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The Regional Order in the Gulf Region and the Middle East: Regional Rivalries and Security Alliances 1st ed. Edition Philipp O. Amour full chapter instant download
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The Regional Order in
the Gulf Region and
the Middle East
Regional Rivalries and Security
Alliances
Edited by
Philipp O. Amour
The Regional Order in the Gulf Region
and the Middle East
Philipp O. Amour
Editor
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2020
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
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To my beloved children Adam and Ilias. Your growth provides
me a constant source of fulfillment, joy, and pride.
I love you to the moon and back.
Preface
The contemporary politics of the Gulf Region and the Middle East has been
one of uprisings and counter-uprisings; of civil wars and proxy wars; and of
deliberate and destabilizing ideational and strategic crises. This ever-growing
and complex set of regional dynamics since the first Arab Spring movement
is not routine politics; rather, it is a formative condition for an altered or a
novel regional order.
This book thematically provides a detailed analysis of this unfolding
regional order. The analysis takes place in relation to the regional level
of analysis at the interplay of a combination of a cluster of factors that
include the distribution of power dynamics, ideational factors, and
domestic influences. This cluster of factors involves internal and e xternal
dimensions that have shaped and continue to shape current regional
responsive dynamics. The book explores the following topics:
• Major security alliances in the Gulf Region and the broader Middle
East
• Regional great powers such as the KSA, the UAE, Iran, Turkey,
Qatar, and Israel
• The most vigorous non-state militant players on the ground, such
as the Islamic State, Iraq’s Popular Mobilization Forces, Hezbollah,
and the Houthi movement
• Global powers, such as Russia
• National narratives and transnational causes that shape regional
polarization
vii
viii PREFACE
ix
x CONTENTS
Index 435
Notes on Contributors
xiii
xiv NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS
the post-Cold War era. His major fields of study include Foreign Policy
in the Soviet Union and Russia. He has been published in various jour-
nals and edited books and teaches Diplomatic History, International
Relations, and Turkish Foreign Policy in the Department of Political
Science, Pamukkale University.
Hanlie Booysen is a Lecturer in Religious Studies at Victoria University
of Wellington, New Zealand. Dr. Booysen’s main research interest is the
relationship between Islam and politics. Her Ph.D. thesis explained the
moderate platform of the Syrian Muslim Brotherhood (SMB). In her
former career, Dr. Booysen served as a diplomat to Jordan (1993–1997),
acted as Chargé d’affaires to Palestine (2000–2003), and was Deputy
Head of Mission in Syria (2009–2012).
Stephanie Carver is a Ph.D. candidate and researcher at Monash
University, Australia. She is researching armed non-state actors in the
Horn of Africa. Her Ph.D. topic considers the role of maritime pirates in
state formation within Somalia. Ms. Carver has worked with the United
Nations in Nairobi and Kenya. She holds a B.A. (Hons) and a Master of
International Relations from Monash University.
Julius Dihstelhoff (Dr. des.) is a Research Fellow in the Department
of Near and Middle Eastern Politics at the Center for Near and Middle
Eastern Studies (CNMS) at Philipps-University Marburg, Germany.
He is an Academic Coordinator for the international joint project
“Merian Centre for Advanced Studies in the Maghreb (MECAM)”,
funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF),
based in Tunis (Tunisia). His research consisted of projects supported by
the German Foreign Ministry between 2012 and 2015 that analyzed the
role of various Islamist parties in the ongoing transformation processes
in the MENA region. His areas of research interest include the interre-
lated transformational processes in the MENA region since 2010/2011
(especially Tunisia), the role of Political Islam in these processes, and
German–Arab relations.
Zana Gulmohamad has a Ph.D. in International Politics from the
University of Sheffield, UK. He is a Teaching Associate in the Politics
and International Relations Department at the University of Sheffield.
Dr. Zana has published in think tank and research institute journals, such
as Combating Terrorism Center/CTC Sentinel at West Point. Dr. Zana’s
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xv
(Routledge, 2017). She has translated articles and books related to Syria
from Arabic to Spanish, the most recent of which is Yassin Al-Haj Saleh’s
The Impossible Revolution.
Ana Belén Soage holds a Ph.D. in Middle Eastern Studies. She has
studied and worked in several Western European and Arab countries and
is fluent in Spanish, English, Arabic, and French. She is currently based
in Madrid, where she teaches at the EAE Business School. Dr. Soage has
published articles, book reviews, and book chapters on issues related to
Political Islam, both in the Muslim world and in the West, and to inter-
national relations with a focus on the Middle East. In addition, she is a
member of the editorial board of the academic journals Politics, Religion
& Ideology, and Religion Compass.
Pınar Uz Hançarlı received her Ph.D. from the Department of Political
Science, Pamukkale University, where she works as a Research Assistant.
She graduated from the Middle East Technical University in the
Department of International Relations. She was awarded a Jean Monnet
Scholarship for 2009–2010 term at the University of Nottingham, where
she completed her M.A. degree in the School of Politics.
Nuri Yeşilyurt is an Assistant Professor at the Department of
International Relations of Ankara University, Faculty of Political Science.
He received his B.A. degree from Ankara University in 2004 and M.Phil.
degree from the University of Cambridge in 2005. He completed
his Ph.D. in 2013 at Ankara University with the thesis titled “Regime
Security and Small State in the Middle East: The Case of Jordan.” Dr.
Yeşilyurt’s publications are mainly focused on Turkish–Arab relations,
and Middle Eastern politics.
Mustafa Yetim is an Assistant Professor at Eskişehir Osmangazi
University. He finished his undergraduate studies in 2009 at Karadeniz
Technical University and then received his Master’s degree in 2011 from
Sakarya University. His Master’s thesis was about “Turkey’s Middle East
Policy between 2002 and 2010: Turkey’s changing perception in the
Middle East”. He completed his Ph.D. in 2016 at Ankara University
with the thesis entitled “Hezbollah Within the Middle East and
Lebanon: Neo-Weberian Perspective”. He has published book chapters,
articles, commentaries, and analysis on topics related to Turkish foreign
policy in the Middle East.
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS xvii
xix
xx ABBREVIATIONS
xxiii
CHAPTER 1
Philipp O. Amour
P. O. Amour (*)
Department of International Relations, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Turkey
e-mail: dr@philipp-amour.ch
URL: http://www.philipp-amour.ch
Divided Forces[103]
[As the date indicates, the essay was written at the time of the
Revolution in Hawaii, six years before its annexation. The part of the
essay preceding points out the predominant interest of the United
States in the Islands owing to their control of our trade routes and
naval approaches, and refers to the benefit to the world from British
colonial expansion.—Editor.]
But if a plea of the world’s welfare seem suspiciously like a cloak
for national self-interest, let the latter be accepted frankly as the
adequate motive which it assuredly is. Let us not shrink from pitting
a broad self-interest against the narrow self-interest to which some
would restrict us. The demands of our three great seaboards, the
Atlantic, the Gulf, and the Pacific,—each for itself, and all for the
strength that comes from drawing closer the ties between them,—are
calling for the extension, through the Isthmian Canal, of that broad
sea common along which, and along which alone, in all the ages
prosperity has moved. Land carriage, always restricted and therefore
always slow, toils enviously but hopelessly behind, vainly seeking to
replace and supplant the royal highway of nature’s own making.
Corporate interests, vigorous in that power of concentration which is
the strength of armies and of minorities, may here withstand for a
while the ill-organized strivings of the multitude, only dimly
conscious of its wants; yet the latter, however temporarily opposed
and baffled, is sure at last, like the blind forces of nature, to
overwhelm all that stand in the way of its necessary progress. So the
Isthmian Canal is an inevitable part in the future of the United
States; yet one that cannot be separated from other necessary
incidents of a policy dependent upon it, whose details cannot be
foreseen exactly. But because the precise steps that hereafter may be
opportune or necessary cannot yet be foretold certainly, is not a
reason the less, but a reason the more, for establishing a principle of
action which may serve to guide as opportunities arise. Let us start
from the fundamental truth, warranted by history, that the control of
the seas, and especially along the great lines drawn by national
interest or national commerce, is the chief among the merely
material elements in the power and prosperity of nations. It is so
because the sea is the world’s great medium of circulation. From this
necessarily follows the principle that, as subsidiary to such control, it
is imperative to take possession, when it can be done righteously, of
such maritime positions as contribute to secure command. If this
principle be adopted, there will be no hesitation about taking the
positions—and they are many—upon the approaches to the Isthmus,
whose interests incline them to seek us. It has its application also to
the present case of Hawaii.
There is, however, one caution to be given from the military point
of view, beyond the need of which the world has not yet passed.
Military positions, fortified posts, by land or by sea, however strong
or admirably situated, do not confer control by themselves alone.
People often say that such an island or harbor will give control of
such a body of water. It is an utter, deplorable, ruinous mistake. The
phrase indeed may be used by some only loosely, without forgetting
other implied conditions of adequate protection and adequate
navies; but the confidence of our own nation in its native strength,
and its indifference to the defense of its ports and the sufficiency of
its fleet, give reason to fear that the full consequences of a forward
step may not be weighed soberly. Napoleon, who knew better, once
talked this way. “The islands of San Pietro, Corfu, and Malta,” he
wrote, “will make us masters of the whole Mediterranean.” Vain
boast! Within one year Corfu, in two years Malta, were rent away
from the state that could not support them by its ships. Nay, more:
had Bonaparte not taken the latter stronghold out of the hands of its
degenerate but innocuous government, that citadel of the
Mediterranean would perhaps—would probably—never have passed
into those of his chief enemy. There is here also a lesson for us.
32. Application of the Monroe Doctrine[107]