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Chapter 6: Rational Expressions and Functions
6.1: Introduction to Rational Functions and Equations
Concepts
x2 + 1
1. A rational expression is a polynomial divided by a nonzero polynomial. Example: Answers may
3x
vary.
2. x=4
3. Multiply each side by x + 7.
4. No, the equation is undefined when x = 5.
5. No, it simplifies to 5 + x.
6. 1
7. a
8. 0
9. Yes
10. Yes
11. Yes
12. No, x is not a polynomial.
x2
17. f ( x) =
x−2
1
18. f ( x) =
2x
19. The denominator cannot equal zero, so D = {x | x ≠ −2}.
21. {
The denominator cannot equal zero, so D = x | x ≠ 1
3 }.
22. {
The denominator cannot equal zero, so D = x | x ≠ − 54 . }
23. The denominator cannot equal zero, and
312 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = 1, so D = {x | x ≠ 1, x ≠ 2}.
{ }
2 x 2 − x − 15 = 0 ⇒ (2 x + 5)( x − 3) = 0 ⇒ x = − 52 or x = 3, so D = x | x ≠ − 52 , x ≠ 3 .
29. See Figure 29. The denominator cannot equal zero, so x − 1 ≠ 0. The domain is {x | x ≠ 1}.
30. See Figure 30. The denominator cannot equal zero, so x + 3 ≠ 0. The domain is {x | x ≠ −3}.
32. See Figure 32. The denominator cannot equal zero, so x ≠ 0. The domain is {x | x ≠ 0}.
33. See Figure 33. The denominator cannot equal zero, so x + 2 ≠ 0. The domain is {x | x ≠ −2}.
35. See Figure 35. This denominator will never equal zero. The domain is {x | − ∞ < x < ∞}.
36. See Figure 36. This denominator will never equal zero. The domain is {x | − ∞ < x < ∞}.
Introduction to Rational Functions and Equations SECTION 6.1 313
2
38. See Figure 38. The denominator cannot equal zero, so 3x + 2 ≠ 0. The domain is x | x ≠ − .
3
39. The denominator cannot equal zero, so x 2 − 1 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 1) = 0 ⇒ x = 1 or x = −1. The domain is
{x | x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1}.
40. The denominator cannot equal zero, so 4 − x 2 = 0 ⇒ (2 − x)(2 + x) = 0 ⇒ x = 2 or x = −2. The domain is
{x | x ≠ −2, x ≠ 2}.
1 1
41. f ( −2 ) = =− .
( )
−2 − 1 3
3( 2) 6
42. f ( 2) = = = 2.
( 2) 2
−1 3
( −3) + 1 −2 1
43. f ( −3 ) = = = .
( −3) − 1 −4 2
2 (0) + 1 1
44. f (0) = = = −1.
3(0) −1 −1
( −2 )2 − 3 ( −2 ) + 5 15
45. f ( −2 ) = = = 3.
( −2 )2 + 1 5
55
46. f ( −1) = = .
( −1) − ( −1) 2
2
314 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
47. f ( −3) = 2 and f (1) = 0; The equation on the vertical asymptote is x = −1.
49. f ( −1) = 0 and f ( 2 ) is undefined; The equations on the vertical asymptotes are x = −2 and x = 2.
51. x −2 −1 0 1 2
1 1 1 −1 — 1
f ( x) = − −
x −1 3 2
1 1 1
When x = 1, = = , so f(1) is undefined.
x −1 1 −1 0
52. x −2 −1 0 1 2
2x — −2 0 2 1
f ( x) =
x+2 3
2x 2(−2) −4
When x = −2, = = , so f(–2) is undefined.
x + 2 −2 + 2 0
2
f (1) =
3
Rational Equations
3 3 3
53. = 5 ⇒ 3 = 5x ⇒ = x ⇒ x =
x 5 5
5 5 5
54. = 7 ⇒ 5 = 7x ⇒ = x ⇒ x =
x 7 7
1
55. = −1 ⇒ 1 = −1( x − 2 ) ⇒ 1 = − x + 2 ⇒ − 1 = − x ⇒ x = 1
x−2
−5
56. = −5 ⇒ − 5 = −5 ( x + 4 ) ⇒ − 5 = −5 x − 20 ⇒ 15 = −5 x ⇒ −3 = x ⇒ x = −3
x+4
x
57. = 2 ⇒ x = 2 ( x + 1) ⇒ x = 2 x + 2 ⇒ − x = 2 ⇒ x = −2
x +1
3x −18
58. = −6 ⇒ 3x = −6 ( x + 3) ⇒ 3x = −6 x − 18 ⇒ 9 x = −18 ⇒ x = ⇒ x = −2
x+3 9
2x + 1
59. = 1 ⇒ 2 x + 1 = 3x − 2 ⇒ 1 = x − 2 ⇒ 3 = x ⇒ x = 3
3x − 2
x+3 3 12 12
60. = ⇒ 5 ( x + 3) = 3 ( 4 x + 1) ⇒ 5 x + 15 = 12 x + 3 ⇒ 12 = 7 x ⇒ =x ⇒ x=
4x + 1 5 7 7
3
61. = x ⇒ 3 = x ( x + 2 ) ⇒ x 2 + 2 x − 3 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 3)( x − 1) = 0 ⇒ x = −3 or x = 1
x+2
Introduction to Rational Functions and Equations SECTION 6.1 315
6 3
62. = x ⇒ 6 = x ( 2 x + 1) ⇒ 2 x 2 + x − 6 = 0 ⇒ ( 2 x − 3)( x + 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = or x = −2
2x + 1 2
6 2
63. = 3x ⇒ = x ⇒ 2 = x ( x + 1) ⇒ x 2 + x − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ⇒ x = 1 or x = −2
x +1 x +1
4
64. = x ⇒ 4 = x ( x − 3) ⇒ x 2 − 3x − 4 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 4 ) = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x = 4
x−3
65.
1
x2 − 1
( )
= −1 ⇒ 1 = −1 x 2 − 1 ⇒ 1 = − x 2 + 1 ⇒ 0 = − x 2 ⇒ 0 = x 2 ⇒ 0 = x ⇒ x = 0
5x x+2 2 1
66. = ⇒ 5x = x + 2 ⇒ 4x = 2 ⇒ x = ⇒ x=
x −5
2
x −5
2 4 2
x 2x − 5
67. = ⇒ x = 2 x − 5 ⇒ − x = −5 ⇒ x = 5, but this solution does not check. No solution.
x−5 x−5
x 2x + 1
68. = ⇒ x = 2 x + 1 ⇒ − x = 1 ⇒ x = −1, but this solution does not check. No solution.
x +1 x +1
4x −8 4x 2(−4) 4x −4
69. = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 4 x = −4 ⇒ x = −1
x + 2 2x + 4 x + 2 2( x + 2) x+2 x+2
6x 4 6x −2(−2) 6x −2 1
70. = ⇒ = ⇒ = ⇒ 6 x = −2 ⇒ x = −
3x − 2 4 − 6 x 3x − 2 −2(−2 + 3 x) 3x − 2 3x − 2 3
2x x−4
71. = ⇒ 2 x = x − 4 ⇒ x = −4
x+2 x+2
x + 3 3x + 4 1
72. = ⇒ x + 3 = 3x + 4 ⇒ − 2x + 3 = 4 ⇒ − 2 x = 1 ⇒ x = −
x +1 x +1 2
73. Graph Y1 = ( 4 + X ) ( 2X ) and Y2 = −0.5 in [–4.7, 4.7, 1] by [–3.1, 3.1, 1]. See Figure 73. x = −2
74. Graph Y1 = ( 2X − 1) ( X − 5) and Y2 = −5 2 in [–9.4, 18.8, 2] by [–6.2, 6.2, 1]. See Figure 74. x = 3
Figure 73 Figure 74
[–9.4, 9.4, 1] by [–3.1, 3.1, 1]
Figure 75 Figure 76
75. ( )
Table Y1 = ( 2X ) X 2 − 4 and Y2 = −2 3 with TblStart = –5 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 75. x = −4 or x = 1
76. Graph Y1 = ( X − 1) ( X + 2 ) and Y2 = X in [–9.4, 9.4, 1] by [–3.1, 3.1, 1]. See Figure 76. No solutions.
316 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
77. Table Y1 = 1 ( X − 1) and Y2 = X − 1 with TblStart = –3 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 77. x = 0 or x = 2
Figure 77 Figure 78
78. Table Y1 = 2 ( X + 2 ) and Y2 = X + 1 with TblStart = –4 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 78. x = −3 or x = 0
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = 1 ( X + 2 ) and Y2 = 1 in [–4.7, 4.7, 1] by [–3.1, 3.1, 1]. See Figure 79b. x = −1
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = 1 ( X + 2 ) and Y2 = 1 with TblStart = –3 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 79c. x = −1
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = X ( 2X + 1) and Y2 = 2 5 in [–2.35, 2.35, 1] by [–1.55, 1.55, 1]. See Figure 81b.
x=2
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = X ( 2X + 1) and Y2 = 2 5 with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 1. See Figure 81c. x = 2
Introduction to Rational Functions and Equations SECTION 6.1 317
(b) Graphical: Graph Y1 = ( 4X − 2 ) ( X + 1) and Y2 = 3 2 in [–9.4, 9.4, 1] by [–6.2, 6.2, 1]. See Figure 82b.
7
x=
5
(c) Numerical: Table Y1 = ( 4X − 2 ) ( X + 1) and Y2 = 3 2 with TblStart = 0.2 and ∆Tbl = 0.2. See Figure
7
82c. x =
5
83. Graph Y1 = X^3 (X − 1) and Y2 = −1 (X + 1) in [–5, 5, 1] by [–5, 5, 1]. The solutions are approximately
approximately x = −1.41.
Figure 84
x x
85. a= ⇒ ba = b ⋅ ⇒ ab = x
b b
a c a c
86. = ⇒ bd ⋅ = bd ⋅ ⇒ ad = bc
b d b d
318 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
Operations on Functions
87. (a) ( f + g )(3) = 5(3) + (3 + 1) = 15 + 4 = 19
0
(d) ( f g )(0) = (5 ⋅ 0) (0 + 1) = =0
1
2
(d) ( f g )(0) = (02 + 2) (−2.0) = , which is undefined
0
−1
(d) ( f g )(0) = (2 ⋅ 0 − 1) (4 ⋅ 02 ) = , which is undefined
0
−1 1
(d) ( f g )(0) = (02 − 1) (0 + 2) = =−
2 2
91. (a) ( f + g )( x) = ( x + 1) + ( x + 2) = 2 x + 3
(b) ( f − g )( x) = ( x + 1) − ( x + 2) = −1
(c) ( fg )( x ) = ( x + 1)( x + 2) = x 2 + 3x + 2
x +1
(d) ( f g )( x) =
x+2
92. (a) ( f + g )( x) = (−3x) + ( x − 1) = −2 x − 1
(b) ( f − g )( x) = (−3 x) − ( x − 1) = −4 x + 1
−3x
(d) ( f g )( x) =
x −1
93. (a) ( f + g )( x) = (1 − x) + ( x 2 ) = x 2 − x + 1
Introduction to Rational Functions and Equations SECTION 6.1 319
(b) ( f − g )( x) = (1 − x) − ( x 2 ) = 1 − x − x 2
(c) ( fg )( x ) = (1 − x)( x 2 ) = x 2 − x3
1− x
(d) ( f g )( x) =
x2
94. (a) ( f + g )( x) = ( x 2 + 4) + (6 x) = x 2 + 6 x + 4
(b) ( f − g )( x) = ( x 2 + 4) − (6 x) = x 2 − 6 x + 4
(c) ( fg )( x ) = ( x 2 + 4)(6 x ) = 6 x3 + 24 x
x2 + 4
(d) ( f g )( x) =
6x
Applications
95. The graph should increase quickly at first and then continue to increase at a slower rate. The answer is graph
c.
96. The graph should decrease quickly at first and then continue to decrease at a slower rate. The answer is graph
b.
97. The graph should increase slowly at first and then continue to increase at a faster rate. The answer is graph d.
98. The graph should increase at first but then decrease. The answer is graph a.
2540
99. (a) f ( 400 ) = = 6.35; A curve with a radius of 400 feet will have an outer rail elevation of 6.35
400
inches.
(b) Table Y1 = 2540 X with TblStart = 100 and ∆Tbl = 50. See Figure 99.
(c) If the radius of the curve doubles, the outer rail elevation is halved.
2540 2540
(d) = 5 ⇒ 2540 = 5r ⇒ r = = 508 feet
r 5
(b) As the slope of the banking increases, the radius of the curve decreases.
320 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
1600
(c) 320 = ⇒ 320 (15m + 2 ) = 1600 ⇒ 4800m + 640 = 1600 ⇒ 4800m = 960 ⇒ m = 0.2
15m + 2
900 900
101. (a) D ( 0.05 ) = = = 75; The braking distance is 75 feet when the uphill grade is 0.05.
10.5 + 30 ( 0.05 ) 12
900
(b) 60 = ⇒ 60 (10.5 + 30 x ) = 900 ⇒ 630 + 1800 x = 900 ⇒ 1800 x = 270 ⇒ x = 0.15
10.5 + 30 x
900 900
102. (a) S ( 0.05 ) = = = 100; The braking distance is 100 feet when the downhill grade is
10.5 − 30 ( 0.05 ) 9
0.05.
(b) Table Y1 = 900 (10.5 + 30X ) and Y2 = 900 (10.5 − 30X ) with TblStart = 0 and ∆Tbl = 0.05. See Figure
102.
(c) The distances for downhill braking are farther than those for uphill breaking. This agrees with driving
experience.
1 1
103. (a) T ( 4 ) = = = 1; When cars leave the ramp at a rate of 4 vehicles per minute, the wait is 1 minute.
5 − ( 4) 1
(b) As more cars try to exit, the waiting time increases. This agrees with intuition.
1
(c) 3 = ⇒ 3 ( 5 − x ) = 1 ⇒ 15 − 3x = 1 ⇒ − 3 x = −14 ⇒ x = 4.6 vehicles per minute.
5− x
( 30 )2 900
104. (a) N ( 30 ) = = = 0.9;
2500 − 50 ( 30 ) 1000
When people arrive at a rate of 30 per hour, the line will be about 1 person long.
(b) As people arrive at a faster rate, the length of the line increases. This agrees with intuition.
(c) From the given graph, when N = 8, the rate is about 45 people per hour.
(1) − 1 0 ( 50 ) − 1 49
105. (a) P (1) = = = 0 and P ( 50 ) = = = 0.98
(1) 1 ( 50 ) 50
When there is only 1 ball there is no chance of losing. With 50 balls there is a 98% chance of losing.
(b) Graph Y1 = ( X − 1) X in [0, 100, 10] by [0, 1, 0.1]. See Figure 105.
Figure 105
(c) It increases. This agrees with intuition since there are more balls without the winning number.
x −1
(d) 0.975 = ⇒ 0.975 x = x − 1 ⇒ − 0.025 x = −1 ⇒ x = 40 balls
x
Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions SECTION 6.2 321
5 (10 ) + 2 52
106. (a) P (10 ) = = = 4.72; After 10 months, there are about 4727 insects per acre.
(10 ) + 1 11
(b) Graph Y1 = ( 5X + 2 ) ( X + 1) in [0, 50, 10] by [0, 6, 1]. See Figure 106.
Figure 106
(c) After several years the insect population stabilizes around 5000 insects per acre.
5x + 2
(d) 4.8 = ⇒ 4.8 ( x + 1) = 5 x + 2 ⇒ 4.8 x + 4.8 = 5 x + 2 ⇒ − 0.2 x = −2.8 ⇒ x = 14 months
x +1
Figure 1
x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
3. No, = = x + 1.
x −1 x −1
1 3
4. No, it is equal to neither nor 1 + .
x x
2 7
5. We multiply by .
3 5
ac
6.
bd
322 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
ad
7.
bc
a
8.
b
Review of Fractions
1 4 1 2 2
9. ⋅ = ⋅ =
2 5 1 5 5
5 3 1 1 1
10. ⋅ = ⋅ =
6 10 2 2 4
7 4 7 1 −3 7 1 −1 7
11. ⋅ ⋅ ( −3 ) = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =−
8 3 2 3 1 2 1 1 2
7 1 4 7 1 1 7 1 7
12. 4⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ =
4 2 1 4 2 1 1 2 2
3 3 2 3 1 3
13. ⋅2= ⋅ = ⋅ =
8 8 1 4 1 4
2 5 2 10
14. −5 ⋅ =− ⋅ =−
7 1 7 7
7 7 1 1 1 1
15. − ÷ 14 = − ⋅ = − ⋅ = −
11 11 14 11 2 22
6 6 5 1 5
16. 6÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =5
5 1 6 1 1
5 15 5 14 1 2 2
17. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
7 14 7 15 1 3 3
2 2 1 1 1 1
18. − ÷2 = − ⋅ = − ⋅ = −
3 3 2 3 1 3
1
19. 6 ÷ − = 6 ⋅ ( −3) = −18
3
10 5 10 3 2 1 2
20. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
9 3 9 5 3 1 3
Simplifying Rational Expressions
5x 5
21. 2
=
x x
18t 3 3t 2
22. = = 3t 2
6t 1
3z + 6 3 ( z + 2 )
23. = =3
z+2 z+2
6 6 1
24. = =
16 x + 6 6 ( 2 x + 1) 2 x + 1
Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions SECTION 6.2 323
2 z + 2 2 ( z + 1) 2
25. = =
3z + 3 3 ( z + 1) 3
4 x − 12 4 ( x − 3) 4
26. = = =2
2 x − 6 2 ( x − 3) 2
( x − 1)( x + 1)
27. = x +1
x −1
x−6
28. ( x + 2) ⋅ = x−6
x+2
x 2 − 4 ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
29. = = x−2
x+2 x+2
( x + 2 )( x − 5) x − 5
30. =
( x + 10 )( x + 2 ) x + 10
x ( x − 1) x
31. =
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1
( 2 x − 1)( x − 3) 2 x − 1
32. =
( x − 3)( 2 x + 5 ) 2 x + 5
( 3x + 1)( x + 2 ) 3 x + 1
33. =
( x + 2 )( 5 x − 2 ) 5 x − 2
( 3x + 2 )( x − 7 ) 3 x + 2
34. =
x ( x − 7) x
x+5 x+5 1
35. = =
x + 2 x − 15
2
( x + 5 )( x − 3) x − 3
x2 − 9 ( x − 3)( x + 3) x + 3
36. ⋅ ( x + 3) = ⋅ = x−3
x + 6x + 9
2
( x + 3)( x + 3) 1
x2 + 2 x x ( x + 2) x
37. = =
x + 3x + 2
2
( x + 1)( x + 2 ) x +1
x 2 − 3x − 10 ( x − 5 )( x + 2 ) x + 2
38. = =
x − 6x + 5
2
( x − 5)( x − 1) x − 1
6 x2 + 7 x − 5 ( 3x + 5)( 2 x − 1) 3 x + 5
39. = =
2 x − 11x + 5
2
( x − 5 )( 2 x − 1) x − 5
30 x 2 − 7 x − 15 ( 5 x + 3)( 6 x − 5) 5 x + 3
40. = =
6 x + 7 x − 10
2
( x + 2 )( 6 x − 5) x + 2
a 2 − b 2 ( a − b )( a + b )
41. = = a+b
a −b a−b
324 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
a 2 + 2ab + b 2 ( a + b )
2
42. = = a+b
a+b a+b
43. =
(
m3 + n3 ( m + n ) m − mn + n
2 2
)
= m 2 − mn + n 2
m+n m+n
44. =
(
m3 − n3 ( m − n ) m + mn + n
2 2
)
= m 2 + mn + n 2
m−n m−n
4 − t −1 ( 4 − t ) t − 4
45. − = = =1
t −4 t−4 t−4
t − r −1 ( t − r ) r − t
46. − = = =1
r −t r −t r −t
4m − n 4m − n 1
47. = = = −1
−4m + n −1( 4m − n ) −1
2n + 10m 2 ( n + 5m ) 2
48. = = = −2
−n − 5m −1( n + 5m ) −1
5 − y −1 ( y − 5 )
49. = = −1
y −5 y −5
a −b a −b 1
50. = = = −1
b − a −1 ( a − b ) −1
Reciprocals
1
51.
4x
1
52.
5x − 2
5b
53.
2a
7a 2
54.
5b3
5− x
55.
3− x
3x + 1
56.
x2 − 4
x2 + 1
57. = x2 + 1
1
5− x
58. = x−5
−1
Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions SECTION 6.2 325
x − 2 x − 3 ( x − 2)( x − 3)
61. ⋅ =
x x+4 x( x + 4)
x x−6 x( x − 6)
62. ⋅ =
x + 5 x + 4 ( x + 5)( x + 4)
1 4x 1 2x 2x
63. ⋅ = ⋅ = =1
2x 2 2x 1 2x
5a 2 7 a 1 a
64. ⋅ = ⋅ =
7 10a 1 2 2
5a 12 1 3
65. ⋅ = ⋅ =3
4 5a 1 1
a 2 b 8c 2 a 2c 2ac
66. ⋅ 2
= ⋅ =
4c 3ab 1 3b 3b
67.
9 x2 y4
⋅
( 2 xy )
2 3
=
9 x 2 y 4 8 x3 y 6 9 ⋅ 8 ⋅ x5 y10 9
⋅ = = =3
8 xy 6 3 ( xy ) 8 xy 6 3 x 4 y 4 8 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x5 y10 3
4
( 7 rt )2 8r 49r 2 t 2 8r 8 ⋅ 49r 3t 2 1
68. ⋅ = ⋅ = =
( ) 2 3 8 ⋅ 49r 3t 6 t 4
3 6
8 49 rt 8 49r t
x + 1 2x − 5 x + 1 1 x +1
69. ⋅ = ⋅ =
2x − 5 x 1 x x
x +1 x x +1 1 x +1
70. ⋅ = ⋅ =
x x+2 1 x+2 x+2
b2 + 1 b − 1 b2 + 1 b − 1 b2 + 1 1 b2 + 1
71. ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
b 2 − 1 b + 1 (b − 1)(b + 1) b + 1 b + 1 b + 1 (b + 1) 2
( x − 5 )( x + 3) x ( 3 x − 1) x+3 x
72. ⋅ = ⋅ = x ( x + 3)
3x − 1 ( x − 5) 1 1
x 2 − 2 x − 35 x3 − x 2 ( x − 7)( x + 5) x 2 ( x − 1) x + 5 x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 5)
73. ⋅ = 2 ⋅ = ⋅ =
2 x − 3x
3 2 2 x − 14 x (2 x − 3) 2( x − 7) 2 x − 3 2 2(2 x − 3)
2 x + 4 x 2 + 3x + 2 2( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 2 x + 2 ( x + 2) 2
74. ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
x +1 4x + 2 x +1 2(2 x + 1) 1 2x + 1 2x +1
326 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
3n − 9 (
3 ( n − 3) ⋅ ( n + 3) n 2 − 3n + 9 ) = 3(n 2
− 3n + 9 ) =3 n
75.
n −9
2 (
⋅ n3 + 27 = ) ( n + 3)( n − 3) 1
( 2
− 3n + 9 )
n + 1 5 ( 2n + 3)( n + 1) 5 ( n + 1)
76. (10n + 15 ) ⋅ = =
6n + 9 3 ( 2n + 3 ) 3
77.
3n − 9 n3 + 27 3 ( n − 3) ⋅ ( n + 3) n − 3n + 9
⋅ =
2
=
(
n2 − 3n + 9 )
n −9
2 12 ( n + 3)( n − 3) ⋅ 12 4
10n + 15 n +1 5 ( 2n + 3)( n + 1) 5
78. ⋅ = =
n −12 6n + 9 ( n − 1)( n + 1) ⋅ 3 ( 2n + 3) 3 ( n − 1)
x 2y 2 x ⋅ 2y ⋅ 2 4
79. ⋅ ⋅ = =
y x xy y ⋅ x ⋅ xy xy
4 z 2 5r r 4 z 2 ⋅ 5r ⋅ r 20r 2 z 2 10
80. ⋅ ⋅ = = =
r3 2z z r3 ⋅ 2z ⋅ z 2r 3 z 2 r
x − 1 y( x + y) y ( x − 1) ⋅ y 2 ( x + y ) y ( x − 1)
81. ⋅ ⋅ = =
y 2 x+ y 2 y ⋅ ( x + y) 2
x y 3 − y 2 x 2 + xy x ⋅ y 2 ( y − 1) x( x + y ) y − 1
82. ⋅ ⋅ = =
y2 x+ y 5x2 y2 ( x + y) ⋅ 5x2 5
3 x 2 x 3x 5 3 5 15
83. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
2 5 2 2x 2 2 4
x2 + x x x ( x + 1) x + 3 x + 1 1 x + 1
84. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
2 x + 6 x + 3 2 ( x + 3) x 2 1 2
8a 4 a 5 8a 4 9b 2 8 3b 24b
85. ÷ 2 = ⋅ = ⋅ =
3b 9b 3b a5 1 a a
5m 4 5m 4 1 m3 1 m 3
86. ÷ 5m = ⋅ = 2 ⋅ = 2
n2 n2 5m n 1 n
n + 2 2 ( n + 2) n −1
87. ( 2n + 4 ) ÷ = ⋅ = 2 ( n − 1)
n −1 1 n+2
n +1 n +1 n +1 n + 3 1 1
88. ÷ = ⋅ = = ⋅ =1
n + 3 n + 3 n + 3 n +1 1 1
6b 3b 4 6b 2(b + 2) 2 2 4
89. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ 3 = 3
b + 2 2b + 4 b + 2 3b 4 1 b b
5 x5 10 x3 5 x5 5 ( x − 2 ) 5 x 2 1 5 x 2
90. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
x − 2 5 x − 10 x − 2 10 x3 1 2 2
3a + 1 a + 1 3a + 1 3a8 3a + 1 3a 3a ( 3a + 1)
91. ÷ 8 = 7 ⋅ = ⋅ =
a 7
3a a a +1 1 a +1 a +1
Multiplication and Division of Rational Expressions SECTION 6.2 327
16 − x 2 x + 4 ( 4 − x )( 4 + x ) ( 3 − x )( 3 + x ) 4 − x 3 − x
92. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = ( 4 − x )( 3 − x ) = ( x − 4)( x − 3)
x + 3 9 − x2 x+3 x+4 1 1
x+5 25 − x 2 x+5 x3 1 x2 x2
93. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
x−x 3
x 3
x(1 − x ) (5 − x)(5 + x) 1 − x 5 − x ( x − 5)( x 2 − 1)
2 2
x 2 + x − 12 x 2 + 7 x + 12 ( x + 4 )( x − 3) ( 2 x + 1)( x − 4 ) x − 3 x − 4 ( x − 4 )( x − 3)
94. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
2x − 9x − 5
2
2x − 7x − 4
2
( 2 x + 1)( x − 5 ) ( x + 4 )( x + 3) x − 5 x + 3 ( x − 5 )( x + 3)
x2 − 3x + 2 x2 + x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x − 1) ( x + 3)( x − 1) ( x − 2)( x − 1)
95. ÷ = ⋅ =
x + 5x + 6
2
x + 2x − 3
2
( x + 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 1) ( x + 2)2
2 x2 + x − 1 2x2 + 5x + 3 ( 2 x − 1)( x + 1) ( 3x + 2 )( 2 x + 3) 1
96. ÷ = ⋅ = =1
6x + x − 2
2
6 x + 13x + 6
2
( 3x + 2 )( 2 x − 1) ( 2 x + 3)( x + 1) 1
x2 − 4 x − 2 ( x − 2)( x + 2) x − 1
97. ÷ = ⋅ =1
x + x−2
2 x − 1 ( x + 2)( x − 1) x − 2
x 2 + 2 x + 1 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x + 1) 2( x − 2)
98. ÷ = ⋅ = 2( x + 1)
x−2 2x − 4 x−2 x +1
3y y 2 y 3 y x 5 x 15 x 2 y 15
99. ÷ ÷ = ⋅ ⋅ = 2 3 = 2
x2 x 5x x2 y2 y x y y
x + 1 2x + 2 x x +1 y − 2 y y
100. ÷ ÷ = ⋅ ⋅ =
y − 2 y − 2 y y − 2 2( x + 1) x 2 x
x − 3 x2 x − 3 x − 3 x −1 x 1
101. ÷ ÷ = ⋅ ⋅ =
x −1 x −1 x x − 1 x2 x − 3 x
2x x+2 7x 2x x ( x − 2)( x + 2) 2 x
102. ÷ ÷ 2 = ⋅ ⋅ =
x−2 x x −4 x−2 x+2 7x 7
Operations on Functions
x+2 x −1 ( x + 2)( x − 1) 1
103. ( fg )( x ) = = ⋅ =
x − 3x + 2 x + 2 ( x − 2)( x − 1)( x + 2) x − 2
2
x−4
2 2( x − 4) 2
104. ( fg )( x ) = = ⋅ = 2
x − 5x + 4
2 x + 1 ( x − 4)( x − 1)( x + 1) x −1
x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
105. ( f g )( x) = = = x −1
x +1 x +1
2x − 4 4 − 2x 2x − 4 15
106. ( f g )( x) = ÷ = ⋅ = −3
5 15 5 −1(2 x − 4)
Geometry
5 x 2 + 12 x + 4 ( 5 x + 2 )( x + 2 )
107. (a) = = 5x + 2
x+2 x+2
x 2 − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
108. (a) = = x +1
x −1 x −1
(b) 15 + 1 = 16 and 15 − 1 = 14. The dimensions are 14 by 16. The area is 14 ⋅ 16 = 224 square units.
4 x3 + 4 x 2 + x
109. (a) = 4x2 + 4 x + 1
x
(b) Since 4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 = ( 2 x + 1) , a side of the bottom is 2 (10 ) + 1 = 21. The dimensions are 21 by 21 by
2
10.
6 x 2 − x − 15 ( 3 x − 5 )( 2 x + 3)
110. One half of the height is = = 3x − 5. The height is 2 ( 3x − 5 ) .
2x + 3 2x + 3
Figure 1
6 1
2. (a) = 3 ⇒ 6 = 3 ( 2 x + 3 ) ⇒ 6 = 6 x + 9 ⇒ 6 x = −3 ⇒ x = −
2x + 3 2
2
(b) = x ⇒ 2 = x ( x − 1) ⇒ x 2 − x − 2 = 0 ⇒ ( x + 1)( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ x = −1 or x = 2
x −1
x2 − 6 x − 7 ( x − 7 )( x + 1) x − 7
3. = =
x −1
2
( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1
x +1
2x2 2x2 x +1 x 1 x
4. (a) ⋅= ⋅ = ⋅ =
x −1 4x
2
( x − 1)( x + 1) 4 x x − 1 2 2 ( x − 1)
1 3 1 ( x − 2)( x + 3) 1 x + 3 x + 3
(b) ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
x − 2 ( x − 2)( x + 3) x − 2 3 1 3 3
3. ( x − 5 )( x + 5 )
4. ( x − 5 )( x + 5 )
5. A common denominator
6. A common denominator
a+b
7.
c
a −b
8.
c
Least Common Multiples
9. 10 = 2 ⋅ 5 and 15 = 3 ⋅ 5, the LCM is 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 = 30.
15. ( )
10 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x and 25 x 2 − x = 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ ( x − 1) , the LCM is 2 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x ⋅ x ⋅ ( x − 1) = 50 x 2 ( x − 1) .
Review of Fractions
1 4 5
21. + =
7 7 7
2 1 4 5 9
22. + = + =
5 2 10 10 10
2 5 1 8 10 3 21 7
23. + + = + + = =
3 6 4 12 12 12 12 4
3 1 1 18 33 11 62 31
24. + + = + + = =
11 2 6 66 66 66 66 33
1 3 −2 1
25. − = =−
10 10 10 5
330 CHAPTER 6 Rational Expressions and Functions
2 1 22 9 13
26. − = − =
9 11 99 99 99
3 1 12 1 11
27. − = − =
2 8 8 8 8
3 5 12 15 −3 1
28. − = − = =−
12 16 48 48 48 16
Addition and Subtraction of Rational Expressions
1 3 4
29. + =
x x x
2 x 2+ x
30. + =
x −1 x −1 x −1
2 x +1 2 − ( x + 1) 1− x
31. − = =
x −42
x −4
2
x −4
2
x2 − 4
2x −1 2x + 1 2 x − 1 − ( 2 x + 1) 2
32. − = =−
x +62
x +6
2
x +6
2
x +6
2
4 5 9
33. 2
+ 2
=
x x x2
8 5 3
34. 3
− 3
=
b b b3
4 7 3
35. − =−
xy xy xy
9 1 10
36. 2
+ 2
=
a b a b a 2b
x 1 x +1
37. + = =1
x +1 x +1 x +1
1 2x 1 − 2x
38. − = = −1
2x −1 2x −1 2x −1
2 z 3 z − 4 2 z − ( 3z − 4 ) − z + 4 4 − z
39. − = = = =1
4− z 4− z 4− z 4− z 4− z
z 3 z −3 z −3 1
40. − = = =
z −92
z −9
2
z −9
2
( z − 3)( z + 3) z + 3
4r r 4r + r 5r r
41. 2
+ 2
= 2
= 2
=
5t 5t 5t 5t t2
1 1 1+1 2 1
42. + = = =
2ab 2ab 2ab 2ab ab
3t 2 − 2t 3t + 2 − 2t t+2 1
43. + = = =
t −t −6
2
t −t −6
2
t −t −6
2
( t − 3)( t + 2 ) t − 3
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