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Chapter 2: The Federal Judicial System

Title: Ch02-01;C;
1. One of the most important and most confusing features of the judiciary in the United States is the dual
court system, that is,
a. there are both trial and appellate courts.
*b. each level of government (state and national) has its own set of courts.
c. there are both constitutional (Article 3) courts and legislative (Article 1) courts.
d. the U.S. Supreme Court has both original and appellate jurisdiction.

Title: Ch02-02;F;
2. Article 3 of the Constitution states that “The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in
one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the may from time to time ordain and establish.
a. president
b. states
c. supreme Court
*d. congress

Title: Ch02-03;F;
3. In Marbury v. Madison (1803), the Supreme Court asserted its power to
a. issue court orders commanding a public official to perform an official, nondiscretionary duty.
b. issue a writ of certiorari.
*c. declare an act of Congress unconstitutional.
d. issue writs of mandamus.

Title: Ch02-04;C;
4. Which of the following statements is not accurate?
a. Judicial review is one of the features that set American courts apart from those in other countries.
b. As a policymaker, the Supreme Court has no self-starting device. The justices must wait for problems
to be brought to them; there can be no judicial policymaking if there is no litigation.
c. The Supreme Court is overwhelmingly an appellate court because most of its time is devoted to
reviewing decisions of lower courts.
*d. Since 1925, the Supreme Court has been required to issue a writ of certiorari in all of the cases that
come to it; the Court no longer has discretion in deciding which cases it should review.

Title: Ch02-05;F;
5. Each year, the formal session of the Supreme Court begins on the and lasts until the business of
the term is completed.
a. 20th of January
*b. first Monday in October
c. Tuesday after the first Monday of November
d. Wednesday after Labor Day
Title: Ch02-06;F;
6. The Supreme Court’s term is divided into , each lasting approximately two weeks, during which
the justices meet in open session and hold internal conferences, and , during which the justices work
behind closed doors to consider cases and write opinions.
a. hearings/deliberations
b. periods/intermissions
c. sets/breaks
*d. sittings/recesses

Title: Ch02-07;F;
7. Typically, the attorney for each side of a case is given for oral argument before the Supreme
Court.
a. ten minutes
*b. thirty minutes
c. one hour
d. as much time as necessary

Title: Ch02-08;F;
8. When the justices of the Supreme Court meet in conference,
a. only their law clerks are allowed to be in the room with them.
*b. they discuss cases that were argued earlier in the week as well as certiorari petitions.
c. the senior associate justice keeps an official record of the discussions.
d. the most junior justice presides and offers an opinion first in each case.

Title: Ch02-09;F;
9. A quorum for a decision on a case in the Supreme Court is members.
a. four
b. five
*c. six
d. seven

Title: Ch02-10;C;
10. Which of the following statements is accurate?
*a. The chief justice, if voting with the majority, either writes the Court’s opinion or assigns it to another
justice who voted with the majority.
b. The chief justice always writes the Court’s opinion.
c. The chief justice, if voting with the majority, writes the Court’s opinion.
d. The chief justice assigns the writing of the Court’s opinion in every case.

Title: Ch02-11;F;
11. When the chief justice votes with the minority,
a. the most junior justice in the majority assigns the writing of the Court’s opinion.
b. he or she assigns the writing of the Court’s opinion to a justice who voted with the majority.
c. he or she writes a concurring opinion.
*d. the most senior justice in the majority assigns the writing of the Court’s opinion.

Title: Ch02-12;F;
12. A per curiam opinion is
a. written by a justice who disagrees with the opinion of the Court.
b. written by a justice who agrees with part of a Court ruling but disagrees with other parts.
*c. an unsigned opinion that is usually brief.
d. a signed opinion that is written by a justice who agrees with the Court’s decision but differs in his or
her reason for reaching that conclusion.

Title: Ch02-13;F;
13. There is/are court(s) of appeals in each of the regional circuits.
a. one/nine
*b. one/twelve
c. two/ten
d. two/fifteen

Title: Ch02-14;F;
14. The U.S. courts of appeals are responsible for reviewing some cases appealed from administrative
agencies and cases appealed from
a. state courts of last resort.
b. state trial courts of general jurisdiction.
*c. federal district courts.
d. three-judge district courts.

Title: Ch02-15;F;
15. The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit was carved from the Circuit.
a. First
*b. Fifth
c. Seventh
d. Tenth

Title: Ch02-16;F;
16. The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
a. was created in Article 3 of the Constitution.
b. is a general jurisdiction court created by Congress in 1891.
c. hears appeals from the courts of appeals in the geographic circuits.
*d. is a specialized appellate court created by Congress in 1982.

Title: Ch02-17;F;
17. The Ninth Circuit includes the states of
a. Texas and Louisiana.
b. Illinois and Indiana.
c. Michigan and Ohio.
*d. California and Arizona.

Title: Ch02-18;C;
18. Which of the following statements is not accurate?
*a. The U.S. courts of appeals have had discretionary control of their dockets since 1925.
b. The U.S. courts of appeals deal with both routine and highly important matters.
c. Error correction is one purpose of review in the U.S. courts of appeals.
d. Cases in the U.S. courts of appeals are typically heard by three-judge panels.

Title: Ch02-19;F;
19. Federal statutes provide for a(n) procedure, in which all the circuit’s judges sit together on a
panel
and decide a case.
a. certiorari
*b. en banc
c. stare decisis
d. mandamus

Title: Ch02-20;C;
20. Which of the following statements is not accurate?
a. The federal district courts have original jurisdiction over virtually all cases in the federal judicial
system.
b. The federal district courts are the trial courts of the federal judicial system.
*c. In establishing district court jurisdiction, Congress does not respect state boundaries; thus federal
judicial districts encompass more than one state.
d. Trials in federal district courts may be either bench trials or jury trials.

Title: Ch02-21;F;
21. The federal district courts are courts.
*a. constitutional
b. legislative
c. specialized jurisdiction
d. appellate

Ch02-22;C;
22. Magistrate judges
a. play an important role in helping the justices of the Supreme Court decide which cases should be heard.
b. conduct research on the federal courts and make recommendations to improve the administration and
management of the federal courts.
c. negotiate with other government agencies for court accommodations in federal buildings.
*d. perform duties in the processing of cases for the federal district courts to which they are appointed.
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
[296]

Schimkewitsch, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lix. 1895, p. 46.

[297]

Hatschek, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, iii. 1881, p. 79.

[298]

Fraipont, "Le Genre Polygordius," Fauna u. Flora des Golfes v.

Neapel, Monogr. xiv. 1887.

[299]

T. J. Parker, Lessons in Elementary Biology, London, 1891, p. 267,

gives a full account of the anatomy and development of
Polygordius.

[300]

"Die Capitelliden," Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. xvi.

1887, p. 350.

[301]

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Art. "Mollusca," p. 652.

[302]

Benham, "The Post-Larval Stage of Arenicola," J. Mar. Biol. Assoc.

iii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 48.

[303]

The blood is colourless in Syllidae and Nephthydidae.

[304]

Ehlers states that some Eunicidae have green blood.

[305]

Benham, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxix. 1896, p. 1.

[306]

Schaeppi, Jena. Zeit. xxviii. 1894, p. 217.

[307]

Goodrich, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 387.

[308]

Benham, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 325. See also Bourne
(nephridium of Polynoë), Tr. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), ii. 1883, p. 357;
Meyer, for nephridium of Terebellidae, Sabellidae, and Cirratulidae,
in Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 592.

[309]

It is worthy of note that in Aeolosoma alone amongst the

Oligochaeta does the brain lie in the prostomium in the adult.

[310]

Andrews, "The Eyes of Polychaetes," J. Morph. vii. 1892, p. 169.

[311]

Wistinghausen, "Entwick. v. N. dumerilii," Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, x.

1891, p. 41.

[312]

This is a modification of the classification proposed by me at the

meeting of the British Association at Oxford, 1894 (see Report, p.
696). For further characteristics of these Orders and sub-Orders
see below Chap. XII. Ehlers, "Die Borstenwürmer," 1864, gives a
historical survey of the group, and enumerates the earlier
classifications.

[313]

In Coabangia (see p. 284) the anus is near the anterior end, on the
ventral surface.
[314]

It is doubtful whether these organs are palps or only lateral lips.

[315]

Pruvot traced the nerve supply to these organs, and thus

established their homology. Arch. d. Zool. Expér. (ser. 2) iii. 1885,
p. 211.

[316]

Meyer, "Stud. ub. d. Körperbau der Anneliden," Mt. Zool. Stat.

Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 592; viii. 1888, p. 462. In this work a great
number of important and interesting anatomical facts are recorded
with respect to the Terebelliformia and Sabelliformia, as well as
certain details as to the structure and development of the
nephridia.

[317]

In some of the members of this family paired lateral tentacles

appear to exist.

[318]

It is possible that some of these may be peristomial.

[319]

Individual cases in which chaetae are present have been

recorded.

[320]

Meyer, loc. cit.

[321]

Haswell, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vii. 1883, p. 251.

[322]
Eisig, "Die Capitelliden," Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. xvi.
1887, p. 331.

[323]

Compare with this the muscular organ of Dinophilus, p. 243,

Protodrilus, and a similar structure which occurs in Terebellids.

[324]

Korschelt, "Über Ophryotrocha puerilis," Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lv.

1893, p. 224.

[325]

Eisig, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, ii. 1881, p. 255.

[326]

They are specially large also in the Typhloscolecidae; while

Racovitza (Ann. Mag. N. H. (ser. 6), xv. 1895, p. 279) has recently
suggested that the caruncle of Amphinomidae belongs to the
category of nuchal organs, and compares it with the ciliated
lappets of Pterosyllis.

[327]

Ehlers, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 217.

[328]

See Claparède and Metschnikoff, "Beit. zur Kennt. d. Entwick der

Chaetopoden," Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xix. 1869, p. 163; and
Fewkes, "On the Development of certain Worm Larvae," Bulletin
Mus. Harvard, xi. 1883, p. 167.

[329]

For an account of the anatomy and development of a

Trochosphere, see Hatschek, on Eupomatus, in Arbeit. Zool. Inst.
Wien, vi. 1885. Also Meyer, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, viii. 1888, p.
462; and for Polynoid larva see Häcker, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat.
viii. 1895, p. 245.

[330]

See Meyer (ref. on p. 261).

[331]

Many of the Polynoids are sexually dimorphic.

[332]

Claparède, "Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples,"

Supplement, 1870; and Wistinghausen, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, x.
1891, p. 41.

[333]

Claparède used the term "epigamous" for this phase; Ehlers

employed the term "epitokous," whilst he called the "Nereid" phase
"atokous," under the impression that the worm did not become
mature in this condition.

[334]

Malaquin gives a detailed account of the asexual reproduction in

Syllidae in Recherches sur les Syllidiens, Lille, 1893, and in Revue
Biol. d. Nord de la France, iii. 1891. See also St. Joseph, "Les
annelides polychétes des côtes de Dinard," Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.
(7th ser.) i. 1886, p. 134.

[335]

Alex. Agassiz, Boston J. Nat. Hist. vii. 1863, p. 384.

[336]

Huxley, Edinb. New Philosoph. Journ. 1855, i. p. 113.

[337]
"Challenger" Reports, vol. xii. 1885, "Polychaeta," p. 198; and Oka,
Zoolog. Centralbl. ii. 1895, p. 591.

[338]

Two new heads have been observed in Typosyllis variegata by

Langerhans, and two new tails in another Syllis.

[339]

Dalyell, The Powers of the Creator revealed, etc., vol. ii. 1853, p.
225 et seq.

[340]

von Kennel, Arb. Zool. Instit. Würzburg, vi. 1883, p. 259.

[341]

Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hist. Philadelphia, 1883, p. 204.

[342]

Giard, C. R. Soc. Biol. v. 1893, p. 473.

[343]

See M‘Intosh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) ii. 1868, p. 276.

[344]

Lankester has suggested that a strong acid is secreted for the

purpose, see Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) i. 1868, p. 233.

[345]

M‘Intosh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 6) xiii. 1894, p. 1.

[346]

Dalyell, The Powers of the Creator revealed, ii. 1853, p. 217.

[347]
Watson, Journ. R. Mic. Soc. 1890, p. 685; see also Dalyell, loc. cit.
ii. p. 195.

[348]

Schmiedeberg, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, iii. 1882, p. 373.

[349]

For pelagic forms, see Camille Viguier, Arch. de Zool. Expér. (ser.
2) iv. 1886, p. 347; also Reibisch, Die pelag. Phyllodociden u.
Typhloscoleciden d. Plankton Exped. 1895.

[350]

Lankester, Journ. Anat. and Physiol. 1868, p. 114; and 1870, p.

119; see also MacMunn, "On the Chromatology of the Blood in
some Invertebrates," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxv. 1885, p. 469.

[351]

For coloured pictures of worms consult Schmarda, "Neue

wirbellose Thiere," 2nd part, 1861; Milne Edwards in Cuvier's
"Règne Animal" (Ed. Disciples de Cuvier).

[352]

Semper, Animal Life, "Internat. Sci. Series," 1881, p. 401.

[353]

The experiments were made by Mr. Garstang at the Laboratory of

the Marine Biological Association, and are recorded by Poulton in
The Colours of Animals, "Internat. Sci. Series," 1890, p. 201.

[354]

Panceri, Atti Acad. Sci. Napoli, vii. 1875.

[355]

M‘Intosh, H.M.S. "Challenger" Reports, "Polychaeta," vol. xii. p. ix.

[356]

For an account of these worms see M‘Intosh, loc. cit. p. 257.

[357]

For a list of parasitic Polychaetes see St. Joseph, Ann. Sci. Nat.
(ser. 7) v. 1888, p. 141.

[358]

Semper, loc. cit. p. 340.

[359]

See "Challenger Reports," and St. Joseph, loc. cit.

[360]

"Challenger" Reports, loc. cit. p. xxx.

[361]

See Hornell, Fauna of Liverpool Bay, Report III. 1892, p. 126.

[362]

Zittel, Handbuch d. Palaeontologic (Palaeozoologie), i. 1876-80, p.

562.

[363]

Ehlers, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xviii. 1868, p. 241.

[364]

The Chaetopteridae may have to be placed elsewhere in the

system, as they are peculiarly modified, and present features
recalling the Cryptocephala, from which it is possible they have
descended.

[365]
Meyer (Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 669, note) suggests
that the tentacular filaments of Cirratulids are really prostomial, but
have shifted back on to the peristomium, or even farther.

[366]

It is probable that the genital ducts of Sternaspis and

Chlorhaemids are modified nephridia.

[367]

The character of head and parapodium in each family will be

gathered from the figures accompanying the general description in
Chap. X., so that detailed description is unnecessary. In all cases
the chaetae form valuable specific characters.

The examples of the various families are British, unless the

opposite is expressly stated; but most of them are not confined to
our shores, and the foreign localities are usually given. No attempt
is made to enumerate all the British species.

The following books may be found useful for identifying the

worms:—

Claparède, Recherches anat. sur les Annélides observées dans les

Hebrides, 1861; Annélides Chétopodes du golfe de Naples, 1868, and
Suppl., 1870.
Cunningham and Ramage, "Polychaeta Sedentaria of the Firth of Forth,"
Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxiii. 1888, p. 635.
Ehlers, Die Borstenwürmer, 1868.
Johnston, "British Museum Catalogue of Non-Parasitical Worms," 1865.
M‘Intosh, "British Annelida," Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. 1877, p. 371; "Invert.
Marine Fauna of St. Andrews; Annelida," Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. 1874,
p. 144.
Malmgren, "Nordiska Hafs-Annulater," Öfversigt af K. Vet.-Akad.
Förhandlingar, 1865, pp. 51, 181, 355; and "Annulata Polychaeta," ibid.
1867, p. 127.
 St. Joseph, "Les Annélides Polychétes des côtes de Dinard," Ann. Sci. Nat.
(Zool.) (7) vol. i. 1886, p. 127; v. 1888, p. 141; xvii. 1894, p. 1; xx. 1895, p.
185.

[368]

Malaquin, Recherches sur les Syllidiens, 1893; for structure of the

gizzard, see also Haswell, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvi. 1886, p. 471;
and xxx. 1889, p. 31.

[369]

See M‘Intosh's Memoirs, loc. cit.

[370]

Herein are included the various genera formed by Kinberg,

Malmgren, and others.

[371]

It appears to be the same as P. grubiana Clap.

[372]

Marenzeller has shown that Johnston's P. scolopendrina is not

identical with that of Savigny, and suggests the above name for it.

[373]

F. Buchanan, "Report on Polychaetes, Part I." Sci. Proc. Roy.

Dublin Soc. vii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 169.

[374]

Polyodontes Ran. deserves mention as being a large, rare form

with peculiar pedal gland; cf. Eisig (ref. on p. 268), p. 324; and
Buchanan, Quart. J. Micr. Sc. xxxv. 1894, p. 433.

[375]

Many authorities regard this species as synonymous with

Savigny's P. laminosa.
[376]

According to a verbal communication from Mr. J. Hornell of Jersey,

they belong to P. maculata Müll., while Mr. Garstang believes them
to belong to Eulalia viridis.

[377]

These segmentally-arranged brown spots may perhaps be

photogenic.

[378]

Greef, Acta Ac. German., xxxix. 1877.

[379]

Greef, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xlii. 1885, p. 432.

[380]

Buchanan, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxv. 1894, p. 445.

[381]

Buchanan, Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. viii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 169.

[382]

Reibisch, Phyllodociden u. Typhloscoleciden d. Plankton Exped.

1895.

[383]

The British species is usually referred to as C. insignis Baird, but

Joyeux Laffuie (Arch. Zool. Exp. (ser. 2) viii. 1890, p. 244) has
shown that there is only one European species. It is possible that
there is a closer affinity with the Sabelliformia than is at present
supposed.

[384]

Compare Sternaspis, p. 336.

[385]

For literature, see Benham, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxix. part 1, 1896,
p. 1.

[386]

F. Buchanan, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi. 1890, p. 175.

[387]

In some genera there are no gills, e.g. Leaena.

[388]

These characters are not necessarily generic.

[389]

Eisig, "Die Capitelliden," Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. xvi.

1887.

[390]

Ed. Meyer., Arch. mikr. Anat. xxi. 1882, p. 769.

[391]

Vejdovsky, Denk. Akad. Wien, xliii. 1882, part 2, p. 33; and

Rietsch, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) ser. 6, xiii. 1882, art. 5.

[392]

For anatomy see Meyer, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887.

[393]

Andrews, Journ. Morph. v. 1891, p. 271.

[394]

A. G. Bourne, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiii. 1883, p. 168.

[395]
Closely allied is Manayunkia Leidy, which occurs in fresh-water
lakes of America. Another fresh-water genus is Coabangia Giard,
which perhaps deserves the creation of a special family. The anus
is ventral and anterior. The chaetae are peculiarly arranged, dorsal
uncini being present only on four segments. The first body
segment carries a ventral bundle of five great "palmate" chaetae.

[396]

For the anatomy see Meyer, Mt. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887; see also
above, p. 306.

[397]

von Graff, "Myzostomida," "Challenger" Reports, part 27, vol. x.

1884; and "Supplement," part 61, vol. xx. 1887.

[398]

Marenzeller, Anz. Akad. Wien, xxxii. p. 192.

[399]

Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, xii. 1896, p. 227; where, too, see literature.

[400]

Beard, Mt. Zool. St. Neap. v. 1884, p. 544.

[401]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. (n.s.) vol. iv. 1864, p. 258; and v. pp. 7, 99.

[402]

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xix. 1869, p. 563.

[403]

De Lumbrici terrestris Historia naturali, Brussels, 1829.

[404]
Naturg. ein. Wurm-Arten d. süssen u. salzigen Wasser,
Copenhagen, 1771.

[405]

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. i. 1888, p. 1.

[406]

Phil. Trans. clxxxvi. 1895, A, p. 383.

[407]

Mém. cour. Ac. Belg. lii. 1890-93.

[408]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi. 1890, p. 83.

[409]

Beddard, Ibid. xxxiii. 1892, p. 325.

[410]

Beddard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiii. 1894, p. 205.

[411]

Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 223.

[412]

Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, London, 1881.

[413]

Zool. Anz. xi. 1888, p. 72.

[414]

See Fletcher, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) iii. 1889, p. 1542.

[415]

In Sitzungs-Ber. Böhm. Ges. 1889, p. 183.

[416]

See Dr. Rosa in Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi. 1891, p. 379.

[417]

Entwickelungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Prag, Heft i. 1888,

p. 33.

[418]

See Kleinenberg, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xix., 1879, p. 206.

[419]

Both Col. Feilden and Mr. Trevor-Battye found specimens in

Kolguiev.

[420]

Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, ii. 1861, p. 11.

[421]

Kew Bull. Misc. Information, No. 46, 1890.

[422]

Rev. Biol. Nord France, i. 1889, p. 197.

[423]

SB. Ges. naturf. Berlin, 1893, p. 19.

[424]

System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.

[425]
See my text-book of Zoogeography (Cambridge, 1895) for fuller
treatment.

[426]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ix. 1892, p. 12.

[427]

Darwin, Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, p. 121.

[428]

"An Attempt to classify Earthworms," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi.

1890, p. 201.

[429]

Oxford, 1895.

[430]

See especially Vejdovsky, Syst. u. Morph. Olig. Prag, 1884.

[431]

Vejdovsky, Monographie der Enchytraeiden, Prag, 1879.

Michaelsen, "Synopsis der Enchytraiden," Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xi.
1889, p. 1.

[432]

J. P. Moore, "The Anatomy of Bdellodrilus," J. Morphol. x. 1895, p.

497.

[433]

Beddard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxv. 1890, p. 629, and xxxvi.
1892, p. 1.

[434]
A. G. Bourne, "On the Naidiform Oligochaeta," Quart. J. Micr. Sci.
xxxii. 1891, p. 335.

[435]

F. E. Beddard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxvi. 1892, p. 273.

[436]

Vejdovsky, System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.

[437]

"Anatomical Notes on Sutroa," Zoe. ii. 1892, p. 321.

[438]

"Pacific Coast Oligochaeta," Mem. California Acad. Sci. vol. ii.

[439]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 307.

[440]

See Spencer, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. v. 1893, and Fletcher, P. Linn.
Soc. N.S.W. 1886-1888, for Australian forms; Rosa, Ann. Mus. civ.
Genova, vi. 1886, x. 1890, and xii. 1892, for Oriental species, etc.

[441]

See Fletcher and Spencer, already quoted, for Australian species.

[442]

Eisen, "Anat. Studies on Ocnerodrilus," Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) iii.

1892, p. 228.

[443]

Beddard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 74.

[444]
Beddard, P. Z. S. 1885 and 1895, for Antarctic Acanthodrilids;
Michaelsen, in Jahrb. Hamburg. Anst. 1888-95, for Benhamia.

[445]

For a general account of the Eudrilidae, see my Monograph of the

Order Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1895.

[446]

Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, viii. 1872, p. 5.

[447]

The scattered literature of this family is due to Benham,

Michaelsen, Perrier, Rosa, and others.

[448]

Rosa, "Revisione dei Lumbricidae," Mem. Acc. Torino (2), xliii.

1893, p. 399; also the Rev. H. Friend's numerous and useful
papers, and especially "A New Species of Earthworms," Proc. Roy.
Irish Ac. (3) ii. 1891-93, p. 402; and "The Earthworms of Ireland,"
Irish Nat. v. 1896, p. 69, etc.

[449]

In the tables the figures refer to the segments of the body.

Opposite the name of each species are two sets of lines; the upper
series indicate the segments occupied by the clitellum; the lower
series those occupied by the tubercula pubertatis. The dots
indicate the occasional extension of the clitellum or of the
tubercula.

[450]

"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 477, in the Suites à Buffon.

[451]

See v. Kennel, Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1887, p. 37.

[452]

Nouvelle Monographie des Sangsues médicinales. Paris, 1857.

[453]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvi. 1886, p. 317.

[454]

See Grube, "Annulaten" of Middendorff's Sibirische Reise,

Zoology, 1851, p. 20; and Kowalevsky, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. v.
June 1896.

[455]

See ref. on p. 395.

[456]

Asajiro Oka, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 79.

[457]

See Bürger, quoted on p. 403.

[458]

Loc. cit.

[459]

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 419; see also ibid. xxxiv. 1893, p.
545, which is mainly a criticism of Bolsius' additions to the very
considerable literature upon the Leech nephridium.

[460]

"Spermatophores as a Means of Hypodermic Impregnation," J.

Morphol. iv. 1891, p. 361.

[461]
Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 440; and Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iv.
1891, p. 697.

[462]

"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 493, in the Suites à Buffon.

[463]

Whitman quotes with regretful approval (Proc. Americ. Acad. xx.

1884-85, p. 76) Sir J. Dalyell's remark, "It does not appear that the
history of the leech has advanced in proportion to the number of
literati who have rendered it the subject of discussion," and adds
on his own account the following severe indictment of his
predecessors: "As a considerable share of the work done in this
direction is purely systematic, it is somewhat surprising that not a
single description of any Hirudo has been given with sufficient
accuracy and completeness for a close comparison of even its
more important external characters with those of other species."

[464]

"Hirudinées de l'Italie," etc., Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. ix. 1894,
No. 192. See also Apathy, "Süsswasser-Hirudineen," Zool. Jahrb.
Syst. iii. 1888, p. 725.

[465]

Zeitschr. f. die gesammt. Naturwiss. vi. 1872, p. 422.

[466]

But Pennant in his British Zoology has referred to a leech which is

even larger. Upon the huge Basking shark (Selache) the fishermen
sometimes observe a leech, which invariably drops off when the
fish is brought to the surface, "of a reddish colour and about 2 feet
in length"; this may be a Pontobdella.

[467]

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. 1893, p. 75.