ORIENT ISLAMIC SCHOOL

GRADE 11

MODULE 3
DEVELOPMENT

NAME : _____________________________________
GRADE : __________________
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 What is development?
• Development is the improvement in people’s quality of life (general well-being) and
standard of living (material well-being).
• It also refers to characteristics that describe the stage a country has reached on economic,
cultural, social and technological levels.
• It is about realising the natural and human resource potential of a country, a region or a
locality.
• Economic growth is the increase in production capacity of a country.

What does it mean to improve people’s quality of life?

This refers to general well-being and includes aspects such as education, health care, services,
utilities, environment, and social, political and religious freedom.

What does it mean to improve people’s standard of living?

This refers to material well-being and is the value of their possessions and savings, the type of
home they live in and whether they own items such as a washing machine, television, car,
telephone and computer.

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 Development concepts:
1. Development : __________________________________________________________
2. Developed country: ______________________________________________________
3. Developing country: _____________________________________________________
4. Industrialised Country: ___________________________________________________
5. More economically developed country:_______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
6. Less economically developed country: _______________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
7. Development indicator: ___________________________________________________
8. Economic indicator: ______________________________________________________
9. Gross domestic product: __________________________________________________
10. Gross national product: ___________________________________________________
11. GDP per capita: _________________________________________________________
12. Social indicator: _________________________________________________________
13. Human development index:_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
14. Gini-coefficient: __________________________________________________________
15. Demographic indicator:____________________________________________________
16. Life expectancy:__________________________________________________________
17. Infant mortality rate: ______________________________________________________

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 What are the key aspects of development?

1. Economic development refers to:

• Improving living standards.

• Creating infrastructure.
• Job creation and stability.
• Increasing wealth.
• Improving industry and the service sector.
• Developing resources to produce goods and services.

2. Social development refers to:

• Improving quality of life.

• Access to resources, shelter, education & health care.
• Individual potential & decision-making.

3. Sustainable development refers to:

• Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
• Balancing economic, social and environmental development.

4. Appropriate scale refers to:

• the use of appropriate sustainable technology to keep developing

communities from overusing natural resources.

5. Spatial aspects refer to:

• Identifying, explaining, and predicting the development patterns and levels of various
locations around the world.
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 1. What is an indicator of development?

• Statistics and information that can be used to measure development.

Think of the indicator of car that shows fellow motorists in which direction the car
is going to turn.

• It gives us an indication of a country’s level of development.

• Development indicators can be divided into:

Economic, Social and Demographic

2. WHAT ARE SOME OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF

DEVELOPEMT IDICATORS

1. Economic indicators measure:

Gross Domestic Product (GDP), GDP per capita, GDP contributions to

economic sectors, employment levels etc.

1.1. PER CAPITA GDP

The average income earned by people in a country.
2. ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS
2.1. Consumption of energy
2.2. Number of dams
2.3. Percentage of land set aside for conservation
2.4. Number of national parks
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3. Social indicators measure:
Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI), Human Development Index (HDI),
Gini- Coefficient, Happy Planet Index (HPI),Infant mortality, Life expectancy

3.1. GINI COEFFICIENT

• The statistics used to measure the inequality in the distribution of income among the
people in the country.
• The is the number between 0 and 1.
• If every person received the same income the coefficient is 1.
• If one person receives all the money and the next person receives no money,
the coefficient is 0.
3.2. Human development index
• HDI is the social welfare which measures the literacy and the GNP per person.
• This index can be used to compare the quality of life between people.
• GNP is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country in a year
Including the contributions made by citizens from outside of the country.
3.3. Physical Quality of Life Index
• This measures the quality of life or well being of a country.
3.4. Happy Planet Index
• measures what matters: sustainable wellbeing for all. It tells us how well nations are
doing at achieving long, happy, sustainable lives.
3.5. Infant mortality
• Refers to the number of babies below one year of age that die per 1000 of the
population.
3.6. Life expactancy
• The average number of years that a person is expected to live

4. Demographic indicators measure:

Birth rates and death rates

4.1. BIRTH RATE

The number of live births per thousand of population per year.

4.2. DEATH RATE

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The death rate is the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population
per year.
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 Concepts

1. GDP - Total value of goods, products and services produced within the boundaries of country within
one year.
2. GDP per capita - is the GDP divided by the number of people in a country. It shows the average
amount of money available to each person in a country in one year (pa).
3. PQLI - the PQLI is the average of three variables – literacy, life expectancy and infant mortality.
4. HDI – measures life expectancy, income and literacy levels. Zero (0) indicates the worse possible
quality of life while 1 shows an almost perfect place.
5. Gini-coefficient - the global standard for calculating income disparity. It ranges from 0
(or 0%) to1 (or 100%), with 0 representing perfect equality and 1 or 100 perfect inequality.
6. Infant mortality - number of infant deaths (0 – 12 months) per thousand per year
7. LE – is the average period that a person may expect to live.
8. Economic sectors – refers to primary, secondary and tertiary activities in the economy.

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LEARNER TASK 1:

1. Study the following figure and then answer the questions in your workbook.

1.1 What is the difference between development and economic growth?

1.2 Distinguish between quality of life and standard of living.

1.3 List FOUR items that could form part of a person’s standard of living.

1.4 List FOUR factors that would indicate a person’s quality of life.

1.5 Which standard of living in the figure suggests the presence of poverty?

1.6 Suggest measures government and business can implement to eradicate poverty.

1.7 Which standard of living in the figure will generally lead to a higher infant mortality rate?

Give reasons for your answer.

1.8 Explain how infant mortality can be reduced by improving people’s quality of life.

1.9 Which standard of living in the figure generally implies higher income levels?

Explain your answer.

1.10 In a paragraph of 80 words, discuss measures that can be implemented to improve people’s

quality of life and standard of living.

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 Differences in Development

1. The world consist of:

• developed nations or countries
• developing nations/countries &
• NICs – Newly industrialise countries
2. Where is it?

Differences in levels of development divides the world according to the Brandt line into a:

• north – south divide,

• wealthy, industrialized north (developed)
• and a less wealthy, mainly agricultural south (developing).
3. This infographic shows significant differences in development between countries
north and south of the Brandt line.

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 4. What are the main differences between developed and developing nations?
• Developed nations also known as More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) are
generally categorized as countries that are more industrialized and have higher GDP per
capita income levels.
• Developing nations also known as Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) are
generally categorized as countries that are less industrialized and have far lower GDP per
capita income levels.
• NICs have strong manufacturing sectors.
• Many transnationals (e.g. Nike) move to NICs to take advantage of cheap labour and land.

Impact of industrialisation on the economy

 Industrialisation is the change from agricultural production to industrial production.

 Industrial countries produce most of the income from primary and tertiary sector.
 Newly industrialises countries have emerged- these countries are still developing but are
experiencing strong industrialisation.
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MORE ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

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 THE NORTH – SOUTH DIVIDE

The north –south divide

 Most countries in the Southern hemisphere are less developed, while countries in the
northern hemisphere are more developed.
 The line that divides the rich north from the poor south is called the

BRANDT LINE

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LEARNER TASK 2:

Study the following infographic and then answer the questions in your workbook.

2.1 Provide alternative names for the “developed north” and the “developing south”.
2.2 Arrange the development indicators according to economic, social and demographic
statistics.
2.3 Define the term GDP.
2.4 Explain how GDP per capita of a country is calculated.
2.5 What is the average income level of people living in developing countries?
2.6 Explain why citizens in the developed north have a much higher life expectancy.
2.7 Which sector do most people earn an income from in the developing south?
2.8 Mention TWO economic activities found in the sector you mentioned in QUESTION 2.7.
2.9 Compare the population structure of the developing south with the developed north.
2.10 What type of settlement is most common in the developed north?
2.11 “The HDI is a more reliable indicator of measuring a country’s level of development than
the GDP per capita”. Agree or disagree with this statement. Write a paragraph of 80
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words to support your viewpoint.

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 1. FACTORS THAT AFFECT DEVELOPMENT

In the previous lessons we have seen that development is mainly about growth and
improvement and that there are certain key aspects such as economic, social, political and
environmental factors that influence development. Due to differences within these aspects.

It is important to remember that development does not take place at the same tempo and
impact globally. This results in a developed North and a developing South clearly divided by
what is known as the Brandt line.

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2. COMMUNITY BASED DEVLOPMENT

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ACTIVITY: Answer the following questions in your workbook.

1. Using your prior knowledge briefly explain:

a. The difference between the concept of a Developed North and a Developing South.

b. Why development is not equal worldwide?

2. Which FOUR factors influence development?

3. Discuss the main factors influencing development.

4. In what way does population growth limit development?

5. Why is trade imbalances such an important factor in the development process?

6. How does education have an impact on the development of a country?

7. Explain what a community based development project is.

8. Distinguish between rural and urban community development.

9. Copy the table below in your workbook. Complete it by using an example of a Rural and an
Urban Community based Development Project from your textbook and any other source.

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10. In a paragraph of 80 words explain how the poverty cycle inhibits development.
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1. Trade and development

What is international trade?

 International trade is the exchange of goods and services between countries.

 The raw materials, goods and services bought by a country are called imports
 Those sold by a country are exports.
 Countries that earn more from their exports than they pay for their imports have a trade
surplus.
 This enables them to become richer.

 Countries that spend more on imports that they earn from their exports have a trade
deficit. They become poorer.

2. What are trade commodities?

 Many of the world’s poorest countries still depend heavily on exporting primary
products. This has a number of disadvantages:
 Primary products or unprocessed raw materials are usually processed elsewhere, to
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make valuable products.

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 Manufactured products have ‘added value’ because they can be sold at a greater profit.
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3. Is trade fair?
 World trade has increased considerable recently and LEDCs have gained the least from
this growth. Why is this?
 Countries try to protect their own economies by imposing tariffs and quotas on foreign
imports.
 Trading groups, are set up to promote free trade
between their members and to reduce the effectiveness of foreign competition.
 Countries try to protect their own economies by having different trade relationships.
 These include free trade, trade barriers, subsidies and fair trade.
What are the key aspects of international trade?

1. Fair trade

 Fair trade is different from free trade.

 When a product is labelled ‘Fair Trade’ it provides a guarantee that farmers and

producers in developing countries receive a fair deal.

2. The concept of globalisation

 Globalisation can be defined as an increasing interconnectedness and interdependence

among countries and economies.
 Globalisation involves the flow of goods, ideas and values across national boundaries.

3. Trade barriers

 Trade barriers are government-induced restrictions on international trade.

 Most trade barriers work on some sort of cost on trade that raises the price of the traded
products.

4. Is export-led development mutually beneficial?

 Most countries that have had rapid growth have made exports an important part of their
economic policies.
 Some countries with export-led policies had low growth rates.
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 Often these are countries that export bulk.

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LEARNER TASK

1. Study the following figure showing imports and exports to answer the questions in your
workbook.

1.1 Differentiate between imports and exports.

1.2 Which group of countries imports more than they export?

1.3 How would the practice above influence the economies of these countries?

1.4 Identify the continent that imports the most from Asia.

1.5 Which country in Asia will be the biggest exporter of goods to Africa?

1.6 Describe the products that LEDC countries export compared to MEDC.

1.7 How would the above exports influence the foreign income of these countries?

1.8 Explain in your own words how globalisation works.

1.9 Suggest how trade barriers would benefit the economy of a country.

1.10 Write a paragraph to explain whether export-led development is mutually

beneficial to countries.
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1. THE EFFECT OF DEVELOPMENT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

What is the effect of development on the environment?

 Air pollution from burning fossil fuels like coal, diesel and petrol in the industrial and
transport sectors, and wood for domestic use. Air pollution from our coal burning power
stations contributes to acid rain, global warming and climate change.
 Water pollution results from the discharge of untreated agricultural, industrial and domestic
waste into rivers and dams. Polluted water is harmful to humans and plants, aquatic

life and animals.

 Land pollution is caused by dumping refuse and builder’s rubble, poor agricultural practices
and mining. Industrial refuse includes waste from manufacturing everyday items such as

glass, paper, motor vehicles and tins.

 Nature has to make space for people’s homes, infrastructure, industry, mining, farmlands
and pastures. Great pressure is exerted on conservation areas and the balance of nature.
 Loss of habitat to insects, birds, animals and plants. This leads to deterioration of the
environment.
 The supply of material goods increases but the quality of life deteriorates as we exceed the
carry capacity of the environment.

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1. Development and the growing world population require of us to interfere with the
environment to meet the needs of communities.
• This often results in disturbing the balance of nature which has a negative impact on the
environment.

2. How can the effect on the environment be managed?

What we must do:
 Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.
 Save energy.
 Don’t pollute.
 Choose energy-efficient appliances and light bulbs.
 Save water.
3. What business and government must do:
 Conduct impact assessment studies before construction.
 Conserve the environment and enforce laws.
 Encourage the use of sustainable energy sources.
 Invest in eco-friendly infrastructure & building designs.

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LEARNER TASK:

1. Study the changes that have occurred in the environment by comparing the before and

after pictures of the landscape. Read through the information and answer the questions in your

workbook.

1.1 Define the term deforestation.

1.2 Give evidence from the source of deforestation.

1.3 Suggest reasons for the deforestation of the natural environment.

1.4 In a paragraph of eighty (80) words, discuss why deforestation is one of the largest

Contributors to soil erosion.

1.5 Define the term land-use.

1.6 Copy the table in your workbook and complete the information by following the

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Role of development aid

What is development aid?

• Development aid, also known as development cooperation, is aid given by governments

and other agencies to support the economic, environmental, social

and political development of developing countries.

• It is distinguished from humanitarian aid by focusing on alleviating poverty in the

long-term, rather than a short-term response as might be done after an earthquake or flood.

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LEARNER TASK

High Standard of Living Low Standard of Living

1. Study the following figure showing development aid given to LEDCs to answer the questions in your
workbook.
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1.1 Describe the term development aid.

1.2 Are the poor in the above countries receiving the intended aid?

1.3 According to the cartoon, what is the main reason for your answer to 1.2?

1.4 Distinguish between development cooperation and humanitarian aid.

1.5 How does development aid attempt to promote long-term growth of the LEDCs?

1.6 Explain what the three types of development aid is.

1.7 Describe what non-government organisations are.

1.8 In a paragraph of approximately 8 lines, explain when development aid becomes effective in LEDC’s.

1.9 Suggest different ways in which countries can ensure that development aid is effective.

1.10 Which three countries are the largest donors of aid to Africa?

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