IoT ENABLED NON-INVASIVE HEMOLOBIN

MEASUREMENT DEVICE

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

SANGAVI S (20106034)
SHARMITHA S (20106037)
SHOBANA M (20106038)
VIMALA K (20106048)

In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN
BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

FOR WOMEN [Autonomous]
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi

Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25, An ISO 9001-2008

Certified Institution
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. – 637205.
MAY-2024

i
 VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOR WOMEN [Autonomous]
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25, An ISO 9001-2008 Certified Institution
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. – 637205.

COLLEGE VISION

To impart value based Hi-tech education to women in order to face the global
competition and to empower them to the new era of technology.

COLLEGE MISSION

 To provide holistic education through innovative teaching-learning practices.

 To instill self - confidence among rural students by supplementing with co-

curricular and extra-curricular activities.
 To inculcate the spirit of innovation through training, research and development
 To provide industrial exposure to meet the global challenges.
 To create an environment for continual progress through lifelong learning.

DEPARTMENT VISION

To delegate a high-grade woman biomedical engineer for contemporary and ethical

research for the society in the health care field and to furnish industry oriented
enlightenment.

DEPARTMENT MISSION

Department of BME is committed to

 To create a new technology in the healthcare field, provide to study human
anatomy and physiology along with the engineering principles.
 To satisfy the industrial need, necessary trainings provide for the future
biomedical engineers.
 Impart and improve self-educated skills and entrepreneurship qualities.

ii
 VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOR WOMEN [Autonomous]
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi
Affiliated to Anna University, Chennai-25, An ISO 9001-2008 Certified Institution
Elayampalayam, Tiruchengode, Namakkal Dt. – 637205.

B. E. – BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING

Regulation 2019

CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM

PROGRAMME EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs):

Graduated of Biomedical Engineering will
PEO’S

 Demonstrate their skills in solving challenges in their chosen field through the
core foundation and knowledge acquired in engineering and biology.
 Exhibit leadership, make decisions with societal and ethical responsibilities,
function and communicate effectively in multidisciplinary settings.
 Recognize the need for sustaining and expanding their technical competence and
engage in learning opportunities throughout their careers.

PROGRAMME OUTCOMES (POs):

PO 1. Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.

PO 2. Identify, formulate, review research literature, and analyze complex engineering

problems reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural
sciences, and engineering sciences.

PO 3. Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system

components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for
the public health and safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.

iii
PO 4. Use research-based knowledge and research methods including design of
experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions.

PO 5. Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern

engineering and IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding of the limitations.

PO 6. Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,

safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the
professional engineering practice.

PO 7. Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal and

environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable
development.

PO 8. Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.

PO 9. Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse teams,

and in multidisciplinary settings.

PO10.Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering

community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.

PO 11.Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and management

principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to
manage projects and in multidisciplinary environments.

PO 12. Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in
independent and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.

PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs):

At the end of this program, graduate will be able to:

PSO1.Design and develop diagnostic and therapeutic devices those reduces physician

iv
burnout and enhance the quality of life for the end user by applying fundamentals of
Biomedical Engineering.

PSO2. To apply software skills in developing algorithms for solving healthcare related
prob

lems in various fields of Medical sector.

PSO3.To adapt to emerging information and communication technologies (ICT) to

innovate ideas and solutions for current societal and scientific issues thereby developing
indigenous medical instruments that are on par with the existing technology.

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 VIVEKANANDHA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FOR WOMEN (AUTONOMOUS)

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “IoT ENABLED NON-INVASIVE

HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT DEVICE” is the bonafide work of “SANGAVI
S (20106034), SHARMITHA S (20106037), SHOBANA M (20106038), VIMALA K
(20106048)” who carried out the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE OF HOD SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR

Dr.R.KUMAR M.E.,Ph.D.,
Dr.R.KUMAR M.E.,Ph.D.,
HOD/BME HOD/BME
Vivekanandha College of Engineering
Vivekanandha College of Engineering for
for Women (Autonomous)
Women (Autonomous)
Tiruchengode.
Tiruchengode.

Submitted to the Viva voce Examination held on

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

vi
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are in immense pleasure and privilege to thank our honorable Chairman &
Secretary, Vidya Ratna Prof. Dr. M. KARUNANITHI B.Pharm., MS., Ph.D., D.litt.,
Vivekanandha Educational Institutions, who is our inspiration.

We would like to express our deep gratitude and thanks to our honorable
Executive Director, Prof. S. KUPPUSWAMI B.E, M.Sc. (Engg), Dr. Ing (France)
who always motivate us towards our academic development.

We wish to express our profound thanks to our beloved and honorable

Principal, Dr.KCK.VIJAYAKUMAR M.E.,Ph.D.,FIE., for all the facilities and
support provided during the period of Project work.

We are extremely grateful and deeply indebted to our Head of the Department
Dr.R.KUMAR M.E.,Ph.D., Department of Electronics and Communication
Engineering for her encouragement and support for completing the Project successfully.

We wish to thank our Project coordinator Mr.R.DHANAPAL M.E., Assistant

Professor/BME for his kind support and guidance in completion of our Project report
writing successfully.

We express our sincere thanks and regards to our guide, Dr.R.KUMAR

M.E.,Ph.D., Head of the Department/BME for her encouragement and valuable
suggestions throughout the Project.

We convey our immense gratitude to our department teaching and non-teaching

staff members for their support and encouragement throughout our project work.
We thank our parents, friends and everyone else for all that they have done behind us to
complete our project work successfully.

vii
 ABSTRACT

Hemoglobin estimation is a crucial aspect of medical diagnostics,

providing valuable information about a person's health status. Traditional
methods of measuring hemoglobin levels often require invasive procedures,
such as blood draws, which will be uncomfortable for patients and time-
consuming for healthcare providers. The invasive method is an expensive-
process as it involves the reagents for both the hospital and patients. In this
paper, we propose IoT enabled non-invasive approach for Hemoglobin
measurement. The project involves the use of both hardware and software
components. The Hemoglobin is measured at the tip of finger, the LED’s at
the wavelength of 670nm and 940nm are used as a light source. The
transmitted lightis detected by the OPT 101 photodetector and data is
collected through ESP8266 Microcontroller and shows the output in LCD
display, which is also interfaced with PC system or any other IoT system.
We have used novel approach to hemoglobin estimation using Internet of
Things (IoT) technology. By leveraging IoT devices and sensors, we have
developed a non-invasive method that can measure hemoglobin levels in
real-time without drawing blood samples. Real time monitoring and
infection free operation can be achieved through non- invasive method. It
measures the hemoglobin level continuously for the people in rural and
urban areas.

Keywords: Hemoglobin estimation, Non –invasive, Internet of things

(IoT)

viii
 TABLE OF
CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO. PARTICULAR PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Vii
ABSTRACT
Viii
LIST OF TABLES Xi
LIST OF FIGURES Xii
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS Xii
i
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE 2
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY 7
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM 11
2.2.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM 13
3 PROPOSED SYSTEM 14

3.1 HEMOGLOBIN 15
3.2 ANEMIA 16
3.3 THEORY OF OPERATION OF OPTICAL
METHOD
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM

4 MODULES DESCRIPTION 17
4.1 LED DRIVER 17
4.2 LED 670nm and 940nm 17

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 4.3 OPT 101 SENSOR 22
4.4 ESP8266 MICROCONTROLLER 23

4.6 THINKSPEAK WEBPAGE 25

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 40

5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION 40
5.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATION 41
41
6 CONCLUSION 43

6.1 CONCLUSION 43
REFERENCE 44
APPENDIX I 46

x
xi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO NAME OF THE FIGURE PAGE NO

3.1 STRUCTURE OF HEMOGLOBIN 15
3.3 ABSORPTION PROPERTIES OF TISSUE 16
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM 18
4.3 a) OPT101 SENSOR 22
4.3 b) PIN DIAGRAM OF SENSOR 23
4.4 a) ESP8266 MICROCONTROLLER 25
4.4 b) PIN DIAGRAM OF MICROCONTROLLER 26
4.5 a) LCD DISPLAY 36
4.5 PIN DIAGRAM OF LCD DIAGRAM 40
b)

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO NAME OF THE TABLE PAGE NO
2.1.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY
3.2 HEMOGLOBIN RANGE
4.3 C) PIN CONFIGURATION

xii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
In Today’s world scenario, Anemia is a major worldwide public health
issue. A condition when the amount of hemoglobin drops below normal
is called anemia, and when it exceed normal is called polycythemia.
According to the World Health organisation (WHO), around 1.6 billion
people which is about 30 percent of the total population are suffering
from anemia. Pregnant women, Preschool children and Teenagers are a
part of this vulnerable group of anemia. Iron-deficiency anemia is the
most common type of malnutrition is ranked as the eighth leading cause
of disease In young women in developing countries. Hemoglobin is the
main component of red blood cell which is used to transport oxygen from
the lungs to the other tissues in body, exchange oxygen with carbon
dioxide, and then transporting carbon dioxide back to the lungs to
exchange it for oxygen .Hemoglobin contains four protein molecules
called globulin chains. In every globulin chain, there is important central
structure called the heme molecule. Heme molecule contains iron that is
responsible to transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide and make red
color in blood. Reliable indicators for anemia is the concentration of
hemoglobin in blood. Hemoglobin is usually measured by using invasive
methods such as cyanmethemoglobin or automated hematology
anmalyzer. These methods gave very accurate and reliable result, but
have some disadvantages which are expensive, high infection risk, and

13
when blood sample is far away from the laboratory it will need more time
to transport the sample and can causes delay on the measurement result.
The non-invasive methods became popular alternative for hemoglobin
measurement because it require no blood sample, no scars, minimum
infection risk, patient can be monitored in real time, and portable in size .
One of the non-invasive method to measure hemoglobin concentration
that is widely used is optical technique, using the principle of
transmission spectroscopy and Beer Lambert Law to analyze the
concentration of hemoglobin in blood. In general, spectroscopy requires
the transmission of near-infrared light to the tissue, and it measures the
transmitted light. The intensity of the transmitted light depends on the
properties of the exposed tissue and blood hemoglobin concentration. To
cancel the static properties of tissue, such as tissue thickness, normally,
two wavelengths of light sources are used, which are in the visible and
near-infrared range. The method is called the photoplethysmography
method (PPG). PPG is the method used for measuring the transmission or
reflection of light through the blood volume for observing the pulsatile
changes of blood volume in the microvascular bed of the tissue. This
non-invasive optical measurement method is based on radiation of visible
and infrared light at the ranges of 660 and 940 nm, respectively. The
detector detects the transmitted light through the finger. To achieve the
mathematical conversion from the detected light intensity at different
wavelengths to hemoglobin concentration, the modified Beer–Lambert
law is used and further improved by readjusting the outcome respective

14
to the result from the cyanmethemoglobin method. This project presents
a noninvasive hemoglobin concentration monitoring method using the
optical sensor by studying the light absorbance of hemoglobin at the
wavelengths of 670 and 940 nm, and subsequently using the modified
Beer–Lambert law to calculate the relative hemoglobin concentration.
The Hb value is displayed in the LCD display and for the real time
monitoring of the hemoglobin the value is also displayed in the webpage.

1.1 OBJECTIVE

Anemia is the most common nutritional deficiency disorder in the world.

WHO defines anemia is a condition in which the Hemoglobin (Hb)
content of blood is lower than normal as a result of deficiency of one or
more essential nutrients. There are number of methods available for
estimating Hb value in blood. Current methods require an invasive and
painful needle stick to draw a blood sample. Then it is sent to a
laboratory for analysis, with results reported back to the physician later,
potentially resulting in diagnosis and treatment delay. There is a
requirement for simple method suitable in rural settings. A non-invasive
method allows pain free online patient monitoring system with minimum
risk of infection. This research aims to develop a system which is
working on the optical properties exhibited by Hemoglobin components
and analyze the optical absorption and scattering characteristics of
oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin with different wave length of

15
 Light sources.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE
SURVEY

2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW

[1] NONINVASIVE PORTABLE HAEMOGLOBIN

CONCENTRATION MONITORING SYSTEM USING OPTICAL
SENSOR FOR ANEMIA DISEASE
In this paper they have used two wavelength LED in reflectance mode.
They have used MAX30100 sensor as a light source and they used modified
Beer Lambert’s Law for better understanding of absorption properties of
tissue. They have concluded that, they have tested 11 subjects and provided
an acceptable result of hemoglobin concentration with an accuracy of
90.9%, within 15% of the acceptable error range.

16
[2] NON-INVASIVE HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT USING
EMBEDDED PLATFORM
In this paper they have used transmittance method. It involves the use of
five different wavelength LED’s. They have used OPT 101 with an on-chip
photo detector and trans-impedance amplifier. They have replaced the
microcontroller with Arduino Uno.They have observed that hemoglobin
estimation with three wavelengths (670nm / 810nm / 950nm) was good
with the mean absolute error between reference values and the estimated
hemoglobin to 1.3778 gm/dL. To improve our measurement accuracy and
error, another two different LED wavelengths (770nm / 850nm) were also
used.

[3] NON-INVASIVE HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

USING IOT AND MOBILE DEVICES
This paper involves the use of IoT based devices for real time monitoring.
Here they have used Arduino interfaced with ESP8266 wi-fi module for
continuous monitoring. They have concluded that using this system public
can measure Hemoglobin by their own without need any hospital or testing
lab support without any discomfort. This system has less expensive than the
existing invasive methods.

[4] NON-INVASIVE HEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT FOR

17
ANEMIA DIAGNOSIS
In this paper they have used the spectroscopy method with the two LED’s
of wavelength 670nm and 940nm. They have also determined the status of
anemia by calculating the concentration of the Hb value. They were
conducted test for 78 subjects of pregnant women with good health
condition. Data from 21 subjects were used for training while the remaining
57 subjects were used for testing. Linear regression was used to obtain the
conversion formula from training data to Hb concentration value. The
accuracy of the new non invasive device was 69.2%.

[5] WEARABLE PHOTOPLETHYSMOGRAPHIC SENSORS-PAST

AND PRESENT
This paper involves the concept and principles of photoplethysmograph.
They have used the PPG technique to develop small,wearable pulse rate
sensor. They have concluded that green light PPG sensors minimize motion
artifacts. However, better accuracy and reproducibility of real environments
are required to eliminate motion artifacts. Further research is needed for the
development of practical wearable PPG pulse rate monitors and pulse
oximeters.

2.1.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY

2.1.1 LITERATURE SUMMARY

18
S.NO NAME OF TITLE YEAR INFERENCE
THE
AUTHOR
1. Pintavirooj.C Noninvasive 2021 In this paper they have used
Portable the modified Beer
Haemoglobin Lambert’s law. The Beer
Concentration Lambert’s law could be
Monitoring used for only one LED
System Using which will not give the
Optical Sensor accurate results. In
For Anemia modified Beer’s Lambert’s
Disease. law we can use two LED’s,
will gives the better
understanding of the
absorption properties of
tissue.
2. Caje Pinto Non-Invasive 2020 In this paper they have used
Hemoglobin OPT 101 sensor which
Measurement contains built in trans-
Using Embedded impedance amplifier and
platform. photodetector, so any
additional amplifying
circuit is not necessary. So
we have choosed OPT 101
sensor in our project .

3. V. Sophia Non-Invasive 2020 In this paper the have used

Varghees Hemoglobin the Arduino and ESP8266
Measurement as wi-fi module. But we
System Using Iot have used the ESP32
And Mobile microcontroller which has
Devices. built in wi-fi and Bluetooth
module that enables
wireless communication.
4. Raditya Artha Non-Invasive 2017 In this paper they have used

19
 Rochmanto Hemoglobin spectroscopy method with
Measurement For photoplethysmograph
Anemia technique. They used the
Diagnosis. LED’s wavelength of
670nm and 970nm which
gives the high accuracy.
We have used these two
wavelength in our project.

5. Toshiyo Wearable 2014 In this paper they have used

Tamura Photoplethysmog the photoplethysmograph
raphic Sensors- technique to develop the
past And Present pulse rate senser. We have
used the PPG principal for
the our project which gives
volumetric changes of
blood.

20
2.2 EXISTING SYSTEM

Currently a number of methods are available for measuring hemoglobin.

There are invasive and non-invasive methods for assessing hemoglobin level
in one’s blood. The non-invasive methods are pallor test and optical method.
The pallor test is done by verifying the colour of the lips, tongue, palms and
the areas under the finger nails. The paleness of the areas examined may be
able to identify a person to suffer from anemia with a certain probability. So
severe level of anemia only detected and the mild or moderate level of anemia
may be undetected. In this method the result is highly subjective and the result
vary as per the viewing angle of the observer. The another method for
measuring hemoglobin is optical method. The optical property of hemoglobin
products can be used for measuring hemoglobin non-invasively. In optical
method the different transmission, absorption and reflection levels of light at
different wavelengths by hemoglobin products are considered. Recently, there
are many devices are available for measuring hemoglobin level in the blood.
Some of the prominent devices are

 Haemospect by MBR optical system

GmbH,Germany
 Pronto 7, by Masimo Corporation
 Radical-7, by Masimo Corporation
 NBM 200 by Or Sense Limited, Israel

The optical method is existing but not commercially available because of it’s
reliability and accuracy.

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2.2.1 DRAWBACKS OF EXISTING SYSTEM:
 It requires the ejection of blood from the patient which may cause pain
and discomfort to the patient.
 It can be time consuming and requires the sophisticated equipments for
the estimation of hemoglobin.
 It also requires trained persons for the estimation and has the risk of
infection during the ejection of blood.
 It cannot be suitable for real time monitoring.

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 CHAPTER-3

3.1 HEMOGLOBIN
Hemoglobin is an important constituent of blood. Hemoglobin is the
combination of porphyrin known as heme and the histone known as globin.
The heme contains iron in ferrous state in the porphyrin ring (Ramakrishnan et
al. 1989). Blood consists of red blood cells which are most of the porphyrins.
Histones are dilute acids which soluble in water. Globins are examples of
histones. The combination of heme with globin gives hemoglobin (Hb).

3.1 Structure of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin has a quaternary structure characteristic of many multi-subunit

globular proteins. The quaternary structure is the arrangement of multiple
folded protein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex. Most
of the amino acids in hemoglobin form alpha helices, connected by short non-
helical segments. Hydrogen bonds stabilize the helical sections inside this
protein, causing attractions within the molecule, folding each polypeptide
chain into a specific shape. Hemoglobin's quaternary structure comes from its

23
four subunits in roughly a tetrahedral arrangement.

Hb is classified as transport protein. Hemoglobin does a vital function in

human body of transportation of Oxygen to tissues from lungs. It also helps in
the transport of CO2 to lungs from tissues. In the transportation process, heme
alone cannot combine with oxygen reversibly as it happens in hemoglobin.
Human hemoglobin contains 34% of Iron that corresponds to a molecular
weight of 16,400. The loose complex of Hb with O2 is called Oxyhemoglobin.
In this combination, ferrous ion is not oxidized, though oxygen is
accommodated. The Oxygenation of Hb to HbO2 is a typical reversible
reaction and obeys the law of Mass Action (Ramakrishnan et al. 1989). The
amount of oxyhemoglobin is directly proportional to oxygen tension. That is
the partial pressure of oxygen. At high oxygen tension, such as in the lungs,
more HbO2 is formed. In tissues where oxygen pressure is less HbO2
disassociated. This reversible reaction is the most advantageous for service of
oxygen to tissues and organs in human body. Hb combines with carbon
monoxide (CO) irreversibly to form carboxy hemoglobin. Treatment of
oxyhemoglobin with potassium ferricyanide oxidizes ferrous state of ion in
hemoglobin to ferric state and methemoglobin is formed. Carboxy hemoglobin
and methemoglobin prevent the combination of oxygen with hemoglobin. So,
CO and Cyanide that make Hb to form carboxy hemoglobin and
methemoglobin are known as poisons, as the formation of these compounds
make it impossible for Hb in blood to carry oxygen to the tissues that is very
much essential for life. In human blood, hemoglobin is found in
oxyhemoglobin, carboxy hemoglobin, methemoglobin and Hb (reduced Hb).
Of these forms, oxyhemoglobin and reduced Hb are available in appreciable

24
portion in blood and the others are found in traces.
Hemoglobin is formed in the bone marrow. The hemoglobin has a lifetime of
120 days, after which it is broken into many components including bilirubin. It
is estimated that a man weighing 75 kg will have about 750 gm. of Hb in his
blood circulation. About 6.25 gm. of Hb is produced every day. For keeping
up the desired level of hemoglobin, it is essential that the man consumes
adequate quantity of iron. A normal adult male is expected to have Hb in the
range of 13 to 16gm / dl. Normal adult female is expected to have Hb in the
range of 12 to 15 gm / dl. Whenever there is a fall in Hb value, it is corrected
by the metabolism of the body and intake of nutritious food.

3.2 ANEMIA
The Hb level reduction in blood is undesirable. The reduction may be due to
deficiency of iron, folic acid and Vitamin B12. Of these iron deficiency is the
most prevalent. The condition of reduced Hb level in blood is called anemia.
Depending on the level of anemia in one’s blood one can be classified as
normal, mildly anemic, moderately anemic or severely anemic. The world
health organization (WHO) defines the Hemoglobin concentration ranges
(gm/dl) for different ages for different levels of anemia.
Hemoglobin concentration ranges (gm/dl) for different ages for different
levels of anemia

Age Mild Moderate Severe

6-59 months 10-10.9 7-9.9 <7
5-11 years 11-11.4 8-10.9 <8
12-14 years 11-11.9 8-10.9 <8

25
 Female >14 years 11-11.9 8-10.9 <8
Male >14 years 11-12.9 8-10.9 <8
3.2 Hemoglobin Concentration Ranges
The main reasons behind such an alarming situation of prevalence of anemia
can be poverty, inadequate diet, certain diseases such as thalessemia and
leukemia, pregnancy and lactation and poor access to medical facilities
Anemia, either mild or moderate or severe, is not a disease. It is a health
condition requiring immediate attention and correction. Otherwise, it may lead
to far-reaching consequences resulting in adverse effect on the health of the
individual. The consequences may be physical productivity losses in adults
and impairments of learning and motor activities in children. Anemia can also
cause reduction in levels of energy and productivity and impairment of
immune system. Since adolescent girls have a higher requirement of iron due
to blood loss during menstruation, they are more prone to being anemic. If
these girls in their late teens enter motherhood with anemia, as found in
developing countries, they will be exposed to a number of risks associated
with pregnancy and child birth. It is estimated that globally, 29.4% of women
in reproductive age are anemic. This figure rises to a level of 38.2% for
pregnant women.
Anemia during Pregnancy is with dreaded consequences. This is mainly
because the problem of anemia not only affects the mother who is anemic but
also the child. Anemia in pregnancy may result in situations such as stillbirths,
maternal mortality, infant mortality and /or babies with low birth weights
(WHO report 2006). In fact maternal mortality rate is still high in many
developing countries. Currently, as per the report by WHO, it is estimated that

26
300,000 women die during pregnancy or childbirth worldwide in a year.
Population Action International says that that the probability of dying during
pregnancy or childbirth is 33 times greater in third world countries than in the
developed countries. However, timely identification and treatment of anemia
goes a long way in providing relief from unwarranted complications. Anemia
in adolescent Pregnancy is considered more serious than the anemia in
pregnancy in women who have crossed adolescence.
Anemia in pregnancy can be successfully managed through accurate and
acceptable methods of determining anemia, evaluating its severity and closely
monitoring the patient’s response to treatment. Mild anemic condition, if
identified and treated in time, is likely to prevent the further complications. If
anemia is severe in pregnancy, blood transfusion may have to be carried out
with the associated risks. To prevent these complications, there is a
requirement for a system to detect anemia early enabling a control and
management mechanism to take care of the patients before the development
of complications.

3.3 THEORY OF OPERATION OF OPTICAL METHODS

The optical property of Hb products can be used to develop a noninvasive

method for Hb estimation. Different transmission, absorption and reflection
levels of light at different wavelengths by Hb products are considered. It is
found that Hb in blood is available as different components such as
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2 or oxygenated Hemoglobin), Hemoglobin (Hb, also
known as reduced Hb), Carboxyhemoglobin (HbCO) and methemoglobin. Of
these, HbO2 and Hb are main forms that are available in blood. The other

27
Carboxyhemoglobin and methemoglobin are available only in traces. In the
lungs, Hb absorbs oxygen readily and forms a loose component HbO2. The
reaction is freely reversible.
Hb + O2 ↔HbO2
This oxygen rich HbO2 is mainly available in arteries. Hb is available in veins
and in capillaries, both the forms are available. For determining the level of
Hb in one’s blood, the levels of HbO2 and Hb in a particular volume of blood
are considered. It is found that HbO2 and Hb have different optical properties.
That is, the absorption, transmission and scattering of light by Hb products are
dependent on the wavelength of incident light. The Molar extinction
coefficient shown can be converted into absorption coefficient simply by
multiplying the same by 2.303.

3.3 Absorption Properties of Tissue

The most noticeable differences between absorption coefficients of HbO2 and

Hb are between 550 to 800 nm. This characteristic led to the development of

28
oximetry utilizing the differential light absorption of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. Human skin has melanin in variable concentration.
Melanin and hemoglobin strongly absorb light up to visible ranges and they
present low absorption in the near-infrared range. It can be seen that the
complete absorption of light is noticed up to a wavelength of 550 nm by HbO2
and up to a wavelength of 700 nm by Hb. Absorption by HbO2 is minimum at
603 nm and both Hb and HbO2 absorb same amount at 805 nm. These
features are used in pulse oximetry. The fingertip is considered to be a slab
made-up of skin, tissues and blood. The light with lower wavelength is
absorbed and only a fraction of light is reflected at the skin surface. The
higher wavelength light is transmitted at the skin and tissue surface. The
amount of transmitted light is dependent on the Hb concentration of blood.
The amount of light transmitted is inversely proportional to the Hb
concentration in blood. The extent of penetration is also dependent on the Hb
concentration in blood. The basis for determining the extent of penetration of
light into the fingertip is Modified Beer’s law.
3.4 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

29
BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:
The LED driver circuit is used as a power supply for the LEDs and it can
protect LEDs from voltage or current fluctuations as any changes in voltage
can cause change in the current being supplied to the LEDs. So the LED
driver circuit can provide the LEDs with the electricity they need to function
and perform at their best. Then the light from the LEDs with different
wavelength of 670nm and 940nm are passed through the finger. The light was
absorbed by the haemoglobin in the blood and the remaining light is
transmitted. Then the transmitted light is captured by the OPT101 photodiode
which has a built in transimpedance amplifier which encounters leakage
current errors and noise pick-up. The signal was transferred to the ESP8266

30
microcontroller for processing of signals. The ESP8266 microcontroller has
analogy to digital converter which converts analog signal into the digital
values and it has a built in Wi-Fi module. After the conversion process, the
result is calibrated by comparing it with the invasive method and the Hb value
is displayed in the LCD display. And also it can be viewed through
Thingspeak webpage which is connected by using the wifi module in
microntroller. The thingspeak webpage helps for real time monitoring of
hemoglobin.

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 CHAPTER 4
MODULE DESCRIPTION
The specification of hardware and sotware involves LED driver, LED 670nm
and 940nm, OPT101 Photodiode, ESP8266 microcontroller, 16x2 LCD
display, ThinkSpeak website.
4.1. LED DRIVER :
An LED driver is a self contained power supply which regulates the power
required for an LED or array of LEDs. The light emitting diodes are low
energy, lighting devices with a long lifespan and low energy consumption,
hence the requirement for specialized power supplies. An LED light driver is
somewhat like cruise control in a car, the power level required changes
throughout the LED’s temperature increases and decreases. Without the
correct LED light driver the LEDs would become too hot and unstable
resulting in failure and bad performance. To ensure the LEDs function
perfectly the self contained LED driver is required to supply a maintained
constant amount of power to the LED.
The LEDs provide low voltage and protection for the LEDs.

 Provides low voltage

Individual LED bulbs operate at voltages ranging from about 1.5 to 3.5
volts and currents of up to a maximum of 30mA. The domestic bulbs
may consist of several bulbs, in series and parallel combinations and
which requires a total voltage of between 12 and 24 V DC. The LED
driver rectifies the AC and lowers the level to suit the requirements.
This means converting the high AC mains voltage which ranges from
120 Volts to 277Volts, to the required low DC voltage.

32
 Provides protection to the LED bulbs
The LED drivers provide protection to the LED bulbs against current
and voltage fluctuations. The drivers ensure that the voltage and current
to the LED bulbs remains within the operating range of the LEDs
regardless of fluctuations in the mains supply. The protection avoids
providing too much voltage and current that would degrade the LEDs or
too low current that would reduce the light output.

4.2 LED 670nm and 940nm:

LED 670nm is the red light with absorbs the more deoxygenated
hemoglobin, making it ideal for assessing hemoglobin concentration, while
oxygenated hemoglobin absorbs less at this wavelength, providing a
constrast that can be quantitatively analyzed. LED 940nm is the infrared
light on the other hand, penetrates deeper into the tissues which absorbs
more oxyhemoglobin but is sensitive to the overall hemoglobin content.

4.3 OPT101 SENSOR:

The OPT101 Is a monolithic photodiode with an on-chip, transimpedance

amplifier, making it a compact and convenient solution for light detection
applications. This integration simplifies design efforts and improves
performance by reducing the number of components required for light
detection systems. The photodiode operates in the photoconductive mode,
offering a wide dynamic range and excellent linearity in response to light
intensity It is housed typically in a clear, plastic package, the OPT101 is
designed to be responsive across a broad spectrum of light, making it suitable

33
for a variety of applications, from basic light detection to more complex tasks
like spectroscopy, optical power measurement, and position sensing. Its
internal amplifier boosts the small signal from the photodiode, making it
easier to interface with microcontrollers or analog-to-digital converters
without the need for additional amplification stages.

4.3 a) OPT101 Sensor

The device operates from a single power supply, ranging from 2.7V to 36V,
which allows for flexible usage in both low-power and high-precision
applications. The OPT101 provides a linear output voltage proportional to the
light intensity, simplifying the task of light measurement and control in
embedded systems. Additionally, its low dark current and noise contribute to
high accuracy in low-light conditions. One of the significant advantages of the
OPT101 is its ease of use, requiring minimal external components to function.
This characteristic, combined with its robustness and reliability, makes it an
attractive choice for designers and hobbyists alike. Whether for industrial
instrumentation, consumer electronics, or educational projects, the OPT101
offers a straightforward, efficient pathway for incorporating light sensing into
a wide array of products and projects.

34
SPECIFICATION:
 Single Supply: 2.7 to 36 V
 High Responsivity: 0.45 A/W (1100 nm)
 Bandwidth: 14 kHz at RF = 1 MΩ
 Internal 1-MΩ Feedback Resistor
 Photodiode Size: 0.090 inch × 0.090 inch
 Low Quiescent Current: 120 µa

The OPT101 is a monolithic photodiode with on-chip transimpedance

amplifier. The integrated combination of photodiode and transimpedance
amplifier on a single chip eliminates the problems commonly encountered in
discrete designs, such as leakage current errors, noise pick-up, and gain
peaking as a result of stray capacitance. Output voltage increases linearly with
light intensity. The 0.09 inch × 0.09 inch (2.29 mm × 2.29 mm). The amplifier
is designed for single or dual power-supply operation. Photodiode operates in
the photoconductive mode for excellent linearity and low dark current. The
OPT101 operates from 2.7 V to 36 V supplies and quiescent current is only
120 μA. This device is available in clear plastic 8-pin PDIP, and J-lead SOP
for surface mounting. The temperature range is 0° to 70°C.

35
 4.3 b) Pin Diagram of Sensor

PIN DIAGRAM

PIN

I/O DESCRIPTION
NO. NAME

1 VS Power Power supply of device. Apply 2.7 V to 36

V relative to –V pin.
Negative input of op amp and the cathode
2 –In Input of the photodiode. Either do not connect, or
apply additional op amp feedback.
Most negative power supply. Connect to
3 –V Power ground or a negative voltage that meets the
recommended operating conditions.

36
4 1MΩ Input Connection to internal feedback network.
Feedback Typically connect to Output, pin 5.
5 Output Output Output of device.
6 NC — Do not connect
7 NC — Do not connect
8 Common Input Anode of the photodiode. Typically,
connect to ground.

4.3 C) Pin Configuration

APPLICATION:
 Medical Instrumentation
 Laboratory Instrumentation
 Position and Proximity Sensors
 Smoke Detectors
 Photographic Analyzers

4.4 ESP8266 MICROCINTROLLER

The ESP8266 microcontroller is a versatile and cost-effective solution for IoT
(Internet of Things) applications, renowned for its affordability, compact size,
and built-in Wi-Fi connectivity. Developed by Espressif Systems, the
ESP8266 has gained widespread popularity since its release in 2014,
empowering hobbyists, engineers, and developers to create connected devices

37
easily. At the heart of the ESP8266 lies a powerful Tensilica L106 32-bit
microcontroller unit (MCU), capable of running at clock speeds of up to 160
MHz. Despite its modest processing power compared to more advanced
microcontrollers, the8266 is more than capable of handling a wide range of
IoT tasks, including sensor data acquisition, communication with cloud
services, and even running lightweight web servers.

4.4 a) ESP8266 Microcontroller

One of the standout features of the ESP8266 is its built-in Wi-Fi connectivity,
which enables seamless communication with local networks and the internet.
This capability allows IoT devices based on the ESP8266 to transmit and
receive data wirelessly, opening up a world of possibilities for remote
monitoring, control, and automation. The ESP8266 is supported by a vibrant
and active community, which has developed an extensive ecosystem of
libraries, frameworks, and development tools. This support ecosystem
simplifies the process of programming and deploying applications on the
ESP8266, even for those with limited experience in embedded systems
development. Programming the ESP8266 can be done using a variety of
development environments, including the Arduino IDE, PlatformIO, and the

38
Espressif IoT Development Framework (ESP-IDF). These tools provide a
familiar and user-friendly interface for writing, compiling, and uploading code
to the ESP8266, abstracting away much of the complexity of low-level
embedded programming.

4.4 b) Pin Diagram of ESP8266

In addition to its software capabilities, the ESP8266 also boasts a rich set of
hardware peripherals, including GPIO (General Purpose Input/Output) pins,
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), I2C (Inter-Integrated Circuit), UART
(Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter), and ADC (Analog-to-Digital
Converter) interfaces. These peripherals allow the ESP8266 to interface with a
wide range of sensors, actuators, displays, and other external devices, making
it highly adaptable to different application requirements.
The ESP8266 can also be used in robotics projects, sensor networks, and other
applications that require wireless communication. Programming the ESP8266
is relatively easy thanks to the availability of libraries and development tools.
The ESP8266 can be programmed using the Arduino IDE, which is a popular

39
platform for developing embedded systems. There are also several third-party
libraries available that make it easy to interface with sensors, actuators, and
other components.
To get started with programming the ESP8266, you will need to install the
necessary software and set up your development environment. The first step is
to download and install the Arduino IDE from the official website. Next, you
will need to install the ESP8266 board support package by following the
instructions on the Arduino website. Once you have set up your development
environment, you can start writing code for the ESP8266. The ESP8266 can
be programmed using the Arduino programming language, which is based on
C/C++.

SPECIFICATION
HARDWARE:
 CPU -Tensilica L106 32-bit processor
 Peripheral interface-UART/SDIO/SPI/I2C/I2S/IR Remote Control
GPIO/ADC/PWM/LED Light & Button
 Operating Voltage- 2.5 V ~ 3.6 V
 Operating Current Average value- 80 mA
 Operating Temperature Range –40 °C ~ 125 °C
 Package Size QFN32-pin (5 mm x 5 mm)

SOFTWARE:
 Wi-Fi Mode- Station/SoftAP/SoftAP+Station
 Security- WPA/WPA2
 Encryption-WEP/TKIP/AES

40
  Network Protocols- IPv4, TCP/UDP/HTTP
 User Configuration - AT Instruction Set, Cloud Server, Android/iOS
App

Wi-Fi:
 Protocols- 802.11 b/g/n (HT20)
 Frequency Range- 2.4 GHz ~ 2.5 GHz
 Antenna- PCB Trace, External, IPEX Connector, Ceramic Chip

4.5 16x2 LCD DISPLAY

The 16x2 LCD display Is a ubiquitous and versatile component commonly
used in electronics projects and consumer products for displaying
alphanumeric characters. Comprising 16 columns and 2 rows, it can show up
to 32 characters simultaneously, making it an ideal choice for a wide range of
applications that require a simple, interactive user interface. This display has
found its way into numerous devices, from simple DIY projects to
sophisticated industrial controls, due to its cost-effectiveness, ease of use, and
straightforward interfacing with microcontrollers and computers. The 16x2
LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) utilizes the properties of liquid crystals to
modulate light. These displays are typically based on the Hitachi HD44780
controller or a compatible chipset, which manages the display’s operations
and communicates with the external microcontroller. The HD44780 controller
simplifies the process of displaying Characters and controlling the cursor
through a well-defined set of instructions, enabling clear and concise
communication between the display and the controlling device. The term LCD
stands for liquid crystal display. It is one kind of electronic display module

41
used in an extensive range of applications like various circuits & devices like
mobile phones, calculators, computers, TV sets, etc. These displays are mainly
preferred for multi-segment light-emitting diodes and seven segments. The
main benefits of using this module are inexpensive; simply programmable,
animations, and there are no limitations for displaying custom characters,
special and even animations, etc.

4.5 a) LCD Display

PIN DESCRIPTION:

Pin1 (Ground/Source Pin): This is a GND pin of display, used to connect the
GND terminal of the microcontroller unit or power source.
Pin2 (VCC/Source Pin): This is the voltage supply pin of the display, used to
connect the supply pin of the power source.
Pin3 (V0/VEE/Control Pin): This pin regulates the difference of the display,
used to connect a changeable POT that can supply 0 to 5V.

42
Pin4 (Register Select/Control Pin): This pin toggles among command or
data register, used to connect a microcontroller unit pin and obtains either 0 or
1(0 = data mode, and 1 = command mode).
Pin5 (Read/Write/Control Pin): This pin toggles the display among the read
or writes operation, and it is connected to a microcontroller unit pin to get
either 0 or 1 (0 = Write Operation, and 1 = Read Operation).
Pin 6 (Enable/Control Pin): This pin should be held high to execute
Read/Write process, and it is connected to the microcontroller unit &
constantly held high.
Pins 7-14 (Data Pins): These pins are used to send data to the display. These
pins are connected in two-wire modes like 4-wire mode and 8-wire mode. In
4-wire mode, only four pins are connected to the microcontroller unit like 0 to
3, whereas in 8-wire mode, 8-pins are connected to microcontroller unit like 0
to 7.
Pin15 (+ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to +5V
Pin 16 (-ve pin of the LED): This pin is connected to GND.

43
 4.5 b) Pin Diagram of LCD Display

FEATURES OF LCD 16X2

The features of this LCD mainly include the following.

 The operating voltage of this LCD is 4.7V-5.3V

 It includes two rows where each row can produce 16-characters.
 The utilization of current is 1mA with no backlight
 Every character can be built with a 5×8 pixel box
 The alphanumeric LCDs alphabets & numbers
 Is display can work on two modes like 4-bit & 8-bit

44
  These are obtainable in Blue & Green Backlight
 It displays a few custom generated characters

4.6 THINGSPEAK WEBPAGE

ThingSpeak is an IoT (Internet of Things) platform that enables users to

collect, analyze, visualize, and act on data from sensors or actuators connected
to devices across the internet. Developed by MathWorks, the creators of
MATLAB, ThingSpeak provides a robust environment specifically designed
for IoT applications, with an emphasis on ease of use and integration with data
analysis and visualization tools.

KEY FEATURES OF THINGSPEAK:

 Data Collection: ThingSpeak allows users to send data from sensors
connected to IoT devices to the cloud securely. The platform supports
sending data over various protocols, including HTTP, MQTT, and
more. Each ThingSpeak channel stores data in fields, which can
accommodate various types of data like temperature readings, humidity
levels, or any telemetry data.

 Real-Time Data Processing: ThingSpeak includes built-in support for

MATLAB, allowing users to write and execute MATLAB code to
process, analyze, and visualize data as it is received. This capability is
powerful for creating custom filters, running algorithms, or applying
statistical analysis without needing additional hardware or software.

45
  Data Visualization: Users can visualize their data directly on
ThingSpeak using automatically generated plots and graphs.
Customizable MATLAB visualizations can also be embedded in
channels, providing advanced graphing and charting capabilities that go
beyond basic plotting.

 Data Storage and Access: ThingSpeak stores uploaded data securely in

the cloud, making it accessible from anywhere in the world. Users can
retrieve data for further analysis or monitoring using the ThingSpeak
API or through direct downloads.

 Alerts and Automated Actions: ThingSpeak can perform actions based

on the data it receives. Using the React app, users can set up condition-
based alerts or triggers to send emails, update a ThingSpeak channel,
call web URLs, and more. This feature is particularly useful for IoT
applications needing real-time monitoring and response, such as in
smart home systems or industrial monitoring.

 Integration with Third-party Services: The platform supports integration

with popular third-party services and platforms, enhancing its
functionality and versatility. For example, ThingSpeak can interface
with IFTTT (If This Then That) to connect with other web services and
automate actions across the web .

APPLICATIONS OF THINGSPEAK:
 Healthcare: Remote monitoring of patient health metrics and conditions.

46
 Environmental Monitoring: Tracking air or water quality, monitoring
weather conditions, and other environmental parameters.
 Smart Homes and Buildings: Managing lighting, energy use, security,
and HVAC systems efficiently.
 Agriculture: Monitoring soil moisture, weather conditions, and crop
health to enhance agricultural productivity.
 Industrial Automation: Monitoring and controlling industrial
equipment, predicting maintenance, and ensuring safety.

47
 CHAPTER 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION

48
FIG 5.1 SMART PLANT MONITORING SYSTEM

49
5.2 SOFTWARE IMPLEMENTATIONS

FIG 5.2 BLYNK -DATASTREAM

50
FIG 5.3 BLYNK -EVENTS

51
FIG 5.4 BLYNK -DASHBOARD

52
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENCHANCEMENT

6.1 CONCLUSION

The implementation of Smart plant monitoring system using the Internet of Things has
been verified to satisfactorily work by connecting different parameters of the soil to the
cloud and was successfully controlled remotely through a mobile application . The initial
cost and the installation of this system are cheap and hence it can be implemented
anywhere .With the development of sensor technology, the system can be The farm owner
can monitor the process online through a android App.This project can be concluded that
there can be considerable development in farming with the use of IOT and automation
elevated to the next level which helps the users to utilize their investment in an economic
manner. A system to monitor temperature, humidity, moisture levels in the soil was
designed and the project provides an opportunity to study the existing systems, along with
their features and drawbacks. Agriculture is one of the most water-consuming activities.
The proposed system can be used to switch the motor (on/off) depending on favourable
condition of plants i.e sensor values, thereby automating the process of irrigation.
which is one of the most time efficient activities in farming, which helps to prevent over
irrigation or under irrigation of soil thereby avoiding crop damage. The farm owner can
monitor the process online through a android App. Though this project can be concluded
that there can be considerable development in farming with the use of IOT and automation.

53
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