − 9 x 5 f ( x) =x 6 − 36 x3 + 243
( 3) − 36 ( 3) + 243
f ( 3) =
4 3 6 3
 3  3  3  3
f  − = 125  −  + 5  −  − 9  − 
 5  5  5  5 = 729 − 972 + 243
 81   27   3  =0
= 125   + 5 −  − 9 − 
 625   125   5  Since f(3) = 0, (x – 3) is a factor of f(x)
81 27 27
= − + 6 f ( x ) = 2 x 3 + 17 x 2 + 31x − 20
5 25 5
3 2
513 1 1 1 1
= f   = 2   + 17   + 31  − 20
25 2 2 2 2
1 1 1
2 f ( x ) = 2 x3 − 3x 2 − 2 x + a =2   + 17   + 31  − 20
8 4 2
Since f (1) = −4 1 17 31
= + + − 20
2 (1) − 3 (1) − 2 (1) + a =−4
3 2
4 4 2
2 − 3 − 2 + a =−4 =0
1
a = −1 Since f   = 0 , (2x – 1) is a factor of f(x)
2
3 f ( x) =
−3 x3 + 4 x 2 + bx + 6
7 f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x + q
Since f ( −2 ) =
10
Since f ( 2 ) = 3 ,
−3 ( −2 ) + 4 ( −2 ) + b ( −2 ) + 6 =
3 2
10
( 2) + 3( 2) + q =
2
3
−3 ( −8 ) + 4 ( 4 ) + b ( −2 ) + 6 =
10
10 + q = 3
24 + 16 − 2b + 6 =
10 q = −7
2b = 36 so
b = 18 f ( x ) = x 2 + 3x − 7
f ( −2 ) =( −2 ) + 3 ( −2 ) − 7
2
4 f ( x=
) 216 x3 − 32 x 2 + cx − 8
= 4−6−7
1
Since f   = 1 = −9
2
3 2
1 1 1 8 g ( x ) = x3 + ax 2 + 3 x + 6
216   − 32   + c   − 8 =
1
2 2 2
Since g ( −1) =
2,
1 1 1
216   − 32   + c   − 8 =
1 ( −1)
3
+ a ( −1) + 3 ( −1) + 6 =
2
2
8 4 2
1 −1 + a − 3 + 6 =2
27 − 8 + c − 8 =1
2 a=0
1 so
c = −10 g ( x ) = x3 + 3x + 6
2
c = −20 2 2 2
3
g   =  + 3  + 6
3 3 3
8
= +2+6
27
224
=
27
2
9 f ( x ) = 2 x3 − x 2 + ax + b 10 f ( x ) = 3 x 3 + 2 x 2 − px + q
f ( 2 ) = 14 f (1) = 0
So So
2 ( 2) − ( 2) + a ( 2) + b =
3 2
3 (1) + 2 (1) − p (1) + q =
3 2
14 0
2 (8) − ( 4 ) + a ( 2 ) + b =
14 3+ 2− p + q =0
16 − 4 + 2a + b =
14 p−q = 5 (1)
2a + b = 2 (1) f ( −1) =
10
f ( −3) =−86 So
So 3 ( −1) + 2 ( −1) − p ( −1) + q =
3 2
10
2 ( −3) − ( −3) + a ( −3) + b =−86
3 2
−3 + 2 + p + q =10
2 ( −27 ) − ( 9 ) + a ( −3) + b =−86 p+q = 11 (2)
−54 − 9 − 3a + b =−86 Adding equations (1) and (2) gives
−3a + b =−23 (2) p−q = 5
Multiply equation (2) by −1 then add it to 11
p+q =
equation (1)
2p = 16
2a + b = 2
p =8
3a − b = 23
When p = 8, q = 3
5a = 25
a=5
When a = 5, b = −8
3
Exercise 1E
1 n2 − n = n(n − 1) 6 x = −b ± b 2 − c
If n is even, n − 1 is odd
So the solutions of x2 + 2bx + c = 0 are
and even × odd = even
If n is odd, n − 1 is even x =−b ± b 2 − c .
and odd × even = even
So n2 − n is even for all values of n.  2
3
7 LHS =  x − 
 x
2 LHS =
x (1 − 2 )
×  2  4 
=  x −   x2 − 4 + 2 
(1 + 2 ) (1 − 2 )  x  x 
12 8
x (1 − 2 ) = x3 − 6 x + − 3
= x x
(1 − 2 ) = RHS
3
x−x 2  2 12 8
= So  x −  ≡ x3 − 6 x + − 3
−1  x x x
= x 2−x
 3 1  2
3
− 
5
= RHS
8 LHS =  x −   x + x 2 
x  x  
So ≡x 2−x
(
1+ 2 ) 9 1
= x2 + x2 − x2 − x
1
−
7
2
9 7
−
3 LHS = ( x + y )( x − y ) = x2 − x 2
1
 1 
= x2 − x y + x y − y = x 2  x4 − 4 
 x 
= x2 − y
= RHS
= RHS
 3 1  2
3
− 
5 1
 1 
So ( x + y )( x − y ) ≡ x 2 − y So  x −   x + x  ≡ x 2  x 4 − 4 
2
 x    x 
4 LHS = (2x − 1)(x + 6)(x − 5)
= (2x − 1)(x2 + x − 30)  4 10 
9 3n2 − 4n + 10 = 3  n 2 − n + 
= 2x3 + x2 − 61x + 30  3 3
= RHS  2  4 10 
2
So (2x − 1)(x + 6)(x − 5) ≡ = 3  n −  − + 

 3  9 3 
2x3 + x2 − 61x + 30 
2
 2  26
5 Completing the square: = 3 n −  +
2 2
 3 3
 b b The minimum value is 3 so
26
x2 + bx =  x +  −  
 2 2 3n2 − 4n + 10 is always positive.
2 2
2  b b
So x + bx ≡  x +  −   10 −n2 − 2n − 3 = −(n2 + 2n + 3)
 2 2
= −((n + 1)2 − 1 + 3)
= −(n + 1)2 − 2
6 x2 + 2bx + c = 0
The maximum value is −2,
Completing the square:
so −n2 − 2n − 3 is always negative.
(x + b)2 − b2 + c = 0
(x + b)2 = b2 − c
x + b = ± b2 − c
11 x2 + 8x + 20 15 A(1, 1), B(2, 4), C(6, 5) and D(5, 2)
Complete the square 4 −1
The gradient of line AB = =3
(x + 4)2 − 16 + 20 = (x + 4)2 + 4 2 −1
The minimum value of (x + 4)2 + 4 is 4 5−4 1
So (x + 4)2 + 4 ≥ 4 The gradient of line BC = =
6−2 4
Therefore, x2 + 8x + 20 ≥ 4
2−5
The gradient of line CD = =3
12 kx2 + 5kx + 3 = 0 has no real roots, 5−6
so b2 − 4ac < 0 2 −1 1
The gradient of line AD = =
(5k)2 − 4k(3) < 0 5 −1 4
25k2 − 12k < 0 Gradient of AB = gradient of CD, so AB and
k(25k − 12) < 0 CD are parallel.
0 < k < 12
25
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD, so BC
When k = 0: and AD are parallel.
(0)x2 + 5(0)x + 3 = 0
3=0 So ABCD can be a parallelogram or a
which is impossible, so no real roots. rectangle and we need to check further.
So combining these: Since there is not a pair of gradients which
multiply to give −1 there is no right angle.
0 ≤ k < 12
25
Hence ABCD is a parallelogram.
13 px 2 − 5 x − 6 =0 has two distinct real roots,

so
b2 − 4ac > 0
25 + 24p > 0
p > − 24
25
14 A(1, 2), B(1, 2) and C(2, 4)

2 −1 1
The gradient of line AB = = −
1− 3 2
4−2
The gradient of line BC = =2
2 −1
4 −1
The gradient of line AC = = −3
2−3
The gradients are different so the three
points are not collinear.
Hence ABC is a triangle.
Gradient of AB × gradient of BC
1
= − ×2
2
= −1
So AB is perpendicular to BC,
and the triangle is a right-angled triangle.
2
16 A(2, 1), B(5, 2), C(4, -1) and D (1,-2) 17 A(-5,2), B(-3,-4) and C(3,-2)
2 −1 1 −4 − 2
The gradient of line AB = = The gradient of line AB = = −3
5−2 3 −3 + 5
−1 − 2
The gradient of line BC = =3
4−5 −2 + 4 1
The gradient of line BC = =
−2 + 1 1 3+3 3
The gradient of line CD = =
1− 4 3 −2 − 2 1
The gradient of line AC = = −
−2 − 1 3+5 2
The gradient of line AD = =3
1− 2
The gradients are different so the three
Gradient of AB = gradient of CD, points are not collinear. Hence ABC is a
so AB and CD are parallel. triangle.
Gradient of BC = gradient of AD,
so BC and AD are parallel. Gradient of AB × gradient of BC
1
= −3 ×
Distance AB = (5 − 2) 2 + (2 − 1) 2 3
= −1
= 10 So AB is perpendicular to BC.
Distance BC = (4 − 5) 2 + (−1 − 2) 2 Distance AB = (−3 + 5) 2 + (−4 − 2) 2

= 10 = 40
Distance CD = (1 − 4) 2 + (−2 + 1) 2 Distance BC = (3 + 3) 2 + (−2 + 4) 2

= 10 = 40
AB = BC
Distance AD = 2
(1 − 2) + (−2 − 1) 2
As two sides are equal and an angle is right-

= 10 angled, ABC is an isosceles right-angled
triangle.
All four sides are equal. Since no pairs of
gradients multiply to give −1 there are no 18 Substituting y = ax into (x − 1)2 + y2 = k:
right angles at a vertex so this is not a (x − 1)2 + a2x2 = k
square. Hence ABCD is a rhombus. x − 2x + 1 + a2x2 − k = 0
2
x2(1 + a2) − 2x + 1 − k = 0
The straight line cuts the circle at two
distinct points, so this equation has two
distinct real roots, so
b2 − 4ac > 0
(−2)2 − 4(1 + a2)(1 − k) > 0
4 − 4(1 − k + a2 − ka2) > 0
4k − 4a2 + 4ka2 > 0
−a2 + k + ka2 > 0
−a2 + k(1 + a2) > 0
a2
k>
1 + a2
3
 −1 + 6 8 + 1 
19 4y − 3x + 26 = 0 Midpoint =  , 
 2 2 
4y = 3x − 26
3 13 = ( 52 , 92 )
y = x−
4 2
3 13 The gradient of the line segment BC
Substituting y = x − into 1− 8
4 2 =
(x + 4)2 + (y − 3)2 = 100: 6 +1
2 = −1
3 19 
(x + 4)2 +  x −  = 100
4 2 So the gradient of the line perpendicular to
9 2 57 361 BC is 1.
x2 + 8x + 16 + x − x+ − 100
16 4 4
=0 The equation of the perpendicular line is
2 2
16x + 128x + 256 + 9x − 228x y − y1 = m(x − x1)
+ 1444 − 1600 = 0 m = 1 and (x1, y1) = ( 52 , 92 )
25x2 − 100x + 100 = 0 9 5
x2 − 4x + 4 = 0 So y − =x−
2 2
(x − 2)2 = 0
y=x+2
x=2
There is only one solution so the line
AB and BC intersect at the centre of the
4y − 3x + 26 = 0 only touches the circle in
circle, so solving x = 3 and y = x + 2
one place, so it is a tangent to the circle.
simultaneously:
x = 3, y = 5
20 Area of square = (a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab +b2
Centre of the circle, X, is (3, 5).
1 
Shaded area = 4  ab  = 2ab
2  Distance AX = (7 − 3) 2 + (8 − 5) 2
Area of smaller square
= a2 + 2ab + b2 − 2ab = 25
= a2 + b2 =5
= c2
Distance BX = (−1 − 3) 2 + (8 − 5) 2
Challenge
= 25
1 Find the equations of the perpendicular =5
bisectors to the chords AB and BC:
A(7, 8) and B(−1, 8) Distance CX = (6 − 3) 2 + (1 − 5) 2
= 25
 7 −1 8 + 8 
Midpoint =  ,  = (3, 8) =5
 2 2 
The gradient of the line segment AB Distance DX = (0 − 3) 2 + (9 − 5) 2

8−8 = 25
=
−1 − 7 =5
=0
The distance from the centre of the circle to
So the line perpendicular to AB is a vertical all four points is 5 units, so all four points
line x = 3. lie on a circle with centre (3, 5).
B(−1, 8) and C(6, 1)
4
Challenge
2 3 = 22 − 12
5 = 32 − 22
7 = 42 − 32
11 = 62 − 52
Let p be a prime number greater than 2.
2 2
1  1 
 ( p + 1)  −  ( p − 1) 
2  2 
1
= ( ( p + 1) 2 − ( p − 1) 2 )
4
1
= (4 p )
4
=p
So any odd prime number can be written as

the difference of two squares.
5
Exercise 1F
1 Example: when n = 1, m = 3 5 c Example: when n = 1,
and 3 is not divisible by 10. 2(1)2 − 6(1) + 1 = 2 − 6 + 1 = −3
So the statement is not true. which is negative.
2 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 are the prime d Example: when n = 1,

numbers between 2 and 26. 2(1)2 − 2(1) − 4 = 2 − 2 − 4 = −4
The other odd numbers between 2 and 26 which is not a multiple of 3.
are 9, 15, 21, 25.
9=3×3 6 a The error lies in the last stage. We can
15 = 5 × 3 only write this statement if 3(x2)y + 3x(y2)
21 = 7 × 3 is greater than zero. No work has been
25 = 5 × 5 done to prove or disprove this.
So every odd integer between 2 and 26 is
either prime or the product of two primes. b Example, when x = 0 and y = 0,
03 + 03 = (0 + 0)3
3 22 + 32 = odd
32 + 42 = odd 7 (x + 5)2 ≥ 0 for all real values of x
42 + 52 = odd As (x + 5)2 = x2 + 10x + 25
and (x + 6)2 = x2 + 12x + 36
52 + 62 = odd
(x + 5)2 + 2x + 11 = (x + 6)2
62 + 7 2 = odd So (x + 6)2 ≥ 2x + 11
So the sum of two consecutive square
numbers between 12 and 82 is always an 8 As a is positive, multiplying both sides by
odd number. a does not reverse the inequality
So a2 + 1 ≥ 2a
4 Break down the integers into numbers Then a2 − 2a + 1 ≥ 0
divisible by 3 and numbers giving a Factorising gives
remainder of 1 or 2 when divided by 3. (a − 1)2 ≥ 0 which we know is true.
(3n)3 = 27n3 = 9n(3n2) which is a multiple 9 a By squaring both sides, consider (p + q)2
of 9. (p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2
= (p – q)2 + 4pq
(3n + 1)3 = 27n3 + 27n2 + 9n + 1 (p – q)2 ≥ 0 since it is a square
= 9n(3n2 + 3n + 1) + 1 so (p + q)2 ≥ 4pq
which is one more than a multiple of 9. p and q are both positive
so p > 0 and q > 0
(3n + 2)3 = 27n3 + 54n2 + 36n + 8 Therefore, p + q > 0
= 9n(3n2 + 6n + 4) + 8
So p + q ≥ 4 pq
which is one less than a multiple of 9.
So all cube numbers are either a multiple b When p = q = −1, p + q = −2

of 9 or 1 more or 1 less than a multiple of and 4 pq = 2
9.
but −2 < 2, i.e. p + q < 4 pq
5 a Example: when n = 2, 24 − 2 = 14 which is inconsistent.
14 is not divisible by 4.
10 a The student had forgotten the significance
b Any square number has an odd number of of x and y both being negative i.e. the left
factors, for example 25 has 3 factors. hand side is negative while the right hand
side can be positive. In this case the
inequality could not be true.
10 b When x = y = −1, x + y = −2
and x2 + y 2 =2
−2 < 2
c (x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y2
As x > 0 and y > 0 then 2xy > 0.
So x2 + 2xy + y2 ≥ x2 + y2
As x + y > 0, square root both sides
x+y≥ x2 + y 2
Chapter review 1
3 x 4 − 21x 3 x 4 21x 4 a f(x) = 2x3 − 2x2 − 17x + 15
1 a = − f(3) = 2(3)3 − 2(3)2 − 17(3) + 15
3x 3x 3x
= 54 − 18 − 51 + 15
= x3 − 7
=0
So (x − 3) is a factor of
x 2 − 2 x − 24 2x3 − 2x2 − 17x + 15.
b
x2 − 7 x + 6
( x − 6)( x + 4) 2x2 + 4x − 5
=
( x − 6)( x − 1) b x − 3 2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 17 x + 15
x+4
= 2 x3 − 6 x 2
x −1
4 x 2 − 17 x
2 x2 + 7 x − 4 4 x 2 − 12 x
c
2 x2 + 9 x + 4 −5 x + 15
(2 x − 1)( x + 4) −5 x + 15
=
(2 x + 1)( x + 4) 0
2x −1 2x3 − 2x2 − 17x + 15
=
2x +1 = (x − 3)(2x2 + 4x − 5)
So A = 2, B = 4, C = − 5
3x 2 + 5
2 x + 4 3 x 3 + 12 x 2 + 5 x + 20 5 f ( x ) = 16 x5 − 20 x 4 + 8
5 4
3 x3 + 12 x 2 1 1 1
f   = 16   − 20   + 8
2 2 2
0 + 5 x + 20
 1  1
5 x + 20 = 16   − 20   + 8
 32   16 
0
3 2 29
3 x + 12 x + 5 x + 20 =
So = 3x 2 + 5 4
x+4
6 a f(x) = x3 + 4x2 − 3x − 18
2x2 − 2 x + 5 f(2) = (2)3 + 4(2)2 − 3(2) − 18
3 x + 1 2 x3 + 0 x 2 + 3x + 5 = 8 + 16 − 6 − 18
=0
2 x3 + 2 x 2
So (x − 2) is a factor of x3 + 4x2 − 3x − 18.
−2 x 2 + 3 x
−2 x 2 − 2 x
5x + 5
5x + 5
0
3
2 x + 3x + 5
So = 2x2 − 2 x + 5
x +1
x2 + 6 x + 9 9 a f(x) = 2x2 + px + q
6 b x − 2 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3 x − 18 f(−3) = 0
2(−3)2 + p(−3) + q = 0
x3 − 2 x 2 18 − 3p + q = 0
6 x 2 − 3x 3p − q = 18 (1)
f(4) = 21
6 x 2 − 12 x 2(4)2 + p(4) + q = 21
9 x − 18 32 + 4p + q = 21
9 x − 18 4p + q = −11 (2)
(1) + (2):
0 7p = 7
x + 4x − 3x − 18 = (x − 2)(x2 + 6x + 9)
3 2
p=1
= (x − 2)(x + 3)2 Substituting in (2):
So p = 1, q = 3 4(1) + q = −11
q = −15
7 f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8 Checking in (1):
f(2) = 2(2)3 + 3(2)2 − 18(2) + 8 3p − q = 3(1) − (−15) = 3 + 15 = 18
= 16 + 12 − 36 + 8 So p = 1, q = −15
=0
So (x − 2) is a factor of b f(x) = 2x2 + x − 15
2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8. = (2x − 5)(x + 3)
2x2 + 7 x − 4 10 a h(x) = x3 + 4x2 + rx + s

x − 2 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 18 x + 8 h(−1) = 0
3 2
(−1) + 4(−1) + r(−1) + s = 0
2 x3 − 4 x 2 −1 + 4 − r + s = 0
7 x 2 − 18 x r−s=3 (1)
2
7 x − 14 x h(2) = 30
(2)3 + 4(2)2 + r(2) + s = 30
−4 x + 8 8 + 16 + 2r + s = 30
−4 x + 8 2r + s = 6 (2)
0
(1) + (2):
2x3 + 3x2 − 18x + 8 = (x − 2)(2x2 + 7x − 4)
3r = 9
= (x − 2)(2x − 1)(x +4)
r=3
Substituting in (1)
8 f(x) = x3 − 3x2 + kx − 10
3−s=3
f(2) = 0
s=0
(2)3 − 3(2)2 + k(2) − 10 = 0
Checking in (2):
8 − 12 + 2k − 10 = 0
2r + s = 2(3) + (0) = 6
2k = 14
So r = 3, s = 0
k=7
b h(x) = x3 + 4x2 + 3x
3 2
1 1 1 1
h   =   + 4   + 3 
3 3 3 3
1 4
= + +1
27 9
13
=1
27
The remainder is 1 13
27 .
2
11 a g(x) = 2x3 + 9x2 − 6x − 5 −b ± b 2 − 4ac
g(1) = 2(1)3 + 9(1)2 − 6(1) − 5 x=
=2+9−6−5
2a
=0 −3 ± (3) 2 − 4(1)(1)
x=
So (x − 1) is a factor of 2x3 + 9x2 − 6x − 5. 2(1)
−3 ± 5
2 x 2 + 11x + 5 =
2
x − 1 2 x3 + 9 x 2 − 6 x − 5
So the solutions are
2 x3 − 2 x 2 −3 + 5 −3 − 5
x = 2, x = and x = .
11x 2 − 6 x 2 2
11x 2 − 11x
2x2 − 7 x + 3
5x − 5
13 x + 1 2 x3 − 5 x 2 − 4 x + 3
5x − 5
0 2 x3 + 2 x 2
3 2
g(x) = 2x + 9x − 6x − 5 −7 x 2 − 4 x
= (x − 1)(2x2 + 11x + 5)
−7 x 2 − 7 x
= (x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 5)
3x + 3
11 b g(x) = 0 3x + 3
(x − 1)(2x + 1)(x + 5) = 0 0
So x = 1, x = − 12 or x = −5 2x3 − 5x2 − 4x + 3 = (x + 1)(2x2 − 7x + 3)
= (x + 1)(2x − 1)(x − 3)
12 a f(x) = x3 + x2 − 5x − 2 The roots are x = −1, x = 12 and x = 3.
f(2) = (2)3 + (2)2 − 5(2) − 2 So the positive roots are x = 12 and x = 3.
= 8 + 4 − 10 − 2
=0
So (x − 2) is a factor of x3 + x2 − 5x − 2. 14 f ( x ) = x3 − 5 x 2 + px + 6
Since the remainder obtained when f(x) is
x 2 + 3x + 1 divided by (x + 2) is equal to the remainder
b x − 2 x3 + x 2 − 5 x − 2 obtained when the same expression is divided
by (x − 3),
x3 − 2 x 2 f ( −2 ) =
f ( 3)
3x 2 − 5 x
( −2 ) − 5 ( −2 ) + p ( −2 ) + 6
3 2
3x 2 − 6 x
=( 3) − 5 ( 3) + p ( 3) + 6
3 2
x−2
x−2 −8 − 20 − 2 p = 27 − 45 + 3 p
0 −28 − 2 p = 3 p − 18
f(x) = x3 + x2 − 5x − 2 5 p = −10
= (x − 2)(x2 + 3x + 1) p = −2
f(x) = 0 when x = 2 15 a f(x) = x3 − 2x2 − 19x + 20

or x2 + 3x + 1 = 0 f(−4) = (−4)3 − 2(−4)2 − 19(−4) + 20
= −64 − 32 + 76 + 20
=0
The remainder is 0.
3
x2 − 6 x + 5
17 LHS =
x− y ( ×
x+ y )
15 b x + 4 x − 2 x − 19 x + 20
3 2
3 2
( x− y) ( x+ y)
x + 4x
( x − y)( x+ y )
−6 x 2 − 19 x =
x− y
−6 x 2 − 24 x
= x+ y
5 x + 20
= RHS
5 x + 20
0 x− y
3 2 So ≡ x+ y
f(x) = x − 2x − 19x + 20 x− y
= (x + 4)(x2 − 6x + 5)
= (x + 4)(x − 5)(x − 1)
18 Completing the square:
f(x) = 0 when
n2 − 8n + 20 = (n − 4)2 + 4
x = −4, x = 5 or x = 1
The minimum value is 4, so n2 − 8n + 20 is
always positive.
16 a f(x) = 6x3 + 17x2 − 5x − 6
3 2
2 2 2 2
f   = 6   + 17   − 5   − 6
3 3 3 3 19 A(1,1), B(3,2), C(4,0) and D(2, −1)
 8  4 2 2 −1 1
= 6   + 17   − 5   − 6 The gradient of line AB = =
 27  9 3 3 −1 2
16 68 10 0−2
= + − −6 The gradient of line BC = = −2
9 9 3 4−3
=0 −1 − 0 1
The gradient of line CD = =
So (3x − 2) is a factor of f(x). 2−4 2
−1 − 1
The gradient of line AD = = −2
2x2 + 7 x + 3 2 −1
3 x − 2 6 x 3 + 17 x 2 − 5 x − 6 AB and BC, BC and CD, CD and AD and
AB and AD are all perpendicular.
6 x3 − 4 x 2
Distance AB = (3 − 1) 2 + (2 − 1) 2
2
21x − 5 x
= 5
21x 2 − 14 x
Distance BC = (4 − 3) 2 + (0 − 2) 2
9x − 6
= 5
9x − 6
Distance CD = (2 − 4) 2 + (−1 − 0) 2
0
f(x) = 6x3 + 17x2 − 5x − 6 = 5
= (3x − 2)(2x2 + 7x + 3) Distance AD = (2 − 1) 2 + (−1 − 1) 2
So a = 2, b = 7, c = 3
=5
b f(x) = (3x − 2)(2x + 7x + 3)2 All four sides are equal and all four angles
= (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(x + 3) are right angles, therefore ABCD is a
square.
c (3x − 2)(2x + 1)(x + 3) = 0
The real roots are x = 23 , x = − 12 and
x = −3.
4
20 1 + 3 = even 25 Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
3 + 5 = even The distance between opposite edges
5 + 7 = even   3 
2
( )
2
7 + 9 = even = 2  3 −   
So the sum of two consecutive positive odd   2  

numbers is always even.
 3
= 23 − 
21 To show something is untrue you only  4
need to find one counter example. 9
=
Example: when n = 6, 2
n2 − n + 3 = 62 − 6 + 3 = 33 9
which is not a prime number. is rational.
2
So the statement is untrue.
26 a Let the first even number be 2n.
 1  4 − 
2
The next even number is 2n + 2.
22 LHS =  x −   x 3 + x 3 
 x   (2n + 2)2 − (2n)2 = 4n2 + 8n + 4 − 4n2
7 1 1 5 = 8n + 4
−
= x3 + x3 − x3 − x 3 = 4(2n + 1)
7
−
5 4(2n + 1) is a multiple of 4 so is always
= x3 − x 3 divisible by 4.
1
 1  So the difference of the squares of two
= x 3  x2 − 2  consecutive even numbers is always
 x 
= RHS divisible by 4.
 1  4 − 
2 1
 1  b Let the first odd number be 2n − 1.
So  x −   x 3 + x 3  ≡ x 3  x 2 − 2 
 x    x  The next odd number is 2n + 1.
(2n + 1)2 − (2n − 1)2
23 Remember, in an identity you can start = (4n2 + 4n + 1) − (4n2 − 4n + 1)
from the RHS or the LHS. Here it is easier = 8n
to start from the RHS. 8n is a multiple of 8, which is always
RHS = (x + 4)(x − 5)(2x + 3) divisible by 4, so the statement is also true
= (x + 4)(2x2 − 7x − 15) for odd numbers.
= 2x3 + x2 − 43x − 60
= LHS 27 a The assumption is that x is positive.
So 2x3 + x2 − 43x − 60
≡ (x + 4)(x − 5)(2x + 3) b When x = 0, 1 + 02 = (1 + 0)2
24 x2 − kx + k = 0 has two equal roots,

so b2 − 4ac = 0
k2 − 4k = 0
k(k − 4) = 0
k = 4 or 0.
So k = 4 is a solution.
5
Challenge ax 2 + (b + ap ) x + (c + bp + ap 2 )
2 x − p ax 3 + bx 2 + cx +d
1 a Diameter of circle = 1,
so side of outside square = 1 ax3 − apx 2
Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
Perimeter of the inside square = (b + ap ) x 2 + cx
  1 2  1 2  4 (b + ap ) x 2 − (bp + ap 2 ) x
4   +    = = 2 2
 2 2  2 (c + bp + ap 2 ) x + d
 
Perimeter of the outside square = 4 × 1 = 4 (c + bp + ap 2 ) x − (cp + bp 2 + ap 3 )
The circumference of the circle is between d + cp + bp 2 + ap 3
the perimeters of the two squares, so 2 2 ax3 + bx 2 + cx + d
< π < 4. So = ax2 + (b + ap)x + (c
x− p
2
1 + bp + ap ) with remainder.
b Perimeter of inside hexagon = 6 × =3 So, d + cp + bp2 + ap3
2
f(p) = ap3 + bp2 + cp + d = 0, which
because the triangles with 60° angles are
matches the remainder
equilateral.
d + cp + bp2 + ap3 = 0
Perimeter of outside hexagon
Therefore (x − p) is a factor of f(x).
3
=6× = 2 3
3
The circumference of the circle is between
the perimeters of the two hexagons, so
3<π< 2 3
6

P2 Chapter 1 Algebraic Methods

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Exercise 1A

So the remainder is − 12. The remainder is 0, so ( x + 4 ) is a factor of

3 x3 − 11x 2 + 21x − 24 3x3 − 8 x − 8

Using the discriminant for

1 a f(x) = 4x3 − 3x2 − 1 3 f(x) = x3 + 3x2 − 33x − 35

8 c i f(x) = 3x3 + 8x2 + 3x − 2

8 e i f(x) = 4x3 − 12x2 − 7x + 30

13 f(x) = cx3 + dx2 − 9x − 10

Substituting (1) in (2):

So (2x − 1)(x + 6)(x − 5) ≡ = 3  n −  − + 

13 px 2 − 5 x − 6 =0 has two distinct real roots,

14 A(1, 2), B(1, 2) and C(2, 4)

Distance BC = (4 − 5) 2 + (−1 − 2) 2 Distance AB = (−3 + 5) 2 + (−4 − 2) 2

Distance CD = (1 − 4) 2 + (−2 + 1) 2 Distance BC = (3 + 3) 2 + (−2 + 4) 2

As two sides are equal and an angle is right-

The gradient of the line segment AB Distance DX = (0 − 3) 2 + (9 − 5) 2

B(−1, 8) and C(6, 1)

Let p be a prime number greater than 2.

So any odd prime number can be written as

2 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23 are the prime d Example: when n = 1,

So all cube numbers are either a multiple b When p = q = −1, p + q = −2

2x2 + 7 x − 4 10 a h(x) = x3 + 4x2 + rx + s

f(x) = 0 when x = 2 15 a f(x) = x3 − 2x2 − 19x + 20

24 x2 − kx + k = 0 has two equal roots,

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