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Chapter 02
Conducting Research in Psychology
1. (p. 35)
entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our
ideas or not.
A. Speculation
B. Biases
C. Science
D. Hypotheses
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-1
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
3. (p. 36) sciences study the world of stars, light, waves, atoms, the
earth, compounds, and molecules.
A. Biological
B. Social
C. Physical
D. Environmental
4. (p. 36)
A.
Psychokinesis
B.
Astrology
C.
Astronomy
D.
Genetics
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-2
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Chemical
B. Biological
C. Physical
D. Social
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
6. (p. 37) helps draw a line between one's belief of the world and the
actual reality.
A. Problem solving
B. Scientific thinking
C. Psychological research
D. Cultural understanding
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
questioning skepticism
D. questioning authority
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-3
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
9. (p. 37) When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather
how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us.
This attitude is known as .
A. intellectual honesty
B. scientific thinking
C. open skepticism
D. cultural understanding
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-4
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
When can scientists help ensure accurate and honest presentation of results?
A.
When they protect their methods of inquiry from others
B.
When they announce their findings immediately after a study
C.
When they ignore the data that are contrary to their theory
D.
When they allow their work to be evaluated by other scientists
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-5
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Intellectual honesty, which is the third scientific attitude, ensures that scientists
A.
remain skeptical of new findings.
B.
do not accept true data as results.
C.
do not represent false data as true.
D.
do not reject false results.
Which of the following is the first basic process of the scientific method?
A. Predict
B. Observe
C. Test
D. Interpret
2-6
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
14. (p. 38) Which of the following is NOT a basic process of the scientific method?
A. Observing
B.
Creating
C. Interpreting
D. Testing
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-7
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A theory is defined as a:
A.
practice that appears to be and claims to be a science, even though it does not use the scientific method to come to
conclusions.
B.
set of experiments conducted to confirm the results of a scientific study.
C.
specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind of outcome should occur under a particular condition.
D.
set of related assumptions from which testable predictions can be made.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-8
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
They are not facts.
B.
They do not generate any expectations.
C.
They are merely guesses and observations.
D.
They should not be tied to real evidence.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
19. (p. 38) A is a specific, informed, and testable prediction of what kind
of outcome should occur under a particular condition.
A. theory
B. hypothesis
C. replication
D. variable
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-9
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A study was conducted in various cities around the world to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups.
The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. The results of this study can be regarded as a .
A.
hypothesis
B.
theory
C.
doctrine
D.
tenet
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Scientific Method
2-10
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to the results and determine
whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction.
A.
communicate
B.
replicate
C.
interpret
D.
observe
2-11
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
To a hypothesis, scientists select one of a number of established research methods, along with the
appropriate measurement techniques.
A. predict
B. observe
C.
replicate
D. test
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-12
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A study was conducted by a group of researchers in Asian cities to determine the driving abilities of people of different
age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. Another group of researchers conducted
the same study in North American cities to determine if they could duplicate the results of the first study. In this scenario,
the scientific method followed by the second group of researchers can be termed as .
A.
interpretation
B.
prediction
C.
observation
D.
replication
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Scientific Method
2-13
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
confirm the results of the study.
B.
formulate the hypothesis of the study.
C.
express the expectations of the study.
D.
interpret the results of the study.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
Whether a result holds or not, new predictions can be generated from the data, leading in turn to new studies. This is why the
process of scientific discovery is .
A. repetitive
B. replicative
C. cumulative
D. degradative
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-14
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
26. (p. 38) The process of scientific discovery is cumulative. This means that:
A. older knowledge is discarded for newer and modern knowledge.
B. previous knowledge builds on older knowledge.
C. newer knowledge is rejected because research is not authentic.
D. previous knowledge is retained for lack of new resources.
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
27. (p. 40) refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in
fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions.
A. Antiscience
B. Pseudoscience
C.
Bioscience
D.
Ethnoscience
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-15
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Scientific Method
2-16
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
According to Bem & Horonton (1994) and Rosenthal (1986), there has been some scientifically sound evidence for ,
which is normally regarded as a pseudoscience.
A.
astrology
B.
telepathy
C.
intelligent design
D.
creation science
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-17
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Which of the following is true of the differences between science and pseudoscience?
A.
Science uses statistics to express research data, whereas pseudoscience does not.
B.
The content area studied in science is narrow, whereas it is very vast in pseudoscience.
C.
Science encourages open skepticism of its findings, whereas pseudoscience does not.
D.
Science makes no real advances in knowledge, whereas pseudoscience does.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Scientific Method
2-18
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
result of the research.
B.
assumed answer.
C.
question being asked.
D.
subject area being studied.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
2-19
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
a specific, informed, and testable prediction of an outcome.
B.
the repetition of a study to confirm results.
C.
anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.
D.
a related assumption from which testable predictions can be made.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
34. (p. 42) Attitudes toward pork, grooming procedures, educational status, and number of
dental visits per year are all that differ from individual to individual and may
be of interest to psychologists.
A.
assumptions
B. variables
C. hypotheses
D. methods
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
2-20
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
35. (p. 42) Which of the following is true about the principles of research design?
A. The design chosen for a given study depends on the answers provided by the population.
B.
The way the different variables, used by researchers, influence each other is irrelevant to the research design.
C. The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire
group.
D.
Research is almost always conducted on large populations and not on samples.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
36. (p. 42) The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the
in which they are interested.
A. topic of research
B. variable
C.
research design
D. group
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
2-21
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A. sample
B. variable
C. size
D. set
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
A.
populations
B.
samples
C.
variables
D.
entire groups
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
2-22
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male
and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity.
A.
All the men studying in the United States
B.
The chosen female graduates
C.
The chosen male and female college graduates
D.
Men and women in the United States
APA Outcome: 5.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Research Methods
2-23
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400
male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity.
A.
All the men studying in the United States
B.
The chosen female graduates
C.
The chosen male and female college graduates
D.
Men and women in the United States
APA Outcome: 5.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Research Methods
2-24
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male
and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity.
How can Sarah ensure that the results of her study are more accurate?
A.
By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicities
B.
By increasing the number of men in the sample
C.
By increasing the number of women in the sample
D.
By ensuring that a higher number of Asian Americans are included in the sample
APA Outcome: 5.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Application
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Research Methods
2-25
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
There are methods used to assign participants to different research conditions, so that all the participants have the same
chance of being in any specific group.
B.
There are research designs that include independent and dependent variables and random assignment of participants to
control and experimental groups or conditions.
C.
They are design studies in which a researcher defines a problem and variable of interest but makes no prediction and does not
control or manipulate anything.
D.
These are studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another; they are not designed to show
causation.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
2-26
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
In , a researcher makes no prediction and does not try to control any of the variables.
A. representative samples
B.
experiment
C. sampling
D. descriptive designs
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
A. descriptive design
B. random sampling
C. experimental study
D. correlational design
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
2-27
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
A(n) can be defined as a study design in which a psychologist, often a therapist, observes one person over a
long period of time.
A. naturalistic observation
B. case study
C. interview
D.
survey
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
2-28
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
They do not involve observations that stretch for over a year.
B.
They are based on one-on-one relationships.
C.
They involve collecting data about different legal cases that are under trial.
D.
They involve scientific experimentations on different groups of animals.
2-29
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
The following is an excerpt from an in-depth paper Dr. Smith, a therapist, wrote about her client: "Irene experienced the loss
of her parents at an early age. She is now 36, divorced, and has two children. Irene has difficulty maintaining steady
employment. Eight months ago, she was diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Irene is responding well to an
experimental antidepressant and to cognitive behavioral therapy. She has a hopeful prognosis." This research method can be
best termed as a(n) .
A.
interview
B.
case study
C. naturalistic observation
D.
survey
APA Outcome: 5.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Research Methods
2-30
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
49. (p. 44) An area of psychology called examines in detail the lives of
historically important people and provides an example of the richness and value of
case studies and studying individual lives over time.
A. psychobiography
B. psychohistory
C.
iconography
D.
histography
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Remember
Difficulty: Basic
Topic: Research Methods
2-31
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
asks people directly or indirectly what they think, feel, or have done.
B.
observes one person, often over a long period of time.
C.
observes and records behavior in the real world.
D.
asks questions that can have completely open-ended answers.
APA Outcome: 5.1 Describe key concepts, principles, and overarching themes in psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
2-32
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
A.
allows researchers to learn from the lives of historically important people.
B.
gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world.
C.
makes it easier for researchers to manage large numbers of participants.
D.
allows researchers to ask people directly or indirectly what they think or feel.
APA Outcome: 5.2 Develop a working knowledge of the content domains of psychology
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Understand
Difficulty: Medium
Topic: Research Methods
2-33
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter 02 - Conducting Research in Psychology
Chan Lee, an Asian primatologist, studied different groups of gorillas over a period of 18 years. She studied them daily in the
subtropical forests of Africa to understand their mating and reproductive habits. Based on her observations, Chan found that
male gorillas are ready to mate when they are 15 years of age. In this scenario, descriptive method of research used by Chan
can be best termed as a(n) .
A.
interview
B.
case study
C. naturalistic observation
D.
survey
APA Outcome: 5.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Research Methods
A biological psychologist manipulates the caffeine dosages administered to rats and records the running distances of the rats.
APA Outcome: 5.3 Describe applications that employ discipline-based problem solving
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Bloom's: Apply
Difficulty: Hard
Topic: Research Methods
2-34
Copyright © 2016 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of
McGraw-Hill Education.
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gouvernement à la louange générale et que le roi fut satisfait de son
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puissant sous Henri II, dans ses intérêts. On sait la terrible réponse
que fit le roi tourmenté par Montmorency. Cette réponse était le
résultat des bons conseils que Catherine donna, dans le peu de
moments où elle se trouva seule avec le roi, et où elle lui exposa la
politique florentine, qui était d’opposer les grands du royaume les
uns aux autres, et d’établir l’autorité royale sur leurs ruines, le
système de Louis XI, continué plus tard par elle et par Richelieu.
Henri II, qui ne voyait que par les yeux de Diane et du connétable,
fut un roi tout féodal et ami des grandes maisons de son royaume.
Après la tentative inutilement faite par le connétable en sa faveur,
et qu’il faut reporter à l’année 1556, Catherine caressa beaucoup les
Guise, et forma le projet de les détacher du parti de Diane afin de les
opposer au connétable. Mais, malheureusement, Diane et le
connétable étaient tout aussi animés que les Guise contre les
Protestants. Il n’y eut donc pas dans leur lutte cette animosité qu’y
aurait mise la question religieuse. D’ailleurs, Diane rompit en visière
aux projets de la reine, en coquetant avec les Guise et donnant sa
fille au duc d’Aumale. Elle alla si loin, que certains auteurs
prétendent qu’elle accorda plus que ses bonnes grâces au galant
cardinal de Lorraine. Les satiriques du temps ont fait à ce sujet le
quatrain suivant sur Henri II:
«Un appât peint n’attrape point de gibier,» dit le poëte, après lui
avoir dit qu’elle se peignait le visage, qu’elle achetait ses dents et
ses cheveux. «Et tu achèterais, dit-il, le superfin de ce qui constitue
la femme, que tu n’obtiendrais pas encore ce que tu veux de ton
amant, car il faudrait être en vie, et tu es morte.»
Ce recueil, imprimé chez Simon de Colines, était dédié A UN
ÉVÊQUE!... à François Bohier, le frère de celui qui, pour sauver son
crédit à la cour et racheter son crime, offrit à l’avénement de Henri II,
le château de Chenonceaux, bâti par son père Thomas Bohier,
conseiller d’État sous quatre rois: Louis XI, Charles VIII, Louis XII et
François Ier. Qu’étaient les pamphlets publiés contre madame de
Pompadour et contre Marie-Antoinette, comparés à des vers qu’on
dirait écrits par Martial? Ce Voûté dut mal finir. Ainsi la terre et le
château de Chenonceaux ne coûtaient à Diane que le pardon d’une
injure ordonné par l’Évangile! Pour ne pas être décrétées par un jury,
les amendes infligées à la Presse étaient un peu plus dures que
celles d’aujourd’hui.
Les reines de France, devenues veuves, devaient rester dans la
chambre du roi pendant quarante jours, sans voir d’autre clarté que
celle des cierges; elles n’en sortaient qu’après l’enterrement du roi.
Cette coutume inviolable contrariait fort Catherine qui craignit les
brigues, elle trouva moyen de s’en dispenser. Voici comment. Le
cardinal de Lorraine sortant un jour (dans ce temps-là! dans ce
moment!) de grand matin de chez la Belle Romaine, une célèbre
courtisane du temps de Henri II, qui demeurait rue Culture-Sainte-
Catherine, fut maltraité par une troupe de libertins. «De quoi Sa
Sainteté très-étonnée,» dit Henri Estienne, fit entendre que les
hérétiques lui dressaient des embûches; et pour ce fait, la cour alla
de Paris à Saint-Germain. La reine ne voulut pas abandonner le roi
son fils, et s’y transporta.
L’avénement de François II, époque à laquelle Catherine crut
saisir le pouvoir, fut un moment de déception qui couronna
cruellement les vingt-six ans de douleurs qu’elle avait déjà passés à
la cour de France. Les Guise s’emparèrent alors du pouvoir avec
une audace incroyable: le duc de Guise fut mis à la tête de l’armée,
et le Connétable fut disgracié, le cardinal eut les finances et le
clergé. Catherine commença sa carrière politique, par un de ces
drames qui, pour ne pas avoir eu l’éclat des autres, n’en fut pas
moins le plus atroce, et qui l’accoutuma sans doute aux terribles
émotions de sa vie. Tout en paraissant d’accord avec les Guise, elle
essaya d’assurer son triomphe en s’appuyant sur la maison de
Bourbon. Soit que Catherine, après avoir inutilement tenté les
moyens les plus violents, eût voulu employer la jalousie pour
ramener le roi; soit qu’en arrivant à sa seconde jeunesse, il lui parût
cruel de ne pas connaître l’amour, elle avait témoigné le plus vif
intérêt à un seigneur du sang royal, François de Vendôme, fils de
Louis de Vendôme (maison d’où est issue la maison de Bourbon), et
Vidame de Chartres, nom sous lequel il est connu dans l’histoire. La
haine secrète que Catherine portait à Diane se révélait en beaucoup
de circonstances auxquelles les historiens préoccupés des intérêts
politiques n’ont fait aucune attention. L’attachement de Catherine
pour le Vidame vint d’une insulte que ce jeune homme fit à la
favorite. Diane voulait les plus belles alliances pour ses filles qui,
d’ailleurs, tenaient à la plus haute noblesse du royaume. Elle
ambitionnait surtout l’honneur d’un mariage avec la maison de
France: on proposa de sa part la main de sa seconde fille, qui fut
depuis duchesse d’Aumale, au Vidame, que la politique fort sage de
François Ier maintenait dans la pauvreté. En effet, quand le Vidame
de Chartres et le prince de Condé vinrent à la cour, François Ier leur
donna, quoi? la charge de chambellans ordinaires avec douze cents
écus de pension, ce qu’il baillait à de simples gentilshommes.
Quoique Diane de Poitiers offrît d’immenses biens, quelque belle
charge de la couronne et la faveur du Roi, le Vidame refusa. Puis ce
Bourbon, déjà factieux, épousa Jeanne, fille du baron d’Estissac, de
laquelle il n’eut point d’enfants. Ce trait de fierté recommanda
naturellement le Vidame à Catherine, qui l’accueillit avec une faveur
marquée et s’en fit un ami dévoué. Les historiens ont comparé le
dernier duc de Montmorency, décapité à Toulouse, au Vidame de
Chartres, pour l’art de plaire, pour le mérite et le talent. Henri II ne se
montra pas jaloux, il ne parut pas supposer qu’une reine de France
manquât à ce qu’elle se devait, ni qu’une Médicis oubliât l’honneur
qu’un Valois lui avait fait. Au moment où la reine coqueta, dit-on,
avec le Vidame de Chartres, elle était à peu près abandonnée par le
roi depuis la naissance de son dernier enfant. Cette tentative ne
servit donc à rien, puisque ce prince mourut portant les couleurs de
Diane de Poitiers.
A la mort du roi, la reine Catherine se trouva donc en commerce
de galanterie avec le Vidame, situation qui n’avait rien que de
conforme aux mœurs du temps, où l’amour fut à la fois si
chevaleresque et si licencieux, que les plus belles actions y étaient
aussi naturelles que les plus blâmables; seulement, comme toujours,
les historiens ont commis la faute de prendre l’exception pour la
règle. Les quatre fils de Henri II rendaient nulle la position des
Bourbons, tous excessivement pauvres, et accablés par le mépris
que la trahison du Connétable jetait sur eux, malgré les raisons qui
contraignirent le Connétable à sortir du royaume. Le Vidame de
Chartres, qui fut au premier prince de Condé ce que Richelieu fut à
Mazarin, son père en politique, son modèle, et de plus, son maître
en galanterie, cacha l’excessive ambition de sa maison sous les
dehors de la légèreté. Hors d’état de lutter avec les Guise, avec les
Montmorency, les princes d’Écosse, les cardinaux, les Bouillon, il se
fit distinguer par sa bonne grâce, par ses manières, par son esprit
qui lui valurent les faveurs des plus charmantes femmes, et le cœur
de celles auxquelles il ne songeait point. Ce fut un de ces hommes
privilégiés, dont les séductions étaient irrésistibles et qui dut à
l’amour les moyens de tenir son rang. Les Bourbons ne se seraient
pas fâchés comme Jarnac de la médisance de la Châtaigneraie: ils
acceptaient très-bien des terres et des châteaux de leurs
maîtresses, témoin le prince de Condé qui accepta la terre de Saint-
Valery de madame la maréchale de Saint-André.
A la mort de Henri II, pendant les vingt premiers jours de deuil, la
situation du Vidame changea donc tout à coup. Objet des attentions
de la reine mère et lui faisant la cour comme on pouvait la faire à la
reine, très-secrètement, il parut destiné à jouer un rôle, et Catherine
résolut en effet de se servir de lui. Ce prince reçut d’elle des lettres
pour le prince de Condé, dans lesquelles elle démontrait la nécessité
de s’allier contre les Guise. Instruits de cette intrigue, les Guise
entrèrent dans la chambre de la reine, pour lui arracher l’ordre de
mettre le Vidame à la Bastille, et Catherine se trouva dans la dure
nécessité d’obéir. Le Vidame mourut après quelques mois de
captivité, le jour où il sortit de prison, quelque temps avant la
conspiration d’Amboise. Tel fut le dénoûment du premier et du seul
amour qu’ait eu Catherine de Médicis. Les écrivains protestants ont
dit que la reine fit empoisonner le Vidame pour confier à la tombe le
secret de ses galanteries!... Voilà quel fut pour cette femme
l’apprentissage du pouvoir royal!
PREMIÈRE PARTIE.
LE MARTYR CALVINISTE.
L ECAMVS,
PELLETIER
DE MADAME LA ROYNE ET DV ROY NOSTRE SIRE;
sur l’autre:
DE MADAME LA ROYNE-MÈRE
ET DE MESSIEURS DV PARLEMENT.