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Full download Intermediate Algebra 7th Edition Martin Gay Solutions Manual all chapter 2024 pdf
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Chapter 7
Section 7.1 Practice Exercises b. 5
−1 = −1 because (−1)5 = −1.
4 2 2 2 4
c. 4 ( x + 7) 4 = x + 7
f. 16b = 4b because (4b ) = 16b .
d. 3
(−7)3 = −7
g. − 36 = −6. The negative in front of the
radical indicates the negative square root of
36. e. 5
(3x − 5)5 = 3x − 5
3. a. 3
−1 = −1 because (−1)3 = −1. a. f (11) = 11 + 5 = 16 = 4
b. 3
27 = 3 because 33 = 27 . b. f (−1) = −1 + 5 = 4 = 2
3
27 3 ⎛3⎞ 27 c. g (11) = 3 11 − 3 = 3 8 = 2
c. 3 = because ⎜ ⎟ = .
64 4 ⎝ ⎠
4 64
d. g (−6) = 3 −6 − 3 = 3 −9
3 12 4 4 3 12
d. x = x because ( x ) = x .
7. h( x) = x + 2
3 3 3 3
e. −8 x = −2 x because (−2 x) = −8 x . Find the domain.
x+2≥0
x ≥ −2
4. a. 4 10, 000 = 10 because 104 = 10, 000 and 10
The domain of h(x) is { x | x ≥ −2} .
is positive.
5
26.
3 15
x = x5 because ( x5 )3 = x15 . 68. −243x5 z15 = −3xz 3
4 2
28.
3
−64 x6 = −4 x 2 because (−4 x 2 )3 = −64 x6 . 70. =
81 9
4 20
36. x = x5 because ( x5 )4 = x 20 . y4 y
76. 4 =
4 3 x
81x
5
38. −32 x15 = −2 x3 because (−2 x3 )5 = −32 x15 .
78. g ( x) = 3 x − 8 x f ( x) = x + 1
g (0) = 3 0 − 8 = 3 −8 = −2
–1 −1 + 1 = 0 = 0
80. f ( x) = 2 x + 3
0 0 +1 = 1 = 1
f (−1) = 2(−1) + 3 = 1 = 1
3 3 +1 = 4 = 2
82. f ( x) = 2 x + 3
f (3) = 2(3) + 3 = 9 = 3 8 8 +1 = 9 = 3
y
5
3
84. g ( x) = x − 8
g (1) = 3 1 − 8 = 3 −7
86. f ( x) = x − 2 8 x
x≥0
Domain: [0, ∞)
x f ( x) = x − 2 90. f ( x) = 3 x − 2
Domain: (−∞, ∞)
0 0 − 2 = −2
1 1 − 2 = −1 x f ( x) = 3 x − 2
3 3 − 2 ≈ −0.3 −4
3
−4 − 2 ≈ −3.6
4 4 −2 = 0 −1
3
−1 − 2 = −3
3
y 0 0 − 2 = −2
5
3
1 1 − 2 = −1
3
4 4 − 2 ≈ −0.4
5 x
y
5
88. f ( x) = x + 1
x +1 ≥ 0 5 x
x ≥ −1
Domain: [−1, ∞)
92. g ( x) = 3 x + 1 108. 900 < 1000 < 1600 so 900 < 1000 < 1600,
Domain: (−∞, ∞) or 30 < 1000 < 40. Thus 1000 is between 30
and 40. Therefore, the answer is b.
x g ( x) = 3 x + 1
110. 20 ≈ 4 and 8 ≈ 3 so the length is
3
−1 + 1 = 3 0 = 0 20 + 8 ≈ 4 + 3 = 7. Therefore, the answer is c.
–1
3
0 +1 = 3 1 = 1 112. answers may vary
0
3
−2 + 1 = 3 −1 = −1 hw 74 ⋅ 225
–2 114. B= =
3131 3131
3
7 7 +1 = 3 8 = 2 16, 650
=
3 3131
–9 −9 + 1 = 3 −8 = −2 ≈ 2.31 sq meters
y
5
2Gm 2(6.67 ×10−11 )(7.35 ×1022 )
116. v = =
r 1.74 ×106
2(4.90245 × 1012 )
10 x =
1.74 × 106
9.8049 × 1012
=
1.74 × 106
6 7 3 3 6⋅3 7⋅3 18 21
94. (4 y z ) = 4 y z = 64 y z = 5.635 ×106
≈ 2374
96. (−14a5bc 2 )(2abc 4 ) = −14(2)a5+1b1+1c 2+ 4 The escape velocity is 2374 meters per second.
= −28a 6b 2 c6
118. answers may vary
−1 2 3 −3 6
(2a b ) 8a b f ( x) = x − 2
98. = 120.
2 −2 −2 −4 −2
(8a b) 8 a b 10
82 ⋅ 8ab8
= –10 10
1
= 64(8)ab8
–10
= 512ab8
Domain: [0, ∞)
100. 3 −17 is a real number.
122. f ( x) = 3 x − 2
10
102. 15 −17 is a real number.
–10 10
104. The radicals that simplify to 3 are 9 and 3 27,
choices a and c.
–10
106. The radical that does not simplify to a whole Domain: (−∞, ∞)
number is 8, choice c.
( 16 )
3
2. a. 163/2 = = 43 = 64 b. ( x1/2 + 6)( x1/2 − 2)
= x 2/2 − 2 x1/2 + 6 x1/2 − 12
( 5 1)
3
b. −13/5 = − = −(1)3 = −1 = x + 4 x1/2 − 12
3 9 3
⎛ 1 ⎞
3/2
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛1⎞
3
1 7. a. x = x3/9 = x1/3 = 3 x
d. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎝5⎠ 125
⎝ ⎠
b. 4 36 = 361/4 = (62 )1/4 = 62/4 = 61/2 = 6
e. (3 x + 2)5/9 = 9 (3 x + 2)5 8
c. a 4b 2 = (a 4b 2 )1/8
1 1 1 1 = a 4/8b2/8
3. a. 9−3/2 = = = =
93/2
( 9) = a 2/4 b1/4
3
33 27
= (a 2b)1/4
4
1 1 1 1 = a 2b
b. (−64)−2/3 = = = =
(−64)2/3
( 3 −64 )
2
(−4)2 16
8. a. 3
x ⋅ 4 x = x1/3 ⋅ x1/4
= x1/3+1/4
2/3 8/3 (2/3+8/3) 10/3
4. a. y ⋅y =y =y
= x 4/12+3/12
= x 7/12
b. x3/5 ⋅ x1/4 = x3/5+1/4 = x12/20 +5/20 = x17/20
12 7
= x
92/7 1
c. = 92/7 −9/7 = 9−7/7 = 9 −1 =
99/7 9
7. − 5 3x 3
⎛ 49 ⎞
3/2
⎛ 49 ⎞ ⎛7⎞
3
343
28. ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
⎝ 25 ⎠ ⎜ 25 ⎟ ⎝5⎠ 125
8. The numerator is the power; the denominator is ⎝ ⎠
the index.
1 1 1 1
9. A negative fractional exponent will move a base 30. 64−2/3 = = = =
( 64 )
2/3 2 2 16
from the numerator to the denominator with the 64 3 4
fractional exponent becoming positive.
1 1 2
32. (−8)−4/3 =
1 a1/4 a −1/2 − −
(−8)4/3 52. = a4 2 3
a 2/3
1 3 6 8
= − −
( 3 −8 ) =
4 a 12 12
12
= a −11/12
1
= 1
(−2) 4 =
11/12
a
1
=
16
y11/3 y11/3 11 − 5
54. = = y3 3 = y 6/3 = y 2
5 1/3 5/3
1 1 (y ) y
34. (−16)−5/4 = = is not a real
( 4 −16 )
5/4 5
(−16)
(2 x1/5 ) 4 24 x 4/5
56. =
number. x3/10 x3/10
4 3
−
−1/6 1 = 16 x 5 10
36. y =
y1/6 8
−
3
= 16 x10 10
1 = 16 x5/10
38. = n8/9
−8/9
n = 16 x1/2
−8/8 5/8
=a b
50. (321/5 x 2/3 )3 = 323/5 x 6/3
b5/8
( 5 32 ) =
3 2
= x a
= 23 x 2
62. x1/2 ( x1/2 + x3/2 ) = x1/2+1/2 + x1/2+3/2
= 8 x2
= x1 + x 2
= x + x2
66. ( y1/2 + 5)( y1/2 + 5) = ( y1/2 ) 2 + 2( y1/2 ⋅ 5) + 52 90. 6 y ⋅ 3 y ⋅ 5 y 2 = y1/6 y1/3 y 2/5
1/2
= y + 10 y + 25 = y 5/30 y10/30 y12/30
= y 27/30
68. x5/2 − x3/2 = x3/2 ⋅ x 2/2 − x3/2 ⋅1 = x3/2 ( x − 1)
= y 9/10
70. x3/7 − 2 x 2/7 = x 2/7 ⋅ x1/7 − x 2/7 ⋅ 2 = 10 y 9
= x 2/7 ( x1/7 − 2)
5 2 2 3 4 3
b b 2/5 − −
72. x −3/4
+ 3x 1/4
=x −3/4
(1) + x −3/4
(3x 4/4
) 92. = = b 5 10 = b10 10 = b1/10 = 10 b
10 3
b b3/10
−3/4
=x (1 + 3x)
114. B( w) = 70w3/4 36 36 6
2. a. = =
3/4
B(90) = 70(90) ≈ 2045 49 49 7
The BMR is 2045 calories.
z z z
116. 2020 is 10 years after 2010. b. = =
16 16 4
f ( x) = 236 x1/ 20
f (10) = 236(10)1/ 20 ≈ 264.8 125 3 125 5
c. 3 = =
8 3 2
The model predicts 264.8 million subscriptions 8
in 2020.
4 4
5 5 5
118. answers may vary d. 4 = =
8
81x 4
81x 8 3x 2
120. , ⋅ x1/8 = x 4/8
x 4/8 3. a. 98 = 49 ⋅ 2 = 49 ⋅ 2 = 7 2
,=
x1/8 3
b. 54 = 3 27 ⋅ 2 = 3 27 ⋅ 3 2 = 33 2
, = x 4/8−1/8
, = x3/8 c. The largest perfect square factor of 35 is 1,
so 35 cannot be simplified further.
,
122. = y 4/4
y −3/4
4
d. 243 = 4 81 ⋅ 3 = 4 81 ⋅ 4 3 = 34 3
⎛ , ⎞
y −3/4 ⎜ ⎟= y 4/4 ⋅ y −3/4 36 z 7 = 36 z 6 ⋅ z = 36 z 6 ⋅ z = 6 z 3 z
⎜ −3/4 ⎟ 4. a.
⎝ y ⎠
,= y 4/4−3/4
b. 3
32 p 4 q 7 = 3 8 ⋅ 4 ⋅ p3 ⋅ p ⋅ q 6 ⋅ q
, = y1/4
= 3 8 p3 q 6 ⋅ 4 pq
124. 201/5 ≈ 1.8206 = 3 8 p3 q 6 ⋅ 3 4 pq
= 2 pq 2 3 4 pq
5/7
126. 76 ≈ 22.0515
4 4
1 1 c. 16 x15 = 16 ⋅ x12 ⋅ x3
−1/2
128. ( LC ) = = 4 4
( LC )1/2 LC = 16 x12 ⋅ x3
4
= 2 x 3 x3
Section 7.3 Practice Exercises
80 80
1. a. 5 ⋅ 7 = 5 ⋅ 7 = 35 5. a. = = 16 = 4
5 5
b. 13 ⋅ z = 13 z
98 z
1 98 z
b. = ⋅
4 4 4 4
c. 125 ⋅ 5 = 125 ⋅ 5 = 625 = 5 3 2 3 2
1
= ⋅ 49 z
d. 3 5 y ⋅ 3 3x 2 = 3 5 y ⋅ 3x 2 = 3 15 x 2 y 3
1
= ⋅ 49 ⋅ z
3
5 t 5 t 5t 1
e. ⋅ = ⋅ = = ⋅7⋅ z
m 2 m 2 2m 3
7
= z
3
6. Let ( x1 , y1 ) = (−3, 7) and ( x2 , y2 ) = (−2, 3). 8. Be careful of signs since you’re dealing with
subtraction.
d = ( x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
9. The x-value of the midpoint is the average of the
= [−2 − (−3)]2 + (3 − 7)2 x-values of the endpoints and the y-value of the
= (1)2 + (−4)2 midpoint is the average of the y-values of the
endpoints.
= 1 + 16
= 17 ≈ 4.123 Exercise Set 7.3
The distance between the two points is exactly
17 units, or approximately 4.123 units. 2. 11 ⋅ 10 = 11 ⋅10 = 110
4 4 5 5
18. 4
y
=
y
=
y 50. −243z 9 = −243z 5 ⋅ z 4
81x 4 4
81x 4 3x 5
= −243z 5 ⋅ z 4
5
5
3 3 = −3 z z 4
3 3 3
20. 3 = =
64 3 4
64
52. 3 40 y10 = 3 8 y 9 ⋅ 5 y = 3 8 y 9 ⋅ 3 5 y = 2 y3 3 5 y
4 4
a3 a3 a3
22. 4 = = 54. − 20ab6 = − 4b6 ⋅ 5a
81 4 81 3
= − 4b6 ⋅ 5a
3 3
3 3
3 = −2b3 5a
24. 3 = =
8x6 3
8x6 2 x2
56. 12r 9 s12 = 4r 8 s12 ⋅ 3r
y2 z y2 z y2 z y z = 4r 8 s12 ⋅ 3r
26. = = =
36 36 6 6 = 2r 4 s 6 3r
3
y10 y10 y5 58. 8a 6 b9 = 2 a 2 b 3
28. = =
9 x6 9 x6 3x3
4
60. 4 162 x 7 y 20 = 4 81x 4 y 20 ⋅ 2 x3
3 3
64a 64a 64 ⋅ 3 a 43 a 4
= 3xy 5 2 x3
30. − 3 =− =− =−
b9 3 9
b b3 b3
45 45
62. = = 5
32. 27 = 9 ⋅ 3 = 9 ⋅ 3 = 3 3 9 9
3
34. 3 108 = 3 27 ⋅ 4 = 3 27 ⋅ 3 4 = 33 4 10 10 3
64. =3 = 5
3 2
2
36. 3 8 = 3 4 ⋅ 2 = 3 4 ⋅ 2 = 3(2) 2 = 6 2
7 4 162 162
38. 20 = 4 ⋅ 5 = 4 ⋅ 5 = 2 5 66. = 74 = 7 4 81 = 7(3) = 21
4 2
2
40. 64 y 9 = 64 y8 ⋅ y = 64 y8 ⋅ y = 8 y 4 y
a 7 b6 a 7 b6
68. = = a 4b 4 = a 2 b 2
a b 3 2 a3b 2
42. 3 64 y 9 = 4 y 3
3
5 5 128 x3
1 128 x3 13 43 2
44. 32 z12 = 32 z10 ⋅ z 2 70. =− 3 =− 64 x 2 = − x
3
5 5 −3 2 x 3 2x 3 3
= 32 z10 ⋅ z 2
5
= 2z2 z2
46. 3 y 5 = 3 y 3 ⋅ y 2 = y 3 y 2
48. 9 x5 y 7 = 9 x 4 y 6 ⋅ xy
= 9 x 4 y 6 ⋅ xy
= 3 x 2 y 3 xy
72.
270 y 2
=
1 270 y 2 84. (− )(
5, 0 , 0, 7 )
−4 5 3 y −4
( ) ( )
5 3y 2 2
d = ⎡0 − − 5 ⎤ + 7 −0
1 ⎣ ⎦
= 90 y 6
( 5) + ( 7)
5 2 2
=
1
= 9 y 6 ⋅10
5 = 5+7
1 = 12
= (3 y 3 ) 10
5 = 2 3 ≈ 3.464 units
3 y3 3 y 3 10
= 10 or
5 5 86. (9.6, 2.5), (–1.9, –3.7)
d = (−1.9 − 9.6)2 + (−3.7 − 2.5)2
4 10 5 10 5
160 x y 160 x y
74. =4 = (−11.5)2 + (−6.2)2
4 2 2
2x y 2 x2 y 2
= 170.69 ≈ 13.065 units
= 4 80 x8 y 3
88. (3, 9), (7, 11)
4
= 16 x8 ⋅ 4 5 y3 ⎛ 3 + 7 9 + 11 ⎞ ⎛ 10 20 ⎞
⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ , ⎟ = (5, 10)
= 2 x 2 4 5 y3 ⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2 ⎠
The midpoint of the segment is (5, 10).
5
192 x 6 y12 192 x 6 y12 90. (–3, –4), (6, –8)
76. =5
5 −1 −3 −1 −3 ⎛ −3 + 6 −4 + (−8) ⎞ ⎛ 3 −12 ⎞ ⎛ 3 ⎞
2x y
2x y ⎜ , ⎟=⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜ , − 6⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 2 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
= 5 96 x 7 y15
⎛ 3 ⎞
4 The midpoint of the segment is ⎜ , − 6 ⎟ .
= 5 32 x5 y15 ⋅ 3x 2 ⎝2 ⎠
5
= 2 xy 3 3x 2
92. (–2, 5), (–1, 6)
⎛ −2 + (−1) 5 + 6 ⎞ ⎛ 3 11 ⎞
78. (2, 3), (14, 8) ⎜ , ⎟ = ⎜− , ⎟
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
d = (14 − 2)2 + (8 − 3)2
⎛ 3 11 ⎞
= 122 + 52 The midpoint of the segment is ⎜ − , ⎟ .
⎝ 2 2⎠
= 144 + 25
= 169 ⎛ 2 7⎞ ⎛ 2 4⎞
94. ⎜ − , ⎟ , ⎜ − , − ⎟
= 13 units ⎝ 5 15 ⎠ ⎝ 5 15 ⎠
96. ( )(
8, − 12 , 3 2, 7 3 ) 120.
3 9 21 3
a b c = a3b7 c
⎛ 8 + 3 2 − 12 + 7 3 ⎞
⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ 122.
5 49
x
5 5 5 5
= x 45 ⋅ x 4 = x 45 ⋅ x 4 = x9 x 4
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 2 2 + 3 2 −2 3 + 7 3 ⎞
= ⎜⎜ , ⎟⎟ 124. 4 p11q 4 r 45 = 4 p8 ⋅ p3 ⋅ q 4 ⋅ r 44 ⋅ r
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
= 4 p8 q 4 r 44 ⋅ p3 r
⎛5 2 5 3⎞
= ⎜⎜ , ⎟ = p 2 qr11 4 p3 r
⎝ 2 2 ⎟⎠
⎛5 2 5 3⎞
The midpoint of the segment is ⎜ , ⎟. 3V
⎜ 2 2 ⎟⎠ 126. a. r=3
⎝ 4π
3(4200) 3 3150
98. (–4.6, 2.1), (–6.7, 1.9) r=3 = ≈ 10.0
⎛ −4.6 + (−6.7) 2.1 + 1.9 ⎞ ⎛ −11.3 4 ⎞ 4π π
⎜ , ⎟=⎜ , ⎟ The radius should be 10 feet.
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⎠
= (−5.65, 2) d 6m
The midpoint of the segment is (–5.65, 2). b. r= = =3m
2 2
Area of one great circle:
100. (6 x)(8 x) = (6)(8) x ⋅ x = 48 x 2
A = πr 2 = π(3)2 = 9π
The area of the three great circles is
102. (2 x + 3) + ( x − 5) = 2 x + 3 + x − 5
3(9π) = 27π ≈ 84.8 square meters.
= (2 x + x) + (3 − 5)
= 3 x + (−2) c. answers may vary
= 3x − 2
128. A = πr r 2 + h2
104. (9 y 2 )(−8 y 2 ) = 9(−8) y 2 ⋅ y 2 = −72 y 4
= π(25, 200) (25, 200)2 + (4190)2
106. −3 + x + 5 = x + (−3 + 5) = x + 2 = 25, 200π 652,596,100
≈ 2, 022, 426, 050
108. (2 x + 1)2 = (2 x)2 + 2(2 x )(1) + 12 The area was approximately
2,022,426,050 square feet.
= 4 x2 + 4 x + 1
Section 7.4 Practice Exercises
110. The statement 3 7 ⋅ 3 11 = 3 18 is false;
3
7 ⋅ 3 11 = 3 77. 1. a. 3 17 + 5 17 = (3 + 5) 17 = 8 17
3
12 c. 3 2 + 53 2
114. The statement = 3 8 is false; This expression cannot be simplified since
3
4
3 3 2 and 53 2 do not contain like radicals.
12 12 3
=3 = 3.
3 4
4 2. a. 24 + 3 54 = 4 ⋅ 6 + 3 9 ⋅ 6
4
= 4 ⋅ 6 + 3⋅ 9 ⋅ 6
16 2
116. = =1 = 2⋅ 6 + 3⋅3⋅ 6
4 2
= 2 6 +9 6
= 11 6
118. 6 y 48 = y8
b. 3
24 − 4 3 81 + 3 3 b. ( 2 − 5)( 6 + 2)
3 3 3
= 8 ⋅ 3 − 4 ⋅ 27 ⋅ 3 + 3 3 3 = 2 ⋅ 6 + 2 ⋅2− 5⋅ 6 − 5 ⋅2
= 2⋅ 3 3 − 4 ⋅3⋅ 3 3 + 3 3 = 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 + 2 2 − 30 − 2 5
= 2 3 3 − 12 3 3 + 3 3 = 2 3 + 2 2 − 30 − 2 5
= −9 3 3
c. (3 z − 4)(2 z + 3)
c. 75 x − 3 27 x + 12 x = 3 z (2 z ) + 3 z (3) − 4(2 z ) − 4(3)
= 25 ⋅ 3 x − 3 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 3 x + 4 ⋅ 3 x = 6 ⋅ z + 9 z − 8 z − 12
= 5 ⋅ 3x − 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3 x + 2 ⋅ 3 x = 6 z + z − 12
= 5 3x − 9 3x + 2 3x
d. ( 6 − 3)2 = ( 6 − 3)( 6 − 3)
= −2 3 x
= 6( 6) − 6(3) − 3( 6) − 3(−3)
d. 40 + 3 40 = 4 ⋅ 10 + 3 8 ⋅ 3 5 = 6−3 6 −3 6 +9
= 2 10 + 2 3 5 = 6−6 6 +9
= 15 − 6 6
3 3 3 3
e. 81x 4 + 3x 4 = 27 x3 ⋅ 3 3x + x3 ⋅ 3 3 x
e. ( 5 x + 3)( 5 x − 3)
= 3 x 3 3x + x 3 3x
= 5x ⋅ 5 x − 3 5 x + 3 5 x − 3 ⋅ 3
= 4 x 3 3x = 5x − 9
28 7 2 7 7 f. ( x + 2 + 3)2 = ( x + 2)2 + 2 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ 3 + 32
3. a. − = −
3 4 3 4 = x+2+6 x+2 +9
2 7 ⋅4 7 ⋅3
= − = x + 11 + 6 x + 2
3⋅ 4 4⋅3
8 7 3 7 Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.4
= −
12 12
5 7 1. The terms 7 and 3 7 are unlike terms.
=
12
2. The terms 3 x 2 y and 3 yx 2 are like terms.
6y 3 6y
b. 3 + 33 6 y = + 33 6 y
64 3
64 3. The terms 3 abc and 3 cba are like terms.
3 6y
= + 33 6 y
4 4. The terms 2 x 5 and 2 x 10 are unlike terms.
3 6 y 33 6 y ⋅ 4
= + 5. 2 3 + 4 3 = 6 3
4 4
3 6 y 12 3 6 y
= + 6. 5 7 + 3 7 = 8 7
4 4
133 6 y
= 7. 8 x − x = 7 x
4
2. 27 − 75 = 9 ⋅ 3 − 25 ⋅ 3 7 14 14
43 4 − 3 4
= 9 ⋅ 3 − 25 ⋅ 3 =
14
= 3 3 −5 3
33 4
= −2 3 =
14
4. 3 45 x3 + x 5 x = 3 9 x 2 ⋅ 5 x + x 5 x
3x 7 7 x 2 3x 7 7 x2
= 3 9 x2 ⋅ 5x + x 5 x 16. + = +
5 100 5 100
= 3(3x) 5 x + x 5 x 3x 7 x 7
= 9 x 5x + x 5x = +
5 10
= 10 x 5 x
=
(
2 3x 7 + x 7 )
10
6. 4 32 − 18 + 2 128
6x 7 + x 7
= 4 16 ⋅ 2 − 9 ⋅ 2 + 2 64 ⋅ 2 =
10
= 4 16 ⋅ 2 − 9 ⋅ 2 + 2 64 ⋅ 2 7x 7
= 4(4) 2 − 3 2 + 2(8) 2 =
10
= 16 2 − 3 2 + 16 2
= 29 2 18. 16 − 5 10 + 7 = 4 − 5 10 + 7 = 11 − 5 10
3 3
8. 2 3a 4 − 3a 3 81a = 2 a3 ⋅ 3a − 3a 3 27 ⋅ 3a 20. 3 7 − 3 x + 4 7 − 33 x = 7 7 − 4 3 x
3
= 2 a3 ⋅ 3 3a − 3a 3 27 ⋅ 3 3a 22. − 75 + 12 − 3 3 = − 25 ⋅ 3 + 4 ⋅ 3 − 3 3
= 2a 3 3a − 3a(3) 3 3a = −5 3 + 2 3 − 3 3
= 2a 3 3a − 9a 3 3a = −6 3
= −7a 3 3a
24. −2 3 108 − 3 32 = −2 3 27 ⋅ 4 − 3 8 ⋅ 4
10. 4 x 7 + 9 x 2 x3 − 5 x x5 = −2(3) 3 4 − 2 3 4
= 4 x6 ⋅ x + 9 x 2 x2 ⋅ x − 5 x x 4 ⋅ x = −6 3 4 − 2 3 4
= 4 x6 ⋅ x + 9 x 2 x2 ⋅ x − 5 x x4 ⋅ x = −83 4
= 2 x3 x + 9 x 2 ( x ) x − 5 x ( x 2 ) x
= 2 x3 x + 9 x3 x − 5 x3 x
= 6 x3 x
4
26. 4 x7 y5 + 9 x 2 x3 y 5 − 5 xy x5 y 3 48 2 4 3 4 16 ⋅ 3 2 4 3
38. − = −
5 x 10 x 5x 10 x
= 4 x 6 y 4 ⋅ xy + 9 x 2 x 2 y 4 ⋅ xy
24 3 4 3
= −
− 5 xy x 4 y 2 ⋅ xy 5x 5x
4 4
= 2 x3 y 2 xy + 9 x 2 ( xy 2 ) xy − 5 xy ( x 2 y ) xy 2 3− 3
=
= 2 x3 y 2 xy + 9 x3 y 2 xy − 5 x3 y 2 xy 5x
4
3
= 6 x3 y 2 xy =
5x
46. P = 8 + 32 + 45
( )
2
64. ( 3x + 2)( 3x − 2) = 3x − 22 = 3 x − 4
= 4 ⋅ 2 + 16 ⋅ 2 + 9 ⋅ 5
= 2 2 +4 2 +3 5
( ) = ( y)
2 2
66. y − 3x − 2 y ⋅ (3x) + (3 x)2
= 6 2 +3 5
(
= 6 2 + 3 5 meters ) = y − 6 x y + 9 x2
68. (5 7 x − 2 x )(4 7 x + 6 2 x )
48. 5 ( )
15 − 35 = 5 15 − 5 35
= 5 7 x (4 7 x ) + 5 7 x (6 2 x )
= 75 − 175 − 2 x (4 7 x ) − 2 x (6 2 x )
= 25 ⋅ 3 − 25 ⋅ 7
= 20 ⋅ 7 x + 30 14 x 2 − 4 14 x 2 − 6 ⋅ 2 x
= 5 3 −5 7
= 140 x + 30 x 14 − 4 x 14 − 12 x
= 128 x + 26 x 14
( 3x − 2 )( 3x − 2 ) = ( 3x − 2 )
2
50.
= (3x) 2 − 2(3x) 2 + ( 2)
2
70. ( 3 3 + 3 2 )( 3 9 − 3 4 )
= 9 x2 − 6 x 2 + 2 = 3 3 ( 3 9 ) + 3 3 ( −3 4 ) + 3 2 ( 3 9 ) + 3 2 ( −3 4 )
= 3 27 − 3 12 + 3 18 − 3 8
52. 5y ( )
y + 5 = 5y y + 5y 5
= 3 − 3 12 + 3 18 − 2
= 5 y 2 + 25 y = 1 − 3 12 + 3 18
= y 5 +5 y
72. ( 3 3x + 2) ⎛⎜⎝ 3 9 x2 − 23 3x + 4 ⎞⎟⎠
54. (8 y + z 4 y −1 )( )
= 3 3x ⎜⎛ 9 x 2 ⎟⎞ − 3 3x ( 2 3 3x ) + 3 3x ( 4 )
3
(
= 8 y 4 y −8 y + z 4 y − z ) ( ) ⎝ ⎠
+ 2 ⎜ 9 x 2 ⎞⎟ − 2 ( 2 3 3 x ) + 2 ( 4 )
⎛ 3
= 32 y − 8 y + 4 z y − z
⎝ ⎠
3 3 3
56. ( 3 a + 2)( 3 a + 7 ) = 27 x3 − 2 9 x 2 + 4 3 3x + 2 9 x 2 − 4 3 3 x + 8
= 3x + 8
= 3 a ( 3 a ) + 3 a ⋅ 7 + 2 3 a + 2(7)
( ) =( )
2 2
3 2 3 3 74. 3x + 1 + 2 3x + 1 + 2 3 x + 1 ⋅ 2 + 22
= a + 7 a + 2 a + 14
3 = (3x + 1) + 4 3x + 1 + 4
= a 2 + 9 3 a + 14
= 3x + 4 3 x + 1 + 5
58. (
5 6 − 5 = 5 ⋅6 − 5 ) ( 5) = 6 5 −5
( ) =( )
2 2
76. x−6 −7 x−6 − 2 x − 6 ⋅ 7 + 72
60. 3 ( )
3 − 2 5x = 3 3 − 3 2 5x ( ) = ( x − 6) − 14 x − 6 + 49
= 3 − 2 15 x = x − 14 x − 6 + 43
8 x − 24 y 8( x − 3 y )
62. ( 6 − 4 2)(3 6 + 2) 78. = = 2( x − 3 y )
4 4
= 6(3 6) + 6 2 − 4 2(3 6) − 4 2( 2)
= 3 ⋅ 6 + 12 − 12 12 − 4 ⋅ 2 x3 − 8 ( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4) x 2 + 2 x + 4
= 18 − 11 12 − 8 80. = =
4x − 8 4( x − 2) 4
= 10 − 11 4 ⋅ 3
= 10 − 22 3 14r − 28r 2 s 2 14r (1 − 2rs 2 ) 2(1 − 2rs 2 )
82. = =
7rs 7rs s
Copyright © 2017 Pearson Education, Inc. 355
Chapter 7: Rational Exponents, Radicals, and Complex Numbers ISM: Intermediate Algebra
84.
−5 + 10 7 5 −1 + 2 7
=
(
= −1 + 2 7
) 2.
3z
=
3z
=
3z ⋅ 5 y
=
15 yz
5 5 5y 5y 5y ⋅ 5y 5y
1 3 2 3 2
86. A = h(b + B) 3.
z
=
z
2 3 4 3
27 x 27 x3 ⋅ 3 x
1
( )(
= 6 3 2 63 + 7 7
2
) 3 2
z
=
(
= 3 3 2 9⋅7 + 7 7 ) 3x 3 x
3 (6 7 + 7 7 )
3 2 3 2
=3 z ⋅ x
=
3 (13 7 )
3
=3 3x 3 x ⋅ x 2
3 2 2
= 39 21 square meters z x
=
3
P = 2 63 + 6 3 + 7 7 + 2 27 3 x x3
3 2 2
= 2 9⋅7 + 6 3 + 7 7 + 2 9⋅3 x z
=
= 6 7 +6 3+7 7 +6 3 3x2
= 13 7 + 12 3
(
= 13 7 + 12 3 meters ) 4. a.
5
=
(
5 3 5 −2 )
3 5+2 ( 3 5 + 2 )(3 5−2 )
2 5+ 5 =3 5
5 (3 5 − 2)
88. a.
=
( 3 5 ) − 22
2
b. 2 5 ⋅ 5 = 2 25 = 2 ⋅ 5 = 10
b.
2 +5
=
( 2 +5 )( 3 + 5 )
= ( 5) − 2 5 2 + ( 2) + 2 5 − 2
2 2
2 +1
3− 5 ( 3− 5 )( 3 + 5 )
= 5 − 2 10 + 4 + 2 5 − 2 2 + 1 2 3 + 2 5 +5 3 +5 5
=
( 3) − ( 5)
2 2
= 8 − 2 10 + 2 5 − 2 2
6 + 10 + 5 3 + 5 5
92. answers may vary =
3−5
Section 7.5 Practice Exercises 6 + 10 + 5 3 + 5 5
=
−2
5 5⋅ 3 5 3
1. a. = =
3 3⋅ 3 3
c.
3 x
=
(
3 x 2 x− y )
3 25 3(5) 15 15 ⋅ x 15 x
2 x+ y (2 x+ y )( 2 x− y )
b. = = = =
4x 2 x 2 x 2 x⋅ x 2x 6 x 2 − 3 xy
=
(2 x ) − ( y )
2 2
2 32 3
2⋅3 3 3
6
c. 3 = = =
9 3
9 3 32 ⋅ 3 3 3 6 x − 3 xy
=
4x − y
32 16 ⋅ 2 4 2 2 2⋅ 2 2 25 25 5 5⋅ y 5 y 5 y
5. = = = = = 6. = = = = =
80 16 ⋅ 5 4 5 5 5⋅ 2 10 y y y y⋅ y y2 y
3 3
3
5b 3
5b ⋅ 25b 2 125b3 5b 6 6⋅3 3 63 3 63 3
6. = = = 8. = = = = 23 3
3 3 3 3 3
2a 3
2a ⋅ 25b 2 50ab 2 50ab 2 9 3 2 3
3 ⋅ 3
3 3
3 3
7.
x −3
=
( x −3 )( x +3 ) 10.
5
=
5
=
5 ⋅ 3a
=
5 3a 5 3a
=
4 ( x + 3)
4 27a 3 3a 3 3a ⋅ 3a 3 ⋅ 3a 9a
( x ) − ( 3)
2 2
5 5 ⋅ 3 9 y2 53 9 y 2 53 9 y 2
= 12. = = =
4 ( x + 3) 3 3y 3 3y ⋅ 3 9 y2 3
27 y 3 3y
x −9
=
4 ( x +3 ) 14.
x
=
x⋅ 5
=
x 5
5 5⋅ 5 5
Vocabulary, Readiness & Video Check 7.5
5 5⋅ 3 3 53 3 53 3
1. The conjugate of a + b is a − b. 16. = = =
3 3
9 9⋅3 3 3
27 3
2. The process of writing an equivalent expression,
but without a radical in the denominator, is −5 2 −5 2 ⋅ 11 −5 22
18. = =
called rationalizing the denominator. 11 11 ⋅ 11 11
3. The process of writing an equivalent expression,
but without a radical in the numerator, is called 13a 13a 13a ⋅ 2b 26ab
20. = = =
rationalizing the numerator. 2b 2b 2b ⋅ 2b 2b
5 7 3
7 3 100 3 700
4. To rationalize the denominator of , we 22. 3 = ⋅ =
3 10 3 10 3 100 10
3
multiply by .
3 11y 11y 11y 5 55 y
24. = = ⋅ =
45 45 3 5 5 15
5. To write an equivalent expression without a
radical in the denominator. 1 1 2x 2x
26. = ⋅ =
6. Using the FOIL order to multiply, the Outer 32 x 4 2x 2x 8x
product and the Inner product are opposites and
they will subtract out. 3
3x 3
3x 3
2 y2 3
6 xy 2 3 6 xy 2
28. = ⋅ = =
7. No, except for the fact you’re working with 3
4 y4 y3 4 y 3
2 y2 y ⋅2y 2 y2
numerators, the process is the same.
4
Exercise Set 7.5 1 4
1 1 1 ⋅ 32 3
30. 4 = = = =
9 4 4 4 2 4 2 3
9 9 3 ⋅ 3
3 3⋅ 2 6 6
2. = = =
2 2⋅ 2 4 2
1 1 1⋅ 2 2 2
4. = = = =
2 2 2⋅ 2 4 2
Make a Mixture. A teaspoonful to be taken every four hours, first well shaking
the bottle.
A warm bath, at the commencement of the disease, is very
efficacious; but it must be given at the commencement. If he has had
dysentery for a day or two, he will be too weak to have a warm bath;
then, instead of the bath, try the following: Wrap him in a blanket
which has been previously wrung out of hot water, over which
envelop him in a dry blanket. Keep him in this hot, damp blanket for
half an hour; then take him out, put on his night-gown and place him
in bed, which has been, if it be winter time, previously warmed. The
above “blanket treatment” will frequently give great relief, and will
sometimes cause him to fall into a sweet sleep. A flannel bag filled
with hot powdered table salt, made hot in the oven, applied to the
bowels, will afford much comfort.
What NOT to do.—Do not give aperients, unless it be, as before
advised, the castor oil guarded with the opium; do not stuff him with
artificial food; do not fail to send for a judicious and an experienced
medical man; for, remember, it requires a skillful doctor to treat a
case of dysentery, more especially in a child.
105. What are the symptoms, the causes, and the treatment of
Nettle-rash?
Nettle-rash consists of several irregular raised wheals, red at the
base and white on the summit, on different parts of the body; but it
seldom attacks the face. It is not contagious, and it may occur at all
ages and many times. It comes and goes, remaining only a short time
in a place. It puts on very much the appearance of the child having
been stung by nettles—hence its name. It produces great heat,
itching, and irritation, sometimes to such a degree as to make him
feverish, sick, and fretful. He is generally worse when he is warm in
bed, or when the surface of his body is suddenly exposed to the air.
Rubbing the skin, too, always aggravates the itching and the tingling,
and brings out a fresh crop.
The cause of nettle-rash may commonly be traced to improper
feeding; although, occasionally, it proceeds from teething.
What to do.—It is a complaint of no danger, and readily gives way
to a mild aperient, and to attention to diet. There is nothing better to
relieve the irritation of the skin than a warm bath. If it be a severe
attack of nettle-rash, by all means call in a medical man.
What NOT to do.—Do not apply cold applications to his skin, and
do not wash him (while the rash is out) in quite cold water. Do not
allow him to be in a draught, but let him be in a well-ventilated
room. If he be old enough to eat meat, keep it from him for a few
days, and let him live on milk and farinaceous diet. Avoid strong
purgatives, and calomel, and gray powder.
106. What are the symptoms and the treatment of Red-gum?
Red-gum, tooth-rash, red-gown, is usually owing to irritation from
teething; not always from the cutting, but from the evolution, the
“breeding,” of the teeth. It is also sometimes owing to unhealthy
stools irritating the bowels, and showing itself, by sympathy, on the
skin. Red-gum consists of several small papulæ, or pimples, about
the size of pins’ heads, and may be known from measles—the only
disease for which it is at all likely to be mistaken—by its being
unattended by symptoms of cold, such as sneezing, running, and
redness of the eyes, etc., and by the patches not assuming a
crescentic, half-moon shape; red-gum, in short, may readily be
known by the child’s health being unaffected, unless, indeed, there
be a great crop of pimples; then there will be slight feverishness.
What to do.—Little need be done. If there be a good deal of
irritation, a mild aperient should be given. The child ought to be kept
moderately but not very warm.
What NOT to do.—Draughts of air, or cold, should be carefully
avoided; as, by sending the eruption suddenly in, either convulsions
or disordered bowels might be produced. Do not dose him with gray
powder.
107. How would you prevent “Stuffing of the nose” in a new-born
babe?
Rubbing a little tallow on the bridge of the nose is the old-
fashioned remedy, and answers the purpose. It ought to be applied
every evening just before putting him to bed.
If the “stuffing” be severe, dip a sponge in hot water, as hot as he
can comfortably bear; ascertain that it be not too hot, by previously
applying it to your own face, and then put it for a few minutes to the
bridge of his nose. As soon as the hard mucus is within reach, it
should be carefully removed.
108. Do you consider sickness injurious to an infant?
Many thriving babies are, after taking the breast, frequently sick;
still we cannot look upon sickness otherwise than as an index of
either a disordered or of an overloaded stomach. If the child be sick,
and yet be thriving, it is a proof that he overloads his stomach. A
mother, then, must not allow him to suck so much at a time. She
should, until he retains all he takes, lessen the quantity of milk. If he
be sick and does not thrive, the mother should notice if the milk he
throws up has a sour smell; if it has, she must first of all look to her
own health; she ought to ascertain if her own stomach be out of
order; for if such be the case, it is impossible for her to make good
milk. She should observe whether, in the morning, her own tongue
be furred and dry; whether she have a disagreeable taste in her
mouth, or pains at her stomach, or heartburn, or flatulence. If she
have all, or any of these symptoms, the mystery is explained why he
is sick and does not thrive. She ought then to seek advice, and a
medical man will soon put her stomach into good order; and, by so
doing, will, at the same time, benefit the child.
But if the mother be in the enjoyment of good health, she must
then look to the babe herself, and ascertain if he be cutting his teeth;
if the gums require lancing; if the secretions from the bowels be
proper both in quantity and in quality; and, if he have had artificial
food—it being absolutely necessary to give such food—whether it
agree with him.
What to do.—In the first place, if the gums are red, hot, and
swollen, let them be lanced; in the second, if the secretions from the
bowels are either unhealthy or scanty, give him a dose of aperient
medicine, such as castor oil, or the following: Take two or three
grains of powdered Turkey rhubarb, three grains of pure carbonate
of magnesia, and one grain of aromatic powder. Mix. The powder to
be taken at bedtime, mixed in a teaspoonful of sugar and water, and
which should, if necessary, be repeated the following night. In the
third place, if the food he be taking does not agree with him, change
it (vide answer to question 33). Give it in smaller quantities at a time,
and not so frequently; or, what will be better still, if it be possible,
keep him, for awhile, entirely to the breast.
What NOT to do.—Do not let him overload his stomach either with
breast-milk or with artificial food. Let the mother avoid, until his
sickness be relieved, greens, cabbage, and all other green vegetables.
109. What are the causes, the symptoms, the prevention, and the
cure of Thrush?
The thrush is a frequent disease of an infant, and is often brought
on either by stuffing him or by giving him improper food. A child
brought up entirely, for the first three or four months, on the breast,
seldom suffers from this complaint. The thrush consists of several
irregular, roundish, white specks on the lips, the tongue, the inside
and the angles of the mouth, giving the parts affected the appearance
of curds and whey having been smeared upon them. The mouth is
hot and painful, and he is afraid to suck: the moment the nipple is
put into his mouth he begins to cry. The thrush sometimes, although
but rarely, runs through the whole of the alimentary canal. It should
be borne in mind that nearly every child who is sucking has his or
her tongue white or “frosted” as it is sometimes called. The thrush
may be mild or very severe.
Now with regard to What to do.—As the thrush is generally owing
to improper and to artificial feeding, if the child be at the breast,
keep him, for a time, entirely to it. Do not let him be always sucking,
as that will not only fret his mouth, but will likewise irritate and
make sore the mother’s nipple.
If he be not at the breast, but has been weaned, then keep him for
a few days entirely to a milk diet—to the milk of ONE cow—either
boiled, if it be hot weather, to keep it sweet; or unboiled, in cool
weather—fresh as it comes from the cow.
The best medicine is the old-fashioned one of borax, a
combination of powdered lump sugar and borax being a good one for
the purpose: the powdered lump sugar increases the efficacy and the
cleansing properties of the borax; it tends, moreover, to make it more
palatable:
Take of—Biborate of Soda, half a drachm;
Lump sugar, two scruples:
To be well mixed together, and made into twelve powders. One of the powders to
be put dry on the tongue every four hours.
The best local remedy is honey of borax, which ought to be
smeared frequently, by means of the finger, on the parts affected.
Thorough ventilation of the apartment must be observed; and
great cleanliness of the vessels containing the milk should be insisted
upon.
In a bad case of thrush, change of air to the country is most
desirable; the effect is sometimes, in such cases, truly magical.
If the thrush be brought on either by too much or by improper
food, in the first case, of course, a mother must lessen the quantity;
and, in the second, she should be more careful in her selection.
What NOT to do.—Do not use either a calf’s teat or wash-leather for
the feeding-bottle; fortunately, since the invention of india-rubber
teats, they are now nearly exploded; they were, in olden times,
fruitful causes of thrush. Do not mind the trouble of ascertaining that
the cooking-vessels connected with the baby’s food are perfectly
clean and sweet. Do not leave the purity and the goodness of the
cow’s milk (it being absolutely necessary to feed him on artificial
food) to be judged either by the milkman or by the nurse, but taste
and prove it yourself. Do not keep the milk in a warm place, but
either in the dairy or in the cellar; and, if it be summer time, let the
jug holding the milk be put in a crock containing lumps of ice. Do not
use milk that has been milked longer than twelve hours, but, if
practicable, have it milked direct from the cow, and use it
immediately—let it be really and truly fresh and genuine milk.
When the disease is severe, it may require more active treatment—
such as a dose of calomel; which medicine must never be given,
unless it be either under the direction of a medical man, or unless it
be in an extreme case,—such as dysentery;[181] therefore, the mother
had better seek advice.
In a severe case of thrush, where the complaint has been brought
on by artificial feeding—the babe not having the advantage of the
mother’s milk—it is really surprising how rapidly a wet-nurse—if the
case has not been too long deferred—will effect a cure, where all
other means have been tried and have failed. The effect has been
truly magical! In a severe case of thrush, pure air and thorough
ventilation are essential to recovery.
110. Is anything to be learned from the cry of an infant?
There is a language in the cry of an infant which a thoughtful
medical man can well interpret. The cry of hunger, for instance, is
very characteristic,—it is unaccompanied with tears, and is a wailing
cry; the cry of teething, is a fretful cry; the cry of earache is short,
sharp, piercing, and decisive, the head being moved about from side
to side, and the little hand being often put up to the affected side of
the head; the cry of bowelache is also expressive,—the cry is not so
piercing as from earache, and is an interrupted, straining cry,
accompanied with a drawing up of the legs to the belly; the cry of
bronchitis is a gruff and phlegmatic cry; the cry of inflammation of
the lungs is more a moan than a cry; the cry of croup is hoarse, and
rough, and ringing, and is so characteristic that it may truly be called
“the croupy cry,” moreover, he breathes as though he breathed
through muslin; the cry of inflammation of the membranes of the
brain is a piercing shriek—a danger signal—most painful to hear; the
cry of a child recovering from a severe illness is a cross, and
wayward, and tearful cry; he may truly be said to be in a quarrelsome
mood; he bursts out without rhyme or reason into a passionate flood
of tears; tears are always, in a severe illness, to be looked upon as a
good omen, as a sign of amendment: tears, when a child is
dangerously ill, are rarely if ever seen; a cry at night, for light—a
frequent cause of a babe crying—is a restless cry:
“An infant crying in the night:
An infant crying for the light:
And with no language but a cry.”[182]
To make a Liniment.
Do not let him be put on his feet early; but allow him to crawl, and
sprawl, and kick about the floor, until his ankles become strong.
Do not, on any account, without having competent advice on the
subject, use iron instruments or mechanical supports of any kind:
the ankles are generally, by such artificial supports, made worse, in
consequence of the pressure causing a further dwindling away and
enfeebling of the ligaments of the ankles, already wasted and
weakened.
Let him wear shoes, with straps over the insteps to keep them on,
and not boots: boots will only, by wasting the ligaments, increase the
weakness of the ankles.
113. Sometimes there is a difficulty in restraining the bleeding of
leech-bites. What is the best method?
The difficulty in these cases generally arises from the improper
method of performing it. For example—a mother endeavors to stop
the hemorrhage by loading the part with rag; the more the bites
discharge, the more rag she applies. At the same time, the child
probably is in a room with a large fire, with two or three candles,
with the doors closed, and with perhaps a dozen people in the
apartment, whom the mother has, in her fright, sent for. This
practice is strongly reprehensible.
If the bleeding cannot be stopped,—in the first place, the fire must
be extinguished, the door and windows should be thrown open, and
the room ought to be cleared of persons, with the exception of one,
or, at the most, two; and every rag should be removed. “Stopping of
leech-bites.—The simplest and most certain way, till the proper
assistance is obtained, is the pressure of the finger, with nothing
intervening. It cannot bleed through that.”[183]
Many babies have lost their lives by excessive loss of blood from
leech-bites, from a mother not knowing how to act, and also from the
medical man either living at a distance, or not being at hand.
Fortunately for the infantile community, leeches are now very
seldom ordered by doctors.
114. Supposing a baby to be poorly, have you any advice to give
to his mother as to her own management?
She must endeavor to calm her feelings, or her milk will be
disordered, and she will thus materially increase his illness. If he be
laboring under any inflammatory disorder, she ought to refrain from
the taking of beer, wine, and spirits, and from all stimulating food;
otherwise, she will feed his disease.
Before concluding the first part of my subject—the Management of
Infancy—let me again urge upon you the importance—the
paramount importance—if you wish your babe to be strong and
hearty,—of giving him as little opening physic as possible. The best
physic for him is Nature’s physic—fresh air and exercise and
simplicity of living. A mother who is herself always drugging her
child, can only do good to two persons—the doctor and the druggist!
If an infant from his birth be properly managed,—if he has an
abundance of fresh air for his lungs,—if he has plenty of exercise for
his muscles (by allowing him to kick and sprawl on the floor),—if he
has a good swilling and sousing of water for his skin,—if, during the
early months of his life, he has nothing but the mother’s milk for his
stomach,—he will require very little medicine—the less the better! He
does not want his stomach to be made into a doctor’s shop! The
grand thing is not to take every opportunity of administering physic,
but of using every means of withholding it! And if physic be
necessary, not to doctor him yourself, unless it be in extreme and
urgent cases (which in preceding and succeeding Conversations I
either have or will indicate), but to employ an experienced medical
man. A babe who is always, without rhyme or reason, being
physicked, is sure to be puny, delicate, and unhealthy, and is ready,
at any moment, to drop into an untimely grave!
ABLUTION.
CLOTHING.