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Final
MEASUREMENT DEVICE
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SANGAVI S (20106034)
SHARMITHA S (20106037)
SHOBANA M (20106038)
VIMALA K (20106048)
BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
i
VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOR WOMEN [Autonomous]
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25, An ISO 9001-2008 Certified Institution
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. – 637205.
COLLEGE VISION
To impart value based Hi-tech education to women in order to face the global
competition and to empower them to the new era of technology.
COLLEGE MISSION
DEPARTMENT VISION
DEPARTMENT MISSION
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VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOR WOMEN [Autonomous]
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25, An ISO 9001-2008 Certified Institution
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. – 637205.
B. E. – BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING
Regulation 2019
Demonstrate their skills in solving challenges in their chosen field through the
core foundation and knowledge acquired in engineering and biology.
Exhibit leadership, make decisions with societal and ethical responsibilities,
function and communicate effectively in multidisciplinary settings.
Recognize the need for sustaining and expanding their technical competence and
engage in learning opportunities throughout their careers.
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PO 4. Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.
PO 8. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
PO 12. Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
PSO1.Design and develop diagnostic and therapeutic devices those reduces physician
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burnout and enhance the quality of life for the end user by applying fundamentals of
Biomedical Engineering.
PSO2. To apply software skills in developing algorithms for solving healthcare related
prob
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VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS)
BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE
vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We are in immense pleasure and privilege to thank our honorable Chairman &
Secretary, Vidya Ratna Prof. Dr. M. KARUNANITHI B.Pharm., MS., Ph.D., D.litt.,
Vivekanandha Educational Institutions, who is our inspiration.
We would like to express our deep gratitude and thanks to our honorable
Executive Director, Prof. S. KUPPUSWAMI B.E, M.Sc. (Engg), Dr. Ing (France)
who always motivate us towards our academic development.
We are extremely grateful and deeply indebted to our Head of the Department
Dr.R.KUMAR M.E.,Ph.D., Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for her encouragement and support for completing the Project successfully.
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ABSTRACT
viii
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vii
ABSTRACT
Viii
LIST OF TABLES Xi
LIST OF FIGURES Xii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS Xii
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1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY 7
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 11
2.2.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 13
3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 14
3.1 HEMOGLOBIN 15
3.2 ANEMIA 16
3.3 THEORY OF OPERATION OF OPTICAL
METHOD
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM
4 MODULES DESCRIPTION 17
4.1 LED DRIVER 17
4.2 LED 670nm and 940nm 17
ix
4.3 OPT 101 SENSOR 22
4.4 ESP8266 MICROCONTROLLER 23
6.1 CONCLUSION 43
REFERENCE 44
APPENDIX I 46
x
xi
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO
2.1.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY
3.2 HEMOGLOBIN RANGE
4.3 C) PIN CONFIGURATION
xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In Today’s world scenario, Anemia is a major worldwide public health
issue. A condition when the amount of hemoglobin drops below normal is
called anemia, and when it exceed normal is called polycythemia.
According to the World Health organisation (WHO), around 1.6 billion
people which is about 30 percent of the total population are suffering from
anemia. Pregnant women, Preschool children and Teenagers are a part of
this vulnerable group of anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia is the most
common type of malnutrition is ranked as the eighth leading cause of
disease In young women in developing countries. Hemoglobin is the main
component of red blood cell which is used to transport oxygen from the
lungs to the other tissues in body, exchange oxygen with carbon dioxide,
and then transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs to exchange it for
oxygen .Hemoglobin contains four protein molecules called globulin
chains. In every globulin chain, there is important central structure called
the heme molecule. Heme molecule contains iron that is responsible to
transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide and make red color in blood.
Reliable indicators for anemia is the concentration of hemoglobin in blood.
Hemoglobin is usually measured by using invasive methods such as
cyanmethemoglobin or automated hematology anmalyzer. These methods
gave very accurate and reliable result, but have some disadvantages which
are expensive, high infection risk, and when blood sample is far away from
the laboratory it will need more time to transport the sample and can causes
delay on the measurement result. The non-invasive methods became
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popular alternative for hemoglobin measurement because it require no
blood sample, no scars, minimum infection risk, patient can be monitored in
real time, and portable in size . One of the non-invasive method to measure
hemoglobin concentration that is widely used is optical technique, using the
principle of transmission spectroscopy and Beer Lambert Law to analyze
the concentration of hemoglobin in blood. In general, spectroscopy requires
the transmission of near-infrared light to the tissue, and it measures the
transmitted light. The intensity of the transmitted light depends on the
properties of the exposed tissue and blood hemoglobin concentration. To
cancel the static properties of tissue, such as tissue thickness, normally, two
wavelengths of light sources are used, which are in the visible and near-
infrared range. The method is called the photoplethysmography method
(PPG). PPG is the method used for measuring the transmission or reflection
of light through the blood volume for observing the pulsatile changes of
blood volume in the microvascular bed of the tissue. This non-invasive
optical measurement method is based on radiation of visible and infrared
light at the ranges of 660 and 940 nm, respectively. The detector detects the
transmitted light through the finger. To achieve the mathematical
conversion from the detected light intensity at different wavelengths to
hemoglobin concentration, the modified Beer–Lambert law is used and
further improved by readjusting the outcome respective to the result from
the cyanmethemoglobin method. This project presents a noninvasive
hemoglobin concentration monitoring method using the optical sensor by
studying the light absorbance of hemoglobin at the wavelengths of 670 and
940 nm, and subsequently using the modified Beer–Lambert law to
calculate the relative hemoglobin concentration. The Hb value is displayed
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in the LCD display and for the real time monitoring of the hemoglobin the
value is also displayed in the webpage.
1.1 OBJECTIVE
15
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
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[3] NON-INVASIVE HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
USING IOT AND MOBILE DEVICES
This paper involves the use of IoT based devices for real time monitoring.
Here they have used Arduino interfaced with ESP8266 wi-fi module for
continuous monitoring. They have concluded that using this system public can
measure Hemoglobin by their own without need any hospital or testing lab
support without any discomfort. This system has less expensive than the
existing invasive methods.
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They have concluded that green light PPG sensors minimize motion artifacts.
However, better accuracy and reproducibility of real environments are
required to eliminate motion artifacts. Further research is needed for the
development of practical wearable PPG pulse rate monitors and pulse
oximeters.
18
sensor in our project .
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2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM
The optical method is existing but not commercially available because of it’s
reliability and accuracy.
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2.2.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
It requires the ejection of blood from the patient which may cause pain
and discomfort to the patient.
It can be time consuming and requires the sophisticated equipments for
the estimation of hemoglobin.
It also requires trained persons for the estimation and has the risk of
infection during the ejection of blood.
It cannot be suitable for real time monitoring.
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CHAPTER-3
3.1 HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin is an important constituent of blood. Hemoglobin is the
combination of porphyrin known as heme and the histone known as globin.
The heme contains iron in ferrous state in the porphyrin ring (Ramakrishnan et
al. 1989). Blood consists of red blood cells which are most of the porphyrins.
Histones are dilute acids which soluble in water. Globins are examples of
histones. The combination of heme with globin gives hemoglobin (Hb).
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Hb is classified as transport protein. Hemoglobin does a vital function in
human body of transportation of Oxygen to tissues from lungs. It also helps in
the transport of CO2 to lungs from tissues. In the transportation process, heme
alone cannot combine with oxygen reversibly as it happens in hemoglobin.
Human hemoglobin contains 34% of Iron that corresponds to a molecular
weight of 16,400. The loose complex of Hb with O2 is called Oxyhemoglobin.
In this combination, ferrous ion is not oxidized, though oxygen is
accommodated. The Oxygenation of Hb to HbO2 is a typical reversible
reaction and obeys the law of Mass Action (Ramakrishnan et al. 1989). The
amount of oxyhemoglobin is directly proportional to oxygen tension. That is
the partial pressure of oxygen. At high oxygen tension, such as in the lungs,
more HbO2 is formed. In tissues where oxygen pressure is less HbO2
disassociated. This reversible reaction is the most advantageous for service of
oxygen to tissues and organs in human body. Hb combines with carbon
monoxide (CO) irreversibly to form carboxy hemoglobin. Treatment of
oxyhemoglobin with potassium ferricyanide oxidizes ferrous state of ion in
hemoglobin to ferric state and methemoglobin is formed. Carboxy hemoglobin
and methemoglobin prevent the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin. So,
CO and Cyanide that make Hb to form carboxy hemoglobin and
methemoglobin are known as poisons, as the formation of these compounds
make it impossible for Hb in blood to carry oxygen to the tissues that is very
much essential for life. In human blood, hemoglobin is found in
oxyhemoglobin, carboxy hemoglobin, methemoglobin and Hb (reduced Hb).
Of these forms, oxyhemoglobin and reduced Hb are available in appreciable
portion in blood and the others are found in traces.
Hemoglobin is formed in the bone marrow. The hemoglobin has a lifetime of
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120 days, after which it is broken into many components including bilirubin. It
is estimated that a man weighing 75 kg will have about 750 gm. of Hb in his
blood circulation. About 6.25 gm. of Hb is produced every day. For keeping
up the desired level of hemoglobin, it is essential that the man consumes
adequate quantity of iron. A normal adult male is expected to have Hb in the
range of 13 to 16gm / dl. Normal adult female is expected to have Hb in the
range of 12 to 15 gm / dl. Whenever there is a fall in Hb value, it is corrected
by the metabolism of the body and intake of nutritious food.
3.2 ANEMIA
The Hb level reduction in blood is undesirable. The reduction may be due to
deficiency of iron, folic acid and Vitamin B12. Of these iron deficiency is the
most prevalent. The condition of reduced Hb level in blood is called anemia.
Depending on the level of anemia in one’s blood one can be classified as
normal, mildly anemic, moderately anemic or severely anemic. The world
health organization (WHO) defines the Hemoglobin concentration ranges
(gm/dl) for different ages for different levels of anemia.
Hemoglobin concentration ranges (gm/dl) for different ages for different
levels of anemia
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3.2 Hemoglobin Concentration Ranges
The main reasons behind such an alarming situation of prevalence of anemia
can be poverty, inadequate diet, certain diseases such as thalessemia and
leukemia, pregnancy and lactation and poor access to medical facilities
Anemia, either mild or moderate or severe, is not a disease. It is a health
condition requiring immediate attention and correction. Otherwise, it may lead
to far-reaching consequences resulting in adverse effect on the health of the
individual. The consequences may be physical productivity losses in adults
and impairments of learning and motor activities in children. Anemia can also
cause reduction in levels of energy and productivity and impairment of
immune system. Since adolescent girls have a higher requirement of iron due
to blood loss during menstruation, they are more prone to being anemic. If
these girls in their late teens enter motherhood with anemia, as found in
developing countries, they will be exposed to a number of risks associated
with pregnancy and child birth. It is estimated that globally, 29.4% of women
in reproductive age are anemic. This figure rises to a level of 38.2% for
pregnant women.
Anemia during Pregnancy is with dreaded consequences. This is mainly
because the problem of anemia not only affects the mother who is anemic but
also the child. Anemia in pregnancy may result in situations such as stillbirths,
maternal mortality, infant mortality and /or babies with low birth weights
(WHO report 2006). In fact maternal mortality rate is still high in many
developing countries. Currently, as per the report by WHO, it is estimated that
300,000 women die during pregnancy or childbirth worldwide in a year.
Population Action International says that that the probability of dying during
pregnancy or childbirth is 33 times greater in third world countries than in the
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developed countries. However, timely identification and treatment of anemia
goes a long way in providing relief from unwarranted complications. Anemia
in adolescent Pregnancy is considered more serious than the anemia in
pregnancy in women who have crossed adolescence.
Anemia in pregnancy can be successfully managed through accurate and
acceptable methods of determining anemia, evaluating its severity and closely
monitoring the patient’s response to treatment. Mild anemic condition, if
identified and treated in time, is likely to prevent the further complications. If
anemia is severe in pregnancy, blood transfusion may have to be carried out
with the associated risks. To prevent these complications, there is a
requirement for a system to detect anemia early enabling a control and
management mechanism to take care of the patients before the development
of complications.
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Hb + O2 ↔HbO2
This oxygen rich HbO2 is mainly available in arteries. Hb is available in veins
and in capillaries, both the forms are available. For determining the level of
Hb in one’s blood, the levels of HbO2 and Hb in a particular volume of blood
are considered. It is found that HbO2 and Hb have different optical properties.
That is, the absorption, transmission and scattering of light by Hb products are
dependent on the wavelength of incident light. The Molar extinction
coefficient shown can be converted into absorption coefficient simply by
multiplying the same by 2.303.
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present low absorption in the near-infrared range. It can be seen that the
complete absorption of light is noticed up to a wavelength of 550 nm by HbO2
and up to a wavelength of 700 nm by Hb. Absorption by HbO2 is minimum at
603 nm and both Hb and HbO2 absorb same amount at 805 nm. These
features are used in pulse oximetry. The fingertip is considered to be a slab
made-up of skin, tissues and blood. The light with lower wavelength is
absorbed and only a fraction of light is reflected at the skin surface. The
higher wavelength light is transmitted at the skin and tissue surface. The
amount of transmitted light is dependent on the Hb concentration of blood.
The amount of light transmitted is inversely proportional to the Hb
concentration in blood. The extent of penetration is also dependent on the Hb
concentration in blood. The basis for determining the extent of penetration of
light into the fingertip is Modified Beer’s law.
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
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BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:
The LED driver circuit is used as a power supply for the LEDs and it can
protect LEDs from voltage or current fluctuations as any changes in voltage
can cause change in the current being supplied to the LEDs. So the LED
driver circuit can provide the LEDs with the electricity they need to function
and perform at their best. Then the light from the LEDs with different
wavelength of 670nm and 940nm are passed through the finger. The light was
absorbed by the haemoglobin in the blood and the remaining light is
transmitted. Then the transmitted light is captured by the OPT101 photodiode
which has a built in transimpedance amplifier which encounters leakage
current errors and noise pick-up. The signal was transferred to the ESP8266
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microcontroller for processing of signals. The ESP8266 microcontroller has
analogy to digital converter which converts analog signal into the digital
values and it has a built in Wi-Fi module. After the conversion process, the
result is calibrated by comparing it with the invasive method and the Hb value
is displayed in the LCD display. And also it can be viewed through
Thingspeak webpage which is connected by using the wifi module in
microntroller. The thingspeak webpage helps for real time monitoring of
hemoglobin.
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CHAPTER 4
MODULE DESCRIPTION
The specification of hardware and sotware involves LED driver, LED 670nm
and 940nm, OPT101 Photodiode, ESP8266 microcontroller, 16x2 LCD
display, ThinkSpeak website.
4.1. LED DRIVER :
An LED driver is a self contained power supply which regulates the power
required for an LED or array of LEDs. The light emitting diodes are low
energy, lighting devices with a long lifespan and low energy consumption,
hence the requirement for specialized power supplies. An LED light driver is
somewhat like cruise control in a car, the power level required changes
throughout the LED’s temperature increases and decreases. Without the
correct LED light driver the LEDs would become too hot and unstable
resulting in failure and bad performance. To ensure the LEDs function
perfectly the self contained LED driver is required to supply a maintained
constant amount of power to the LED.
The LEDs provide low voltage and protection for the LEDs.
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Provides protection to the LED bulbs
The LED drivers provide protection to the LED bulbs against current
and voltage fluctuations. The drivers ensure that the voltage and current
to the LED bulbs remains within the operating range of the LEDs
regardless of fluctuations in the mains supply. The protection avoids
providing too much voltage and current that would degrade the LEDs or
too low current that would reduce the light output.
LED 670nm is the red light with absorbs the more deoxygenated
hemoglobin, making it ideal for assessing hemoglobin concentration, while
oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs less at this wavelength, providing a
constrast that can be quantitatively analyzed. LED 940nm is the infrared
light on the other hand, penetrates deeper into the tissues which absorbs
more oxyhemoglobin but is sensitive to the overall hemoglobin content.
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for a variety of applications, from basic light detection to more complex tasks
like spectroscopy, optical power measurement, and position sensing. Its
internal amplifier boosts the small signal from the photodiode, making it
easier to interface with microcontrollers or analog-to-digital converters
without the need for additional amplification stages.
The device operates from a single power supply, ranging from 2.7V to 36V,
which allows for flexible usage in both low-power and high-precision
applications. The OPT101 provides a linear output voltage proportional to the
light intensity, simplifying the task of light measurement and control in
embedded systems. Additionally, its low dark current and noise contribute to
high accuracy in low-light conditions. One of the significant advantages of the
OPT101 is its ease of use, requiring minimal external components to function.
This characteristic, combined with its robustness and reliability, makes it an
attractive choice for designers and hobbyists alike. Whether for industrial
instrumentation, consumer electronics, or educational projects, the OPT101
offers a straightforward, efficient pathway for incorporating light sensing into
a wide array of products and projects.
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SPECIFICATION:
Single Supply: 2.7 to 36 V
High Responsivity: 0.45 A/W (1100 nm)
Bandwidth: 14 kHz at RF = 1 MΩ
Internal 1-MΩ Feedback Resistor
Photodiode Size: 0.090 inch × 0.090 inch
Low Quiescent Current: 120 µa
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4.3 b) Pin Diagram of Sensor
PIN DIAGRAM
PIN
I/O DESCRIPTION
NO. NAME
35
4 1MΩ Input Connection to internal feedback network.
Feedback Typically connect to Output, pin 5.
5 Output Output Output of device.
6 NC — Do not connect
7 NC — Do not connect
8 Common Input Anode of the photodiode. Typically,
connect to ground.
APPLICATION:
Medical Instrumentation
Laboratory Instrumentation
Position and Proximity Sensors
Smoke Detectors
Photographic Analyzers
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easily. At the heart of the ESP8266 lies a powerful Tensilica L106 32-bit
microcontroller unit (MCU), capable of running at clock speeds of up to 160
MHz. Despite its modest processing power compared to more advanced
microcontrollers, the8266 is more than capable of handling a wide range of
IoT tasks, including sensor data acquisition, communication with cloud
services, and even running lightweight web servers.
One of the standout features of the ESP8266 is its built-in Wi-Fi connectivity,
which enables seamless communication with local networks and the internet.
This capability allows IoT devices based on the ESP8266 to transmit and
receive data wirelessly, opening up a world of possibilities for remote
monitoring, control, and automation. The ESP8266 is supported by a vibrant
and active community, which has developed an extensive ecosystem of
libraries, frameworks, and development tools. This support ecosystem
simplifies the process of programming and deploying applications on the
ESP8266, even for those with limited experience in embedded systems
development. Programming the ESP8266 can be done using a variety of
development environments, including the Arduino IDE, PlatformIO, and the
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Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF). These tools provide a
familiar and user-friendly interface for writing, compiling, and uploading code
to the ESP8266, abstracting away much of the complexity of low-level
embedded programming.
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platform for developing embedded systems. There are also several third-party
libraries available that make it easy to interface with sensors, actuators, and
other components.
To get started with programming the ESP8266, you will need to install the
necessary software and set up your development environment. The first step is
to download and install the Arduino IDE from the official website. Next, you
will need to install the ESP8266 board support package by following the
instructions on the Arduino website. Once you have set up your development
environment, you can start writing code for the ESP8266. The ESP8266 can
be programmed using the Arduino programming language, which is based on
C/C++.
SPECIFICATION
HARDWARE:
CPU -Tensilica L106 32-bit processor
Peripheral interface-UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control
GPIO/ADC/PWM/LED Light & Button
Operating Voltage- 2.5 V ~ 3.6 V
Operating Current Average value- 80 mA
Operating Temperature Range –40 °C ~ 125 °C
Package Size QFN32-pin (5 mm x 5 mm)
SOFTWARE:
Wi-Fi Mode- Station/SoftAP/SoftAP+Station
Security- WPA/WPA2
Encryption-WEP/TKIP/AES
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Network Protocols- IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP
User Configuration - AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/iOS
App
Wi-Fi:
Protocols- 802.11 b/g/n (HT20)
Frequency Range- 2.4 GHz ~ 2.5 GHz
Antenna- PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector, Ceramic Chip
40
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like
mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly
preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The
main benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable,
animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters,
special and even animations, etc.
PIN DESCRIPTION:
Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the
GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to
connect the supply pin of the power source.
Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display,
used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.
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Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or
data register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or
1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).
Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read
or writes operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get
either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute
Read/Write process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit &
constantly held high.
Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These
pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In
4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to
3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0
to 7.
Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.
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4.5 b) Pin Diagram of LCD Display
43
These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
It displays a few custom generated characters
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Data Visualization: Users can visualize their data directly on
ThingSpeak using automatically generated plots and graphs.
Customizable MATLAB visualizations can also be embedded in
channels, providing advanced graphing and charting capabilities that go
beyond basic plotting.
APPLICATIONS OF THINGSPEAK:
Healthcare: Remote monitoring of patient health metrics and conditions.
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Environmental Monitoring: Tracking air or water quality, monitoring
weather conditions, and other environmental parameters.
Smart Homes and Buildings: Managing lighting, energy use, security,
and HVAC systems efficiently.
Agriculture: Monitoring soil moisture, weather conditions, and crop
health to enhance agricultural productivity.
Industrial Automation: Monitoring and controlling industrial
equipment, predicting maintenance, and ensuring safety.
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CHAPTER 5
47
FIG 5.1 SMART PLANT MONITORING SYSTEM
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5.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS
49
FIG 5.3 BLYNK -EVENTS
50
FIG 5.4 BLYNK -DASHBOARD
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CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT
6.1 CONCLUSION
The implementation of Smart plant monitoring system using the Internet of Things has
been verified to satisfactorily work by connecting different parameters of the soil to the
cloud and was successfully controlled remotely through a mobile application . The initial
cost and the installation of this system are cheap and hence it can be implemented
anywhere .With the development of sensor technology, the system can be The farm owner
can monitor the process online through a android App.This project can be concluded that
there can be considerable development in farming with the use of IOT and automation
elevated to the next level which helps the users to utilize their investment in an economic
manner. A system to monitor temperature, humidity, moisture levels in the soil was
designed and the project provides an opportunity to study the existing systems, along with
their features and drawbacks. Agriculture is one of the most water-consuming activities.
The proposed system can be used to switch the motor (on/off) depending on favourable
condition of plants i.e sensor values, thereby automating the process of irrigation.
which is one of the most time efficient activities in farming, which helps to prevent over
irrigation or under irrigation of soil thereby avoiding crop damage. The farm owner can
monitor the process online through a android App. Though this project can be concluded
that there can be considerable development in farming with the use of IOT and automation.
52
REFERENCES
Online Hemoglobin Monitoring System. IEEE; New York, NY, USA: 2022
[7] Rajashree D., Anagha P. Optical sensor system for hemoglobin measurement.
IJCER.2022;3:41–45.
[8] Kocsis L., Herman P., Eke A. The modified beer–lambert law revisited. Phys.
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